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samxedro istoria

mamuka wurwumia

liToniT gamagrebuli farebis evolucia Sua saukuneebSi

fari yvelaze farTod gavrcelebuli individualuri dacviTi saSualebaa. is uZve-lesi TavdacviTi iaraRia, romlis gamoyenebac adamianma abjarze bevrad adre daiwyo1. fari icavda mflobels distanciuri da xelCarTuli brZolis iaraRisagan. misi forma mudmivad icvleboda taqtikisa da brZolis meTodebis cvlilebis kvaldakval2. gan-sxvavdeboda masalac, romlisganac farebi mzaddeboda. yvelaze ufro gavrcelebuli, albaT, xis fari iyo. Sua saukuneebis tipuri xis fari Sedgeboda xis ficrebisagan, romlebzec tyavi iyo gadakruli, centrSi liTonis umboniT3 da, xSirad, kideebze li-Tonis saltiT. zurgze mas damagrebuli hqonda satarebeli Rvedebi – xelSi saWerad da mxarze sakidad.

amasTanave, xis farebis gverdiT yovelTvis arsebobda e.w. dawnuli farebi, romle-bic drekadi wnelebisagan iyo damzadebuli da gansakuTrebuli popularobiT aziis vrcel kontinentze sargeblobda. Sua saukuneebSi mcire aziasa da aRmosavleT evro-pidan CineTamde monRolebma gaavrceles dawnuli faris axali tipi liTonis umboniT, romlis wnelebi ZafebiT iyo SekavSirebuli4. misi Semdgomi popularoba XVI-XVII sau-kuneebSi ukve osmalTa dapyrobebTanaa dakavSirebuli5. dawnuli faris am tips kalkaniewodeba. Turquli termini kalkani modis sityvidan xalxa, romliTac monRolebi fars aRniSnavdnen da romelic, Tavis mxriv, warmoSobilia zmnidan „xalxasun“, rac mowvnas niSnavs6.

kalkani warmoadgens 50-70 sm diametris spiralurad dawnul lerwmis fars, rom-lis wnelebic abreSumis ZafebiTaa SekavSirebuli. Zafi qmnis lamaz ferad dekors far-ze. kalkans centrSi aqvs liTonis umboni, romelic faris konstruqciis safuZvelia, xSirad ki – damatebiTi liTonis kopebi. ukana mxridan fars qsovilis sadebi ekvroda, kopebs ki – sabRuji da sakidi Rvedebi emagreboda. umbonis qveS dartymis Sesarbi-leblad baliSi iyo moTavsebuli. ZiriTad dartymas liTonis umboni iRebda, saidanac dacurebuls da Zaladakarguls, wnelebi zambarasaviT isxletdnen7. kalkani drekadi, msubuqi da saimedo fari iyo8. is gansakuTrebiT efeqturi iyo isrebisagan Tavis dasacavad. Turquli da iranuli dawnuli farebi, Tavisi maRali sabrZolo Tvisebebis gamo, XV-XVII saukuneebSi centralur evropasa da aRmosavleTSi liTonis farze nak-lebad ar fasobda9.

m. goreliki, romelsac didi wvlili miuZRvis monRoluri panopliis Seswavlis saqmeSi, Tvlis, rom oqros urdos teritoriaze moxda kalkanis Semdgomi ganviTareba, rac gamoixata mis gaZlierebaSi umbonze gadajvaredinebuli liTonis ori zoliT da koncentrulad damagrebuli rkinis lartyebiT. amas adasturebs XIII-XIV saukuneebis sa-marxebidan mopovebuli arqeologiuri masala: faris liTonis detalebi, romlebic na-povnia XIII saukunis meore naxevris yivCaRur samarxSi (dmitrievskis 1-li yorRanis me-2 samarxi), XIV saukunis adiReur (vardanes (soWi), ubinskis (krasnodari) da novorosiis-

1 T. G. Kolias, Byzantinische Waffen (Wien, 1988), p. 88.2 P. L. Grotowski, Arms and Armour of the Warrior Saints: Tradition and Innovation in Byzantine Iconography (843-1261) (Leiden, 2010),

p. 208.3 umboni faris centrSi damagrebuli liTonis firfitaa, romelic dartymis mosagerieblad da xelis mtevnis dasacavad iyo gankuTvnili. А. Н. Кирпичников, Древнерусское оружие. Доспех, комплекс боевых средств IX-XIII вв., Археология СССР (Ленинград, 1971), c. 34-5.

4 M. Gorelik, Oriental Armour of the Near and Middle East from the Eight to the Fifteenth Centuries as Shown in Works of Art, in IslamicArms and Armour, ed. by R. Elgood (London, 1979), p. 36; Л. А. Бобров, Ю. С. Худяков, Защитное Вооружение Среднеазиатского Воина Эпохи Позднего Средневековья, Военное дело номадов Северной и Центральной Азии (Новосибирск, 2002), c. 135.

5 М. В. Горелик, Халха-калкан (монгольский щит и его дериваты), Восток-Запад: диалог культур Евразии, Вып. 4 (Казань, 2004), c. 188.6 М. В. Горелик, Ранний монгольский доспех (IX – первая половина XIV в.), Археология, этнография и антропология Монголии

(Новосибирск, 1987), c. 197; misive, Халха-калкан (монгольский щит и его дериваты), c. 187.7 Э. Г. Аствацатурян, Турецкое оружие (Санкт-Петербург, 2002), с. 76; Горелик, Халха-калкан (монгольский щит и его дериваты), с. 183.8 Бобров, Худяков, dasax. naSromi, gv. 135.9 М. В. Горелик, Оружие Древнего Востока (IV тысячелетие – IV в. до н. э.) (Санкт-Петербург, 2003), c. 71.

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kis (dnestris q.) samarxebSi da iablonovskis samarxis 69-e yorRanSi10. faris aseTi nar-Cenebi yvelaze mravlad kavkasionis qedis Crdilo-dasavleTiTaa napovni.11 koncentruli da radialuri liTonis zolebiT farebis gamagreba farTod gavrcelda mTel aziaSi da maT kvals vpoulobT tibetur, qurTul, Cinur da sxva farebze12.

ganixilavs ra kalkanis geneziss, goreliki midis im daskvnamde, rom faris gamag-rebis es sistema monRolebs sxvisgan unda gadmoeRoT. XIII saukunemde, monRolTa dap-yrobebamde, aziaSi faris rkinis moWediloba ar arsebobda da faris zedapirs mxolod patara zomis diskebiT amagrebdnen. amave dros, Cvenamde moRweuli XII-XIII saukuneebis skandinaviuri xis farebi norvegiidan (gimsei, rike) da daniidan radialurad da kon-centrul wreebad ganlagebuli rkinis lartyebiTaa gamagrebuli, romelic Zalian hgavs aziuri farebis gamagrebis sistemas.13 miuxedavad amisa, avtori uaryofs skandina-viidan faris rkinis moWedilobis sesxebis SesaZleblobas, radganac maTsa da monRo-lebs Soris pirdapiri kontaqtebi ar arsebobda, rusebs ki, romelTa saSualebiTac es SeiZleba momxdariyo, Tavad ar gaaCndaT aseTi farebi14. goreliks mohyavs rkinis zole-biT gamagrebuli XII-XIII saukuneebis evropuli farebis sxva magaliTebi (qvis kandelab-ri wm. pavles bazilikidan (romi, 1170); vilem flandrelis (sent-omeri, 1130-75) da niko-la de ruminis (qvemo lotaringia, 1175) saflavis qvebi; Sartris vitraJi (parizi, 1218) da sxv.) da Tvlis, rom farebis gamagrebis es sistema arsebobda evropaSi da XIII sauku-nis meore naxevarSi Sav zRvaze italiuri faqtoriebis meSveobiT gavrcelda oqros urdoSi da Semdeg – ilxanTa samflobeloebSi15.

goreliki aseve miiCnevs, rom qarTuli farebis erTi jgufi kalkanis derivats warmoadgens. aseTia, misi azriT, laSTxveris mTavarangelozTa eklesiis freskaze gamo-saxuli farebi, romelTa umboni gadajvaredinebuli liTonis zolebiTaa gamagrebuli, svanuri fari janaSias muzeumidan, romelsac is XVII-XVIII saukuneebs akuTvnebs da romlis rkinis detalebi oqros urdos samarxebSi napovnis msgavsia16. misi samarTliani dakvirvebiT, XVII saukunis Semdeg xevsurul da vainaxur farebSi zomis SemcirebasTan erTad rkinis moWediloba ise viTardeba, rom xis fuZe zedmeti xdeba da rCeba mxolod sqeli magari tyavi17.

m. gorelikis Teoria logikuri da sainteresoa da karg safuZvels iZleva Semdgo-mi analizisaTvis. mis mier moyvanili nimuSebi marTlac bevri ramiT hgavs qarTul fa-rebs; gansakuTrebiT es iTqmis tibetur farebze18, romlebmac, qarTuli farebis msgav-sad, dRemde moaRwies (sur. 1)19. bunebrivia, aseTi msgavseba erTmaneTisagan daSorebul iseT qveynebs Soris, rogoricaa tibeti da saqarTvelo, saerTo Sexebis wertilebze unda miuTiTebdes20. swored monRolTa imperia unda yofiliyo is sivrce, sadac erTmane-Tisagan geografiulad daSorebul qveynebs aseTi saerTo gauCndeboda, magram, miuxeda-

10 М. В. Горелик, Адыги в Южном Поднепровье (2-я половина XIII в. - 1-я половина XIV в.), Материалы и исследования по

археологии Северного Кавказа, вып. 3 (Армавир, 2004), c. 294-296, рис. 1; Горелик, Халха-калкан (монгольский щит и его дериваты), c. 185-187, рис. 3.

11 Горелик, Халха-калкан (монгольский щит и его дериваты), c. 188. dReisaTvis Crdilo-dasavleT kavkasiaSi ukve 20-zemeti liToniT gaZlierebuli faris detalebia napovni. dawvrilebiT ix. Р.Б. Схатум, Щит в комплексе воору-жения оседлых племен Северо-Западного Кавказа в золотоордынский период, Материалы и исследования по археологии Кубани, 3 (2003), 223-234; misive, Защитное вооружение адыгов в золотоордынское время (вторая половина XIII-XIV вв.), Военная Археология, 2 (2011), 194-6, рис. 5, 6.

12 Горелик, “Халха-калкан (монгольский щит и его дериваты),” c. 189-191.13 iqve, gv. 192, sur. 8.14 iqve, gv. 192-193.15 iqve, gv. 193-194, sur. 9.16 avtori aRniSnavs kalkanTan SedarebiT svanuri faris gansxvavebasac, romelic tyavgadakruli xea daara ZafiT da wneliT mownuli. Горелик, Халха-калкан (монгольский щит и его дериваты), c. 188.

17 iqve, gv. 188-189. aqve davamateb, rom SemdgomSi liToni mTlianad Caanacvlebs tyavs da viRebT liToniT Sekrul-SeWedil liTonis fars. ix. k. ColoyaSvili, qarTuli sabrZolo iaraRebi: fari, saxelmwifo muzeumis moambe, XVIII-B (1954), gv. 227-228, sur. 3.

18 sur. 1 Seadare sur. 2-s da 3-s.19 D. J. LaRocca, Warriors of the Himalayas: Rediscovering the Arms and Armor of Tibet (New York, 2006), pp. 14, 92-94, fig. 9, 24.20 sainteresoa, rom radialuri liTonis sxivebiT (romlebic mzis suraTs qmnis) umTavresad brtyeli ti-beturi farebi aris morTuli, gansxvavebiT kalkanis tipis tibeturi farebisagan, Tumca zogierTi gamo-naklisi aqac gvxvdeba. brtyeli da kalkanis tipis tibeturi farebisaTvis ix. LaRocca, Warriors of the Himalayas, p. 92; agreTve, Горелик, Халха-калкан (монгольский щит и его дериваты), c. 190-191, рис. 6. amasTan, marTebuli ar Cans d. larokas mosazreba, TiTqos, aseTi farebi adgilobrivi, tibeturi warmoSobis iyos. LaRocca, Warriors of the Himalayas, p. 92.

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vad amisa, mainc vTvli, rom qarTuli da aziaSi gavrcelebuli farebis gamagrebis sis-temis kvali sxvagan aris saZiebeli da is ufro Zvel tradiciaze unda metyvelebdes.

pirvel yovlisa, ganvixiloT Cvens xelT arsebuli qarTuli farebis nimuSebi. Cve-namde moaRwia orma erTnairma xis farma, romlebic gansakuTrebuli formis gamo yo-velTvis ipyrobdnen mnaxvelis yuradRebas. orive maTgani svaneTidanaa. erTi TbilisSi, saqarTveloSi erovnul muzeumSia daculi da 1925 wels prof. g. Citaias mieraa svane-Tidan Camotanili, sadac is sof. sasaSis eklesiaSi (laSxeTis Temi) inaxeboda. ek-lesiaSi Senaxul farSi isari iyo Casobili. es Zveli svanuri tradiciis kvalia, rode-sac dResaswaulebze eklesiidan gamohqondaT Sewiruli farebi da mizanSi esrodnen21, xolo isari im epoqaze unda miuTiTebdes, rodesac mSvildi cecxlsasrol iaraRze uf-ro popularuli iyo22. faris xis safuZvelze moyavisfro feris tyavia gadakruli, misi diametri 50 sm-ia, sisqe ki – 1 sm; liTonis centraluri diskos diametri 4.5 sm-ia. fa-ris centridan sxivebad gamodis rkinis 19 wvrili zoli, romlebic kompoziciurad mzis saxes qmnian. rkinis simebis rombiseburi gaganierebebi samsWvlebiTaa farze damag-rebuli. TiToeul zols sami aseTi rombi aqvs, romlebic sam koncentrul wres qmnian. fars kideebze Semovlebuli aqvs liTonis koplebi. faris zurgze damagrebulia liTo-nis sabRuji, romelzec tyavia daxveuli (sur. 2)23. svaneTSi, mestiis muzeumSi daculi meore fari faqtobrivad zemoT aRwerili faris analogs warmoadgens, mxolod is meti ostatobiTa da gulmodginebiTaa Sesrulebuli: mzis saxes aq 19-is nacvlad 38 liTo-nis zoli qmnis (3 maTgani dakargulia), sadac erTmaneTs enacvlebian samsimiani da erTsimiani zolebi (sur. 3).

rogorc ukve iTqva, m. goreliki am farebs kalkanis derivatad miiCnevs da maT gav-rcelebas monRolebs ukavSirebs. misi mosazrebis sawinaaRmdegod unda iTqvas, rom qar-Tul ikonografiaSi gamagrebuli farebis ufro adreuli nimuSebi moipoveba da, amas-Tan erTad, saintereso kanonzomiereba da tendenciebi SeiniSneba: X saukunis farebis gamosaxulebebze koncentruli wreebi arcerTxel ar gvxvdeba da mrgvali farebi Su-aSi umboniT, sada zedapiriT da kideze saltiT xasiaTdebian (wm. giorgi da wm. Tevdo-re mravalZalis, Cukulis da CixareSis xatebze, diokletiane mravalZalis wm. giorgis xatze) (sur. 4). XI saukuneSi mdgomareoba icvleba da Cndeba nuSiseburi farebi li-Tonis danakerebiT (xidisTavis wm. giorgis da boWormis wm. giorgis xati) (sur. 5)24 da mrgvali farebi koncentruli wreebiT da liTonis danakerebiT, rogorebicaa laSTxve-ris, jaxunderis da setis wm. giorgis xatebi (sur. 6, 7, 8)25. setis xatze wmindanica da d-iokletianec aRWurvilia didi zomis mrgvali farebiT koncentruli wreebiT da radi-aluri sxivebiT. XII saukunis murkmeris sakurTxevliswina jvarze gamosaxulia wm. meom-rebi farze radialuri sxivebiT (marcxniv) da koncentruli wreebiT (marjvniv) (sur. 9)26.orive am niSans vxvdebiT lanCvanis sakurTxevliswina jvaris wm. mxedrebis farebze (sur. 10)27. XII saukunis wm. giorgis nuSiseburi faris umbonze liTonis lartyebia ga-dajvaredinebuli (sur. 11), jruWis II oTxTavis 21v miniaturaze ki mcvelis mrgval far-ze liTonis radialur sxivebs vxedavT (sur. 12). radialurad gamomavali liTonis sxi-vebiT, romlebic geometriul ornaments qmnian, aris Semkuli XII-XIII saukuneebis lahi-lis wm. dimitris mrgvali fari (sur. 13)28, gansxvavebiT timoTesubnis monastris dasav-

21 ColoyaSvili, dasax. naSromi, gv. 252.22 e. nadiraZe, m. qafianiZe, svanuri sabrZolo iaraRis istoriidan, svaneTi, III (2008), gv. 59. avtorTa es mosaz-reba damajerebelia da farebis es konkretuli nimuSebi XVI-XVII saukuneebiT unda TariRdebodes, yovel SemTxvevaSi zeda zRvari XVII saukunes ar unda gascdes, radganac XVIII saukuneSi Caxmaxianma cecxlsas-rolma iaraRma praqtikulad srulad gandevna mSvildi SeiaraRebidan; ise rom, rodesac 1747 wels qarTl-kaxeTis mefeebma mSvildiT nadiroba moindomes, es iaraRi aravis aRmoaCnda. papuna orbeliani, ambavni qarTlisani, teqsti daadgina, Sesavali, leqsikoni da saZiebelebi daurTo elene cagareiSvilma (Tbili-si, 1981), gv. 119.

23 ColoyaSvili, dasax. naSromi, gv. 228; nadiraZe, qafianiZe, dasax. naSromi, gv. 58.24 Г. Н. Чубинашвили, Грузинское чеканное искусство (Тбилиси, 1959), c. 256-259, 429-444, рис. 153, 162.25 iqve, gv. 260-262, 352-354, 330-333, sur. 152, 188, 182.26 iqve, gv. 335.27 rigi adreuli niSnebis miuxedavad, is XII saukunes unda ekuTvnodes. iqve, 524-525, sur. 470, 475.28 iqve, 261, sur. 432.

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leTis mklavis 1205-15 wlebis mxatvrobisagan, sadac wm. meomrebis fari liTonis mar-tivi tipis radialuri sxivebiT aris gamagrebuli (sur. 14)29.

koncentruli da radialuri liTonis zolebiT gamagrebuli farebi mravlad moi-Zebneba momdevno epoqis saqarTveloSic: aseTia safaris monastris XIV saukunis dasawyisis wm. dimitris freska fariT, romelzec radialuri sxivebi koncentrul wreebsac qmnis, niSa-ni, romelic damaxasiaTebelia dRemde moRweuli svanuri farebisaTvis (sur. 15); amave sauku-nis svifis wm. giorgis (jgragis) eklesiis dasavleTis kedelze uflis saflavis mcvelis faris umboni jvaredinad gadaWedilia liTonis lartyebiT da kideze Semouyveba liTonis salte (sur. 16)30; XIV saukunis meore naxevris daviTnis nadirobis miniaturaze ki vxedavT monadireebs mrgval farebze radialuri sxivebiT (sur. 17)31, romelTa winapari advilad SeiZleba aRmovaCinoT jaxunderis xatze. aseve, XIV-XV saukuneebis mijnaze laSTxveris mTavarangelozTa eklesiis freskaze wm. dimitri da CrdiloeTis fasadze amirandareja-nianis gmirebi gamosaxulni arian jvaredinad gadaWedili umboniani farebiT (sur. 18, 19).

rogorc vxedavT, saqarTveloSi liTonis lartyebiT gamagrebuli farebi monRo-lebamde bevrad adre Cndeba. magram saqarTvelo ar yofila erTaderTi qveyana, sadac liToniT gaZlierebuli farebi gavrcelda. igive procesebi drois daaxloebiT imave periodSi mimdinareobda mezobel bizantiis imperiaSic32.

unda iTqvas, rom rkinis detalebiani farebi ucxo ar yofila bizantielebisaTvis. X saukuneSi imperatori leon VI Tavis taqtikaSi bizantielTa rkinis farebs moixseni-ebs.33 leon VI-is am cnobaze dayrdnobiT, bizantielTa mier xis farze rkinis furcle-bis gadakvris praqtikaze miuTiTebs t. koliasi34.

bizantiuri faris liToniT gamagrebis erT-erT uadres nimuSs warmoadgens vati-kanSi daculi X-XI saukuneebis spilos Zvlis triptiqi, romlis frTebze wm. Tevdore stratilati da wm. Tevdore tironi arian gamosaxulni radialuri sxivebiT dayofili farebiT (sur. 20)35. unda aRiniSnos, rom am farebis zedapiris aRwerisas, p. grotovski, savsebiT safuZvlianad, uSvebs, rom gamosaxuleba realisturia da aqamde ucnobi faris tips gadmogvcems36. aseTive, umbonidan radialurad gamomavali liTonis sxivebiani fa-riTaa gamosaxuli wm. dimitri XI saukunis Sua xanebSi wm. Tevdores (tagari) eklesiaSi sofel ieSilozSi,37 rac ukve Camoyalibebul faris tipze metyvelebs (sur. 21)38.

umbonze gadajvaredinebuli liTonis dekoratiuli lartyebi unda iyos gamosaxuli wm. ieronis mrgval farze tokali qilises (kapadokia) XI saukunis freskaze (sur. 22)39

da imperatoris gvardielis nuSisebur farze XII saukunis skilices 28v miniaturaze40.

29 Е. Л. Привалова, Роспись Тимотесубани: исследование по истории грузинской средневековой монументальной живописи (Тбилиси,

1980), c. 112-124.30 zemo svaneTi: Suasaukunovani kedlis mxatvroba, albomis Sedgena, teqsti da Targmani marine yeniasi(Tbilisi, 2010), gv. 220.

31 imave daviTnis sxva miniaturebzec umTavresad aseTi farebia gamosaxuli.32 samxedro aRWurvilobis dargSi qarTul-bizantiuri kavSirebisaTvis ix. M. Tsurtsumia, The Evolution of Splint

Armour in Georgia and Byzantium: Lamellar and Scale Armour in the 10th-12th Centuries, Byzantina Symmeikta, 21 (2011), pp. 65-99; misive, Τριβολος: A Byzantine Landmine, Byzantion, 82 (2012), pp. 415-422. Cven gagvaCnia mowmoba, rom es ori maxlobeli kultura erTmaneTze gavlenas meomris panopliis iseT nawilzec axdenda, rogoric fari iyo. p. grotovskis azriT, X saukunis svidas bizantiur enciklopediaSi moxseniebuli faris tipi euforos, rac iolad satarebels niSnavs, qarTuli msubuqi faridan iRebs saTaves. Grotowski, Arms and Armour of the Warrior Saints, p. 213, n331; “Εύφορος”, Suda On Line, tr. Catharine Roth, 6 August 2006. http://www.stoa.org/sol-entries//epsilon//3802.

33 The Taktika Of Leo VI, text, translation, and commentary by George T. Dennis (Washington, 2010), p. 75.34 Kolias, Byzantinische Waffen, p. 97.35 A. W. Carr, Popular Imagery, in The Glory of Byzantium: Art and Culture of the Middle Byzantine Era A.D. 843-1261, ed. by H. C.

Evans and William D. Wixom (New York, 2006), pp. 131-132, fig. 79.36 is kidev ufro Sors midis, adarebs ra triptiqis farebs jaxunderis wm. giorgis qarTul xats da varka da gulSas islamur miniaturebs da maT aRmosavlur warmomavlobas varaudobs. Grotowski, Arms and Armour of the Warrior Saints, p. 239, n432. aqve SevniSnav, rom faris aRmosavluri warmoSobis damadastureblad ver gamodgeba varka va gulSas miniaturebi, romlebic ufro gviandeli da XIII saukunisaa.

37 R. G. Ousterhout, A Byzantine Settlement in Cappadocia (Washington, 2005), p. 169.38 Cemi gulwrfeli madloba andrea babuins am da sxva fotoebis uSurvelad gaziarebisaTvis.39 A. Wharton Epstein, Tokali Kilise: Tenth-Century Metropolitan Art in Byzantine Cappadocia (Washington, 1986), p. 61.40 V. Tsamakda, The Illustrated Chronicle of Ioannes Skylitzes in Madrid (Leiden, 2002), pp. 68-69, fig. 54.

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karsi qilise (wm. ioanes eklesia) gulSehirSi, romelic afsidis warweris mixedviT 1212 wliT TariRdeba41, morTulia qristes cxovrebis amsaxveli scenebiT. Ralatis scenaSi gamosaxuli fari (sur. 23)42, iseve rogorc skilices 175r miniaturis farebi43, jaxunderis wm. giorgis xatis da H1665 daviTnis miniaturebis farebis analogiuria.

bizantiur-qarTuli TanamSromloba kidev ufro Rrma da adreuli SeiZleba iyos. metropolitenis muzeumSi dacul vercxlis langarze, romelic 629/30 wlebSi herakle imperatoris SekveTiT unda iyos damzadebuli, daviTis da goliaTis orTabrZolaa ga-mosaxuli (sur. 24). daviTis marcxniv mdgomi jariskacis fari metad hgavs saqarTvelos erovnuli muzumis erT (N1160) fars (sur. 25)44, romelic tipologiurad da teqnologiu-rad zemoT ganxilul svanuri farebis tips miekuTvneba45. faris diametria 59 sm da warmoadgens tyavgadakrul xes, romelsac kideze liTonis salte Semouyveba, centrSi aqvs umboni, romlidanac 6 mokle sxivi gamodis; farze manWvlebiT damagrebulia liTonis wvrili detalebi, romlebic yvavilovan da jvris ornaments qmnian da koncentrul wreebad arian zedapirze ganlagebulni. fars zurgzec aqvs tyavi gadakruli da SemorCenili aqvs tyavis sabRujis naSTi sakidi TasmiT.

langarze gamosaxuli bizantieli jariskacis fari, albaT, ubralod moxatulia da ara rkinis danakerebiT gamagrebuli, magram wvrili ornamentiT Seqmnili dekorati-uli motivi SemdgomSic gvxvdeba XI-XII saukuneebis bizantiur gamosaxulebebze (aseTia, magaliTad, karanlik qiliseSi (goreme) XI saukunis Sua xanebis wm. orestes freska, sur. 26) da liTonSi ganxorcielebuli – saqarTvelos muzeumis farze. yovelive es, metyvelebs ra maT Soris kavSirze, miuTiTebs dekoratiuli motivebis mdgradobaze da imazec, rom faris Tavdapirveli dekoratiuli moxatuloba advilad SeiZleba gardaq-mniliyo liTonis konstruqciad.

is faqti, rom liToniT gamagrebuli farebi gansakuTrebiT iyo gavrcelebuli XII saukunis samxreT evropaSi, rasac m. gorelikic aRniSnavs46, sxva faqtorebTan erTad, bizantiis imperiis gavlenasac SeiZleba mieweros. magaliTisaTvis SegviZlia mivuTiToT XII saukunis bolo meoTxedSi siciliaSi, monrealis kapitelebze gamokveTil meomreb-ze, romlebic aseT farebs atareben. maT aRWurvilobaSi bizantiuri elementebis kvali udavoa47.

rogorc vxedavT, liTonis detalebiT gamagrebuli farebi TiTqmis erTdroulad gavrcelda bizantiur-qarTul garemoSi, razec miuTiTebs XI saukunis bizantiur-qar-Tul gamosaxulebebi. ras unda gamoewvia faris konstruqciis es cvlileba bizantiur oikumenaSi?

Cemi azriT, regioni da samxedro tradicia, romelmac zegavlena moaxdina bizanti-ur samyaroze da gamoiwvia faris modifikacia, skandinavia iyo. marTalia, m. gorelikis mier moyvanili evropuli da skandinaviuri farebis yvela nimuSi XII-XIII saukuneebs mi-ekuTvneba48, magram arsebobs ufro adreuli monacemebic, romelic CrdiloeT evropaSi faris liToniT gamagrebis xangrZliv tradiciaze metyvelebs. arqeologiuri gaTxrebis Sedegad dadgenilia, rom farebze liTonis detalebis damagreba damaxasiaTebeli iyo skandinaviuri da Zvelgermanuli aRWurvilobisaTvis. VI-VII saukuneebis farebi vende-lis, valsgardis da saton hus samarxebidan liTonis detalebiT aris morTuli. zogi mxolod dekoraciaa, magram zogierTis, magaliTad, valsgardis VII samarxis I faris liTonis horizontalur zolebs, p. mortimeri, savsebiT samarTlianad, miiCnevs faris

41 S. Suzek, The Decoration of Cave Churches in Cappadocia under Selçuk Rule (MA Thesis, University of Notre Dame, Indiana, 2008),

pp. 17-20, fig. 20.42 maTi wiTuri Tma-wverisa da grZeli culebis gamo, r. damato fiqrobs, rom isini varang gvardielebs warmoadgenen. R. D’Amato, The Varangian Guard 988-1453 (Oxford, 2010), p. 12.

43 Tsamakda, The Illustrated Chronicle of Ioannes Skylitzes, p. 213, fig. 441.44 samwuxarod, fari depasportizebulia da misi warmomavloba da muzeumSi moxvedris garemoebebi ucnobia.

45 amave dros, misi zedapiris ornamenti, romelsac liToni qmnis, sruliad gansxvavebulia svanuri farebi-sagan, svanuri saxelosnos nawarmi ar unda iyos da saqarTvelos sxva regionSi unda iyos damzadebuli.

46 Горелик, Халха-калкан (монгольский щит и его дериваты), c. 193.47 ix. D. Nicolle, The Monreale Capitals and the Military Equipment of Later Norman Sicily, Gladius, XV (1980), pp. 87-88, 96-97, figs. 2,

4-6, 12, 14, 20.48 Горелик, Халха-калкан (монгольский щит и его дериваты), c. 192-193, рис. 8-9.

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gamagrebis sistemad49. aseTive mravlobiTi liTonis lartyebiTaa gamagrebuli valsgar-dis VI samarxis I50 da III fari51, valsgardis VII samarxis II fari52, valsgardis VIII sa-marxis I fari53 da II fari54 da vendelis XI da XII farebi (sur. 27)55. rogorc Cans, droTa ganmavlobaSi faris gamagrebam evolucia ganicada da Tavdapirveli mouxeSavi da mZime konstruqcia ufro daxvewili da funqcionaluri gaxda. amis niSnebs ukve vxedavT VII saukunis Suaxanebis anglo-saqsur farSi Tetfordidan (norfolki), romelsac umbonidan gamomavali 7 radialuri mokle sxivi gaaCnia boloebSi gafarToebuli samanWvleebiT (sur. 28)56. valsgardis da venedelis farebis lartyebi erTmaneTTan ar arian dakavSirebulni, umbonidan ar gamodian da, marTalia, faris zedapirs aZliereben, magram mis konstruqcias simtkices ver mateben, gansxvavebiT Tetfordis farisgan, romlis liTonis danakerebi faris xis nawilTan erTad erTian konstruqcias qmnis da amiT Sua saukuneebis farebis gamagrebas mogvagonebs.

liToniT farebis gamagreba momdevno saukuneebSic grZeldeba, rogorc amas vigebT uZvelesi skandinaviuri kanonebidan. XI saukunis norvegiuli (gulas da frostas) kano-nebis mixedviT, xis fars zedapirze aucileblad (!) unda hqonoda, sul mcire, sami ga-dajvaredinebuli liTonis zoli (jarnspöng)57.

skandinaviuri farebis gavrceleba bizantiaSi dakavSirebuli unda iyos varangTa gvardiis SeqmnasTan, romelsac safuZveli Caeyara 988 wels, rodesac kievis mTavarma vladimirma (980-1015) imperator basili II-s (976-1025) gaugzavna 6000 skandinavi mebrZo-li58. normanTa mier inglisis dapyrobamde, rodesac 1070-iani wlebidan gvardiaSi ltolvili anglo-saqsebic gamoCndnen59, varangTa gvardias ZiriTadad skandinaviidan gamosulebi akompleqtebdnen. rogorc Cans, X saukunis miwurulidan skandinavTa aseTma masobrivma yofnam imperiaSi popularuli gaxada liToniT gamagrebuli farebi, ramac ukve farTo asaxva hpova XI saukunis gamosaxulebebSi.

rac Seexeba qarTvelebisa da skandinavebis urTierTkavSirebs, im kontaqtebis gar-da, romlebic maT aucileblad eqnebodaT imperiis dedaqalaqSi, Cven viciT bevri Sem-Txveva, rodesac qarTvelebs SeeZloT skandinaviuri tipis farebis efeqturobaSi dar-wmunebuliyvnen. bizantiur armiaSi myof skandinavebs qarTvelebi pirvelad 989 wels ajanyebul barda fokas armiaSi yofnisas daupirispirdnen, rodesac abidosTan damar-cxdnen imperatorTan60. Semdegi konfliqti taoSi moxda, sadac 1001 wels basili II iyo mosuli daviT kurapalatis memkvidreobisaTvis da 30 taoeli daiRupa imperatoris gvardiasTan kinklaobisas61. gacilebiT xangrZlivi iyo dapirispireba qarTvelebsa da bizantielebs Soris 1021-22 wlebSi, rodesac giorgi I (1014-27) taos samefosa da kurapa-latis memkvidreobisaTvis ebrZoda basili II-s62. 1022 wels qarTvelTa damarcxebaSi di-

49 P. Mortimer, Woden’s Warriors: Warfare, Beliefs, Arms and Armour in Northern Europe during the 6th and 7th Centuries (Little

Downham, 2011), pp. 124, 132, fig. 16.50 G. Arwidsson, Valsgärde 6 (Uppsala, 1942), pp. 35-39, figs. 6-9.51 Arwidsson, Valsgärde 6, pp. 40-44, fig. 11.52 Mortimer, Woden’s Warriors, p. 130, fig. 17.53 G. Arwidsson, Valsgärde 8 (Uppsala, 1954), pp. 53-56, figs. 31-36.54 Arwidsson, Valsgärde 8, pp. 57-61, figs. 37-39. maTi naSTebi napovnia in situ da rekonstruqcia araviTar eWvs ar iwvevs.

55 K. G. Izikowitz, “Vendelsköldarna”, Fornvännen, 26 (1931), pp. 182, 185, figs. 66, 70.56 V. Evison, Sugar-Loaf Shield Bosses, The Antiquaries Journal, 43 (1963), p. 45.57 N. Nicolaysen, The Viking Ship Discovered at Gokstad in Norway (Christiania, 1882), p. 33; The Earliest Norwegian Laws: Being the

Gulathing Law and the Frostathing Law, translated from the Old Norwegian by L. M. Larson (New York, 1935), pp. 196, 320.58 S. Blöndal, The Varangians of Byzantium, An aspect of Byzantine military history translated, revised and rewritten by Benedikt S.

Benediks (Cambridge, 1978), pp. 42-46.59 ix. J. Shepard, The English and Byzantium: A Study of Their Role in the Byzantine Army in the Later Eleventh Century, Traditio, 29

(1973), pp. 53-92; N. C. J. Pappas, English Refugees in the Byzantine Armed Forces: The Varangian Guard and Anglo-Saxon Ethnic Consciousness, in De Re Militari. Books, Articles and Dissertations on Medieval Military History (2004). [http://www.deremilitari.org/resources/articles/pappas1.htm]

60 Fourteen Byzantine Rulers: The Chronographia of Michael Psellus, translated, with an introduction, by E. R. A. Sewter (London, 1966), pp. 34-37.

61 Всеобщая История Степаноса Таронского, Асохика по прозванию, писателя XI столетия, переведена с армянского и объясненаН. Эминым (Москва, 1864), c. 200-201; aristakes lastiverteci, istoria, qarTuli Targmani gamokvleviT, komen-tarebiTa da saZieblebiT gamosca e. cagareiSvilma (Tbilisi, 1974), gv. 41.

62 matiane qarTlisa, qarTlis cxovreba, teqsti dadgenili yvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviT s. yaux-CiSvilis mier, t. I (Tbilisi, 1955), gv. 284-288; sumbat daviTis Ze, cxorebaÁ da uwyebaÁ bagratonianTa, teq-

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di roli iTamaSa varangTa gvardiam63. XI saukunis Sua xanebSi ki varangTa erTi nawili bagrat IV-is (1027-72) jarSi msaxurobda da monawileobda sasireTis brZolaSi (1046), sadac liparit baRvaSma mefis jari daamarcxa64. rogorc vxedavT, qarTvelebs xSiri kontaqtebi hqondaT skandinav meomrebTan, rac xels Seuwyobda SeiaraRebis gacvla-gamocvlas da liToniT gamagrebuli farebis damkvidrebas saqarTveloSi65.

rac Seexeba Tavad kalkans, XVII saukunidan dawyebuli is xSirad gvxvdeba qarTul miniaturebsa Tu sinamdvileSi. samegreloSi, levan II dadianis karze mamuka TavaqaraS-vilis mier 1646 wels gadawerili „vefxistyaosnis“ 319-e miniaturaze, romelic mekobreb-Tan avTandilis brZolas asaxavs, gmirs xelT upyria dawnuli kalkani liTonis umboniT da damatebiTi kopebiT da kiserze sakidi RvediT (sur. 29). XVII saukuneSi kalkanis saqarTveloSi popularobas mowmobs ruseTis mefis aleqsei mixeilis ZisaTvis (1645-76)imereTis mefeTa mier gagzavnili saCuqrebi, romelTa ricxvSi es farebic moixsenieba. aleqsandre III-is (1639-60) elCebma 1659 wels da bagrat IV-is (1660-81, xangamoSvebiT) el-Cebma 1670 wels ruseTis mefes miarTves oqros, vercxlis da sxvadasxvaferi abreSumis ZafebiT mownuli da firuzis, iagundis da lalis TvlebiT morTuli lerwmis farebi. isini erTmaneTisagan praqtikulad mxolod abreSumis Zafebis ganlagebiT gansxvavde-bodnen, rac sxvadasxva saxis suraTs qmnida66. imeruli kalkanebis gamosaxulebebi Se-mogvinaxa XIX saukuneSi f. g. solncevis mier brwyinvaled Sesrulebulma feradma li-Tografiebma67. marTalia, liTografiebis aRwerilobaSi orive fari aleqsandre III-s sa-Cuqradaa miCneuli68, magram am aRwerilobis da moskovis iaraRis palatis aRweris Se-darebis Sedegad advilad dadginda, rom 66-e da 67-e liTografiebze (iaraRis palatis N5065) bagratis faria gamosaxuli, 68-ze (iaraRis palatis N5064) ki – aleqsandresi (sur. 30). kalkanis saqarTveloSi gavrcelebis SedarebiT gviandeli TariRi (XVII sauku-ne) da misi areali (imereTi, samegrelo) gvafiqrebinebs es movlena osmaleTs davukav-SiroT, romlis gavlena tradiciulad Zlieri iyo dasavleT saqarTveloSi.

sabolood, unda davaskvnaT, rom saqarTvelos muzeumebSi daculi liTonis lartyebiT gamagrebuli faris tipebi da maTi paraleluri gamosaxulebebi kalkanis gamoCenamde arsebobdnen saqarTveloSi da ar arian dakavSirebulni monRolTa Semose-vebTan. aseve, vfiqrob, gadaWarbebulia italiuri koloniebis roli aseTi farebis gav-rcelebis saqmeSi CrdiloeT kavkasiasa da oqros urdoSi. rogorc Cans, faris liTo-niT gamagrebis sistema bizantiis imperiidan gavrcelda saqarTveloSi, Semdeg ki kavka-siis mTianeTis gavliT SeaRwia CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi (gansakuTrebiT mis Crdilo-dasav-leT nawilSi), saidanac aiTvises is oqros urdos monRolebma.

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sur. 1. tibeturi fari. niu-iorkis metropolitenis muzeumi

sur. 2. svanuri fari saqarTvelos erovnul muzeumSi. avtoris foto

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sur. 3. svanuri fari mestiis muzeumSi. m. qafianiZis foto

sur. 4. wm. giorgi da wm. Tevdore mrgvali sada farebiT. mravalZlis xati. T. kiunes foto

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sur. 5. xidisTavis wm. giorgi nuSisebur sur. 6. laSTxveris wm. giorgis xati. farze liTonis danakerebiT. g. CubinaSvilis mixedviT g. CubinaSvilis mixedviT

sur. 7. jaxunderis wm. giorgi. sur. 8. setis wminda giorgis xati g. CubinaSvilis mixedviT

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sur. 9. wm. meomrebi farze radialuri sur. 10. wm. mxedari farze sxivebiT (marcxniv) da koncentruli koncentruli wreebiTa da wreebiT (marjvniv). murkmeris radialuri sxivebiT. sakurTxevliswina jvari, detali. lanCvanis sakurTxevliswina s. sarjvelaZis foto jvari, detali. g. CubinaSvilis mixedviT

sur. 11. wminda giorgis fari gadajvaredinebuli lartyebiT. d. ermakovis foto

sur. 12. jariskaci mrgval farze radialuri sxivebiT. jruWis II

oTxTavis 21v miniatura. xelnawerTa erovnuli centri

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sur. 13. lahilis wm. dimitris sur. 14. wm. meomrebis freska fari radialurad gamomavali liTonis radialuri sxivebiT liTonis sxivebiT. gamagrebuli mrgvali fariT. g. CubinaSvilis mixedviT timoTesubnis monasteri. s. sarjvelaZis foto

sur. 15. wm. dimitri fariT, sur. 16. uflis saflavis mcvelis fari. romelzec radialuri sxivebi svifis wm. giorgis (jgragis) eklesiis koncentrul wreebs qmnis. dasavleTi kedeli, detali. safaris monastris freska. g. demetraSvilis foto avtoris foto

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sur. 17. monadireebi mrgval sur. 18. wminda dimitri. laSTxveris farebze radialuri sxivebiT. mTavarangelozTa eklesiis freska. H1665 daviTni, 195v miniatura. s. sarjvelaZis foto xelnawerTa erovnuli centri

sur. 19. amirandarejanianis scena. sur. 20. vatikanis triptiqi, laSTxveris mTavarangelozTa eklesiis wm. Tevdore stratilati CrdiloeTi fasadi, detali. radialuri sxivebiT s. sarjvelaZis foto dayofili fariT, detali. The Glory of Byzantium

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sur. 21. wm. dimitri umbonidan sur. 22. wm. ieronis fari radialurad gamomavali umbonze gadajvaredinebuli liTonis zolebiani fariT. liTonis lartyebiT. a. babuinis foto a. babuinis foto

sur. 23. Ralatis scena karsi sur. 25. N1160 fari qiliseSi. a. babuinis foto saqarTvelos erovnul muzeumSi. avtoris foto

sur. 24. daviTis da goliaTis orTabrZola. vercxlis sini, detali. niu-iorkis metropolitenis muzeumi

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sur. 26. wm. orestes fari. sur. 27. valsgardis VIII samarxis a. babuinis foto I fari. g. arvidsonis mixedviT

sur. 28. fari Tetfordidan umbonidan sur. 29. avTandili kalkaniT xelSi. gamomavali radialuri sxivebiT. „vefxistyaosnis“ TavaqaraSviliseuli u. letingis mixedviT nusxa, H599 xelnaweri, gv. 319. xelnawerTa erovnuli centri

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sur. 30abg. imeruli kalkanebi: a. aleqsandres III-is fari,b, g. bagrat IV-is fari. f. solncevis mixedviT

MAMUKA TSURTSUMIA

THE EVOLUTION OF THE SHIELDS REINFORCED WITH METAL IN THE MIDDLE AGES

The present article discusses shields reinforced with metal preserved in the museums of Georgia and particularly the evolution of these types in the Middle Ages. It is ascertained that shields reinforced with metal appeared in Georgia and Byzantium in the 11th century.

Presumably, it was the Nordic region, which influenced the Byzantine oicumene and caused such modification. In Northern Europe there was a long tradition of strengthening the shields with metal. Archaeological excavations revealed that attaching the metal parts to the shields had been typical for the Scandinavian and Germanic equipment since the 6th-7th centuries.

The spreading of Scandinavian shields in Byzantium should have been connected with the establishment of Varangian Guard at the end of the 10th century. Supposedly, the mass presence of Scandinavians in the empire made reinforced shields popular reflected in the representations of the 11th century. Beginning from the 10th century and, especially, in 11th century, the Georgians had frequent contact with the Scandinavian warriors, which would have facilitated the exchange of weaponry and the establishment of reinforced shields in Georgia.

The article rejects the notion that the Georgian shields were derivatives of the Mongolian shield kalkan and shows that kalkan spread in West Georgia only in 17th century from the Ottoman Empire.

According to the author, the shields reinforced with metal had existed in Georgia before the appearence of kalkan and had not been linked with the Mongol invasions. Moreover, the role of the Italian Black Sea colonies seems exaggerated in the dissemination of the reinforced shields in northern Caucasus and Golden Horde. Presumably, the reinforced shields were spread from the Byzantine Empire to Georgia, and then penetrated through the Caucasian Mountains in the North Caucasus (especially its north-western part), from where it was acquired by the Mongols of Golden Horde.

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