makalah b.inggris_p.didik.........docx

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Compiled By:

Pipit oktaviani (I - b)

2012.49.082 / 41

AKPER DHARMA HUSADA KEDIRI

TAHUN 2012/2013


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PREFACE

Praise to Allah SWT who has given strength, patience and sincerity to develop and finish

our job, writing a paper, entitled Respiratory System for health purposes.

In this finished paper, hopefully we can take English lessons better because the task

assigned resolved.

We would like to thank the - those who have helped in completing this task, so we can

complete the task well and can be useful in D3 Nursing.

Thanks to Didik, S.,S.Kep.,Ns. as the supervisor who gave this task so that we can do and

accomplish this task.

We are fully aware that there are still many shortcomings in this paper. To that end, we are

looking forward to the feedback, suggestions and criticism from all sides that are built to

perfection this paper.

Kediri, March 6, 2013

Composer


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CHAPTER I

PRELIMINARY

A.

BACKDROP

Humans are creatures whose bodies are composed of multiple organ systems, namely the

digestive system, respiratory system, cardiovascular system, motion system, coordinate system,

the reproductive system and excretory system.

Each organ system supports functions together with each other and works in harmony. In

the event of disruption in one organ system it will affect other organ systems. It is therefore

important for us to maintain the health of every organ system that we have. Healthy lifestyle by

eating low-fat foods and avoid fast food and regular exercise will make us avoid disease threats.

The adults most of us would love to eat fast food and fatty foods. Additionally, high levels

of ambient air pollution worsened lately our health.

In this paper we will discuss the respiratory system, but is specific to the upper respiratory

tract consists of the nose, pharynx and larynx. The scope of the discussion covers each

constituent network of the respiratory organs and anatomy and structure.

B. THEOLOGICAL PROBLEM

a) What understanding of the human respiratory system?

b) What is the human respiration system?

c) And what are the mechanisms of human respiration?

C. PURPOSE

The author expects to reading this paper can increase knowledge and understanding and can

be a reference for the students friends study anatomy of the respiratory system.


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CHAPTER II

DISCUSSION

A. DEFINITIONS RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

Breathing or respiration is gas exchange between living things (organisms) with the

environment. In general, respiration can be defined as the process of inhaling oxygen from the

air and give off carbon dioxide and water vapor. In the process of respiration, oxygen is a

substance necessity. Oxygen for respiration obtained from the air in the surrounding

environment.

Breathing in humans includes two processes, namely :

1.

External RespirationBreathing is where the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide occurs between the air

in the lungs with a bubble of blood in the capillaries.

2. Internal Breathing

Breathing is where the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the blood in

the capillaries to tissue cells.

In the process of respiration, oxygen is needed for the oxidation (burning) of nutrients.

These nutrients are oxidized sugar (glucose). Glucose is the energy-containing nutrients. The

process of oxidation of nutrients, namely glucose, aiming to produce energy. So, breathing or

respiratory organisms do aim to take the energy contained in the food.

The main result is the energy breathing. The energy produced is used for live events, for

example, to growth, to maintain body temperature, division of body cells and muscle contraction.

B. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM IN HUMANS

Humans breathe indirectly. That is, not breathing air to diffuse directly through the skin

surface. Diffusion of air for breathing in humans occurs on the inside of the body, the bubble of

the lungs (alveoli). In respiratory indirectly, air enters into the human body by means ofintermediary breathing.

The tools consist of breathing in human Nasal Cavity, Pharynx (Throat), Larynx (The

Voice Box), Trachea (Windpipe), Bronchi (Bronchus) and Pulmonary (Lung).

1. Nasal Cavity


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A passage works into the nasal cavity for breathing oxygen, and carbon dioxide as

well as the way out the remaining water vapor breathing. Occur in the nasal cavity of air

filtration dust in with the air. The air that enters the nasal cavity also undergone a process

of warming to fit our body temperature. Likewise also the humidity set to match our body

moisture.

2. The Pharynx (Throat)

Pharyngeal tube shaped like a funnel which is located behind the nasal cavity and

mouth. Pharynx serves as a way for air and food. In addition, it also serves as a space

faring vibrate to produce sound.

Pharynx can be divided into three parts :

a) Nasopharyngeal

Nasopharyngeal is located behind the nasal pharynx from the base of the throat to the

base of uvula or uvula.

b) Oropharynx

Oropharynx is the pharynx which lies behind the oral cavity, which was from the

uvula to the epiglottis.

c) Laringo Pharynx

Laringo pharynx located at the back of the sixth cervical vertebrae on the

vertebra. Laringo pharynx is the last channel of the upper respiratory tract.

3. The Larynx (The Voice Box)

The larynx is located in the pharynx and the trachea. Wall larynx is composed of nine

pieces of cartilage. One of the cartilage is composed of hyaline cartilage which two plates

converge and form a triangle. This section is called the Adam's apple.

Inside the larynx are the epiglottis and vocal cords. Epiglottis is an elastic cartilageshaped like a leaf. Epiglottis can open and close. At the time of swallowing, the epiglottis

closes so the food does not go down my throat but into the esophagus. Vocal cords are

mucous membranes that form two pairs of folds to vibrate and produce sound.

In the larynx there are also cords made up of two types :


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a) Band true voice - vocal cords which is composed of the elastic network

b) False vocal cords - cords is folds of mucous membrane that lines the inner

surface of the larynx and vocal role in spending is not sound.

Tensions true vocal cords in the larynx in determining the nature of the sound

produced. If the vocal cords tense and short, tone of voice that produced high. If the vocalcords and slack length, tone of voice that produced low.

4. Trachea (Windpipe)

The trachea is a pipe shaped like elongated at the neck and the chest cavity

(thoracic). Tracheal rings composed of cartilage and smooth muscle. The inner walls

coated tracheal epithelial cells haired shakes (cilia) and mucus membranes. Trachea

forked, one toward the left lung and the other toward the right lung. Trachea branches

called bronchi.

5. Pulmonary (Lung)

The lungs are located in the upper chest cavity. The chest cavity and the abdominal

cavity are separated by a bulkhead, namely the diaphragm. The lungs are divided into two

parts, the right lung and the left lung. Right lung consists of three wattle and left lung is

composed of two wattle. The lungs are covered by a thin lining of the lungs called the

pleura.

In the lungs, each bronchus branches forming bronchioles. Next, bronchial branches

into capillaries ending bubble lungs called alveoli. Alveoli like foam or honeycomb. Theamount is about 300 million alveoli. Alveolar walls are very thin and elastic. In alveolar

diffusion or respiratory gas exchange, namely oxygen and carbon dioxide.

C. RESPIRATORY MECHANISM

Breathing is a process that occurs by itself (automatically). Although we are in a state of

sleep, breathing process continues. At the moment we breathe there are two processes that occur

are inspiring (the entry of air into the lungs) and expiration (the discharge of air from the lungs).

Inspiration and expiration occurs between 15-18 times each minute. The process of inspiration

and expiration governed by diaphragm muscles of the ribs between bones and muscles.

1. Respiratory Chest

Occurs because muscle activity ribs between bones. When the ribs between bones

muscles contorted (contract), then the ribs are lifted and the volume of the chest cavity will be

enlarged. This situation causes a decrease in air pressure in the lungs. Because the air pressure


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outside the body is larger, then the air from outside the rich oxygen into the lungs. Thus there

was inspiring.

When the ribs between bones muscles loosened (relaxation), which returned to its

original position, the ribs will be depressed. As a result, the volume of the chest cavity smaller.

This situation resulted in increased air pressure in the lungs.

2. Abdominal Breathing

Abdominal breathing due to the activity of the muscles of the diaphragm limiting the

abdomen and chest cavity. When the diaphragm muscle contracts, the diaphragm will be leveled.

This situation resulted in the chest cavity enlarges so that the air pressure in the lungs decreases.

As a result, oxygen-rich outdoor air into the lungs through the respiratory tract. Thus, there was

inspiration.

Conversely, if the diaphragm muscle relaxation (back in its original position), the

position of the diaphragm is curved upward. This situation resulted in the chest cavity enlarges.

As a result, the air from the lungs of carbon dioxide-rich pushed outward. Thus there was

expiratory.

CHAPTER III


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CLOSING

A. CONCLUSION

The respiratory system is an air conduction channel that consists of several basic organ

such as the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs. These organs work together in

receiving clean air, turn the air from the blood, and remove the air that has been modified.

B. ADVICE

I realize that this paper is not perfect, the anatomy of knowledge is vast and I can not

enter all in this paper. For that I expect criticism and suggestions for improvements in a paper in

the future.

Remember that by reading we can add to our knowledge, never lazy to read even if only

one sentence that contains a science.

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