MAGAZINE_PASHUDHAN PRAKASH 2014.pdf

7/26/2019 MAGAZINE_PASHUDHAN PRAKASH 2014.pdf

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Hkkvuqi&jk"Vh; i'kq vkuqoaf'kd lalk/ku C;wjksdjuky& 132 001(gfj;k.kk) Hkkjr

i'kq/ku izdk'kiape vad


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laj{kd ,oaizdk'kdvktZo 'kekZ] funs'kd

eq[; lEikndvfuy dqekj feJ

lEiknd eaMyeuh"kh eqds'kjs[kk 'kekZ

lkdsr dqekj fujatulksfudk vgykor

lriky

i'kq/ku izdk'kiape vad

ISSN 0976-4569

Hkkvuqi&jk"Vh; i'kq vkuqoaf'kd lalk/ku C;wjks] djuky (gfj;k.kk)

vad&5(o"kZ&2014)

eqdbUVSd fizaVlZ,.M ifCy'klZ343]igyh eafty] eqxy dWuky] djuky & 132 001(gfj;k.kk)

Qksu ua-0184&4043541] 3292951]bZ&esy%[email protected]

if=dk esaizdkf'kr ys[kksaesa fn, x, vkadMs+ rFkk fopkj ys[kdksadsviusgSaAmudsfy, laiknd eaMy vFkok C;wjksfdlh izdkj lsmkjnk;h ughagSA


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1. jktLFkku jkT; dsvof.kZr ,oaegRoiw.kZ xksoa'kh; lewg% ukjh rFkk lkapkSjh 1

ih dsflag] vkj dsiqaMhj] Mh dslMkuk ,oad#.kk vlhtk

2. dksjkiqV & ,d de Kkr HksM+uLy 8

latho flag] ds,u jktk ,oabathr xkxqyh

3. Nsjh & NRrhlx


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15. vkf.od fpUgd o budk ekfRL;dh foKku esami;ksx 73

es?kk dne csMsdj ,oaxk;=h f=ikBh

16. vkuqoaf'kd lalkkuksdslrr mi;ksx dsfy, ksMwlj dEiuh csgrj fodYi 75

rki flag iaokj

17. eknk i'kqvksaesavuq&moZjrk dsizeq[k dkj.k ,oafuokj.k 79lat; dqekj feJ ,oa vrqy lDlsuk

18. eknk i'kqvks esaiztuu lEcUkh izeq[k leL;k;sa% dkj.k] mipkj ,oacpko 84

lat; dqekj feJ ,oa loZthr ;kno

19. iapxO; fpfdRlk% Ik'kqvksarFkk euq";ksadh LokLF; j{kk ifr rFkk tSo fpfdRlkvuqiz;ksx dk ,d voyksdu 87

:fp frokjh] lanhi porhZ] ;'kiky flag efyd ,oadqynhi /kkek

20.

i'kq/ku O;olk; dsfy, larqfyr vkgkj izca/ku 93pUnzukFk feJ] fodkl xqIrk] lrh'k dqekj ,oa jktiky ehuk

21. Ik'kq vkgkj esa [kfut ,oa foVkfeu dk egRo 96

vfuy lSuh

22. vtksyk% izksVhu lsHkjiwj iwjd Ik'kq vkgkj 104

cPpwflag eh.kk] uokc flag] jkt iky ehuk] pUnzukFk feJ ,oa lrh'k dqekj

23. Ms;jh i'kqvksa esanqXk Toj vkSj dSfY'k;e dh deh dksfu;a=.k djusdsmik; 106

vuhrk xkaxqyh] vkj ,l fclyk] oanuk HkuksV] latho flag ,oabathr xkaxqyh24. fFkysfj;ksfll% nqkk: Ik'kqvksadk ,d ?kkrd jksx 109

lk{kh pkSgku ,oafoiqy Bkdqj

25. usfi;j ?kkl% mRiknu rduhd ,oaizcaku 111

,l vkj oekZ] vkj dscSjok] jktiky ehuk] pUnzukFk feJ ,oalrh'k dqekj

26. vlk; jksxksadsmipkj dh vlhe lEHkkoukvksadksryk'krh oa'k dksf'kdk;sa 114

vuqt dqekj flag fldjokj] psruk xaxokj] jfojatu ,oa ,l Mh [kpsZ


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1

xksoa'kh; i'kqla[;k dh n`f"V ls jktLFkku Hkkjr dkNBk lclscM+k jkT; gS]tgk ns'k dh dqy xksoa'kh; i'kqla[;k (1990-8yk[k) dk 6-1%(121- 2yk[k) ik;ktkrk gSA jkT; ds xksoa'kh; i'kq/ku esa 43-62% 'kqxksoa'kh; uLysa] 1-01%xzsMsM Lons'kh] 48-64%vof.kZrLons'kh vkSj 6-73%fons'kh@ ladj dk lekos'k gSA o"kZ2012esanqX/k mRiknu dh n`f"V lsjktLFkku jk"Vh;

nqX/k mRiknu (1279 yk[k Vu) esa 10-6% (135-1yk[k Vu) dk ;ksxnku dj jgk gSA jktLFkku dsnw/kmRiknu esaladj xksoa'k] Lons'kh xksoa'k] HkSal ,oa cdjhdk ;ksxnku e'k% 7-3%] 29-5%] 51-1% ,oa 12-1%gSA ;gk dsLons'kh ,oaladj xksoa'kh; i'kqvksadkfrfnu nw/k mRiknu e'k% 3-54 fdxzk- ,oa7-59fd- xzk- gS] tks fd jk"Vh; vkSlr dseqdkcysvf/kdgSA nw/k mRiknu dh n`f"V lsxksoa'kh; i'kqvksa esaLons'khxksoa'k (39-83yk[k Vu)] ladj xksoa'k (9-89yk[k Vu)dseqdkcyspkj xquk ;ksxnku dj jgk gSA jkT; dh frO;f fr fnu nw/k miyC/krk 539xzk gS] tksfd iatkcvkSj gfj;k.kk dsckn ns'k esarhljsLFkku ij gSvkSjjk"Vh; vkSlr (290xzk) dsyxHkx nksxqusdscjkcj gSAjkT; esa Lons'kh Js"B nqX/k mRikndrk okyh uLysatSlslkfgoky] xhj] jkBh] Fkkjikjdj vkSj dkadjst nqdkthuLysa tSls gfj;kuk] esokrh ,oa Js"B Hkkjokgh uLyukxksjh ik;h tkrh gSaA gkykfd vof.kZr xksoa'k dsjk"Vh;

vuqikr (69

-7%

) dh rqyuk esajkT; dsvof.kZr xksoa'kdk vuqikr (48-6%)de gS fQj Hkh jkT; esavof.kZri'kqvksaesadqN ,slsxksoa'kh; lewg miyC/k gSa] ftudksuLy dk ntkZ fn;k tk ldrk gS] fdUrq buds xq.kfu/kkZj.k lEcU/kh v/;;uksadsvHkko esa,slk ughafd;ktk ldk gSA jktLFkku dsikyh] fljksgh ,oatkykSj ftys

fp= 1 & ukjh xk;

esa ,slh gh nksxksoa'kh; i'kqvksadslewgksa dk irk yxkdjbudk losZ{k.kksa dsek/;e lsO;ofLFkr v/;;u fd;kx;k gSA bl ys[k esabUghanksxksoa'kh; i'kqlewgksa] ukjhrFkk lkapkSjh] dk fooj.k fn;k tk jgk gS] ftudsuLyds:i esaiathdj.k dh vko';drk gSA

ukjh xksoa'kh; lewg

ukjh i'kqvksa dsv/;;u dsfy, ikyh ,oafljksgh ftyksadh pkj rglhyksads21xkoksa esalosZ{k.k fd;k x;kA blnkSjku iwoZfu/kkZfjr 'ukoyh dsvk/kkj ij ukjh i'kqvksads ca/ku ,oa mRiknu lEcU/kh lwpuk,a ,d= djusdsfy, 58i'kqikydksalslk{kkRdkj fd;k x;kA ukjhi'kqvksadsHkkSfrd y{k.kksa dk v/;;u 344i'kqvksaijfd;k x;k rFkk fofHkUu vk;q@ fyax oxZds354i'kqvksadh 'kkjhfjd ekisa Hkh yh x;hA i'kqvksadstuu ,oamRiknu xq.kksadk v/;;u 66nw/k nsusokyh xk;ksaij

fd;k x;kA

jktLFkku jkT; dsvof.kZr ,oaegRoiw.kZxksoa'kh; lewg% ukjh rFkk lkapkSjhih dsflag] vkj dsiqaMhj] Mh dslMkuk ,oad#.kk vlhtk

Hkkvuqi&jk"Vh; i'kqvkuqoaf'kd lalk/ku C;wjks] djuky (gfj;k.kk)


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i'kqku izdk'k & (iape vad&2014)

2

fp= 3& ukjh xksoa'kh; i'kqvksa dk [kqyk vkokl

ukjh xksoa'kh; i'kqvksa dk forj.k eq[; :i lsikyh ftysdhckyh rglhy ,oa lEiw.kZfljksgh ftysesagSA ukjh i'kqikydksa}kjk crk;k x;k fd bu xksoa'kh; i'kqvksadk ukedj.k^ukj* 'kCn lsgqvk gS ftldk 'kkfCnd vFkZ gS^igkM+*Apwfd ukjh i'kq jktLFkku dh vjkoyh igkfM+;ksa dsrygVh okys{ks=ksaesaik;stkrs gSa] vr% budk uke ukjhiM+kA ;g {ks= v/kZ'kq"d ".k tyok;qokyk gS] tgkrkieku xfeZ;ksaesa45ls- lsvf/kd rd pyk tkrk

gS rFkk okf"kZd cjlkr yxHkx 300&700fe-eh- rdgksrh gSA

bu i'kqvksadsLokfe;ksa lskIr tkudkjh dsvuqlkjjktLFkku jkT; ds bu nks ftyksa esa ukjh i'kqvksa dh

la[;k yxHkx 50,000gSA ukjh i'kqvksadk >q.M vkdkj20-100rd ik;k x;kA ,slk crk;k x;k fd bu i'kqvksads>q.M dsvkdkj esafoxr 2-3n'kdksalsfxjkoV vk

jgh gS] tksfd laHkor% pjkbZdh Hkwfe esadeh dsdkj.kgSA orZeku esa ukjh i'kqvksa dks jk;dk leqnk; }kjkj[kk tkrk gS] fdUrq;g Hkh dgk tkrk gS fd iwoZ esaHkhy ,oa xqTtj leqnk; Hkh ukjh i'kqvksa dksikyrsFksAckyh rglhy ds ukjh i'kqpkjsdh deh dsdkj.k o"kZesa dqN ekg dsfy, vjkoyh igkfM+;ksaij pystkrsgSa]fdUrq fljksgh ftys dsukjh i'kq R;sd o"kZ nhikoyhdsckn xqtjkr dh vksj dwp dj tkrsgSa ,oao"kkZrqdsvkxeu dsi'pkr~vius&viusewy xkoksadksykSVvkrsgSaA

tc ;g i'kqviusewy LFkku ij jgrsgSarc eq[;r%pjkbZij ikystkrsgSaA fdlku ds?kj bu i'kqvksadksvYi ek=k esagjk pkjk fn;k tkrk gSA dqN vPNsnw/kmRiknu okyh xk;ksadks1-2fd- xzk- rd nkuk Hkh fn;ktkrk gSA bu i'kqvksadk xHkkZ/kku uSlfxZd fof/k ls>q.Mesa miyC/k lkaM+ks}kjk fd;k tkrk gSA

ukjh xksoa'kh; i'kqetcwr] ,oaxBhys'kjhj okysgksrs

gSaA xk;ksadk jax vf/kdka'kr;% lQsn fdUrqdHkh dHkhlysVh lQsn Hkh gksrk gSA lkaM+ Hkh lQsn vFkok lysVhlQsn gksrsgSaA budspsgjsdh yEckbZ vkSj pkSM+kbZe'k%xk;ksa esa 44 o 14 lseh- rFkk lkaMksa esa 46 ,oa 16ls- eh- gksrh gSA budsvk[kksa] FkwFku ,oa iwaN dk jaxvf/kdka'kr;% dkyk gksrk gSA ukjh i'kqvksadk lhax lh/kk]o vFkok lfiZy :i esagksrk gSA ukjh i'kqdslhaxksadh yEckbZ xk;ksa esa yxHkx 52ls-eh- o~ cSy@ lkaMksesa yxHkx 56ls-eh- gksrh gSA lhaxksadh ifjf/k xk;ksa esayxHkx 19-5ls-eh- rFkk cSy@ lkaMksesayxHkx 22-5ls-eh- gksrh gSA flag ,oa vU; (2008) usgYyhdj uLyesa] xks[kys,oa vU; (2009) usf[kYykj uLy esa] iqaMhj,oavU; (2009) us cjxqj uLy esa] iqaMhj ,oavU;(2011) usdkadjst uLy esa,oa flag ,oavU; (2012)

fp= 2 & ukjh xk;


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jktLFkku jkT; dsvof.kZr ,oaegRoiw.kZxksoa'kh; lewg% ukjh rFkk lkapkSjh

3

fp= 4 & vjkoyh igkfM+;ksa ij ukjh xksoa'kh; i'kqvksa dk >q.M

usiqfYydqye uLy esaxk;ksa,oacSy@ lkaMksesalhaxksdh yEckbZ,oaifjf/k dk vkadyu fd;k gSA ;fn bu'kks/kdrkZvksads }kjk dkf'kr lhax dh ekiksa ls ukjhuLy dh rqyuk dh tk;srks;g fu"d"kZ fudkyk tkldrk gSfd ukjh i'kqvksadslhaxksdh yEckbZgYyhdj]f[kYykj] cjxqj] dkadjst] iqfYydqye uLyksadh rqyukesalclsvf/kd gS] gkykfd lclseksVs lhax dkadjstuLy dsgksrsgSaA ukjh i'kqvksadk dwcM+ cM+k o fodflrgksrk gS,oadku [kM+so {kSfrt gksrsgSa] gkykfd dqNi'kqvksaesadku gYdsfxjsgq, Hkh gSaA ukjh oa'kh; i'kqvksadsxydEcy Hkh fodflr gksrs gSaA budsFku dVksjhuqeko v;u vf/kdka'kr% csyukdkj gksrsgSaA bu i'kqvksadh

iwaN yEch] vkjaHk esa pkSMh ,oa ckn esa e'k% iryhgksrh tkrh gSA ukjh i'kqLoHkko lsljy gksrsgSaA ukjhxk;ksadh vkSlr pkbZ] yEckbZ ,oalhus dh xksykbZe'k% yxHkx 121] 119,oa153ls- eh- gksrh gSrFkk;g 'kkjhfjd ekisa cSyksa esae'k% yxHkx 131]129,oa175ls- eh- gksrh gSa] tks fd iqaMhj ,oavU; (2011)}kjk Lrqr dkadjst uLy dh 'kkjhfjd eki lsde gSaAukjh xk;ksadk fr fnu nw/k mRiknu 3-8yhVj ik;kx;kA i'kqikydksa}kjk ukjh xk;ksads nw/k dh xq.kokkladj xk;ksa dseqdkcys vPNh crkbZx;h gSA ukjh cNM+syxHkx 3-3.5o"kZdh vk;qesao;Ld gks tkrsgSa] tcfdxk;ksaesaFke C;kar ij vk;qyxHkx 3.5-5o"kZdse/;

fp= 5 ,oa6 & ukjh lkaM+


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4

gksrh gSA ukjh xk;sa20o"kZdsthou dky esavkSlru8&10 larfr;ksa dks tUe nsrh gSaA budk nqX/k dky9-15ekg o C;kar vUrjky yxHkx 15-24ekg dschp

ik;k x;kA ukjh oa'kh; i'kqvksaesavjkoyh igkfM+;ksadhrygVh ds xeZ o 'kq"d tyok;qdks lgu djus dhvn~Hkqr {kerk gSA ;g i'kqdsoy pjkbZij rFkk lHkhekSleksaesa[kqysvkoklksaesavklkuh lsjg ldrsgSaA ukjhoa'k dscNMs+ [ksrh ,oaxzkeh.k ifjogu esadkQh mi;ksxhgSaA fdUrqbl {ks= esaf"k e'khuhdj.k dsdkj.k budhmi;ksfxrk esadeh vkbZgS] blfy, ukjh cNM+ksa@ cSyksadkse/; ns'k o xqtjkr dsO;olkb;ksao fdlkuksadkscsp fn;k tkrk gSA

lkapkSjh xksoa'kh; lewg

lkapkSjh xksoa'kh; i'kqvksadsv/;u dsfy, jktLFkkudstkyksj ftysdh rhu rglhyksalkapkSj] Hkhueky ,oajkuhokM+k ds12xkoksadk losZ{k.k fd;k x;k ,oa45fdlkuksalslk{kkRdkj fd;k x;kA losZ{k.kksadsek/;elsiwoZfu/kkZfjr 'ukoyh dsvk/kkj ij lkapkSjh xk;ksads cU/ku ,oa mRiknu lEcfU/kr lwpuk,a ,df=r

dh x;hA lkapkSjh xksoa'kh; i'kqvksadk mYys[k f"k ,oa[kk| laxBu ds}kjk o"kZ 2007esa dkf'kr fo'o dhi'kq/ku uLyksa dh lwph esa Hkh gSA lkapkSjh xksoa'k dkforj.k jktLFkku dstkyksj ftysdh lkapkSj] Hkhueky]

jkuhokMk rglhyksaesa eq[; :i lsgSA HkkSxksfyd fLFkfrdsn`f"Vdks.k ls;g {ks= ,d rjQ dkadjst dstuu{ks= ls] nwljh rjQ Fkkjikjdj dstuu {ks= ls,oa

rhljh rjQ ukjh dstuu {ks= ls tqM+k gSA ;g {ks=xeZ ,oa 'kq"d tyok;qokyk gSA ;gk okf"kZd o"kkZ480fe-eh- gksrh gSA bl {ks= dsfdlku viuh f"k ;ksX; HkwfedsfudV edku cuk dj fuokl djrsgSaA ,slsvkoklksadks


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5

lw[kk pkjk]2-12 fdxzk- gjk pkjk ,oa2-6 fdxzk-nkuk fn;k tkrk gSA nw/k fudkyus dsigysi'kqikydxk;ksadsFkuksa,oa nw/k fudkyusdscrZuksadkslqpk: :ilslkQ djrsgSaA nw/k dk mi;ksx ?kj ij fd;k tkrkgS] fdUrq vko';drk ls vf/kd nw/k Msfj;ksa ij cspfn;k tkrk gSavFkok ?kh cukusesa mi;ksx fd;k tkrkgSA Msfj;ksals fdlkuksadks 4.5-5.0%olk okysnw/k dhdher 22ls25:i, fr yhVj vnk dh tkrh gS] tksfd nw/k dh olk dh ek=k ij vk/kkfjr gksrh gSA blfy,

cgqr lsfdlku nqX/k O;olk; gsrqxk;ksadh txg HkSalksadksegRo nsusyxsgSaA bl {ks= dsi'kqikyd i'kqvksadsLokLFk ds fr lpsr gSaA i'kqvksa esaVhdkdj.k bR;kfn,oa chekj i'kqvksa dk bZykt ;ksX; i'kqfpfdRldksa}kjk fd;k tkrk gSA i'kqikydksa us crk;k dh lkapkSjhi'kq] ladj i'kqvksa ds eqdkcys de chekj iMrs gSaAchekj i'kqvksadsbZykt dsfy;sjktLFkku ljdkj dhfu%'kqYd nok ;kstuk Hkh f;kfUor gSA lkapkSjh xksoa'kh;i'kqHkkjh Mhy&MkSy okysetcwr 'kjhj dsgksrsgSaA xk;ksa

esa eq[; :i ls lQsn vkoj.k ik;k tkrk gSa] fdUrqlysVh lQsn i'kqHkh feyrsgSaA

lkaMks ds vkoj.k dk jax lysVh ls dkyk rd gksrkgS] fdUrq vf/kdka'k lkaM+ lQsn vkoj.k okys gksrs gSa]ftuds iSj] eqg vkSj dwcM+ dkysjax okys gksrsgSaA vk[k]FkwFku] lhax vkSj iwN dsckyksadk jax vf/kdka'kr% dkyk

gksrk gSA lhax vf/kdka'kr% ouqek NksVsgksrsgSa] ftudkfoU;kl ckgj] ij] vUnj dh vksj tkrsgq, uqdhysfljksa ij lekIr gksrs gSaA lkapkSjh xk;ksa ds lhaxksa dhyEckbZo ifjf/k e'k% 32,oa23ls- eh- gksrh gSA xk;ksadsdku vf/kdka'kr% {kSfrt fdUrqdqN esagYdsfxjrsgq,ik;stkrsgSaA dwcM+ dk vkdkj lkaM+ksaesavf/kdka'kr% cM+kfdUrqxk;ksaesae/;e gksrk gSA xydEcy vf/kdka'kr%fodflr gksrsgSa] xk;ksadsFku ,oav;u Hkh fodflrgksrsgS tksfd bu i'kqvksadsvPNsnqX/k mRiknu {kerk

dh vkSj bafxr djrsgSaA lkapkSjh xk;ksadh mpkbZ] 'kjhjdh yEckbZo lhusxksykbZe'k% yxHkx 123] 129]167ls-eh- gksrh gS] tcfd lkaM+ksaesa;se'k% yxHkx138] 139] 189ls-eh- gksrh gSA ok lajpuk cukoV ,oa'kkjhfjd ekiksals;g irk pyrk gSfd lkapkSjh xksoa'kh;i'kqlehiorhZ xksuLyks (dkadjst vkSj Fkkjikjdj) lsfHkUu gSa] vr% budh igpku ,d vyx xksuLy ds:iesa dh tk ldrh gSA

lkapkSjh xk;ksadsFke C;kar dh vk;q] nqX/k dky] C;kar

varjky ,oa 'kq"d dky e'k% 36-48ekg] 8-15ekg]11-20ekg ,oa0-10ekg gksrk gSaA lkapkSjh xk; viusyxHkx 25o"khZ; thou dky esa12-15larfr;ksa dkstUensrh gSA dqy 276lkapkSjh xk;ksadk budstuu {ks= esavfHkys[k fd;sx, nSfud nw/k mRiknu dsvkadMksals;gKkr gqvk fd budk fr fnu nw/k mRiknu 3-16yhVj

fp= 9 ,oa 10 & lkapkSjh xk;s


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6

rd gS] ftudk vkSlr 9-1yhVj rd gSA nw/k mRiknudsvkadM+ksals ;g Hkh Kkr gqvk fd lkapkSjh xk;ksa dk nw/kmRiknu ikapoh C;kar rd c


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7

6- ukjh i'kqvksa ds pjkbZ gsrq vko';d xkspj HkwfemiyC/k djkus ds fn'kk esa dne mBk;s tkuspkfg;sA

vkHkkj

bl ifj;kstuk ds f;kUo;u gsrq vko';d lqfokklqyHk djkusdsfy, ys[kdx.k funs'kd] Hkkvuqi &jk"Vh; i'kqvkuqoaf'kd lalk/ku C;wjks] djuky ds frvkHkkj O; djrs gSaA ys[kdx.k jktLFkku i'kqikydfoHkkx ds funs'kd] vij funs'kd] tks/kiqj Hkkx ,oafljksgh o tkyksj ftysdsi'kq fpfdRlk vf/kdkfj;ksa ,oamudsv/khuLFk lHkh deZpkfj;ksadsfr vkHkkj O;djrsgSa] ftUgksusbl ifj;kstuk gsrqfd;sx, losZ{k.kksadsnkSjku lg"kZ lg;ksx nku fd;kA

lUnHkZ

1- xks[kys] ,l ch_ Hkxr] vkj ,y_ flag] ih ds,oaflag] xqjest (2009)A ekWQksZesfVd djDVsfjfLVdl,aM ;wfVfyVh iSVuZ vkWQ f[kYykj dSVy bu czhMVSDV A n bafM;u tuZy vkWQ ,fuey lkbalst79: 47-51A

2- iqaMhj] vkj ds_ dfFkjou] ih_ flag] ih ds ,oaef.k[kaMu] oh ,(2009)A cjxqj dSVy% LVsVl]djDVsfjfLVdl ,aM ijQkWjesalA n bafM;u tuZy

vQ ,fuey lkbalst 79: 681-685A

3- iqaMhj] vkj ds_ flag] ih ds_ flag] dsih ,oa Mkaxh] ih,l (2011)A QSDVj ,ukfyfll vkWQ ck;ksesfVdVsV~l vkWQ dkadjst dkml Vw ,DlIysu ckWMhdUQesZ'ku A ,f'k;u& vkWLVsfy;u tuZy vkWQ,fuey lkbalst 24: 449-456A

4- flag] ih ds_ iqaMhj] vkj ds_ vgykor] ,l ih ,l_uohu dqekj_ ,l xksfoan;k] ,e th ,oavlhtk]

ds (2008)A QhuksVhfid djDVsfjts'ku ,aMijQkWjesal boSY;w,'ku vkWQ gYyhdj dSVy bubV~l usfVo VSDVA n bafM;u tuZy vkWQ ,fueylkbalst 78: 211-214A

5- flag] ih ds_ iqaMhj] vkj ds_ dqekjlkeh] ih ,oafoosdkuUnu] ih (2012)A eSustesaV ,aM fQftdyQhplZ vkWQ ekbxzsVjh iqfYydqye dSVy vkWQrfeyukMqA n bafM;u tuZy vkWQ ,fueylkbalst 82: 1587-1590A


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8

dksjkiqV HksM+ iwohZ Hkkjr esa ikbZ tkus okyh HksM+ksa dhuLyksa esa ls,d de Kkr uLy gSA iwohZHkkjr ds mM+hlkjkT; dseydkufxfj] dksjkiqV] jk;xnkZ] rFkk uHkzaxiqjftyksaesa;scgqrk;rk esaikbZtkrh gSA ;gk dk rkiekulfnZ;ksa(fnlEcj-tuojh) esa12lsfYl;l gksrk gS] tksdh c


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dksjkiqV & ,d de Kkr HksM+ uLy

9

vkokl vkSj caku

vfkdrj fdlku ;gk ij ,dhr [ksrh rFkk i'kqikyuvkkkfjr gksrsgSaA ;g viuh HksM+ksadsfy;siw.kZr:pjkbZij gh vkfJr gksrsgSa A HksMa+syxHkx jkst vU; i'kqvksadslkFk 2-3fdyksehVj rd pjus ds fy;stkrh gSa AHksM+ ds>qaM dk vkdkj 5-20dschp gksrk gSA vfkdrjfdlku bUgsavius?kj esai`Fkd LFkku ij j[krsgSaA HksM+ksadk vkokl dPpk o iDdk nksuksarjg dk gksrk gSA dPpkvkokl feh o ckal dk cuk gksrk gSA iDdk vkoklbZaV o vLcsLVkl 'khV dk gksrk gSA vfkd o"kkZ gksusdsdkj.k bls cklksads ek;e lsdqN ij mBk dj

cuk;k tkrk gS] ftllsikuh }kjk QSyusokyslae.kij fu;a=.k ik;k tkrk gSaA

rkfydk% dksjkiqV HksM+(eknk) ds'kkjhfjd ifjeki(la[;k237)

'kkjhfjd eki vkSlr (lsaVhehVj)

'kkjhfjd yackbZ 50.740.74

'kkjhfjd pkbZ 55.80.22

Nkrh dh ifjfk 65.70.277

isV dh ifjfk 67.30.369

dku dh yackbZ 6.130.23

iwaN dh yackbZ 9.080.107

psgjsdh yackbZ 15.540.09

'kkjhfjd Hkkj (fdyksxzke) 19.290.219

tuu

bl uLy dh HksMa+seq[;r% vDVwcj lsuoacj dschpesalo djrh gSaA dqN HksM+ksadk lo vSy lsekpZdschp Hkh gksrk gSA nkslo dschp dk varjky 8-12eghuksa dschp dk gksrk gSA eknk lkekU;r% 8-10eghuksadschp tuu dsfy;sifjiDo gkstkrh gSA Fke lodsle; eknk HksM+ksadh vk;q18-24eghuksa dschp gksrh

fp= 4 ls6 & dksjkiqV HksM+ dk vkokl

fp= 7 & dksjkiqV HksM+ pkjkxkg


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10

gSA viuslEiw.kZthou dky esa;g 6-8eseuksadkstUensrh gSA es


17/124

11

cdjh ,d cgqeq[kh ,oacgqms'kh; i'kqgSA ;g Hkkjr esa^xjhc vkneh dh xk;^ vkSj ;wjksi esa^f'k'kqvksadh ulZ*ds#i esa tkuh tkrh gSA cnyrh f"k&Hkw&tyok;q vkSj?kV jgsvkthfodk dslalk/kuksadh ifjfLFkfr;ksaesacdjhHkfo"; dsi'kqds#i esaxzkeh.k le`f dsfy, mi;qDrlkfcr gks ldrh gSA NRrhlx


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12

[kM+s ,oa ihNs dh vksj eqM+s gq, gksrs gSaA bu cdfj;ksads dku {kSfrt ,oa yVds gq, gksrs gSaA ,d o;LdNRrhlx


19/124

13

Hkkjr o"kZ 140.5 fefy;u cdfj;ksadslkFk fo'o esanwljsLFkku ij gSA xksoa'k dsckn ns'k esadqy i'kqkudk nwljk cM+k fgLlk (26.5fr'kr) cdfj;ksa dk gSAcdfj;ksadksxjhcksadh xk; dsuke ls iqdkjk tkrk gSAla[;k esa vfkd gksusdsckn Hkh cdfj;ksadh dsoy 20tkfr;kagh vfHkysf[kr dh xbZgSaA ;g Hkh Li"V gSfdvfkdk'kr% (75%) cdfj;ksadk vfHkys[ku dk;ZvHkh

iw.kZugh gksik;k gSA cdjh tkfr dslEiw.kZfodkl dh:i js[kk rS;kj djusds fy, ;g vko';d gSfd Hkkjro"kZdsfofHkUu {ks=ksa esa miyCk lHkh uLyksadk lEiw.kZfooj.k gekjsikl miyCk gksA bl dsfy, vko';dgS fd lEiw.kZ Hkkjr o"kZ esa ,d lqfu;ksftr losZ{k.kvfHk;ku pyk;k tk;s ,oa cdfj;ksadh lHkh tkfr;ksadk vfHkys[ku fd;k tk;sA bl ms'; dh iwfrZ dsfy,Hkkjrh; f"k vuqlakku ifj"kn us djuky,gfj;k.kk esajk"Vh; Ik'kqvkuqoaf'kd lalkku C;wjksdh LFkkiuk dh gSA

vusd 'kksk laLFkkuksa@f"k fo'ofo|ky;ksaeasHkh LFkkuh;cdfj;ksadks fpfUgr ,oa of.kZr djus dk dk;Z fd;kx;k gSA rfeyukMqesaiykbZvMq(2009),eksykbZvMq(2008) rFkk lsye CySd (2006),dsjy es vkiM+h(2007) rFkk mkjk[k.M esmn;iqjh,pxjdk (2009),oaiartk (2013) budseq[k mnkgj.k gSaA

mkj ns'k dsjksfgy[k.M {ks= esa,d NksVh ,oadkysjax dh LFkkuh; cdjh gSftldk mi;ksx ekal mRiknu

ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA bl tkfr dh cdfj;ksa dkseq[;r% pkjkxkgksa esa ?kkl ,o ifk;ka f[kykdj ikyk

tkrk gSA bu cdfj;ksadh jksx frjkskd {kerk vfkdgS,oavusd jksxksadk dksi bu ij ugh gksrk gSA bucdfj;kas dh lekurk chry uLy lsdh tk ldrhgSA ;scdfj;kavfkdrj tqMokarFkk dHkh&dHkh rhueseuksadkstUe nsrh gSaA Hkkjrh; i'kqfpfdRlk vuqlakkulaLFkku }kjk bu cdfj;ksadksof.kZr dj vfHkysf[krdjusdk dk;Zfd;k tk jgk gSA

jksfgy[k.M cdfj;ksadh miyCkrk ,oatyok;q

jksfgy[k.Mh cdfj;ksadstuu,mRiknu ,oa'kkjhfjd

xq.kksa dh lEiw.kZ tkudkjh ,oa vfHkys[ku ds fy,

,d NksVk >q.M Hkkvuqi & Hkkjrh; i'kqfpfdRlk

vuqlakku laLFkku esa j[kk x;k gSA kjEHk (1997) esa

50 jksfgy[k.Mh cdfj;ksa dks fjBkSjk (cjsyh dk ,d

eq[k i'kqcktkj) ls[kjhn dj Hkkjrh; i'kqfpfdRlk

vuqlakku laLFkku,bTtruxj,cjsyh ij ikyk x;kAcjsyh leqnz ry ls 169.2 ehVj pkbZ ij, 2822

mRrj rFkk 7924iwoZesa fLFkr gSA ;g {ks= Hkkjr ds

xaxk dsijh fgLlsesavkrk gS ('kkL=h,1995) A ;gk

dqek ds rjkbZ {ks= dsvuq:i vkZ 'kq"d tyok;q

gSA lrr tuu ,oa p;u ds }kjk jksfgy[k.Mh

cdfj;ksads bl >q.M esa o`f} dh xbZA rRi'pkr 31

eknk cdfj;kas,o 3uj cdjksadksekpZ2007,oa2011

esa iqu% >q.M esa'kkfey fd;k x;kA bl le; laLFkku esajksfgy[k.Mh tkfr dh 225cdfj;kamiyCk gSaA

jksfgy[k.M {ks= cnk;wW,cjsyh, fctukSj,ts ih uxj,

eqjknkckn,ihyhHkhr,jkeiqj rFkk 'kkgtgkiqj ftyksads

yxHkx 25,000oxZfdeh esaQSyk gqvk gSA mkj ns'k

jksfgy[k.Mh cdjh% mkj ns'k dh vHkwriwoZ uLych ,p ,e iVsy1] nhid mik;k;2] th dsxkSM+3,oa Hkkjr Hkw"k.k3

Hkkvuqi & Hkkjrh; i'kq&fpfdRlk vuqlakku laLFkku~,bTtruxj (m-iz-)

1-Okfj"B oSKkfud2-'kks/k Nk=3-izkku oSKkfud


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14

esa cdfj;ksa dh dqy la[;k 14.79 fefy;u gS ftlesa

jksfgy[k.Mh tkfr dh 12,97,850cdfj;k gSa (i'kq/ku

losZ{k.k, 2007)A blds vfrfj tequkikjh, cjcjh,

vfpfUgr ,oa xzsMsM cdfj;ksa dh la[;k e'k% 7.83,

15.71,51.38rFkk 25.08fr'kr gSA

x`g O;oLFkk ,oavU; caku

lHkh jksfgy[k.Mh cdfj;ksadks Hkkjrh; i'kq fpfdRlkvuqlUkku laLFkku esa [kqyk ?kj .kkyh ds varxZri`Fkd ckM+ksaesaj[kk x;k gSA R;sd ckM+sesa[kqyk fgLlki'kq fopj.k ds fy, miyCk gSA R;sd o;Ld cdjh

dks2oxZ eh.[kqyk ,oa1oxZ eh.


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jksfgy[k.Mh cdjh% mkj ns'k dh vHkwriwoZ uLy

15

gSA v;u lacakh fodkjksaesavfkla[;d Fku lkekU;r%

16.1%rFkk ckbZQjdy Fku 4%ik, tkrsgSaA

jksfgy[k.Mh cdjksaesv.Mdks'k ifjfk3-6

ekg,

6-12

ekg,1-2o"kZ rFkk 2o"kZlsvfkd dh vk;q ij e'k%2.660.39, 17.060.29, 21.850.42rFkk 23.380.52lseh ik;h x;h A ujksa dso`"k.k dk vk;ru mijks vk;qoxZesae'k% 38.397.56, 96.275.55, 165.008.17rFkk 216.2510.01feyh ik;k x;kA

jksfgy[k.Mh cdfj;ksa ds eseuksa dk vkSlr tUe Hkkj2.080.06fdxzk ik;k x;kA uj eseusa,eknk eseuksalstUe dsle; Hkkjh FksA eseuksadk vkSlr 'kkjhfjd Hkkj

15,30rFkk 60fnu esa e'k% 3.680.10, 5.110.12rFkk 7.250.16fdxzk FkkA O;Ld cdfj;ksa(18eghuksalsvfkd ) dk vkSlr 'kkjhfjd Hkkj 18.250.24fdxzkFkkA jksfgy[k.Mh cdfj;ksesa Fke en,Fke lekxerFkk Fke C;kar dsle; vkSlr 'kkjhfjd Hkkj e'k%10.250.34, 14.340.40rFkk 20.150.41fdxzk FkkA

tuu esa;ksx fd;sx, ujksadk 'kkjhfjd Hkkj36ekg,612ekg,12o"kZ rFkk 2o"kZ lsvfkd dh vk;q

ij e'k% 9.010.64, 10.620.47, 21.680.69rFkk35.270.84fdxzk FkkA

jksfgy[k.Mh cdfj;ksa esae`R;qnj

jksfgy[k.Mh cdfj;ksaesa fiNys12o"kksaZ (200001ls

201112) dsnkSjku 243i'kqvksa fd e`R;qdslkFk vkSlre`R;qnj 10.93%ntZdh xbZA vfkdrj e`R;q o"kkZ-rq

esa ik;h xbZA e`R;qnj 1ekg rd 2.34 %rFkk 2ls3

ekg rd 1.35%ikbZxbZA O;Ld cdfj;ksa (12ekg ls

vfkd) esavkSlr e`R;q nj 3.42% Fkh A ikpu lacakh

jksx (3.51%),Lokal dsjksx (1.89%) ,oa ijthoh jksx

(1.48%) e`R;qnj dseq[; dkj.k FksA

jksfgy[k.Mh cdfj;ksa ds nqXk mRiknu xq.k

jksfgy[k.Mh cdfj;ksa esanqXk mRiknu dk v;u rhufofk;ksa ls fd;k x;k ohfuax (iw.kZ vyxko), Fku ijFkSyk (eseusviuh ekadslkFk jgsexj nwk ugh ih ik;s)rFkk ijh{k.k fnol (eseuksadkslIrkg dsfdlh ,d fnugVk;k x;k)A nqXk mRiknu (90fnuksa dk) ohfuxa,Fkuij FkSyk rFkk ijh{k.k-fnol uked fofk;ksaesae'k%59.29, 65.87rFkk 51.08yhVj ik;k x;kA lokZfkdnqXk mRiknu Fke ekg esik;k x;kA vkSlr frfnu

nqXk-mRiknu ohfuxa,Fku ij FkSyk rFkk ijh{k.k fnoldsvarxZr e'k% 660, 732rFkk 605feyh Fkk A rhuksafofk;ksa dh lHkh cdfj;ksa dks feykdj vkSlr nqXk-

fp= 1 & jksfgy[k.Mh cdjh viuspkj cPpksa ds lkFk fp= 2 & jksfgy[k.Mh cdjh


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16

mRiknu (90fnu) 57.91 yhVj rFkk frfnu nqXk-mRiknu 657feyh ik;k x;kA vU; uLyksadh rqyukesajksfgy[k.Mh cdfj;ksadk de nqXk-mRiknu n'kkZrkgSfd bu cdfj;ksadk kfrd ,oaf=e p;u ekalmRiknu dsfy, gqvk gSA jksfgy[k.Mh cdfj;ksadsnwk esolk,Bksl fcuk olk (,l ,u ,Q),ksVhu rFkk ySDVksle'k% 5.21, 7.87, 2.87rFkk 4.45fr'kr ik;s x;sAnqXk mRiknu ij ekSle,tUe dk dkj, C;krksa dh

la[;k rFkk eknk ds 'kkjhfjd Hkkj dk Hkko lkFkZdik;k x;k A o"kkZrqesa nqXk-mRiknu tkM+sdh rqyukesavfkd Fkk (65.32cuke 57.91yhVj)A jksfgy[k.Mhcdfj;ksausFke C;kr (45.73yh) esaf}rh; ,oackndsC;krksa (66.76yh) dh rqyuk esade nqXk mRiknu(p


23/124

jksfgy[k.Mh cdjh% mkj ns'k dh vHkwriwoZ uLy

17

fp= 7 & jksfgy[k.Mh cdjh dk lewg

fp= 5 & jksfgy[k.Mh cdjh dk lewg

fp= 6 & jksfgy[k.Mh cdjh nkuk [kkrs gq,


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18

jksfgy[k.Mh cdfj;ksaesen dsnkSjku iwN dk fgykuk(87.5%) ns[kk x;k A vU; O;ogkfjd xq.k tSls fdvkokt fudkyuk (75%), uj ds utnhd tkuk ,oa

NsM+uk (43.75%),ckjEckj ew= foltZu (37.5%) rFkkuj dks


25/124

19

cdjh ikyu vkthfodk dslzksr ds:i esalfn;ksalsNksVso lhekar fdlkuksa}kjk viukbZxbZ ,d ijEijk gSAvkerkSj ij cdfj;k 15ls30fMxzh lsfYl;l rkiekuij ,d vuqdwfyr okrkoj.k esalgt :i lsjg ldrhgSA ysfdu ;sdBksj ifjfLFkfr;ksaesaHkh vius vki dkscuk, j[kus dh {kerk j[krh gSA cdfj;k igkM+h rFkkpV~Vkuh bykdksa] tgk ij budsfy, fofok izdkj dhouLifr;k ikbZtkrh gSa] esavfkd jguk ilan djrh gSaAflfDde dh LFky vkfr cdjh ikyu dsfy, cgqrvuqdwy gSaA flfDde dh ns'kh cdfj;ksa ij tkudkjhizkIr djusdsfy, bl izns'k dsiwohZ if'peh o mkjhftyksadk nkSjk fd;k x;k vkSj ogk dh LFkkuh; cdfj;ksadsizk:ih o ck;ksesfVd y{k.k dsckjsesa vkdM+s,df=rfd,A

v;;u ds nkSjku cdfj;ksa ds dbZ >qaM ns[ks x,

ftues dkyh] lQsn] Hkwjs o fefJr jaxks dh cdjhikb Z xbZ bues a ,d fo'k s"k izdkj dh cdjh ns[khxbZ] ftlesa lhax ds vkkkj ls FkwFku rd lQsn j axdh kkfj;k psgjs ij ekSt wn Fkh] LFk kuh; yksx blizdkj dh cdfj;k sa dks fla? kkjh ds uke ls iqdkjrsgSaA psgjs ij lQsn kkjh] dkys] Hkwjs vkSj fefJrjaxks dh cdfj;k sa esa Hkh ns[kh xbZA flfDde Hkkjrds lcls NksV s jkT;ksa esa ls ,d gS tks iwohZ fgeky;

ioZr esa fLFkr gSA ;g HkwVku] usiky o phu ls f?kjkgqvk izn s'k gSA fla?kkjh fgeky; {ks= vkSj flfDdeesa ikb Z tkus okyh BsB ns'k h uLy dh cdjh gSA oSlsrks ; s cdjh flfDde ds pkjksa ftyk sa esa ikb Z tkrh gS]ysfdu if'pe ftys esa bldh la[;k vfkd ns[khxbZ gSA

mi;ksfxrk

vrhr esa cdfj;k nksgjs ms'; ;kuh ekal o nwk dsfy, ikyh tkrhaFkhaA ysfdu izkS|ksfxdh dh mUufr dslkFk&lkFk cdfj;ksa dh [kky] gkM+ Hkh fofHkUu okf.kfT;d mRiknksadsfy, egRoiw.kZdPpk eky cu x;kgSA bldh fexus [kkn ds :i esa cgqr mi;ksxh gksrh

gSaA cdjh dk nwk csgn ikSf"Vd o vkS"kkh; xq.kksaokykmRikn gStks dh olk dsNksVsXyksC;wy ds dkj.k tYnhip tkrk gSA le; dslkFk&lkFk xk; o HkSal dsnwkdh vfkd o vklku miyCkrk gksusdsdkj.k cdjhdsnwk dk iz;ksx de gksx;k] ysfdu cdjsdk ekldkQh gn rd yksxksa }kjk ilan fd;k tkrk gSA bldsmPp cktkjh ewY; dsdkj.k yksxksauscdjh dksekl dsfy, ikyuk 'kq: dj fn;kA Hkkjr dsmkj if'peh Hkkxesa yksx nwk dsfy, cdjh ikyuk ilan djrsgSaaA ijarq

Hkkjr dsnf{k.k o iwoksZkj {ks= esacdfj;ksa dksdsoyekl dsfy, ikyk tkrk gSA flfDde esa cdjh ikyuxjhc o lhekar fdlkuksa dsyf, vkthfodk lstqM+k ,dyksdfiz; o ikjaifjd O;olk; gSA cktkj esacdjh ekldh dher 250-300#.ysfdu R;ksgkjksadsekSle esaekldk ewY; vfkd gkstkrk gSA

ck y{k.k

fla?kkjh uLy dh cdjh dkys] Hkwjs] gYds Hkwjs jaxksa esaikbZ tkrh gSA psgjsij lQsn kkjh budh fo'ks"k igpkugSA budh Vkxsiryh gksrh gSaA ftuesa lkeusdh rjQdkyso Hkwjsjax dh ckjhd kkjh gksrh gSaA budsdkuvkZyVdusgSarFkk ftldsfdukjslQsn o dkysj ax

flfDde izns'k dh LFkkuh; cdfj;ksadk xq.k fukkZj.k,u dsoekZ

Hkkvuqi&jk"Vh; i'kqvkuqoaf'kd lalkku C;wjks] djuky (gfj;k.kk)


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20

dsgksrsgSaA dej ij jh


27/124

flfDde izns'k dh LFkkuh; cdfj;ksadk xq.k fukkZj.k

21

izcaku%izkIr tkudkjh dsvuqlkj] flfDde dsNksVso lhekar fdlkuksa}kjk ;scdfj;k vkZO;kikd izcakuiz.kkyh }kjk ikyh tkrh gSa cdfj;ksa dks lqcg igkM+h

taxyksaesapjusdsfy, Hkst fn;k tkrk gSo 'kke dsdjhc 6cts rd okfil yk;k tkrk gSA

cdjh vkokl

jkr ds le; cdfj;ksadksmuds fy, vLFkkbZ:i lscuk, x;s?kjksaesaj[kk tkrk gSA buds ?kj ckl dh NM+sao ydM+h dsQVVksals cuk;k tkrk gSA cdjh ?kjksaesafctyh o ikuh dh O;oLFkk ugh gksrh rFkk Q'kZtehuls djhc 2-3 QqV dh pkbZ ij ydM+h ds QV~Vksalscuk;k tkrk gSA bl rjg dh O;oLFkk ?kj esaok;qlapkyu o lkQ lQkbZj[kusesalgk;rk djrh gSA dqN?kjksaesa ckgjh nhokj dslkFk&lkFk ?kkl ;k nkuk Mkyusdsyf, eSatj cuk, tkrsgSA cdjh ?kj esavkustkusdsfy, ,d NksVk njoktk cuk fn;k tkrk gSA

[kku&iku

cdjh taxy esamiyCk LFkkuh; ouLifr ij fuHkZj jgrhgSA ?kjksaesacdfj;ksadksdqpyk eDdk] isM+dsiks] LFkkuh;?kkl vkfn f[kyk;k tkrk gSA cdfj;ktaxyksaesadfBuigkM+h


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22

fp= 3 ls6 & cdjh vkokl ds izdkj

dh vk;qesagh cfk;k dj fn;k tkrk gsA ,d lkFk nkscPpksadkstUe nsuk bu cdfj;ksa esavke ckr gSA iztuuizkfrd xHkkZkku dsek/;e lsgksrk gSA lhekorhZ{ks=ksaesa CySd caxky dscdjsiztuu dsfy, iz;ksx fd, tkrsgSaA jkT; i'kq foHkkx }kjk fn, x, teukikjh cdjsHkh LFkkuh; cdjh iztuu dsfy, bLrseky fd, x,Afdlh Bksl iztuu uhfr dsvHkko dsdkj.k fla?kkjh

uLy dk vkuqoaf'kdh dVko gksjgk gSA fla?kkjh uLy dksc


29/124

23

c`t {ks= ikSsjkf.kd dky lsns'k dk cgqr gh egRoiw.kZ{ks= gSA bl {ks= ds mkj fn'kk esa gfj;k.kk kar dsiyoy ls] nf{k.k esae;ns'k dsXokfy;j ftysrdrFkk iwjc fn'kk eas jktLFkku ds Hkjriqj ls] if'pefn'kk esamkjns'k dseFkqjk] vkxjk] vyhx


30/124


24

gSA tequkikjh uLy esa cgq&cPpk tuu {kerk de gksrhgSA blesacgq&cPpk tuu {kerk 30 rd ikbZxbZgSvFkkZr 2; 3cPpsnsusdh {kerk vfkdre dsoy >qaM

dh 30 cdfj;ksard gh ikbZxbZgSA tuu eq[; :ilso"kZesanks ckj Qjojh&ekpZrFkk flrEcj&vDVwcjesagksrk gSA Ms


31/124

c`t {ks= dsfy;scdjh dh uLysavkSj mudh fo'ks"kkrk,a

25

bl uLy dh iztuu {kerk Hkh dkQh vfkd ikbZ xbZgSA bl uLy dh cdfj;ksaesa cgqcPpk tuu {kerk 40ls45fr'kr rd ikbZ xbZgSA rhljs lsNBosa C;karrd cgqtuu {kerk igysnwljs C;kr lsvfkd gksrhgSA tUe dsle; ij uj cPpksa dk otu 2.5ls4.0fd.xzk.rd ik;k x;k gSrFkk eknk cPpksasdk otu 2.0ls3.0fd.xzk.rd gksrk gSA ckjg ekg esauj cPpksadkotu 22ls30fd.xzk.rd rFkk eknk cPpksadk otu18ls25fd.xzk.rd gkstkrk gSA uj rFkk eknk cPpksadk tUe] rhu] N%] ukssSsrFkk ckjg ekg esavkSslr otue'k% 2.76]10.00] 13.55]17.90rFkk 23.55fd.xzk.rd ik;k x;kA cdfj;ksa dk 150fnu dk vkslr nqXk~mRiknu 193.77yhVj rd ik;k x;k gSAvPNh cdjhviusnqXkadky esa,d fnu esa3.0ls3.5yhVj nwkrd nsrh ns[kh xbZ gSA c`t {ks= esaHkh ;g cdjh vcikyh tkusyxh gSA

fljksgh

fljksgh ,d cM+svkdkj okyh uLy gSA bl uLy dkmn~xe LFkku jktLFkku dk fljksgh ftyk ekuk tkrk gSAfljksgh ftysdsvykok ;g uLy jktLFkku dsvtesj]HkhyokM+k] ukxkSj ,oaVksad ftys esa Hkh ikbZtkrh gSAblds'kjhj dk jax cknkeh vFkok xgjscknkeh jax ij

Hkwjs kCcs Hkh cgqr cdfj;ksa esa ik;stkrs gSaA dku pksM+s]NksVs rFkk ikhuqek uhpsdh vksj yVds gq, gksrs gSaAo;Ld eknk dk otu 30 fd.xzk.ls 40 fd.xzk.rd

gks tkrk gS rFkk o;Ld uj dk otu 60ls 70fd.xzk.rd gks tkrk gSA tUe ds le; uj cPpksa dk otu 2.5ls 3.5fd.xzk.rd gksrk gS rFkk eknk cPpksa dk otu2.0fd.xzk.ls 3.0fd.xzk.rd ik;k x;k gSA ckjg ekgesa uj cPpksa~ dk otu 22ls 27fd.xzk.rd rFkk eknkcPpksa dk otu 18ls 23fd.xzk.rd gkstkrk gSA ujrFkk eknk cPpksa dk tUe] rhu] N%] ukSs rFkk ckjg ekgesa vkSlr otu e'k% 3.12]12.06] 18.11]21.85rFkk26.49fd.xzk.rd ik;k x;kA bl uLy dh cdfj;ksaesa cgq cPpk tuu {kerk 20fr'kr rd ikbZ xbZ gSA;g uLy nks lky esa nks ckj rd cPps vklkuh ls n snsrh gSA Ms


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26

k.kh foKku] fo'ks"kr% tarqfoKku esaDyksfuax (vFkkZr

Dyksu fuekZ.k) ,d egRoiw.kZrduhd gSftldsfofHkUuvfHkk;] mi;ksx vkSj fo'ks"krk,a gSaA ewyr% 1952 esa

esa


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Dyksfuax }kjk i'kqtSo&fofokrk laj{k.k

27

vk;kr djus lsLFkkuh; i'kquLysafoyqIrk; gks pqdhgSaA ns'kh i'kquLyksadh mis{kk fu'p; gh fpark dk fo"k;gSA vfu;af=r gksrk ikfjfLFkfrdh vlqaryu] fons'kh ;k

ladj uLy dsi'kqvksadk fo|eku frdwy ifjfLFkfr;ksaesa vuqdwyu u gks ikuk Hkfo"; esa gesa nqXk vk;krdjusij foo'k dj ldrk gSA fons'kh ;k ladj xk;ksadsnwk dh rqyuk esaLFkkuh; Hkkjrh; xk;ksadsnwk dhpeRdkfjd xq.kokk dk osn&'kkL=ksa esa Hkh mYys[k gSAV dsnwk dk vkS"kkh; ego loZfofnr gSA

fons'kh ;k ladj xk;ksadsnqXk mRiknu dksc


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28

gSA Lihrh v'o o xksrFkk yk[k esaik, tkusokysV de vkWDlhtu okrkoj.k esaHkh dke dj ldrsgSA

Hkkjr esa ikbZ tkus okyh HkSalsa (eqjkZg] uhyh jkoh]tkQjkoknh) tks fd vfkd olk vkSj ksVhu;qnqXk&lzko dsfy, fo'ofo[;kr gSa] Vkaltsfud vkSf"kkh;ksVhu&mRiknu dsfy, vfr mi;ksxh fl gksldrhgSaA mYys[kuh; gSfd Vkaltsfud i'kqvksa lskIr mRiknlkekU; i'kqvksadh rqyuk esafof'k"V xq.kokk;q vkSjmi;ksxh gksldrsgSaA ;g Hkh Kkr fd;k x;k gSfd Dyksui'kqvksaesatuu {kerk o mRiUu larku lkekU; i'kqvksadslkeku gh gksrh gSaA Dyksu i'kqvksadk ekl vkSj nwk

lkekU; i'kqvksadslerqY; gksrk gSrFkk bldsmi;ksxlsekuo LokLF; ij dksbZfrdwy Hkko Hkh iM+rk gSaA

Dyksfuax tSlh tuu&izkS|ksfxdh dks O;ogkfjd cukdj ge viuh mR"V i'kqtSo laink dksiqu% lajf{krdj budh la[;k o`f dj ldrsgSaA lkFk gh oSKkfudp;u vkSj vuqokaf'kd vfHk;kaf=dh }kjk bu tkfr;ksadksvkSj vPNk cuk ldrs gSatkslfn;ksalskfrd:i ls LFkkuh; ikfjfLFkfr;ksa] HkkSxksfyd fo"kerkvksavkSj vlkekU; [kk| lzksrksaij thfor jgusdsfy, i'kqgSA fons'kksaesaviusf; ikyrw tkuojksadsDyksu cuokuk dkQhpfyr gSA

tkiku dh ^okdk;kek baMLVh QkaMs'ku* dsoSKkfudksQsLlj gksf'kukso mudh Vhe uslekU; :i ls&80lsUVhxzsM ij nl o"kksaZ rd fgehr] rRi'pkr bUgha

vaxksadks &196lsUVhxzsM ij rhu o"kksaZrd j[kusdsmijkUr m vaxksalskIr dksf'kdkvksa lslkaM+ dspkjDyksu rS;kj djusesalQyrk vftZr dhA ^;klqQqdw*uked ;g lkaM mPp xq.kokk ds ekl&mRiknu dsfy, [;kr ^okX;q* xkS&tkfr dk vfr mi;ksxh ujFkk] ftldh 1993esa e`R;qgks x;h FkhA jk"Vh; Ms;jhvuqlUkku laLFkku djuky uslkekU; Ropk dksf'kdko LVse dksf'kdkvksalseqjkZg HkSal dsDyksu] vkSj psxqtkfr dh i'ehuk cdjh dk Dyksu rS;kj dj Hkkjr dksmu ns'kksadh Js.kh esalfEefyr djok;k gStksigysghi'kq&Dyksu cuk pqds gSaA

tuu Dyksfuax }kjk ,slh Lruik;h tkfr;ksa dslaj{k.kdh pqj laHkkouk,atkx`r gqbZgSatks ;k rks foyqIr gkspqdh gSa] ;k foyqIrk; gSaA foyqIr tkfr;ksadh ;fn dksbZdksf'kdk miyCk gksrksml lsDyksu cukuk laHko gSAcy laHkkouk,agSafd oSKkfud ,d fnu ekEeksFk gkFkhdk Dyksu cuk ldsaxsA tuu Dyksfuax }kjk nqyZHk

jkW;y Vkbxj] nks dwcM+ okyk V] ;kd vkSj fgersanqvksadsDyksu rS;kj dj iqu% mudh la[;k esao`fdh tk ldrh gSA cgqewY; lkaM+ tks fdlh dkj.ko'ktuu ds fy, mi;q ugha jg x, gSa] mudsDyksucuk dj Ms;jh o ekl mRiknu esa vR;kf'kr o`fkIr dh tk ldrh gSA vfr egaxh nokvksadk DyksuVkaltsfud i'kqvksa}kjk vkS|ksfxd Lrj ij fuekZ.k fd;ktk ldrk gSA

Dyksfuax ,d vfr tfVy vkSj egaxh rduhd gSAlkFk gh bl esaLokLF; ,oe vuqokaf'kd fofr;ksa dhcy laHkkouk,a cuh jgrh gSaA vr%] vHkh rd fo'oesa ekuo Dyksfuax dh vuqefr nku ughadh x;h gSArFkkfi Dyksfuax ds vla[; ykHknk;d mi;ksx gSaA fdlhjksxh dsLo;adh dksf'kdkvksa dh Dyksfuax f;k }kjk


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Dyksfuax }kjk i'kqtSo&fofokrk laj{k.k

29

jhksxzkfeax djds,slh LVse dksf'kdk;sacukbZtk ldrhgSa ftudk vlk; ekus tkus okys vusd vuqokaf'kdjksxksa(gheksfQfy;k] Mk;fcVht] vYtkbelZ bR;kfn) ds

mipkj] funku vkSj 'kY;&fpfdRlk esa lQyrkiwoZdmi;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gSA bu dksf'kdkvksadsmi;ksxvFkok R;kjksi.k esajksxh ds bE;wu ra= dk dksbZgLr{ksiughagksxkA LVse dksf'kdkvksads fuekZ.k o jksxksipkj dhbl fofk dksoSKkfud Hkk"kk esa jksxksipkjd Dyksfuax dkuke fn;k x;k gSA fo'o Hkj esabl rduhd dk ekuovuqokaf'kd jksxksa dsfunku o mipkj esalQy mi;ksx gksjgk gSA ;gh ugha] i'kqfpfdRlk foKku ,oe vuqlakku esaHkh jksxksipkjd Dyksfuax dsvla[; mi;ksx gSaA vkSf"kkh;]dkWLesfVd o fo"k ijh{k.kksa esa i'kqvksadk mi;ksx lhfer;k frcafkr gks jgk gSA ,sls esavuqokaf'kd lejpukokys dqN gh Dyksu i'kq fofHkUu ijh{k.kksa esa mi;ksxds fy, i;kZIr gksaxsA lkFk gh vuqokaf'kd dkjd tksfd fo'ks"kr% iks"k.k vkSj bE;quksyksth lEcafkr ijh{k.kksa

dks Hkkfor djrsgSa] dh leL;k lsjkgr fey ldrhgSA bldsvfrfj] jhksxzke dh gqbZLVse dksf'kdkvksals ;ksx'kkyk esa gh okafNr 'kkjhfjd mkdksadk de

ykxr ij fuekZ.k dj fofHkUu v;;u o ijh{k.k fd;stk ldrs gSaA blls'kksk dk;Zesagksus okysi'kqvkgkj]tuu o caku dsO;; vkSj i'kqvksa ds'kkjhfjd vkSjekufld d"V dksde ;k lhfer fd;k tk ldrk gSA

la{ksi esa] i'kq Dyksfuax ,d cgqmi;ksxh rduhd gSftlusvR;kf'kr fpfdRlh; laHkkoukvksa] jksxksipkj rFkkfunku dsvlhe volj nku fd;sgSaA tSo&jklk;fudhvkSj vR;kkqfud thuksfeDl rduhdksa esa fodkl o

lekukarj MkVkcsl izcaku lkWVosj dsla;q mi;ksxls Dyksfuax ls lEcafkr tfVyrkvksa o nks"kksa dks nwjdj bl rduhd dksljy] l{ke ,oaO;kogkfjd cukdj bl dsmi;ksx dks c


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30

HksM+ ikyu gekjs ns'k esa fujarj vkthfodk dk izeq[kL=ksr gSA izk;% 'kq"d ,oavkZ'kq"d {ks=ksa tSlsjktLFkku]xqtjkr] egkjk"V] vkakzizns'k] dukZVd bR;kfn jkT;ksaesdbZ leqnk; bls ijaijkxr i'kqO;olk; ds:i lsdjrsvk jgs gSaAHksM+ksa dh la[;k dh n`f"V lsHkkjr fo'o esanwljs

LFkku ij gSA Hkkjr esaHksM+ ikyu izk;% xjhc] y?kqfdlku,oaHkwfeghu fdlku dk O;olk; gSA HksM+ ikyu blfy,

Hkh egRoiw.kZ gS] D;ksfd blesade lsde ykxr yxrh gS]vkSj de ykxr esaaT;knk vkenuh gksrh gSA lky ds,slsle; esa tc [ksrh ij vkkkfjr O;olk; ,oamuls tfurvkenuh ds L=ksr Bi gkstkrs gS] rc HksM+ ikyu ,d

ek= O;olk; gS] tksyxkrkj vk; dk L=ksr cuk jgrkgSA blesau flQZekl] cfYd u] [kkn] nwk] peM+k]gkjeksu tSls dbZmRikn 'kkfey gSaA

HksM+ ikyu ds fy;sdbZckj vusd rF;ksadk irk gksusds ckn Hkh bl ckr ls dbZ yksx vukfHkK jgrs gSa

fd vkf[kjdkj tc ;g O;olk; 'kq: djuk gks] ;kfQj O;olk; dse; esa] ;k vuqlakku dsUnzesa HksM+[kjhnuh gksrksdSls[kjhns\ HksM+ [kjhnus dsfy;sizk;%fuEufyf[kr ckrksdk ;ku j[kuk pkfg,%

iwoZ rS;kjh djsa

fdlh Hkh ifj;kstuk esatc HksM+s [kjhnuh gksrh gS rksmldsdqN dkj.k gksrsgSA dbZ ckj jsoM+ dh xq.kokkc


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HksaM+dSls [kjhnas& izf;k ,oalykg

31

dSlsp;u djsa

HksM+ [kjhnrs le; ;g ;ku j[ks fd ,d gh jsoM+ lsviuslkjsi'kq uk [kjhnsA ftl {ks= esaHksM+ [kjhnus tkjgsgSogk miyCk i'kqfpfdRLkd] i'kqfpfdRlk lgk;dlsfeydj okrkZdjs ftllsjsoM+ dh miyCkrk] vxjdksbZ chekjh ;k lae.k gks rks mldk irk lkFk ghHksM+ksadh dher dsckjsesaHkh vanktk vk tkrk gSA i'kqfpfdRLkd ;k mudsfdlh LVkQ dslkFk jguslsi'kqp;u rFkk [kjhnnkjh esadkQh lgk;rk feyrh gSA

ftl jsoM+ esals HksM+s[kjhnrsgSml jsoM+ dh fLFkfrvPNh gksuh pkfg,A jsoM+ dslkjsi'kqyxHkx LoLFk gksaA

jsoM+ esa xHkZikr dh dksbZ[kcj uk gksA lkFk gh jsoM+ esai'kqvksdschp lekurk gkstSls,d gh jax vkSj iztkfrdsi'kqgksA

tc i'kqp;u dh izf;k 'kq: gksrksfuEufyf[kr ckrksaij ;ku ns%&

HksM+ ,d lsnks lky ;k T;knk lsT;knk rhu lkydh gks (nkslspkj nkr)A

HksM+ksaesa[kqtyh (eq[;r% 'kjhj ij) uk gksA

HksM+ksdh tuukax dh tkp dj ogh HksM+@esa


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jkLrsdsfy, gjspkjsdh O;oLFkk djsaA

okgu dh jrkj T;knk rst ;k T;knk kheh ukj[ks] lkFk gh ,dne lsczsd uk yxk;saA

tc ekSdk feys jkLrs esa HksM+ksa dks ikuh t:jfiyk;saA

chp&chp esaxkM+h jksddj HksM+ksadksns[ks,oadqNxMcMh gksrksmik; djsA t:jr gksusij nokbZdk iz;ksx djsA

iz;Ru djsdh izokl dh vokgh de rFkk 'kke ;klqcg dh gks] ftllsxehZlscpsA

viusxarO; ij igqpusdsckn tkuojksa dkscgqrlaHkkydj ,oa lkokkuh iwoZd mrkjsA tkuojksdksdwnusdsfy;setcwj uk djsA

okgu esatkuoj mrkjrsle; QUVs (ydM+h dsr[rks) dk


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33

'kwdj ikyu iz{ks= dh lQyrk bl ckr ij fuHkZjdjrh gSfd mudk ewyHkwr lewg fdllscuk gSA i'kqvksaesavisf{kr cnyko ykusgsrqdksbZ ,d pquko vk/kkj ughagSA vr% vko';drk gS,d fo'ks"k 'kwdj iztuu uhfrdk tksfd gekjsHkkSxksfyd n`f"Vdks.k dsvuq:Ik gksA

'kwdj dspquko gsrq izeq[k vkfFkZd xq.kksadh leh{kk

fdlh Hkh i'kq pquko izfdz;k dk izeq[k ms'; gSde&ls&de ykxr eqY; okyh inkFkksZ ij vk/kkfjrvf/kd lsvf/kd 'kkjhfjd otu izkIr djuk tks fdcktkj ds ekax dsvuq:Ik gksA Hkkjr dstSlsfodkl'khyns'kksaesa ekaWly ,oa pchZ;qDr 'kwdj dsekl dh ekaWx gSA/kuh O;fDr ekly tcfd xjhc O;fDr pchZ;qDr ekWaldksilan djrk gSD;ksafd bls,d idkus;qDr ek/;edh rjg mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA

I.LkajPkukREkd xq.k

d- uj 'kwdj% iztuu ;ksX; Ukj 'kwdj dk otu delsde 90fdyks,oa'kkjhfjd yEckbZ100ls- eh-gksuh pkfg,A Hkkjrh; uLyksads fy, bu ekidksa esaYkphykiu yk;k tk ldrk gSA Lkk/kkj.kRk;k 6eghusdsmezesa ftl uj 'kwdj dk lokZfkd otu gksrkgS] mls gh iztuu gsrq iz;qDr fd;k tkrk gSA iw.kZfodflr v.Mdks'k ,oa'kkjhfjd ekalyrk Hkh vU;xq.k gS] ftUgsapquko gsrq/;ku esaj[kuk pkfg,A

[k- eknk 'kwdj%pquko fd;stkus okyseknk 'kwdjksaesa uLy iznf'kZr djus okys xq.k ekStwn gksuspkfg,A blds fy, eq[;r% iSjksadse/; foLr`Rknwjh] fodflr da/kk] >qdh gqbZdej tSlsxw.kksadksizkkurk nh tkrh gSA eknk 'kwdj esade lsde 6tksM+k dk;Zjr pwpd gksuh pkfg,A vPNsekufldlarqYku okys,oaekr`Ro {kerk okyseknk 'kwdjksa

dksgesaiz/kkurk nsuh pkfg,Ax- QkeZij mifLFkr vkuqoaf'kd tU; jksxksadsdkj.k

blds izn'kZu ij cqjk vlj iM+rk gSA vr% ,slstkuojksadks iztuu gsrq iz;qDr ughadjuk pkfg,A'kwdjksa esa ik;s tkusokys izeq[k vkuqoaf'kd jksxfiVkWjfdfMTe] gjekksMkbfVTe] ,Vssf'k;k ,ukbZ]gfuZ;k] gkbMksflQkyl] ysxyslusl ,oaiztuu vaxvlkekU;rk gSaA ,slsoa'kkuqxr jksxksaokys'kwdjksadksiztuu gsrqiz;ksx esaughaykuk pkfg,A

II.IkzEkq[k Ikzn'kZUk Xkq.k

'kwdjksadkspquko djusgsrq fuEukafdr izn'kZu Xkq.kksadksizkFkfedrk nh tkrh gS%&

d- 'kkodksadh la[;k%uLy dsvuq:Ik 'kkodksadhla[;k izfr eknk 2 ls 20 (vkSlru 9 ls 11)gksrh gSA bl xq.k dh gsjhVschfyVh (h2 0.1 ls0.15) de gksus ds dkj.k bl xq.k esavkuqoaf'kdfofp=rk vf/kd ik;h tkrh gSA Hkkjrh; tyok;q

dh ifjfLFkfr;ksaesa lkekU;r;k 8-10'kkodksadhla[;k izfr eknk ik;h tkrh gSA

[k- foPNsfnr (ohfuax) 'kkodksa dh la[;k ,oafoPNsnu (ohfuax) otu%bl xq.k dk fu/kkZj.kokrkoj.ktfur dkjdksa ds }kjk T;knk gksrk gks

'kwdj iztuu dk ifjn`';'kkUruq cfud] ih dsiadt1] lkSesu u'dj] vkj- iq:"kkskEk2,oabUthr xakxqyh3

Hkkvuqi & jk"Vh; 'kwdj vuqla/kku dsa] jk.kh] xqokgkVh (vle)

1- Hkkvuqi&dsah; ckjkUkh d`f"k vuqla/kku laLFkkUk] gSnjkCkkn(rSyaxkuk)

2- nf{k.kh {ks=h; vuqla/kku dsUnz] dsUnzh; HksM+,oau vuqla/kku laLFkku] eUukouwj (rfeyukMw)

3- Hkkvuqi&jk"Vh; i'kqvkuqokaf'kd lalk/ku C;wjks] djuky(gfj;k.kk)


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foPNsnu iwoZ 'kkodksa dh e`R;q dk izeq[k dkj.kekW ls nc tkuk] U;weksfu;k] nLr] vkU='kksFk]BaM] bR;kfn gSA ;g xq.k izeq[kr;k eknk dsekr`Ro

{kerk] nqX/k mRikndrk] ,oa izca/ku ij fuHkZjdjrh gSA

x- foPNsnuckn otu o`f nj%;g xq.k vkuqoaf'kd:Ik lsT;knk fuHkZj djrk gSA ,d dqokjh eknkdk otu 180fnuksaesade lsde 90fdyksgksukpkfg, A vr% dq'ky iztuudrkZeknk 'kwdjksadksvyx lsfo'ks"k izca/ku }kjk 8-10eghus esa 100fdyks otu izkIr dj ysrsgaSA

?k- [kkn~; ifjOkRkZu {kerk%bLkdh vkn'kZEkki 3-0ls3-2dse/; gksuh pkfg,A bl xq.k ds fodkl gsrqvizR;{k :ih pquko izfdz;k viuk;h tk ldrh gSA

III.e`rd (dkWjdl) xq.k%'kwdj esaizeq[k e`rizk; xq.kksadksfuEukafdr :Ik lsmYysf[kr fd;k tkrk gSA

d- Ek`Rkd (dkWjdl) 'kwdj dh yEckbZ% bLkdhYkEckbZEkkiusgsrqizFke jhc lsvkbZVsd gM~Mh rddh nwjh yh tkrh gSA bldh nwjh T;knk izkIr gksus

ij ykW;u dV Hkh c


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'kwdj iztuu dk ifjn';

35

ftu i'kqvksa esa;s xq.k vknf'kZr eki lsvf/kd ik;sx;s] mUgsa gh p;fur fd;k tkrk gSA

x- oj.k bUMsDl%bl izfdz;k esalHkh izeq[k xq.kksa dks,d vkfFkZd eku nsdj ,d bUMsDl cuk;k tkrk

gSftu i'kqvksadk bUMsDl vknf'kZr eku lsT;knkgksrk gS] mudk gh p;u fd;k tkrk gSA ;g lokZf/kd iz;qDr pquko izfdz;k ekuh tkrh gSA

iztuu izf;k

p;fur Ik'kqvksadsfodkl dks mRRkjksRrj cV+kusdsfy, fuEufyf[kr :i lsiztuu fd;k tk ldrk gSA

iztuu izf;k

var% iztuu ck; iztuu

Dykst fczfMax ykbZu fCkzfMax(uLy js[kk cukusgsrq)

vkmV Wkflax kWl CkzhfMax xzsfMax vi VWki kflax(LFkkuh; uLy lq/kkj gsrq)

I;ksj czhM klbUVj&ls&esfVaxcSd kWflaxfl kWflaxfViy kWflax

,d fodflr uLy dh mUufr dsfy, vkmV kflax ;kp;fur iztuu iz;qDr gksrh gSA ,d [kjkc izn'kZu djusokysLFkkuh; uLy dsizfrLFkkiuk gsrqxzsfMaxvi izf;kviuk;h tkrh gSA LFkkuh; okrkoj.k dsvuqdqy UkLyfodflr djusdsfy, dzkl czhfMax izf;k nks;k rhuuLy O;ogkj djdsdh tkrh gS%&

'kwdj iztuu dslkekU; funsZ'k

izfro"kZvf/kd lsvf/kd LoLFk 'kwdj 'kkod ikusgsrq,d

O;ofLFkr iztuu izf;k viukuk t:jh gksrk gSA bl dsfy, fuEufyf[kr ckrksaij /;ku nsuk vko';d gSA

1. ,d eknk 'kwdj dks8-10eghusesatc og 80-100fdyksdk otu izkIr dj ys] iztuu gsrq iz;ksxdjuk pkfg,A

2. igyh ckj ,d lsnksxehZNksM+dj iztuu djukpkfg,A

3. eknk 'kwdjksadksizfr xehZesa12?kaVsdsvarjky ij

nksckj lalsfpr djuk pkfg,A

4. vR;Ur djhch iztuu dksjksduk pkfg, D;ksafd 10

izfr'kr djhch iztuu esao`f} lsizfr C;kWr 1@3

'kkod la[;kvksaesadeh ,oaekaW lsvyx gksusds

i'pkr la[;k vk/kh gks tkrh gSA5. iztuu iz;qDRk ny esa iztuutfur jksx

;Fkk czwlsysfll] VWkDlksIykteksfll] ,oa

ysIVksLikbZjksfll ughagksuk pkfg,A


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36

vkcknh dh n`f"Vdks.k lsmRrj izns'k ns'k dk lcls cM+kjkT; gSA ysfdu c


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mRrj izns'k esa cdjh ikyu dh mi;ksfxrk

37

esa gh cPpsiSnk gksuk 'kq: gkstkrs gSaA bl uLy dhcdfj;kayxHkx 14ekg esanksckj C;kusrFkk izfr C;akrde lsde nkscPps nsusdsdkj.k ekal mRiknu dsfy;s

'kgjh {ks=ksaesabudh cgqr ekax gSA cjcjh cdjh dks?kjij ckakdj nkuk&Hkwlk f[kykdj vklkuh lsikyk tkldrk gSA lkFk gh lkFk bUgsapjkdj Hkh c[kwch ikyktk ldrk gSA ,d c"kZdh vk;q ds uj dk 'kkjhfjd Hkkj

20ls25fdxzk.vkSj eknk dk Hkkj 18ls20rd gkstkrk gSA tYnh&tYnh C;kausvkSj ?kj ij ckakdj ikyugksusdsdkj.k bl uLy dh cdfj;ksa dh ns'k ds vU;Hkkxksa esaHkh dkQh ekax gSA ,d c"kZdh vk;qij uj dkvkSlru ewY; 3000ls3500:Ik;s,oaeknk dk ewY;2200ls 2700:Ik;s,oaiztuu cdjsdk ewY; 4500ls5000:Ik;s rd izkIr gkstkrk gSA

Tkequkikjh uLy

;g uLy Hkh mRrj izns'k dh izeqq[k egRoiw.kZ uLygS] tksfd nqXk mRiknu esacgqr vPNh ekuh tkrh gSA

tequkikjh cdfj;kamRiknu esaviuk izeq[k LFkku j[krhgSarFkk viusiztuu {ks= esa'kq :Ik esaik;h tkrh gSaAbVkok tuin dh pdjuxj rglhy {ks= bl uLy

dk mn~xe LFkku gSA tequkikjh eq[;r% lQsn jax dhgksrh gS] ftldsflj] dku ,oaxysij gYdk ;k xk


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38

tkrs gSatksfd la[;k esa cgqr de gksrs gSaA tequkikjhcdfj;ksaesamHkjh ukd] yEcsyVdsdku rFkk tka?kksaesackyksadk xqPNk gksrk gSA lkFk gh ijh tcM+k fupysls

NksVk gksusdsdkj.k rksrstSlh vkfr iznku djrk gSAbl uLy dh cdfj;ka,d fnu esa2ls3yhVj rdnwk nsnsrh gSavkSj ,d nqXkdky esa325yhVj rdnwk nsusdh {kerk j[krh gSaA lkekU; iks"k.k ij ,d o"kZ

esauj dk 'kkjhfjd Hkkj 35ls45fdxzk rFkk eknk dk'kkjhfjd Hkkj 28ls35fdxzk rd dk gkstkrk gSA bluLy dh cdjh o"kZesa,d ckj C;krh gSvkSj ,d vFkok

dHkh&dHkh nkscPpksadkstUe nsrh gSaA ekal mRiknu dsfy;sbl uLy dh cdjh dkscgqr mi;qDr ughaekuktkrk gSA D;kasfd blds'kjhj esaekal lsT;knk gM~fM;ksadk otu gksrk gSA

rkfydk 1% Ckjcjh ,oatequkikjh cdfj;ksadh mRIkknu {kerk ,oatuu lacafkr y{k.k

y{k.k fooj.k cjcjh tequkikjhySafxd ifjiDork fnu (vk;q) 288 553

otu (fdxzk.) 16 25

iztuu rq Ok"kZHkj fdUrqvR;fkd xehZoB.M esaeanh

ebZ&tqykbZvDVwcj&uoEcj

endky vofk (?k.Vs) 38 38

enp (fnu) 19 19

izloksijkUr endky (fnu) 56 149

xHkZdky (fnu) 145 148

nqXkdky (fnu) 80&110 140&180nqXk mRiknu@C;kar (fdxzk) 65&90 150&200,d o"kZij 'kjhj Hkkj (fdxzk) Ukj% 20&25

Ekknk% 18&20Ukj% 35&45

Eknk% 28&35

UkLy dk pquko

ns[kus esavk jgk gS fd mRrj izns'k ds fofHkUu {ks=ksavkSj tuinksaesatksxzkeh.k cdjh ikyu dj jgsgSaogcdfj;ksadh mUur uLyksaij drbZ ;ku ughans jgsgSaA T;knkrj cdjh ikyd ns'kh Vkbi dh cdfj;ksa dkgh ikyu dj jgs gSaA cjcjh cdjh okys{ks=ksa esacjcjhcdjh fljksgh] tequkikjh vkSj ns'kh uj cdjksalskWal

gksjgh gSaftllsiSnk uLy dkscdjh ikyd vycjhuke lsiqdkjrsgSaA ;gh gky tequkikjh cdjh dslkFkHkh gSA cdjh ikyd iztuu esamlh uLy ds'kq ujiztuu cdjksa dks fo'ks"k egRo ugha ns jgs gSaA bldspyrs mudh tuu {kerk izHkkfor gks jgh gSA bldsihNseq[; otg 'kq uLy dsuj cPpksadksde mez esa

cfk;kdj.k djkdj ekal gsrq csp fn;k tkrk gSftldspyrs'kq cjcjh vkSj tequkikjh uLy dh deh gksrhpyh tk jgh gSA mRrj izns'k dscdjh ikydksadkspkfg;sfd og viuh vko';drk ,oavius{ks= dh tyok;qdhvuqdwyrk dsvuq:Ik gh cjcjh ;k tequkikjh cdjh dhuLy dksgh izkFkfedrk nsaA bldsfy;scsgrj gksxk fdcdjh ikyd fdlku] ns'kh cdfj;ksaesauLy lqkkj dks

izkFkfedrk nsaA ,d jsoM+ esa 20eknk cdfj;ksaij delsde ,d uj cdjsdksvo'; j[ksa rFkk blse'k%rhu o"kZmijkar vko';d :Ik lscnyrsjgsaA cjcjhvkSj tequkikjh uLy ds 'kq o;Ld uj cdjksa dksHkkvuqi&dsUh; cdjh vuqlakku laLFkku] e[knwe(Qjg) eFkqjk lsHkh [kjhnk tk ldrk gSA


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39

vkfFkZd egRo

mRrj izns'k ds lanHkZ esa cdjh ikyu dk vkfFkZdn`f"Vdks.k lsegRo cgqr T;knk gS D;ksafd xzkeh.k ifjos'kesa[ksrh fdlkuh ij fuHkZjrk de gksrh pyh tk jgh gSAmRrj izns'k dsxzkeh.k {ks=ksa esa Hkwfeghu f"k Jfed]lhekar vkSj y?kq lhekar "kd vfkdka'kr% cdjhikyrsgSa] ftllsbudsifjokjksadksvrfjDr vkfFkZdykHk fey tkrk gSA lkFk gh xjhc ifjokjksadscPpsvkSjefgyk;savius[kkyh le; esacdfj;ksadkspjkdj le;dk lnqi;ksx Hkh dj ysrsgSaA mRrj izns'k dsxzkeh.k {ks=ksaesacdjh ikyu jkstxkj dk cgqr gh mi;ksxh fodYigSA D;ksafd xk;&HkSal dh c


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40

vkokl O;oLFkk

cdfj;ksas dk vkokl lqjf{kr gksus ds lkFk gh mlesagok] ikuh] izdk'k] ty fudklh dk leqfpr izcakugksuk pkfg;sA cdjh vkokl cukrsle; ;ku j[ksa fdmlesa miyCk lalkkuksadk vfkd lsvfkd iz;kssxdjsaftllsykxr de dh tk ldsA cdfj;ksadsvkoklesaNr ls


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41

lkFk gh cdjk&cdfj;ksa dk LokLF; csgrj cuk;sj[kktk ldrk gSA nkuk feJ.k esa10ls12izfr'kr ikP;izksVhu rFkk 65 ls 70 izfr'kr dqy ikP; rRo gksuk

pkfg;sA bldslkFk gh jk'ku 'kq] LoPN ,oadhVk.kqjfgr gksbldk Hkh ;ku j[kuk vko';d gSA cdfj;ksadkslkcqr dh ctk; nyk gqvk nkuk nsuk vPNk jgrk gS]ftlsog lqxerk lsipk ysrh gSaA cdjh ikyd cdfj;ksals vPNk mRiknu ysus gsrq ges'kk larqfyr jk'ku ghf[kyk;saA miyCkrk ds vkkkj ij larqfyr jk'ku fuEuizdkj rS;kj dj ldrsgSa%&

rkfydk 3% Ckdfj;ksagsrq larqfyr jk'ku

lkexzh@vo;o Ekk=k (fdxzk)nyh gqbZtkS@eDdk@tbZ@dqN ek=k esacktjk 45.0

ljlksa@eawxQyh@lks;kchu vkfn dh [kyh 20.0

xsgwa dh pksdj 15.0

nkyksa@puk dsfNyds&pwuh@dqN ek=k esaesaFkh 12.0

xqM+@'khjk 05.0

[kfut yo.k feJ.k 02.0

Lkkkkj.k ued 01.0

dqy ;ksx 100.0

LokLF; lqj{kk vkSj jksxksalscpko

cdjh ikyd xjhc xzkeh.k fdlku mudsLokLF; dhlqj{kk vkSj jksxksads cpko ij dksbZ fo'ks"k ;ku ughansrsgSaA bldslacak esacdjh ikydksaesa tkudkjh dkvHkko gSA ysfdu cdjh ikyu ls vPNk ykHk rHkhfey ldrk gStc mudsLokLF; dscsgrj izcaku dslkFk jksxksalsle; ij iwjk cpko fd;k tk;sAbldsfy;scdfj;ksadh le; ij LokLF; tkap

dsvykok gj rhu lspkj ekg dsvarjky ij isV dsdhM+ksafeuk'kd nok nsrsjguk pkfg;sA bldsvykokok;% ijthfo;ksa ls cpko djuk Hkh vko';d gSAcdfj;ksa esa cdjh Iysx uked chekj ftls ihihvkj(isLVhMsl isfLVl :ehusUV~l) ds uke lstkuk tkrkgSdkQh ns[kusdksfey jgh gSA vr% bldscpko gsrq

3 ekg ls cM+h cdjh&cdjk dks Vhdk vo'; yxoknsuk pkfg;sA ,d ckj yx tkusds mijkar ;g Vhdk

3 o"kZ rd dke djrk gSA bldsvykok cdfj;ksa esa

eq[;r% [kqjidk&eqagidk] xy?kkasVw] ,UVksVksDlhfe;kvkfn laked jksx gksrsgaSA vr% budscpko dsfy;sfudVorhZ Ik'kqfpfdRlky; ij laEidZdj le;ij Vhdkdj.k djkrsjguk pkfg;sA

;ku nsus;ksX; dqN ckrsa

cdjh ikyu djrsle; lkekU;r% fuEufyf[kr ckrsavko';d :Ik ls;ku j[ksaA

cdfj;ksadsiztuu esavar% iztuu lscpko djsa]

bldsfy;s15ls20cdfj;ksads>q.Mij 2ls4o"kZ dh vk;qdk ,d iw.kZLoLFk uj 'kq uLy dkcdjk j[ksaftls gj 2ls 3lky dsvarjky ijcnyrsjguk pkfg;sA

le; ij cdfj;ksa ds lewg lsvuqi;ksxhcdfj;k tSls yxM+h&ywyh] uktqd] NksVh]detksj] [kjkc Fku okyh] de nwk nsus okyh]v'kq uLy] chekj] ftudh Vkaxsvkil esafHkM+rh

gksavkfn csdkj cdfj;ksa dksviusQkeZ lsgVkrsjguk pkfg;sA

ns[kk x;k gS fd T;knkrj cdfj;ka vkSj mudscPpslfnZ;ksaesaBaM dsizdksi dsdkj.k ej tkrsgSaA blfy;slfnZ;ksadsfnuksa esacdfj;ksadksBaM lscpko dsfy;sfo'ks"k ;ku j[kuk pkfg;sA BaM dsfnuksaesacdfj;ksadsvkdkj dsvuqlkj 50ls100xzke esaFkh nkuk] 40ls80xzke xqM+] 4ls6yglqudh dfy;ka (iqrh) rFkk vjgj dk Hkwlk vko';d

:Ik ls f[kykuk pkfg,A jkr ds le; ckM+ksa esacdfj;ksadksB.M+ lscpkusgsrqvkx lsmUgsarikukHkh csgrj jgrk gSA

cdfj;ksadksges'kk LoPN ,oarktk ikuh gh fiykukpkfg,A


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42

cdfj;ksa ds vkgkj esa ued vkSj [kfut yo.kfeJ.k dk lekos'k vo'; djsaA

cdjh ckM+ksa dh fu;fer lkQ&lQkbZ ij ;kuj[ksa] bl gsrqckM+ksaesalIrkg esade lsde ,dfnu pwuk vFkok fQukby ds ?kksy dk fNM+dkovo'; djuk pkfg,A

viuh cdfj;ksadks,slh txg ij pjkus ugha ystk;satgkavU; jksxxzLr vFkok chekj cdfj;k Hkhpjus dsfy;svkrh gSA ogkalsNwr yxusdk Hk;cuk jgrk gSA

cdfj;ksadksisM+&ikskksadh ifRr;kaf[kykdj vkgkj

ij vkusokyh ykxr dksde fd;k tk ldrk gSA

ekal dsfy;s rS;kj fd;s tkusokysuj cdjksa dk,d ekg dsHkhrj cfk;kdj.k djk nsuk pkfg;sA

ekal gsrq fch fd;stkusokysuj cdjksadkscdjhbZn dsekSdsij vFkok R;kSgkjksadsvolj ij fchdjusls vPNh dher izkIr dh tk ldrh gSA fp= 7 ,oa 8


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43

ifjp;

mPp rqaxrk ij fuokl djusokysfdlkuksa,oa tokuksadksvkthfodk dsfy, HksM+ vkSj cdjh ikyu ij fuHkZjjguk iM+rk gSA bl {ks= esadM+kdsdh Ba


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44

ns[kHkky esaykijokgh lsi'kqvksadslrr laj{k.k rFkkfodkl esalarks"ktud ifj.kke ns[kusdksugh feyrk

gSA ysg&yk[k dk i;ZVu ds:i esarhozxfr lsfodkl

gksusdsdkj.k LFkkuh; yksxksadk ;ku vc gksVy caku

;k vU; i;ZVu&lacakh O;olk; dh vksj vkd`"V gksrk

tk jgk gSA bllsi'kqku mRiknu Hkh dkQh gn rd

ldkjkRed :i ls Hkkfor gqvk gSA NksVs tqxkyh

djusokyk bu tkuojksa ds dkj.k fdlkuks es ekal

mRiknu dsfy, ,d ckj fQj lssj.kk tkxh gSA gky

dso"kksaZesa;gk LFkkuh; fdlkuksaus f'k{kk rFkk fodkl ds

lqkkj espy jgh dsh; rFkk LFkkuh; ljdkjksa] j{kk

oSKkfudksa(fMgkj)] Hkkjrh; lsuk] xSj ljdkjh laxBuksadspy jgsdk;Zeksadk vuqdj.k djrsgq, vkthfodk

dsleFkZu esai'kqku mRiknu .kkfy;ksads}kjk xjhch

mUewyu vkSj cqfu;knh


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mPp rqaxrk okysfgeky;h {ks= esaHksM+vkSj cdjh dh fLFkfr rFkk i'kqikyu O;oLFkk

45

rkfydk 1% ekal okyscdjh vkSj HksM+dsy{k.k vkSj fof'k"V ckkkvksaesayk[k dsfy, vuqdwfyrladj i'kqvksadk fodkl

i'kq fodkl ds y{k.k i'kq fodkl gksus dsy{k.k dsfri;kZoj.k dsfrdwy Hkko bl {ks= dsi'kq fodkl esgksusokysy{k.kksadsego

rsth lsfodkl vYi&vWDlh;rk] i'kqvksadsfodkl esckkd bl {ks= esrSukr lSfudksa vkSj {ks=h;ukxfjdksadsfy, ekal mRiknu esc


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46

czWk;yj HksM+kS|ksfxdh mRiknu

i'kqvksadh lhfer miyCkrk dsdkj.k LFkkuh; Lrjij rktk ekal dh deh cuh jgrh gSA bl deh dksiwjk djusdsfy, ckgj lsekal vk;kr djuk vkfFkZd:i lsegaxk lkfcr gksrk gSlkFk gh bldh xq.kokHkh Hkkfor gksrh gSA bl leL;k dksgy djusdsfy,

fMgkj ds'kkskdrkZvksausabl {ks= dsfy, rsth ls c


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mPp rqaxrk okysfgeky;h {ks= esaHksM+vkSj cdjh dh fLFkfr rFkk i'kqikyu O;oLFkk

47

fy, raf=dkokZd LokLF; [kqjkd ds:i esavkS"kkh;cgqikSf"Vd (eYVhuqf=,UV) VWkQh vkSj de ykxr lsfufeZr larqfyr jk'ku dsfy, dke dj jgsgSaA

ekal dsfy, {ks= fof'k"V ladj cdjh (czWk;yjcdjh) dk fodkl

fMgkj }kjk fodflr czk;yj HksM+ ikyu ds mi;qlQyrk dsckn] vc ;gk ds'kkskdrkZLFkkuh; Lrj ijrktk ekal mRiknu dh fn'kk esvuqlakku ,oafodklesayx x, gSaA bllscdjh ekal mRiknu escgqr tYngh c


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48

okysvi;kZIr vWkDlhtu okys{ks=ks dsfy, Hkh dkQhvuqdwfyr gSaA {ks= fof'k"V ladj cdjh mRiknu ds fy,nksvyx vyx uLy dh cdfj;ksadk p;u fd;k x;k

FkkA blesalseknk fljksgh uLy ekal o`f dsfy, rFkkuj pkxFkkaxh mPp rqaxrk esvuqdwyu okysms'; dsfy, ;q ij vkkkfjr gSA kjafHkd ;ksx (vkSj tuun'kZu) dsifj.kke cgqr mRlkgtud gSaA {ks= fof'k"Vladj cdjh dk vc okf.kfT;d mRiknu dks c


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49

yk[k ftlsapsnjksaZ(passes) dh Hkwfe dsuke ls

Hkh tkuk tkrk gSa] mkjh Hkkjr dstEewvkSj d'ehj

kUr esa,d LFkku gS] tksmkj esadkjkdksje ioZr vkSj

nf{k.k esa fgeky; ioZr dschp esafLFkr gSA yk[k dh

lhek,aiwoZesa frCcr ls] nf{k.k esa ykgkSy&Lihfr ls]

if'pe esatEewd'ehj o cyksfpLrku lsvkSj mkj esadjkdksje njsZds{ks= lsfeyrh gSaA yk[k dh T;knkrj

mapkbZ11]000QhV (3]350ehVj) lsij gSA ;g tEew

vkSj d'ehj esalclsde vkcknh okys{ks=ksaesals,d gS

yk[k esacgusokyh fl flUkqunh bldh thou

js[kk dk dke djrh gSaA ysg vkSj dkjfxy yk[k dsnks

egRoiw.kZftysgSaA yk[k ns'k dk lclsmPpre] BaMk

vkSj 'kq"d {ks= gSo ;gk dh tyok;q vR;ar 'kq"d ,oa

dBksj gSA ;gkaxfeZ;ka NksVh] 'kq"d vkSj [kq'kuqek gksrhgSaA xfeZ;ksaesarkieku 3ls 35fMxzh lsfYl;l jgrk gS

vkSj lfnZ;ksaesa;g rkieku &20fMxzh lsfYl;l uhps

pyk tkrk gS ftl dkj.k ;gk dh vfkdka'k kjrh

f"k ;ksX; ugha gSA ;gka o"kkZ cgqr de rFkk cQZckjh

T;knk gksrh gSA yxkrkj cQZckjh ds dkj.k bldh

pksfV;ka cQZ ls


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50

ysg yk[k dseq[k ikyrw i'kq lalk/ku

yk[k {ks= ds Lrukkjh ,oa Hkkjokgh i'kq nksuksa ghLFkkuh; yksxksa dsthou esa,d cgqr gh egRoiw.kZHkwfedkfuHkkrsgSaA yk[k oklh dsthou ;kiu ds{ks= esaxk; ]cdjh] HksM+ ] ?kksMs+ ] aV vkfn i'kqmiyCk gSaA yk[k

ds nks ftyks ysg vkSj dkjfxy esa miyCk fofHkUui'kqvksadh la[;k lkj.kh 1esanh xbZgSaA tSlk dh lkj.kh1ls fofnr gksrk gS] ;gk ij HkSal] Vw] [kPpj vkSj

lwvj ugha ik, tkrs gSaA

rkfydk 1% yk[k dsysg vkSj dkjfxy ftyks esa miyCk fofHkUu i'kq lEink ,oamudh la[;k

ftyk xk; ;kd HksM+ cdjh ?kksM+k xks aVysg 35370 21874 60799 185856 5418 7936 141

dkjfxy 45604 16798 161683 88478 7841 7116 0

xkSkuns'kh xk;%yk[k esanslh xk; vPNh la[;k esaikbZtkrhgSaA ;g dkys;k Hkwjs jax dh gksrh gSaA budh ySDVs'ku vofk18eghusls T;knk gSA dBksj ifjfLFkfr;ksa] ikjaifjdf"k ifr;ksa] i'kqpkjs ds vHkko vkSj ikuh dh deh dsckotwn Hkh LFkkuh; Lons'kh xk; rhu lspkj fdyksnwknsrh gS vkSj LFkkuh; yksxksa dh t:jrksa dksiwjk djrhgSA bl dkj LFkkuh; xk; vFkZO;oLFkk esa,d egRoiw.kZHkwfedk fuHkkrh gSaA tqykbZ2011esa ysg yk[k dsfofHkUuxkoksa('ks;] fFkdls] [knqaZx] pksxyelj] gqanj vkSj NwNwr)esa nslh xk; ds nwk mRiknu ls lEcafkr losZ{k.k

fd;k x;k (ysg ftys esa Ms;jh QkfeaZx dh leL;k,avkSj lEHkkouk,% [kq'khZn 'kkg) (lkj.kh 2)A bllosZ{k.k esa ?kj ?kj ls ,d= tkudkjh ls ;g irkpyk fd ikjaifjd f"k ifr;ksa] ljdkj }kjkk;ksftr dk;Zeksa] lhfer pkjsvkSj ikuh dh deh gksusdsckotwn Hkh xzkeh.k {ks=ksaesa nwk mRiknu 3ls4fdyksgSA bl losZ{k.k lsgesa ;g tkudkjh Hkh feyrh gSdhysg esaxk; dspkjsgsrqvfkd Hkwfe miyCk ughagSvkSj;gk ds{ks= vuqitk Hkh gSA bl dkj.k fofHkUu xkoksa

esa xk;ksadh la[;k vkSj uLyksadh fofHkUurk dslkFklkFk nwk mRiknu esaHkh fofHkUurk ns[kh xbZaA

rkfydk 2% ysg dsfofHkUu xkoksadh xk;ksaesafofHkUurk (twu] 2011)

xko ?kjksadhla[;k

xk; nwk mRiknu(yhVj)

fr'krrk mitk {ks= vuqitk{ks=

'ks; 100 220 1100 33.54 884 166

fFkdls 50 101 505 15.4 330 40

[knqaZx 50 99 300 9.14 403 49pksxyelj 100 24 120 3.65 78 56

gqanj 50 125 750 22.87 619 128

NwNwr 50 86 504 15.37 272 48

dqy 400 655 3279 100 2586 487


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ysg&yk[k {ks= dh dfBu ifjfLFkfr;ksaesai'kqvkuqoaf'kd lalkkuksadk ewY; vkSj egRo

51

fons'kh xk;% ns'kh xk; ds lkFk&lkFk ysgesa tjlh] gksYLVhu tSlh fons'kh xk; Hkh ikbZtkrh gSaA vPNs [kku iku dslkFk ;s xk;sa k;%

6&10yhVj fr fnu ds fglkc lsnwk nsrh gSaAijUrq rhljh vkSj pkSFkh ih


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52

;kd

;kd BaMsjsfxLrku dk lclscM+k tkuoj gSftls eq[;%:i lsekal] Qkbcj] bZaku] vkSj ifjogu dsfy, mkeekuk tkrk gSaA bls igkM+ksa dk tgkt Hkh dgk tkrk gSAtEew&d'ehj jkT; dh ;kd dh dqy vkcknh dk 62.4fr'kr yk[k {ks= dsysg vkSj dkjfxy ftysesaik;kx;k gSA ;g tkuoj pkaxFkkax vkSj uqczk ds igkM+h {ks=ksaesavfkd ik;k tkrk gSA ;kd vkdkj esaxk; lsNksVsgksrsgSaA budh pkbZ 6QqV ls7.2QqV rd gksrh gSA uj;kd 350ls580fd.xzk.dsgksrs gSavkSj eknk ;kd 225ls255fd.xzk.dh gksrh gSaA budk 'kjhj dkys?kus] yEcs

vkSj [kqjnjsckyksals


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53

ihf


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54

;s ?kksM+s T;knkrj xz s jax ds gk srs gS a ysfdu ;s dkys ;kHkwjs jax esa Hkh ik, tkrs gSaA budk vkSlr otu 992ikmaM gksrk gSa vkSj budk dn 45ls 48bap gksrk gSa

tks leku ?kksM+s ds vkSlr apkbZ ls dkQh de gSaAbuds 'kjhj ds cky yacs vkSj pednkj gksrh gSA ;s?kksM+s bl frdqy BaMs ek Sle vkSj apkbZ okys {ks=ksa esHkh Hkkjogu dk dke lgtrk ls djrs gSA vU; uLyksads lkFk rsth ls o.kZ ladju ds dkj.k bl uLy ds?kksM+s dh la[;k esa deh vkbZ gS ftldh otg ls ;s ?kksM+sfoyqIr gk srs tk jgs gSaA tEew vkSj d'ehj ds i'kqikyufoHkkx us gky gh esa p;ukRed tuu ds ek;e

ls bl uLy ds lqkkj vkSj laj{k.k ds fy, yk[kds dkjfxy ftys esa ikne~ tkaLdj esa ,d taLdkjh?kksM+k czhfMax QkeZ LFkkfir fd;k gSA j{kk oSKkfudksaus l adj [kPpjksa dk Hkh fodkl fd;k gS tks ^tkaLdjVw* ds uke ls pfyr A ;s VV~Vw vfkd apkb;k sard vklkuh ls Hkkj ys tk ldrs gSA bu [kPpjksadk fodkl ij igkM+k sa esa fLFkr inksa ds fy, rktk[kkuk o~ vU; vko';d oLrqvksa dh fu;fer vkiwfrZlqfuf'pr djus ds fy, fd;k x;k gSA j{kk oSKkfudksa

dk dguk gS fd bu tkuojks ds c


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55

yksM djus ds fy, bLrseky djrs gSaA ;gh a ugh a]vkt nksuksa ?kjsyw vkSj varjk"Vh; i;ZVdksa ds fy,;g V ,d eq[k vkd"kZ.k Hkh cu x;k gS tks aV

lokjh ysu s ds fy, ;gk vkr s gSaA ,d aV ij 15feuV dh lokjh ds fy, 200#i;s ds vklikl [kpZgksrs gSA pwa fd aV lQkjh gh ogk a ds [ksr ekfydk sdk O;olk; gS blfy, [ksr ekfydk sa us ljdkj lsvius i'kqvksa ds fy, vkJ;ksa cukus vkSj mUgsa viusdkjksckj esa enn dju s d s fy, fokh; lgk;rk nsusdh ekax dh g SA budh la[;k e s rsth ls deh gksus dsdkj.k bl dks oxhZr dj vkbZ.;w.lh.,u- yky lwphds vfrl adVxzLr tkfr es ^xaHkhj:i ls ladVxzLr*ds {ks.k h es a j[kk x;k g SA vr% vkt le; dh ek ax g Sdh ge bl tkfr dh j{kk d s fy, gj laHko ;kldja s rkfd ;g tkfr vkus okys le; esa i;ZVdk sa d svkuan ds lkFk lkFk ykf[k;ksa dh vkthfodk dk Hkhek;e cuh jgsA

ysg esai'kqku lstqM+h leL;k,,oamfpr lq>ko

ysg tSlsdBksj {ks= esaLFkkuh; yksxksadsfy, i'kqku gh

mudh vkthfodk dk ek;e gSaA ijUrqmUgsabldsfy,dbZrjg dh dfBuk;ksadk lkeuk djuk iM+rk gSaftleslseq[; fuEufyf[kr gSa%

i'kqvksa ds fy, vko';d cqfu;knh lqfokkvksa o

ifjogu dh leL;k gksrh gSaA

de pkjsdh miyCkrk%de rkieku (&20ls

&35 fMxzh lsaVhxzsM) vkSj vfkd o"kkZ u gksusds

dkj.k ;gk dh igkfM+;ka cQZ ls


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56

vkSj Ms;jh mRiknu ds egRo ds ckjs esa f'kf{kr

fd;k tk,A

p;ukRed tuu dsek;e lspkaxFkkaxh HksM+ esa

u mit esao`f dh tk,A

vPNstuu vkSj i'kq fpfdRlk lsok dsek;e ls

pkaxFkkaxh cdjh lskIr i'ehuk mRiknu esao`f

dh tk,A

pkaxFkkaxh HksM+ksvkSj cdfj;ksa esajax dsfy, ftEesnkj

thu dksfu"dkflr fd;k tk,A

nwk vkSj ekal dk mRiknu c


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57

rkieku esaHkh LoLFk rjhdslsthou th ldusesa

l{ke bl cdjh dk fodkl eqtQjuxjh cdjh

vkSj LFkkuh; (yk[k) cdjh ds 'kqk.kq&vaMsds

fu"kspu (QfVZykbts'ku) ls fd;k x;k gSA ladjcdjh esaLFkkuh; cdjh dh rqyuk esaekal rksT;knk

gS gh] budh mRikndrk Hkh lSfudksa dh t:jr

dsfygkt lsi;kZIr gS (lat; flag] lgkjk U;wt

C;wjks)A ysg esa fLFkr j{kk mPp rqaxrk vuqlakku

laLFkku dslkFk esa'ksjs d'ehj f"k foKku vkSj

kS|ksfxdh fo'ofo|ky; ds i'kq fpfdRld Hkh

i'kqku dsfodkl dk;Z dsfy, fofHkUu ;kl dj

jgsgSaA nqfu;k dh igyh Dyksu i'ehuk cdjh uwjhdk tUe 'ksjsd'ehj f"k foKku vkSj kS|ksfxdh

fo'ofo|ky; esa15ekpZ] 2012dksgqvk (fp= 3A

uwjh i'ehuk dsc


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ds v;;u ls ;g Hkh irk pyk gS fd vfkd

apkbZ ij jgus okys LFkkuh; i'k qvks a es ruko

ds f[kykQ ,d Hkkoh vuqd wyh frf;k dk

lapkyu gksrk g S ftles ,aVhvkWDlhMsaV j{kk ra=lf; gk s tkrk gSA

fu"d"kZ

ysg {ks= dh xk;ksaesa'kq"d tyok;qvkSj okrkoj.k dslkFk&lkFk de rkieku vkSj de vkWDlhtu dh fLFkfr(gkbikWfDld) ds fr lgu'khyrk j[kusdh vf}rh;{kerk gSaA lhje ,aVhvkWDlhMsaV ij fd;sx, v?;;u

dsifj.kkeksa lsirk pyk gSfd mPp rqaxrk dsi;kZoj.kruko lscpus ds fy, {ks=h; LoLFk i'kqviusvkidkslajf{kr ,oa LoLFk jgusdsfy, vfkd ,aVhvkWDlhMsaVlzkfor djusdh {kerk j[krs gSA

;gkaikbZtkusokyh cdjh dh vR;qke uLy pkaxFkkaxhcdjh Hkh ifjfLFkfrd vkyk tSls fd de rkieku]de pkjsvkSj ikuh dh ifjfLFkfr;ksadsfy, vuqdwfyrgSA blds bykok] tULdkjh ,oa Lihrh ?kksM+ks vkSjMcy dqCcM+ okysaVksa fd uLyksadksapkbZij devkWDlhtu fd ifjfLFkfr (gkbikWfDld) tSlsgkykr esadk;Zokgd {kerk ds fy, tkuk tkrk gSA mPp rqaxrkdsLFkkuh; i'kqvR;fkd fodflr teZIykTe dk ,dle` lzksr gksldrsgSblfy, budk laj{k.k vR;arvko';d gSA

ykf[k;ksadsfy, i'kqku gh mudh vFkZO;oLFkk dk eq[;L=ksr gSA ;gk dsi'kqvR;ar dBksj tyok;qifjfLFkfr;ksaesa thou thus ds fy, fodflr vkSj vuqdwfyr gSaA

yk[k {ks= dsdfBu tyok;qifjfLFkfr;ksa o f"k rFkkpkjk mRiknu dksns[krsgq, ;gk ikbZtkusokyh fofHkUudkj dh xk; (nslh] fons'kh vkSj ladj) esa lsnslh xka;dksikyuk gh lclsykHknk;h gSa tksuk dsoy de Hkkstuij xqtkjk dj ldrh gSacfYd xehZvkSj dM+h lnhZdks

Hkh lgu dj ldrh gSaA dfBu tyok;q ifjfLFkfr;ksadsvuqdwyu {kerk o de xq.kokk okyspkjsij fuHkZjrkvkSj i;kZoj.k ds ruko dk lkeuk djus dh csgrj

{kerkvksa dks ;ku esa j[krs gq, LFkkuh; i'kqvksa dkslaj{k.k dsfy, budk pfj=kadu djuk t:jh gSaA

i'kqku mRikndksa dks tyok;q ifjorZu vkSj pjetyok;q ?kVukvksa ls fuiVus ds lkFk&lkFk viusi'kqku dh vuwBh fo'ks"krkvksa(xehZ&ruko dkslgus] jksxfrjkskd {kerk] bR;kfn) dkslajf{kr djrsgq, Hkfo";dh pqukSfr;ksadk lkeuk djuk gksxkA vr% orZeku esavko';drk gS fd rkieku vuqdwfyr i'kqtkfr;ksa@

uLyksadh igpku dj mudsthu@thu lewg mRiknufo'ks"krkvksadk Li"V vkuqoaf'kd fofu;eu dj LFkk;hi'kq mRiknu ds fy, egRoiw.kZ i'kqku tkfr;ksa dscaku rFkk fodkl dsfy, j.kuhfr;karS;kj dh tk;sA

lanHkZ

Vh uexSy] QkWDl ts,y] HkVukxj okbZoh (2004)A Hkkjrh; Vkal fgeky; {ks= esa flaiSfVd frCcrhvxZyh HksM+ vksfol vEeksu gkWXlfu vkSj uhys HksM+

lqnksbl u;kSj i;kZokl dschp vyxko .twykWthdk tuZy.262% 57&63

Vh uexSyh (2006)A mkjh Hkkjr yk[k esa,f'k;kbZvkScsDl vkSj CywHksM+ dschp 'khrdkyhu i;kZokl

dk foHkktu.ioZr ikfjfLFkfrdh; tuZyA 8% 7&13

fjtoh ,l ,l (1980)A dkjfxy vkSj ysg dsftyksaesaikyrwtkuojksa dsfy, tuu dh uhfr;kaA'kkldAXXV(4)% 719&752.

chMhdsC;wjks] igkM+h ;kd eSnkuh lkfgoky dh 'ljksxsVenj'k] twu 232011] Hkkjr fMQsl \\ C;wjks

lat; flag] ysg esaQkSft;ksa dksvc feysxk ?kjtSlk [kkuk% lgkjk U;wt C;wjks & 1 vDrwcj]2012

[kq'khZn 'kkg] ysg ftysesaMs;jh QkfeaZx dh leL;k,a


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vkSj lEHkkouk, (tEew,oad'ehj)% http://www.academia.edu/4268918/PROBLEMS_AND_

PROSPECTS_OF_DAIRY_FARMING_LEH_

DISTRICT_j_and_k_

jk"Vh; m"V vuqlakku dsa] chdkusj http://nrccamel-res-in/hindi/

feJk ch-ih- eqds'k ,e] izdk'k ch] lks


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tSo fofokrk lHkh kf.k;ksaesaik;h tkusokyh fofHkUurko ifjorZu'khyrk dk niZ.k gSvkSj ;g i`Foh dh lclsewY;oku kfrd migkjksesa ls,d gSA cSDVhfj;k lsysdj isM+ ikSkksavkSj tkuojksadh lHkh tkfr;k viusvki esa,d fo'kky vkuqoaf'kd xq.kksdk L=ksr gksrh gSaAvkSj ;g fofokrk mUgsai;kZoj.k esa[kqn dkscuk;sj[kusesal{ke cukrh gSA i`Foh ij thou dh varghu fofokrk

miyCk gSA vc rd yxHkx 400gtkj ikSk tkfr;ksavkSj 130yk[k tkuojksdh tkfr;ksa dksfpfUgr fd;ktk pqdk gSA ysfdu bldsvfrfjdr vHkh Hkh yk[kksdhM+s] lw{e tho] i{kh] ikSksvkSj tkuoj ,slsgSa] ftudksfpfUgr fd;k tkuk 'ks"k gSA bldk vFkZ;g gqvk fdtSo& fofokrk ds lanHkZ esa gekjh miyCk tkudkjh?kkl ds


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tSo fofokrk & ekuo tkfr dh thou js[kk

61

y{k.kksa dso.kZu esadeh (iii) vfrh; xq.kksadsfo"k; esade tkudkjh A

tSo fofokrk% i;kZoj.k dk larqyutSo fofokrk dk laj{k.k lq[k lqfokk dk lkku gh ugha]cfYd ,d vko';drk gSA gekjsthou dkscuk;sj[kusdsfy;sikSksa] tkuoj vkSj lw{e tho gesadbZvko';dlsok,anku djrsgSatksgekjsvPNsLokLF; ds fy,egRoiw.kZgSaA tkuojksarFkk isM+&ikSkksadh ns'kh tkfr;ksaesafo'ks"k xq.k keksaZlslEcafkr thu vFkok thu&leqp;oa'kkuqxr rkSj lsmifLFkr gksrsgSavkSj gksldrk gSafd;gh xq.k keZ Hkfo"; esagksusokystyok;qifjorZu dsfy, Hkh csgrj :i lsvuqdwy gksA blfy, gesafofHkUutkfr;ksa dk laj{k.k muesa gksus okys ifjorZuks rFkkmuds fo'ks"k fuokl LFkku dslkFk djuk gksxkA tSofofokrk dh lqj{kk fuEufyf[kr dkj.kksa ds fy, HkhegRoiw.kZgSa%&

ikfjfLFkfrd fLFkjrk@ ikfjfLFkfrdh ewY;%gj tkfr,d ikfjfLFkfrd .kkyh esa ,d fo'ks"k dk;Zdjrh gSaAmiyCk tSo&fofokrk ds orZeku o Hkfo"; esa lrr~

mi;ksx gsrq ;ksX; cuk;s j[kus ds fy;s ifjfLFkfrdhra= dk mfpr j[k&j[kko vR;ar vko';d gSaA blj[k&j[kko dsvarxZr ouksa}kjk tyok;qfu;a=.k] dhVuk'kd fu;a=.k] ikSkksadk ijkxhdj.k] feVVh dh cukoVvkSj laj{k.k] ty dk 'kqfdj.k o mldsiks"kd rRoksadk laj{k.k] tyok;qifjorZu esa fLFkjrk] ck


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62

;kstuksadsfy, ekuo us i'kqvksa dksikyuk 'kq: djfn;kA gkykafd 40 Lrukkjh tkfr;ksa dks Hkkstu dsfy, ikyk tkrk gSysfdu i'kqku lsmRiknu dk eq[k

;ksxnku dsoy 14tkfr;ksalsgh jgk gSaA bu i'kqkutkfr;ksadsHkhrj yxHkx nl gtkj uLyksa dksoxhZrfd;k x;k gSaA Hkkjr nqfu;k esa lkrok lclscM+k ns'k gSvkSj blesayxHkx 75fr'kr yksx f"k vkSj i'kqikyulacafkr O;olk;ksa lstqM+sgq, gSaA

lfn;ksals] Hkkjr tSo fofokrk dk ,d eq[k dsa jgkgSaA ge vR;ar HkkX;'kkyh gSadh gekjsikl Lons'kh i'kqvksadsteZIykTe dh foLr`r fofokrk gSaA tksviusof'k"V

f"k tyok;q {ks=ksa esa forfjr gSa vkSj nqfu;k dsdbZesxk tSo fofokrk dsaksaesals,d gSaA Hkkjr dsikyrwi'kqvksadsO;kid LisDVe dk frfufkRo Hkkjrh; ns'khxkSuLysa (37)] HkSal (13)] HksM+ (39)] cdjh (23)] iksYVh(15)] maV (8)] ?kksM+ks (6) dsvykok feFkqu vkSj ;kdlfgr dqN nqyZHk tkfr;ksa }kjk fd;k tkrk gSA ;suLysaviuh ,d ;k ,d lsvfkd fo'ks"krkvksadsfy;sflgSaA D;ksafd lfn;ksalsgekjh vfkdka'k Lons'kh uLysa,dfuf'pr tyok;q ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds rgr mi;ksfxrk ds

fy;sfodflr gqbZgSavkSj dqN vf}rh; xq.k kIr fd, gSaAmuds;g xq.k mUgsanwljh uLyksalsvyx djrsgSavkSjviusof'k"V okrkoj.k ds fy;smi;q vkSj mi;ksxhcukrs gSaA kfrd :i lsfodflr gksusdsQyLo:iHkkjrh; uLysadBksj vkSj pje tyok;qifjfLFkfr;ksa dslkFk lkFk LVsl esa] pfyr m".kdfVcakh; chekfj;ksadsfy, fodflr frjkskd xq.k] vuqitk Qly vkSjde xq.kokk okys pkjsvkSj ihus okysikuh dh dehdsdkj.k thou ;kiu djusds fy, vPNh rjg ls

l{ke gksxbZ gSaA vr% fofok ns'kh teZIykTe esadbZ,slh egRoiw.kZthu 'kkfey gSatksvkfFkZd vkSj i;kZoj.kvuqdwyu y{k.k j[krh gSaA

fo'kky i'kqku vkuqoaf'kd lalkku Hkkjrh; f"k dk,d vfHkUu vax jgk gSavkSj budh dbZ uLyksa esa u

dsoy thfor jgus ds fy,] cfYd fofHkUu tyok;qifjfLFkfr;ksaesa mRiknu] tuu vkSj elkSnk 'kf dksHkh cuk, j[kus dh {kerk Hkh gSA mnkgj.k ds fy,]

Hkkjrh; ewy eos'kh i'kqFkkjikjdj] ukxkSjh] lkfgoky]dkadjst ] jkBh] fxj vkfn esadBksj f"k tyok;q{ks=esa thfor jgus dh {kerk gSA blh rjg Hkkjrh; HksM+uLyksa esa ekStwn fofokrk Hkh mYys[kuh; gSA xjkSyHksM+ lnkcgkj ikfjfLFkfrdh esa viuh iSnkokj vkSjvudwyu dsfy, nqfu;k Hkj esatkuh tkrh gSaA nwljhvksj ekyiqjk] pksdyk] ekjokM+h vkSj 'kq"d {ks=ksa lsvU; dbZHksM+ uLysajsfxLrku fLFkfr;ksalsvPNh rjg lsvuqdwfyr gSaA cdjh dh Hkh dbZ,slh uLysa gSatks mPprkieku] ueh ;k nksuksaifjLFkfr;ksadsfy, vuqdwfyr gSamnkgj.k dsfy, vaMeku cdjh yo.kh; ifjLFkfr;ksadsfy, vuqdwfyr gS] pkaxFkaxh cdjh tks dh i'ehuk dsfy, tkuh tkrh gSa] vfkd apkbZdsfy, vuqdwfyr gSatcfd t[kjkuk vkZ 'kq"d fLFkfr dsfy, vPNh rjglsvuqdwfyr gSA bldsvykok] ?kksM+ksa dh taldjh ,oe~Lihfr uLysavkSj Mcy dwcM+ aV vfkd apkbZijvkWDlhtu dh deh esaHkh dke djusdh {kerk dsfy,

fl gSaA iksYVh dh dbZ ns'kh uLysatSlsfd vadys'oj]vlhy] iatkc czkmu] dM+dukFk vkfn vius lkgl]yM+usdh 'kf rFkk vaMsvkSj ekal dh xq.kokk dsfy,fl gSaA gky gh esa] Hkkvuqi&jk"Vh; i'kqvkuqoaf'kdlalkku C;wjksesans'kh i'kqvksavkSj HkSalksadksrkih; lfg".kqrk nku djusdsfy, thu@ vyhYl vkSj fu;kedra= dh igpku vkSj fpfUgr djusds;kl 'kq: fd,x, gSaA ,slk vuqeku yxk;k x;k gSadh orZeku ;kltSfod ra= vkSj vkuqoaf'kd ?kVd tksdh ns'kh i'kqvksa

dks fons'kh i'kqvksa dh rqyuk esa rkih; lfg".kqrk dkeqdkcyk djusesa enn djrh gSa] mlscsgrj :i lsle>usesa lgk;rk djsaxsA

bldsvfrfj C;wjksesai'kqvksavkSj iksYVh dh vfkdka'kuLyksa dk ekbkslSVsykbV vkSj ekbZVjksdkfM;k ds }kjk vk;u fd;k tk pqdk gSA ftlesa gesa bu uLyksaesa


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63

mifLFkr thu dsvkuqoaf'kdh y{k.kksavkSj i'kqku dhvkuqoaf'kd ljapuk dksle>usesa enn feyh gSA

tSo fofokrk vkSj ekuo xfrfofk;ktSo fofokrk dh {kfr lcls vge ladVksa esa ls ,dgSA u"V gqbZ tkfr;k sa dh tkp ,oa thu leqPp;dk yqIr gksuk ,d eq[; pqukSrh gSaA vkt dk euq";tks tSfod inku qe dk f'k[kj gS] tSo fofokrk dh{kfr dk eq[; nks"kh gS D;ksafd bl {kfr dks i'kqkuls vfkd mRiknu ,o a vfkd mit nsu s okyh uLyksadk mi;ksx dj rst h ls c


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64

ubZpqukSfr;ka[kM+h dj nh gSaA bldsvfrfj bltyok;qifjorZu dsdkj.k Hkfo"; esa euq"; dbZlaked jksxksa] xehZlslacafkr ekSrksa] vkSj ok;q

nw"k.k dslkj esao`f lsHkh ihfM+r gksldrk gSAvc ;g O;kid :i lsekU; gSfd tSo fofokrkvkSj tyok;qifjorZu ikfjfLFkfrdh ra= dk;Z.kkyh dsek;e lsHkh ,d nqljs lstqM+sjgrs gSaAfeysfu;e ikfjfLFkfrdh ra= vkdyu ustyok;qifjorZu dksHkfo"; dh tSo fofokrk dh {kfr esa,d eq[k dkjd crk;k gSa vkSj ;g ladsr fn;kgSa fd ,slk gksuk fodkl dh eq[k pqukSfr;ksatSls'kq ty] tkZlsok,a] vkSj Hkkstu dskokkulfgr ,d LoLFk okrkoj.k ds j[kj[kko] vkSjikfjfLFkfrdh ds laj{k.k .kkfy;ksa] mudh tSofofokrk vkSj ikfjfLFkfrdh ra= lslEcafkr nwljhlsokvksadks frdwy :i lsHkkfor djsxkA yxkrkjchysvkSj ufn;k] ukbthfj;k


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esaukbtj MsYVk] FkkbZySaM dh [kkM+h] ikfdLrku esaflakqunh dk MsYVk] vkSj eysf'k;k] fQyhihal] baMksusf'k;k]DohalySaM (vkWLVsfy;k)] vesfjdk (VsDlkl lsyksfjMk

dsnf{k.k rV)] iukek] bDokMksj vkSj dSjsfc;u dsdqN{ks= ,d cM+sladV esa gSaA tSo fofokrk esa deh dk HkkoxaHkhj vkSj nh?kZdkfyd gSa D;ksafd blls gq, uqDlkuvifjorZuh; gksrsgSaA

tSo fofokrk dh fo'ks"krk vkSj laj{k.k

fdlh fdLe@ uLy ;k vkcknh dsfoyqIr gksusdk erycgSfd mifLFkr mldh vuwBh thu ;k thu la;kstu dkuqdlku gksuk] tks fd thuksVkbi vkSj i;kZoj.k dschpdstfVy lacakksadsifj.kke Lo:i cursgSarFkk fo'ks"kvuqdwyh vkSj jksx frjksk fo'ks"krkvksadsfy, ftEesnkjgksrsgSaA ;sLFkkuh; fdLes@ uLysa] de ;k 'kwU; fuos'kmRiknu .kkyh dsrgr [kk| lqj{kk dksiwjk djusdsfy, vkSj Hkfo"; esaHkkstu dh ek=k vkSj xq.kokk dhekax esaR;kf'kr ifjorZu dslkFk &lkFk vkuqoaf'kdfofokrk dh vko';drkvksa dks iwjk djus ds fy;sHkh egRoiw.kZ gSaA blfy,] LFkkuh; :i lsvuqdwfyr

ouLifr] thoksadsmi;ksx vkSj mfpr ekuoh; gLr{ksidsfodkl }kjk f"k fo'ks"kKksaifjlaifk;ksadkslqjf{krj[kus esaenn yh tk ldrh gSaA bl y{; dkskIr djusds fy,] Lons'kh vkuqoaf'kd lalkkuksads laj{k.k dkegRo loksZifj gSaA tSo fofokrk dslaj{k.k dsfy, lclsigyk vkSj eq[; dne gS] blsfpfr djukA .kkyhxr:i lstkfr;ksadh igpku vkSj fpfr djus dk dkefiNysnks'krkfCn;ksalsxfr esagSaA ysfdu tks tkfr;kvHkh rd ,df=r] of.kZr vkSj ukfer dh x;h gSamudh

la[;k] okLrfod miyCk la[;k lscgqr de gSaA i`Fohij lHkh Kkr vkSj of.kZr thoksa dh la[;k 1.7ls1.8fefy;u dschp gStksokLrfod la[;k ds15fr'krlsHkh de gSaA dqy tkfr;ksadh vuqekfur la[;k 5ls50yk[k dschp gSrFkk vkSlru 14yk[k gSaA vHkh rdfo'ks"k :i lsm".kdfVcakh; {ks=ksa esa] cgqr lh tkfr;ka

dks of.kZr ugha fd;k x;k gSA gj tkfr] cSDVhfj;kls ysdj mPp ikSkksa vkSj tkuojksa rd] vkuqoaf'kdtkudkjh dk ,d fo'kky HkaMkj gSA mnkgj.k dsfy,]

ekbksIykt~ek esathu dh la[;k yxHkx 450&700]kkU; esa50000&32000] i'kqvksa esa22000] bZ.dksykbZ esa4000] MkslksfQyk esykuksxkLVj esa13000vkSj ekuo esa35000&45000gSaA vkuqoaf'kd fofokrk ,d vkcknh dksviusi;kZoj.k ds fy, vuqdwy vkSj kfrd p;u dksfrf;k nsusdsfy, l{ke cukrh gSa] blfy;sbudklaj{k.k vko';d gSA vr% vfkd vkuqoaf'kd fofokrkls Hkjiwj tkfr] cnyrs gq, i;kZoj.k dh fLFkfr esavklkuh ls vuqdwfyr gks ldrh gSA

vkuqoaf'kd lalkku fofokrk dk laj{k.k blfy;s Hkhvko';d gSD;ksafd ;sfdlku] pjokgsvkSj tudksa dksmudsikyrwi'kqvksadkstyok;qifjorZu dslkFk&lkFkmiHkkskvksadh c


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ekuo lekt dsfy, vko';d lsokvksadh j{kk dsfy,ikfjfLFkfrd ra= dh cgkyh vko';d gSA

dbZjk"Vh; vkSj varjjk"Vh; ,tsafl;k vkSj laxBu gSatkskfrd vkSj tSfod lalkkuksa ds laj{k.k esayxsgq, gSa vkSj mUgksaus dbZ ;kstuk,avkSj dk;Ze rS;kjfd;s gSaA gkykafd] dsoy dk;Ze] lafk;ksa] lEesyuksavkSj ksVksdkWy vkSj mudh iqf"V gh i;kZIr ughagSA cfYdtSo fofokrk dk laj{k.k vkSj ifjj{k.k vke yksxksa dsleFkZu] jktuhfrd bPNk'kf] tkx:drk] frcrkvkSj O;kogkfjd vkSj ifj.kke mUeq[k dne ij HkhfuHkZj djrk gSA tSo fofokrk dks[krjk] LFkkuh; vkSj

fo'o Lrj nksuks ij gh gj fdlh ds fy, fpark dk fo"k;gksuk pkfg,A

ljdkj ds fujarj gLr{ksi ds}kjk gh tSo fofokrkdh {kfr dksde fd;k tk ldrk gSA mnkgj.k dsfy,ljdkj ds dk;Ze] lajf{kr {ks=ksa ds foLrkj vkSjmudksetcwr cukusdslkFk gh ladVxzLr tkfr;ksarFkk muds fuokl ij dsfUr gSaA Hkkjr ljdkj uslajf{kr oU; thou vkSj ouksadh j{kk vkSj laj{k.k dsfy, yxHkx 80jk"Vh; ikdZvkSj 441vHk;kj.;ksadk

fuekZ.k fd;k gSA ;g Hkkjr dsou {ks= dk 19%vkSjmldh dqy Hkwfe dk 4.3% gSaA ysfdu fQj Hkh vHkhrd oU; thou lqjf{kr ughagSaA vkt Hkh i'kq] i{kh]

ljhl`i] dhM+s] >kfM+;k] tM+h cwfV;k] isM+ vkSj ikSksgjfnu foyqIr gksrstk jgsgSaA ljdkj dh uhfr;k rksdsoylgk;d gksrh gSaA ijUrq,slh fLFkfr lsmcjus dsfy;s

R;sd ukxfjd dk ;ksxnku Hkh vko';d gSA R;sdO;f dks gekjs frd tSfod lalkkuksdh j{kk olqj{kk dsfr tkx:d gksuk gksxk D;ksafd tSo&fofokrkdslaj{k.k ds}kjk ge viusvki dksHkh lqjf{kr djrsgSaA tSo&fofokrk ekuo tkrh dh Hkh thou js[kk gSAblfy, ou] feh] ikuh vkSj tSo fofokrk dk laj{k.kvfr vko';d gSaA

vkt tSo fofokrk dh fujarjrk dks cuk;s j[kuk

vfr vko';d gSD;ksafd vc rd tksdqN n'kdksaesasu"V fd;k x;k gSa mls cgky djus ds fy, lSdM+ksagtkjksa o"kZyxsaxsA blfy,] le; dh ekax gSfd ekuoo tSo&fofokrk ds chp ,d ifjiDo ,oe~ fLFkjlkeatL; cuk;k tk, ftlds fy;syksxksdks f'kf{krdjuk gksxk rkfd okstSo fofokrk dsewY;ksdksle>ldsaA iks"kd rRo nw"k.k dksjksdusds fy;so fons'khteZIykte dsvuko';d ;ksx lscpusdsfy;seRL;ikyu] taxyksavkSj f"k esavfkd LFkk;h rjhdksadks

'kkfey dj tSfod lalkkuksij i


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cdjh dsnwk dh laiw.kZrk dk vkkkj blds?kVd gS]ftuls feydj ;g cuk gSA bl leh{kk dk eq[; ms';yksxksadkscdjh dsnwk dh xq.kokk dsckjsesacrkuk gSftlls fdlkuksa}kjk xk;ksa o HkSalksadh rjg gh cdjhikyu dksHkh c


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68

rkfydk 3% cdjh (VksxsucxZ o lkusu) o xk; (gkWyLVhu) dsnwk dh vkSlr lajpuk

ekad nwk rRo cdjh dk nwk xk; dk nwk

1. ikuh (%) 88.29 88.192. ySDVkst (%) 4.35 4.59

3. olk (%) 3.5 3.44. izksVhu (%) 3.10 3.17

5. ,s'k (%) 0.79 0.70

vdkcZfud rRo (fe-xzke@100 lh-lh-)1. dSfY'k;e 114.0 106.0

2. QkWlQksjl 18.0 88.03. vk;ju 0.068 0.072

4. dkWij 0.053 0.057

ukbVkstfud Hkkx (h&QSV vkkkj ij)1. dslhu 0.3639 0.38112. ,Ycqfeu 0.0679 0.0467

3. XyksC;wfyu 0.0425 0.0443

4. ukWu izksVhu 0.0419 0.0316

foVkfeu ek=k (vkbZ- ;w-@100xzke)1. , 2500 25002. ch2 28 16

3. lh 25 4. Mh 7.9 7.9

nwk dsfofHkUu ?kVd

ukbVkstfud Hkkx%blesa eq[; :i lsizksVhu ik, tkrsgSaA Ms;jh mRiknksa dksHkh eq[; rkSj ij izksVhu L=ksr ds:i esa gh bLrseky fd;k tkrk gSA cdjh ds izksVhuksaesavuqokaf'kd cgq:irk ikbZtkrh gSA ;g vuqokaf'kd

cgq:irk nwk dsDokuVhVsVho o DokfyVsVho iSjkehVjksadksizHkkfor djrh gSa ,oafofHkUu izdkj dh ,Syjthdf;kvksa dk dkj.k Hkh gSA

dslhu nwk esa ik;k tkusokyk eq[; izksVhu gSA dsoycdjh dsnwk dksgh ekuo nwk dk fodYi ekuk tkldrk gSa D;ksafd ;g gkbiks,Syjftd gksrk gSA cdjh

dk nwk de ,Syjftd gSa D;ksafd blesa S-1dslhuuked izksVhu ugha ik;k tkrkA chVk&dslhu] cdjh dsnwk dsdslhu dk eq[; ?kVd gS] ftlds izfr vkar esalaosnu'khyrk de gksrh gSA dqN ns'kksa esanwk ds fy,

Hkqxrku dqy izksVhu ij fuHkZj djrk gS,oadqy izksVhuySDVs'ku LVst] ekSle] mezo [kkusij ,oaeq[; :i lsuLy ij fuHkZj djrh gSA cdjh dsnwk esa vU; eq[;izksVhu ySDVksQsfju ik;k tkrk gStksfd ySDVs'ku LVstdsvuqlkj ifjorZu'khyrk fn[kkrk gSA


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cdjh dk nwk xk; ds nw/k dk csgrj fodYi

69

rkfydk 4% cdjh o xk; dksnwk dh eD[ku olk dh lajpuk

ekad QSVh ,flM ek=k (%)

cdjh dk nwk xk; dk nwklar`Ir (lspqjsfVM dqy) 70.0 63.31. ikyfefVd(16:0) 34.4 28.52. LVh;fjd (18:0) 7.8 12.13. dSijksbd (6:0) 7.2 3.64. ykWfjd(12:0) 3.9 2.35. C;wVkbfjd(4:0) 2.4 2.46. dSijkbfyd (8:0) 1.4 0.7

vlar`Ir (vulspqjsfVM dqy) 30.0 36.71. vkWyhd (18:1) 25.2 30.5

2. gSDlkMsdsukWbd(16:1) 2.7 3.33. VsVjkMsdsukWbd (14:1) 0.4 1.14. vkjkfdMksfud (20:4) 1.5 1.6

,d v;;u ds vuqlkj cdjh ds ySDVksQfju esacSDVhfj;ksLVsfVd xq.k ik, tkrs gSaA tks ck;ks,sfDVoisIVkbMl cdjh ds nwk lscuk, x, gSa] mudh lajpukxk;ksadsnwk ls cusisIVkbMl dsleku gh gSA

bldsbykok U;wfDy;ksVkbM~l o U;fDy;kslkbM~ (xSjizksVhu ukbVkstfud Hkkx) Hkh egRoiw.kZ gaSA cdjh dknwk jkbcksU;fDy;ksVkbM ;w- Mh- ih- ls Hkjiwj ik;kx;k gS] ijUrq vU; eq[; xSj izksVhu ukbVkstfud Hkkx]

vksjkfVd vEy cdjh dsnwk esaxk; dsnwk lsdeik;k x;k gSA vkj,u, o Mh,u,] dksf'kdk uohdj.kdsfy, t:jh gSa] fo'ks"k :i lsvkar dh E;wdkslk dhdksf'kdkvksadsuohdj.k esa@;sok;jl lae.k dsizfrjksxizfrjkskd {kerk Hkh c


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cdjh dsnwk esa eq[; :i lsik;k tkus okyk eqDrvehuks,flM VkWfju gS(9 ,e th@100 feyhyhVj dsdjhc)A ;s flLVhu o ehfFk;ksfuu dsvip; lscurs

gSaA eqDr vehuks,flM ekuo 'kjhj esan`f"V c


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cdjh dk nwk xk; ds nw/k dk csgrj fodYi

71

tqxkyh djusokys tkuojksa esavk;ju] ftad o dkWij?kqyu'khy izksVhu dslhu lstqM+k gksrk gSA

rkfydk 5% cdjh dsnwk esaik, tkusokys[kfutinkFkZ

- la [kfut inkFkZ ek=k (fe- xzke@ fd-z xzk-)1. dSfY'k;e 1260

2. QkWLQksjl 970

3. iksVSf'k;e 1900

4. lksfM;e 380

5. DyksjkbM 1600

6. eSXuhf'k;e 130

7. dSfY'k;e@QkWLQksjl

13

8. ftad 3400

9. vk;ju 550

10. dkWij 300

11. eSaxuht 80

12. vk;ksMhu 80

13. flyhfu;e 20

foVkfeu%cdjh ds nwk esamPp ek=kk esafoVkfeu ch]eq[; :i lsfu;kflu ik;k tkrk gSA

cdjh dk nwk gSxk; dsnwk dk fodYi

djhc 10 esals 1 euq"; dksxk; dsnwk esaik,tkus okysS-1dslhu ls Hkh ,ythZ gksrh gSAbldsy{k.k ySDVkst bUVkWyjsal tSlsgh gksrs gSaAD;ksafd cdjh dsnwk esaS-1dslhu ugha gksrk]blfy, ,slsjksfx;ksadsfy, Hkh ;g jkeck.k gSA

cdjh ds nwk esa izpqj ek=k esa dSfY'k;e ik;ktkrk gS tksfd mPp jDrpki] vksLVh;ksI;ksfll ogf;ksa l s lac afkr chekfj;k sa ls lqj{kk djrk gSAvksLVh;ksiksjksfll esuksiksty fL=;ksa esa vfkd

ikbZ tkrh gS blfy, mudh dSfY'k;e dh dehdks Hkh cdjh dk n wk vklkuh ls iwjk dj ldrk

gS D;k safd mlesa xk; ds nwk ls 13%vfkddSfY'k;e gSA

bldsvykok blesaxk; dsnwk ls25%vfkd

foVkfeu ch] 6-47%T;knk foVkfeu ,] 134%vfkd iksVkf'k;e ,oa 350% T;knk fu;kflu

gksrk gSA

rkfydk 6% cdjh ds nwk esaik, tkusokysfoVkfeu

foVkfeu ek=k (fe- xzk@ fdxzk-)

olk ?kqyu'khy

, (jsfVuksy) 0.04

Mh 0.06

bZ (VksdksfQjksy) 0.04

ikuh ?kqyu'khy

ch1 (fFk;kfeu) 0.05

ch2 (fjckssfou) 0.14

ch3 (fu;kflu) 0.20

ch5 (iSUVksFkhfud vEy) 0.31

ch6 (ik;fjMksfDlu) 0.05

ch7 (ck;ksfVu) 2.06

ch9 (Qksfyd vEy) 1.00(ekbksxzk@ fdxzk)

ch12 (dksckyfeu) 0.06(ekbksxzk@ fdxzk)

lh (,ldksjfcy vEy) 1.30(fe- xzk@ fdxzk)

ftu yksxksadksxk; dsnwk lsMk;fj;k] vLFkek] lwtu ,oa

fpM+fpM+siu tSlsfcekfj;kgkstkrh gS] muds fy, cdjh

dk nwk gh xk; dsnwk dk ,d LoHkkfod fodYi gSA ;g

ihfM+r ejhtksadksvklkuh lsip tkrk gSA cdjh dsnwk esa

Hkh xk; o ekuo nwk dh rjg ySDVkst gksrh gS] ijUrqfQjHkh ftu yksxksadksySDVkst bUVkWyjsUl uked ,ythZgksrh

gS] ;g muesaHkh vklkuh lsip tkrk gSrFkk T;knk vPNh

rjg lsvkar esalks[k fy;stkusdsdkj.k dksyu esacgqr

FkksM+h ek=k esagh vo'ks"k jg tkrh gSA


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cdjh dsnwk dsvPNh rjg lsipuso vkar esa vo'kks"k.kdsihNsdbZdkj.k fufgr gSa%

1. bldsnwk lsdslhu ngh] FkksM+h ,oa uje curh gStksfd ekuo ikpu ra= }kjk vklkuh lslks[k yhtkrh gSA

2. bldsnwk dsolk XyksC;wy dk vkdkj cgqr NksVk]djhc nksekbksehVj gksrk gS tcfd xk; dsnwkdk 21 ls31 ekbksehVj gksrk gSA blfy, ;sNksVh XyksC;wy vPNh rjg ls fMlilZ (QSy) gkstkrh gS,oavfkd le:i feJ.k cukrh gSA

3. cdjh dsnwk esaNksVso e;e psu ds QSVh ,flMik, tkrs gSa ftuds ,LVj fyadst dks ykbist,sUtkbe vkjke lso tYnh lsrksM+ ldrsgSaA

4. cdjh ds nwk esa vxyqVhuhu ugha gksrk] blfy,olk XyksC;wy dk >qaM (DyLVj) ughacu ikrkA

cdjh dsnwk dk vkS"kkh; xq.k

Msaxqcq[kkj] ,sMht ,thIVh uked ePNjksa ds}kjk ekuoesaQSyk;k tkrk gStksfd ekuo [kwu esaIysVysV~l dhla[;k dks ?kVk nsrk gSA blds fy, dksbZ izHkko'kkyhmipkj Hkh ugh gSA lky esa50 ls100 fefy;u yksxbl cq[kkj lsizHkkfor gksrs gSaA

cdjh dk nwk Msaxq ds ejhtksa ds fy, ,d izkfrdvkS"kfk dk dke djrk gSA cdjh dk nwk bu ejhtksaesadqN [kfut inkFkksZdsikpu ,oaeSVkcksfyd bLrsekydks c


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vkf.od fpUgd o budk ekfRL;dh foKku esami;ksxes?kk dne csMsdj ,oaxk;=h f=ikBh

Hkkvuqi&dsah; ekfRL;dh f'k{kk laLFkku] v/ksjh osLV] eqacbZ(egkjk"V)

eRL; ikyu o ty lao/kZu gekjh vkfFkZdh o laLfrdk egRoiw.kZvax gSA eNfy;ksaesafofo/krk bruh vf/kdgSdh ikjEikfjd fof/k lsbudk oxhZdj.k o tula[;kfo'ys"k.k djuk yxHkx vlaHko gSA vk.kfod fpUgd(eksfyD;wyj ekdZj) Mh,u, ij Lrqr oksLFkku gstksvuqoaf'kd gSrFkk thu esaigpkustk ldrsgSaA

iSr`d fofHkUurk fdlh Hkh tkfr ds tho dks

okrkoj.k ds vuqdwy ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds vuq:iLo;a dks


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dbZ dkj ds Mh,u, fpUgd eNfy;ksa ds oxhZdj.kdsfy;s;ksx esayk;sx;sgSatksoxZfu/kkZj.k thukseekufp=.k o mRifjorZu v/;;u ds fy;s;ksx fd;s

x;sgSA ijUrqgky gh esau, fpUgd tSlsvfHkO;fde miuke (b,lVh) ckj dksM lokZf/kd pfyr gksjgsgSaA b,lVh ,sls Mh,u, e gSatksthukse esa,d ckjvfHkO;fr gksrsgSaA pwafd ;sMh,u, ds vfHkO;fr H

MAGAZINE_PASHUDHAN PRAKASH 2014.pdf

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