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Transcript of macam macam penyakit akibat perubahan iklim
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DAMPAK PERUBAHAN IKLIM GLOBAL PADA KESEHATAN
PENYAKIT INFEKSI YG BERHUBUNGAN DGN PERUBAHAN IKLIM
Nunuk Nugrohowati, Drg, MS
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Dampak Kesehatan yg terjadi:
Terjd nya peny pernafasan,akibat dr:– pemanasan global & deplesi ozon yg
meny pencemaran udara.– Industrialisasi pd negara berkemb
berperan dlm memperberat pen -cemaran udara ini
Dampak potensial akibat ozone depletion dan pemanasan global adl penyakit infeksi /communicable diseases.
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Bbrp fenomena penyebab terjd wabah penyakit infeksi
global warming, stratospheric ozone depletionAs UV-B increases with ozone depletion, it may potentially affect immunity to such diseases at the same time that changes in climate due to global warming may result in the expression of diseases in areas that have never dealt with them before. This could cause a situation where a population has a depressed immunity to a disease and is exposed to it in an area where public health facilities are ill prepared to deal with it
Impacts Due to Malnutrition and Lack of Water . Increases in global temperature are likely to cause droughts and associated disruptions in agriculture and water supplies. The United States and other highly developed nations probably have the resources and the infrastructure to adjust, with regional impacts being ameliorated by national distribution systems. In the less well-developed nations, it is likely that these effects will result in famines, thereby contributing to malnutrition and increased susceptibility to a variety of infectious diseases. The World Bank has estimated that there are at least 100 million individuals in Africa who do not have enough food (28); the additional problems due to global warming can only serve to make such a bad situation worse.
Impacts Due to Crowding. As global temperatures rise, so will the sea level, eventually placing many thousands of hectares of land under water. Much of the world's populations live on coastlines that will be threatened, and as the coastlines disappear, their residents will be crowded into less land area. Such crowding is likely to exacerbate many of the problems already encountered in the megacities housing much of the population in developing nations.
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Situasi Saat Ini
Iklim sangat berperan dlm transmisi peny inf mortalitas, morbiditas negara berkembang
Faktor iklim merup determinant penting dr bermac vector-borne dis, enteric illnesses, water-related disease
Wabah peny diperberat o/kond iklim ekstrim beratnya tkt transmisi
Kond iklim ekstrim diantaranya:– Simple extrim : suhu ud sangat rendah /
sangat tinggi– Komplex ekstrim: kekeringan, banjir, angin
topan
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Latar belakang
Bbrp peny infeksi (vector-borne dis ;water-borne dis) sec geografis peka & sangat terpengaruh o/faktor lingk (iklim, presipitasi)
Efek langsung iklim thd peny infeksi mempengaruhi 3 faktor:
1. Perilaku mns, sec langs di penga- ruhi o/iklim dpt memperkirakan bentuk2 transmisi peny ;mis infeksi influenza di Eropa pd musim dingin (mel udara), gastroenteritis pd musim panas (mel mknan)
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2. Pd patogen/agent peny yg berkemb diluar final host (lingk; intermediate host/vektor) iklim memp efek langs pd perkemb biakan patogen. Sebag besar virus, bakteri, parasit tdk berkemb biak pd suhu udara dibawah batas ttt; mis 18 drjt C u/parasit malaria plasmodium falciparum, 20 drjt C u/Virus Japanese encephalitis. Suhu leb tinggi dr batas nya akan memperpendek wkt berkemb biak patogen
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3.Vektor Penyakit Krn perub suhu, peny yg berkemb di
daerah tropis dpt berkemb ditempat lain (sub tropis) mis malaria, Dengue (suhu dpt memperpendek waktu berkemb biak virus, bakteri, parasit)
Tkt perkemb biakan, distribusi sec geo -grafis vektor peny sangat tergant pada:– suhu (metabolic rate, produksi telur,
blood –feed >),– curah hujan, – kelembaban (habitat vektor yg baik)
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Faktor non iklim yg berpengaruh thd waktu dan beratnya wabah:
1. Kerentanan populasi (imunitas dan malnutrisi)
2. Dinamika populasi (resistensi thd obat2an)
3. Perpindahan populasi dan pertanian (mis irigasi dan kerusakan hutan)
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Vector-borne infectious diseases
____Some Insect Vectors and Diseases they transmit____
Vector______ Disease___________ Pathogen____________ Mosquitoes
Anopheles sp. Malaria Plasmodium sp.
Culex sp. Filariasis Wuchereria bancrofti
Wuchereria malayi
Culex sp. Encephalitis Arbovirus
Aedes aegypti Yellow fever Arbovirus
Aedes aegypti Dengue Arbovirus
Biting flies
Deer fly Filariasis Loa loa
Black fly River blindness Onchocerca volvulus
Tsetse fly Sleeping sickness Trypanosoma gambiense
and rhodesiense
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Vector Disease Pathogen
Sand fly Kala-azar Leishmania donovani
Tropical ulcer L tropica
Cutaneous leishmaniasis L mexicana
Espundia L Braziliense
Other insects
Gnats Filariasis Mansonella ozzardi
Rat flea Plaque Yersinia pestis
Murine thypus Rickettsia mooseri
Body louse Epidemic typhus R. prowazekii
Trench fever R,quintana
Mite Rickettsialpox R.akari
Tick Rocky moun spotted fever R.rickettsi
Tick Lyme disease Borrelia burgdorferiTick Colorado tick fever Arbovirus_____________
Sumber: Env Health,1995
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Bbrp peny infeksi yg berhub dg iklimA. Epidemic; Strong climate-link
1. Cholera Infeksi bakteri meny wabah dan
pandemi di sel dunia sejak 1961. Epidemik terjd berhub dg curah hujan
tinggi, suhu ud tinggi, pd pop plankton Ditemukan agent kolera br V.Cholerae
0139 di Bangladeshmutasi & komb dr agent lama V.Cholerae dan V.Eltor dg daya tahan, resistensi, survival leb tnggi penderita tak memp antibodi thd peny ini
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• AgentVibrio Cholerae & Vibrio EltorJohn Snow 1854 →kolera ditularkan mel airKoch 1884 →penemu Vibrio Cholerae
• PenyebaranIndonesia, India, Bangladesh
• ReservoirManusia (Human Reservoir)
• TransmisiMakanan/minuman yang tercemar dengan tinja, urine atau cairan muntahan pasien
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2. Malaria Vect-borne dis, kematian kira2 1 jt/
th,90% terjd di Sub-sahara Afrika/sub Peny tropis yg berkemb dr Korea
utara-Af sel dg prev dekat equator Wabah terjd stlh hujan & suhu
yg , perkemb vektor terjd pd air stagnan nyamuk dws perlu kond lembab
Pop dg imunitas < mudah terjd epidemik krn iklim mempermudah transmisi
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3. Meningococcal meningitis Air-borne bacterial dis, Epidemik
tinggi terjd di Sub-Sahara Afrika pd musim panas, kering, awal musim hujan
Letak geografis epidemik ada pd daerah dg kelembaban absolut <10 gr/m3 sepanj tahun (Cheesbrough at al , 1995)
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4. Dengue/DHF Epidemik didaerah urban tropis/subt
disebabk o/Aedes aegypti, dihub dg curah hujan, suhu ud dan kelembab an tinggi
Bbrp peneliti menyimp bhw faktor non-climate/intrinsik (imunitas populasi) leb sbg penyebab terjd epidemik
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5. Yellow Fever Zoonotic-viral dis, meny epidemik pd
daerah urban dg vekt A.aegypti Meluasnya distrb Ae aegypti di asia &
eropameluasnya transm yellow f. Perkemb ae aegypti &yellow f sangat
tergant pd suhu ud dan curah hujan Penyebab utama adl presipitasi shg
meningkatk perkemb biakan vektor
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6. African trypanosomiasis Sleeping sickness, menyebar di Afrika
tengah dan timur; Dg melihat distrb lalat tsetse, penelit
menunj hub ant suhu ud, vegetasi dan distr lalat tsetse di Afrika.
Dpt jg disebabk o/ non-climatic factors mis: inf manusia & sapi, perpindah pop, kerusakan hutan, resistansi obat
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7. Japanese encephalitis (JE)& St. Louis encephalitis (SLE)
JE merup penyebab utama kematian di Asia (30rb-50rb/th)V.encephalitis
Transmisi oleh nyamuk Culex dg reservoir babi, burung air dan mns.
JE meny epidemik berat, terjd pd musim panas dg suhu 30 drjtC atau >
Di India kasus tertinggi pd curah hujan dan suhu ud meningkat
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Transmisi SLE o/ nyamuk Culex dan sir kulasi pd burung liar dg wabah pd mns
Seb terjd epidemik, terjd nyamuk yg terinfeksi virus , ditandai dg juml burung dan manusia yg terinfeksi
Meningk suhu memberi tempat bg ber kemb nyamuk, inkubasi virus.
Periode kekeringan diikuti hujan lebat merup fakt utama terjd ep SLE di Florid
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8. Rift Valley fever (RVF) Zoonotic-dis; transmisi mel nyamuk
Culicine betina; meny wabah pd mns Pd th 1990 o/Linthicum et al ditemu
kan bhw adany curah hujan dan banjir sbg penyebab wabah RVF
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9. Leishmaniasis Disebabk o/parasit protozoa dg trans
misi gigitan phlebotomin sandflies. Visceral leishmaniasis (VL)epidemik
tinggi di Afganistan, Afrika utara, Asia brt-sel, Amerika sel
Wabah VL dihub dg perpind pop, perub lingk (konstruksi dam, kerusak an hutan), perub reservoir zoonotik
Iklim sangat berpengaruh thd wabah
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10. West Nile virus (WNV) Zoonotic-arbovirus dg transmisi o/
nyamuk urban culex kadang2 meny sakit pd mnskurang penting pd kes masy, kec akhir2 ini meny wabah di US
Epidemik muncul pd musim panas & kering, erat hub dg iklim
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11.Ross River virus (RRV)&Murray Valley encephalitis (MVE)
Enzootic arthritic infection, transmisi o/ nyamuk culex dan aedes, kadang2 mns dg perkemb virus.
Epidemik RRV terut di Austr sel Bukti mengat hub pos ant fluktuasi
RRV, hujan dan suhu udara. MVE disebabk o/ JE-related flavirus,
transm o/nyamuk culex di Australia
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B. Penyakit epidemik dg “weak or non-existing climate link”
1. Influenza Epidemik & wabah disebabk krn
perub pd viral antigenik protein (strain baru)
Fluktuasi musiman krn penurunan suhu udara
Epidemik leb disebabk o/faktor non-iklim spt tipe virus, program vaksina si, perilaku manusia
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2. Diarrhea Non-cholera Tipe peny musiman, dg kasus pd
musim panas di neg berkemb dg sani tasi buruk, Banjir & kekeringan risk
Singh et al (2001) meneliti bhw ada hub ant ketersediaan air dg tkt diarrhea bhw faktor non-iklim (sist pengolahan air limbah, sanitasi umum, air terkontaminasi,mknan) sangat mempengaruhi timb wabah
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3. Measles, pertusis, poliomyelitis
Epidemik sec alami, wabah terut terjd pd masa sekolah
Tdk ada hub langs ant epidemik dg faktor iklim
Epidemik leb disebabk krn program vaksinasi, perilaku mns dan perpindahan populasi
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4. Sexually transmitted disease (mis: HIV)
Peny infeksi tlh menyebar di sel dunia Prevalensi disebabkan krn perilaku
sex, penggunaan kontrasepsi atau kead sos-ek lain
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5. Tuberculosis (TB) Air-borne inf disease; meny kematian
sekitar 2juta pend dunia per thn Epidemik karena meluasnya
resistensi obat TB dan menyebarnya HIV/AIDS.
Epidemik TB berhub dg non-climate factor mis: resistensi obat, prevalensi HIV serta kondisi sos-ek secara umum
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C. Penyakit infeksi Non-epidemik yang berhub dengan iklim
1. Intestinal nematoda Hidup dan berkembang di tanah Faktor iklim (kelembaban dan suhu
udara) sangat berpengaruh pd tkt perkemb pemasakan cacing
2. Schistosomiasis Distribusi geografis tergantung faktor
lingkungan diantaranya: curah hujan, suhu udara, komposisi badan air.
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3. Lymphatic filariasis Transmisi o/nyamuk spcies culicine
dan anopheline di daerah tropis. Tdk terjd epidemik, krn peny tsb adl
kronis, gejala klinis tdk timbul bisa sampai berthn2 setlh infeksi
Distribusi geografis filariasis dan vektor nya di Afrika berhub dg suhu udara dan presipitasi
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4. Chagas disease (American trypanosomiasis)
Agent Tripanosoma cruzi ; protozoa Peny inf zoonotikreservoir mamalia
sylvatic spt opossum dan rodent Peny kronis dg periode latent, infektif,
sering asimptomatik Bukan epidemik, adanya kutu triato
mine ada hub dg kelembaban rendah, vegetasi khusus
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5. Lyme Disease (Rodent-borne dis)
Distrib endemik di Amerika ut, Eropa dan Asia krn adanya distrib vektor ixodid ticks
Ada hub antara fakt lingk (banjir) dan distrib tick dg adanya lyme disease
Insidens lyme dis mencapai peak pd bln2 musim panas, lebih disebabk o/ peri laku mns (aktivitas di luar rumah) krn kontak antara manusia dg ticks
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Bbrp kategori non-climate factors:
Struktur umur populasi Adanya peny kardiovaskuler, pernafas
an, diarrhea Tingkat sosial ekonomi Kondisi lingk, mis : penggunaan air,
kualitas air, kondisi perumahan Kualitas fasilitas kesehatan Adanya alat kontrol, mis program
vektor kontrol
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