B GIO DC V O TO TRNG I HC HNG VNG TPHCM***

KHOA: CNG NGH SAU THU HOCHMN HC: NGUYN LIU THC PHM

TI

MACCA N HONG CA QU KH

GVHD: c Tuyt Ngc Nhm thc hin: 1. Hunh Th Thy An 2. Mai Th Kim Hnh 3. V Qu Chi 4. Nguyn Thu H

101C700314 101C700108 101C700208 101C700108

Nm 2011 1

NHN XT CA GING VIN

................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................IM

TP H Ch Minh, ngythngnm 2011

TN GV C Tuyt Ngc

2

LI GII THIUCy Macca c ngun gc t Australia, c pht hin nm 1857 v c trng thnh cng nm 1858. Cho n nay, n c coi l cy trng tr nht trong lch s trng cy lm nghip ca loi ngi, c trng Australia, M, Braxin, Kenya, Costa Rica, Nam Phi, Trung Quc, Thi Lan vi din tch trn 50.000 ha, sn lng khong 100.000 tn/nm. Trong thi gian gn y, cy Macca (Macdamia) c nhiu h nng dn cc vng Ty Bc v Ty Nguyn a vo trong m hnh trng xen. Ti k Nng, m hnh trng Macca xen trong vn c ph bc u cho thy nhng hiu qu tt, m ra trin vng pht trin cy Macca ti k Nng. Macca l loi cy trng mi cn mang tnh th nghim nn nng sut gia cc ging l khng ng u, c cu ging trong vn cn c c cy thc sinh, cy ghp v cy gim cnh. Tuy nhin, bc u c th khng nh rng Macca l cy trng c gi tr kinh t cao, t su bnh v c tnh thch nghi rng, khng kh trng, khng i hi u t qu nhiu, c th trng xen vi nhiu loi cy khc nh c ph, ch, u .

Trong tng lai khng xa, Macca s tr thnh loi cy c gi tr xutkhu cao bn cnh nhiu loi cy khc nh la, go, c ph, cao su, iu, tiu,

3

I.

C S L LUN

1. Gii thiu v cy Macca: Cy Macadamia (Khi v n Vit Nam nng dn d tip thu th mi ngi li t cho n mt ci tn khc gi l Macca d gi v gn vi cch gi tn cy min ni pha bc nc ta. Do cng gp khng t kh khn trong vic giao dch quc t.) l mt trong nhng cy trng c gi tr kinh t cao. Macadamia l tn gi chung cho 9 loi cy thuc chi Macadamia, h Cho thui (Proteaceae); trong hai loi cy c gi tr thng mi l M. integrifolia

Maiden & Betche v M.tetraphylla. L. Johnson. C hai loi ny u mc vng ven bin pha ng - Nam Queensland v ng - Bc New Wales ca Australia. y l loi cy thn g thng xanh, cao n 15-18m; l mc vng mi cm 3 l, cng, thun hnh mc ngc, di 10-30cm; r chm, chu c hn; hoa c mu trng sa; qu thuc nhm qu hch, trn c v cng, ng knh 2,5 - 4cm (khong 120 - 137 ht/kg); ht c v cng dy 2-5mm, t l nhn 30 - 50 %. Ht Macca c hm lng dinh dng cao v hng v thm ngon, c bit thch hp trong ch bin thc phm. Thnh phn dinh dng ca ht gm: 78,2% cht bo, 10% hp cht ng, 9,2% hp cht m (protein), 0,7% mui khong, vitamin B6: 16mg/kg; 1,2 mg/kg vitamin B1...; nhn ht c mi thm nh, c th dng lm nhn bnh ngt, nhn chocolate, kem, bnh hp, hoc n trc tip dng hp rt c a chung M, chu u. Mc d ht cy Macca c hm lng du cao, nhng trn 80% trong s l cht bo n cha bo ha, rt li cho sc khe v c th gip lm gim cc bnh v tim mch. n u n ht Macca vi mt khu phn cn i s khng lm tng cn hoc bo ph. Nghin cu v dc hc ch ra rng n mt lng nh ht Macca mi ngy c th lm gim lng LDL (loi4

cholesterol c hi trong mu) m khng lm gim lng HDL (loi cholesterol c li trong mu). V th ht Macca c nh gi rt cao v c xem l rt tt cho sc khe. Chnh v vy, ht Macca c gi l hong hu trong cc loi ht v t nht th gii. Vit Nam, ht Macca hin c gi 2,5 USD/kg c v. Th trng M, New Zealand, chu u c nhu cu tiu th ht Macca rt ln, tng sn lng Macca trn th gii hin mc khong 120.000 tn nhng mi ch p ng c 25% nhu cu th trng. Hawaii, Macca c trng bng cy ghp ca cc dng c tuyn chn. Cy ra qu nm 3 v sai qu tui 10, n tui 12 th nng sut tng gp i tui 10. Thi k sai qu ca cy ln n 60 tui v tui th c th n 100 tui. Nu trng bng ht th tui 5 hoc 6 mi cho qu v nng sut s thp hn. Khi c trng th nghim cy ht Ba V ( H Ty ) cho qu sm hn, khong 4 n 5 tui. Thnh phn ch yu s dng c ca cy l nhn mu trng sa ng vng , chim gn 1/3 trng lng ht. C th dng nhn n sng, lm cc loi bnh, xo hoc rang u c. Ngoi nhn ra th phn v cng c lm thc n gia sc, lm nhin liu hoc lm cht n bn t cy cnh. Gi Macca trn th trng th gii rt hp do m hng chc nm qua cc nc ua nhau pht trin cy Macca. Nhng lng cung c d bo khng ui kp vi lng cu. V th m gi Macca trn th trng th gii vn khng ngng tng v l hng nng sn t gi nht trn th trng th gii hin nay. ng u th gii v din tch v sn lng l c v M. Nu Macca c trng Vit Nam vi mc u t thp hn nhiu so vi caf ln vi thiu, khong 15 20 triu/ ha u t ban u v 1,5 n 2 triu chm bn cho cc nm sau, vi kh hu min bc nc ta, t 10 tui tr i t nht cng thu hoch c 3 tn ht ( 1 tn nhn/ ha). Nu sn xut nhn Macca xut khu, th vi gi 25 USD/ kg nhn nh hin nay, 1 ha Macca t 1 tn nhn/ nm, s cho thu nhp 25.000 USD, tng ng 500 triu VND. V th, cy Macca xng ng l la chn cc h dn Ty Bc v vng ni cao Ty Nguyn trng xo i gim ngho.5

Hin nay, Vit Nam ang giai an trng th nghim, cy Macca c trng th nghim u tin Ba V H Ni, sau trng th nghim k Lk, Sn La, Ngh An v c qu. Ht c hng v thm ngon lm thc phm cao cp, nhn Socola, Gi tr dinh dng: Nguyn Macadamia ht nhn, trn 100 gram Gi tr dinh dng trn 100 g (3.5 oz) Nng lng Carbohydrates Cht bo 3.080 kJ (740 kcal) 7,9 g 74,0 g * Cht bo bo ha: 10,0 g * Cht bo khng bo ha n: 60 g * Polyunsaturated cht bo: 4,0 g Protein Vitamin B 6 Vitamin C Vitamin E Canxi St Magnesium Photpho Kali Km 9,2 g 0 mg (0%) 0 mg (0%) 4 mg (27%) 64 mg (6%) 2 mg (15%) 0 mg (0%) 241 mg (34%) 410 mg (9%) 0 mg (0%)

T l phn trm l tng i so vi khuyn ngh ca Hoa K dnh cho ngi ln. Ngun: USDA C s d liu dinh dng

6

2. Qu trnh cy Macca gia nhp th trng Vit Nam: Macca l loi cy c gi tr v hiu qu kinh t rt cao. Khong nm 1993 1994, mt s cn b lnh o a phng v mt s nh khoa hc ca nc ta a mt s cy v trng k Lk, Sn La, c s nghin cu ca Vin Lm nghip ( Ba V H Ni ). Nm 1999 cy cho ht. Nm 2002, Vit Nam nhp 10.000 cy Macca, em trng Ngh An, Sn La, Lai Chu v mt s vng khc. Vo nm 2003, Australia tng Hip hi doanh nghip nh v va ngnh ngh nng thn Vit Nam 500 kg ht v 100 cy ging qu trng th nghim Cng ty C phn ging Lm nghip ( Ba V H Ni ). Trong nhng nm gn y mt s c s khc cng bt u trng th Macadamia trn mt s iu kin sinh thi nht nh, mt s ni cy c qu. n nm 2011, cy u dng ca ging Macca 842 c 815 qu, tng ng 2,4 kg nhn/cy. Cy u dng ca ging 695 c 647 qu, tng ng 2 kg nhn/cy. 3. Gi tr kinh t t cy Macca mang li: y l cy l, tui th trn 100 nm, c qu kh ngon, b nn nhu cu hng nm ca th trng th gii rt ln d bo c th ln ti 40 vn tn/nm. Hin nay sn lng mi t 10 vn tn/nm nn cung khng cu, gi bn rt cao. 5 nm gn y, gi nguyn liu Macca trn th trng th gii lun n nh mc 2.000-2.500 USD/tn. ng Nguyn Thi Hc, Ch tch HQT Cty Ch bin XNK Nng sn ng Nai (DONAFOODS) cho bit t nhng nm 90, Cty u t xy dng nh my v h thng thit b, ch bin ht Macca vi cng sut 5.000 tn nguyn liu/nm. Hng chc nm qua nh my vn hot ng n nh nhng ch yu phi nhp nguyn liu. Hy vng c th xy dng vng nguyn liu trong nc, t nm7

2004, Cty lin tc phi hp vi cc chuyn gia ca Australia v cc nh khoa hc trong nc tin hnh trng kho nghim ti ng Nam b nhng kt qu thp do khng t iu kin sinh thi. Tip tc theo ui chng trnh vi mc tiu nhn rng, pht trin cy Macca trn a bn min ni pha Bc nm 2005, Cty u t xy dng NM Ch bin nng sn thc phm ti Thi Bnh ng thi phi hp vi Cty CP Ging lm nghip vng ng Bc sn xut, ghp thnh cng 10.000 cy v trng huyn Mc Chu Sn La.

C th thy Macca l cy cng nghip c gi tr cao, nhu cu th trngth gii ln nn rt c trin vng. Sn phm Macca c ch bin dng chin, rang nguyn liu, bc ko socola, ch bin cc sn phm bnh ko hoc ch bin cc mn nu n cao cp v c tiu th ch yu cc nc pht trin: M, Canada, Nht, chu u gi bn thng gp 2,5 3 ln gi nhn iu. II. THC TRNG PHT TRIN CY MACCA TRN TH TRNG VIT NAM HIN NAY:

1. iu kin a l vng thch hp trng Macca v tnh hnh phn b:a. iu kin a l vng thch hp trng cy Macca: V t ai: Macca l cy 2 l mm in hnh, r chm ln, phm vi phn b r ch cch mt t khong 70 cm tr li v vy kh nng chu gi ln ca cy rt km. Tuy nhin cy c u im l khng kn t, trn loi t xu c tng t khng ti 30 cm, hm lng cht hu c khong 1%, pH 4,5 cy vn pht trin tt v cho nng sut cht lng ht mc trung bnh. Macca pht trin trn t tht nh, thi hn ngp ng khng qu 10 ngy.8

Macca khng a t kim, t phn mn, t vi, t mc ga lt, t ong ho hoc thoi ho nghim trng Nh vy Bc b c trin vng s c din tch rt rng ln trng cy Macca. Vng ni cao gip ranh gia Ty v ng Trng Sn, ni c n ma Ty Trng Sn sm ng thi c hng ma mun ca ng Trng Sn nh Khe Xanh, An Kh, vng gip ranh gia Bo Lc v Tnh Linh ... cng c th l vng ph hp vi pht trin ca cy Macca. Tt c nhng phn tch trn c th d bo min ni pha Bc nc ta va c th c nhiu t trng, trin vng v pht trin nng sut c th t ti hng triu ha. V kh hu: Tuy c gi tr kinh t cao nhng Macca l loi cy rt kh trng, t l u qu ca Macca rt thp. Mi cy c khong 3 triu hoa nh nhng ch 6-13% hoa c kt qu m cui cng cng ch c 0,3-0,4% hoa pht dc c qu thnh thc. Ngha l mt cy 3 triu hoa ch c kh nng u c 10.000-12.000 qu. Nu gp iu kin thi tit tht thng hay hm lng dinh dng khng hp l th s dn ti hin tng rng qu. Ngoi rng qu sinh l, cy thiu nc cng rng qu nhiu, nu c gi kh, nng xut hin t ngt cng lm rng qu nhiu. Qua theo di ti Ba V nhng nm khng c ma phn trong ma xun t l u qu vn di 0,3%. Nu gp ma phn th ton b hoa rng ht. V vy, khi trng Macca cn la chn k lng vng kh hu ph hp. Ch nhit l tng Macca sinh trng t 25-38 C vo ma h. Nhit pht lc khong 20-30 C. Thi k ra hoa cn nhit thp hn 17 C ko di t 4-5 tun, nu cao hn 17oC, cy ra hoa t, trn 20oC cy ra hoa rt t, trn 25oC cy khng ra hoa. Khi th phn, u qu, cy Macca yu cu m khng kh thp, tri kh hanh. Nu khi ra hoa m gp ma phn, m cao, th hoa s rng nhiu, t l u qu rt thp. Xt v tng th nhng vng c nhit bnh qun thng rt nht vo ma ng khong 14 C l thch hp cho s pht trin ca cy Macca.

9

i chiu vi yu cu mi trng sinh thi, nht l v ch nhit, m khng kh trong thi k ra hoa c th d bo cy Macca s pht trin tt vng ni Ty Bc v vng cao Ty Nguyn nc ta. b. Tnh hnh phn b: Hin nay Vit Nam cy Macca ch trong giai on trng th nghim v trng th nghim u tin Ba V, sau trng k Lk, Sn La, Ngh An, v c ht. a bn tnh Lm ng tng din tch Macca c tnh khong 107,9 ha. Trong : Huyn Lm H: 96,4 ha. Huyn n Dng: 0,5 ha. Huyn c Trng: 3 ha. Huyn Di Linh: 3 ha. TP Bo Lc: 1 ha. Huyn am Rng: 4 ha, ging c trng l ging ghp v ging ht ( ngoi ra, cn mt s din tch Macca dn t mua ging trng t cc c s bn ging cha thng k c ). 1 s khu vc trng Macca trn a bn tnh Lm ng a im Nm ng knh gc Chiu cao ng knh tn trng (cm) (m) 0,5-0,6 1,8-2 5-6 5-6 1 2,5-3,5 3,5-4,5 3 15 (m) (%) Lm H 2010 0,6-0,7 Di Linh 2009 1,5-1,8 .Dng 2006 8-10 Di Linh 2004 11-13 Kh Kh Kh Kh T l Sinh ra hoa trng

2. Tc tng trng v nng sut ht:Nm 2004, Phng Nng nghip v Pht trin nng thn huyn Krng Nng phi hp vi Trung tm nghin cu ging cy rng Vit Nam trng th nghim m hnh xen canh cy Macadamia vi c ph ch, khong cch 9 x 6 m ( tc 277 cy/ ha ) vi 5 dng v tnh c nhp t Australia, Trung Quc v cc cy i chng trng bng cy ht nhp t Australia ( C1 ), cy ghp ti Ba V. Sau hn 5 nm trng th nghim, kt qu t l cy sng t trung bnh 96%, ng knh gc trung bnh 11,82 cm, chiu cao trung bnh 5,15 m v ng knh tn10

trung bnh 4,5m. Sn lng trung bnh t 4,8 kg ht/ cy; cao hn cy trng Thi Lan, Australia ( 1 4 kg ht/ cy ) v tng ng vi cy trng Hawaii M ( 3 5 kg ht/ cy ) ( O Hare et.al., 2003). Ring i vi m hnh trng cy Macca ghp xen trong vn c ph, chui ti x Tn Lm, huyn Di Linh c kt qu sinh trng pht trin tt nht; cy Macca trng t nm 2004 trn din tch 0,3 ha ( 75 cy, trng vi khong cch 6 x 6m ), ng knh gc trung bnh 12cm 15 cm, cao trung bnh 5 6m, ng knh tn 3,5 4,5m, hin c khang 18% s cy bt u c hoa (c cy c vi bng, c cy c gn trm bng ), hoa mu trng, mi cnh c t 3 4 gi bng di 15-25cm, mi gi bng c khong 100 150 hoa. Mt s m hnh c qu, mi chm 3-5 qu (ng knh qu khong1cm), do l cy trng mi nn nng h cha ch u t chm sc nn ch thu hach c 2-4 kg ht/cy. c bit m hnh nng h n Dng trng cy t ht nm 2006 c bng nm th 2, hoa mu hng nht, ra hoa khp tn cy. Nng sut ht Cy Macca ghp sau khi trng 3-4 nm cho qu, khong 5- 6 nm c th bt u thu hoch. n nm th 12- 15 nng sut ht khong 3 tn/ha, nng sut nhn t 1 tn/ha, gi bn 150.000 ng/kg s thu 150 triu ng/ha. Bc sang thi k nh hnh, nng sut ht c th t trn 5 tn/ha th mt ha Macca c th to ra gi tr trn 300 triu /nm. Cy Macca c chu k cho ht t 50 60 nm, do cy yu cu kht khe trn th trn th gii. Sn lng ti thiu phi t 5 tn/ ha ( cy t 10 14 tui ). Vi ging ghp mi, Macca mi ha trng t 400 cy n 500 cy. Trng sang nm th 4 Lm ng, thu hach ht kh mi cy trn di 10 k. T nm th 5

11

n nm th 8, sn lng mi cy tng ln n 30 k. n nm th 10 tr i, t l khng nh, s cy s thu t nh 100 k III. NH GI TIM NNG CA CY MACCA TRONG TNG LAI V KT LUN: 1. Tim nng pht trin cy Macca trong tng lai: Pht trin cy Macca khng ch em li thu nhp cao cho nng dn k Nng m cn c ngha trnh ri ro khi c canh c ph, tiu ng thi gip a dng ha c cu cy trng, a dng ha mt hng xut khu. Vi c im chu hn tt, Macca vn sinh trng trong iu kin t trng thiu nc, ht sc c li cho mi trng, c th lm cy che bng cho c ph, hoc trng thnh rng nhng vn cho thu nhp khng nh hng nm. Trng Macca ang m ra c hi mi cho nng nghip k Nng. Nm 2010, Trung tm Khuyn nng Khuyn ng tnh ch trng tin hng xy dng 11ha m hnh ti cc huyn k Rlp, Tuy c, k Glong, k Mil. Vi s u t mnh cho m h nh cy trng cng nghip mi ny, v ng tin trong tng lai khng xa, Macca s tr thnh loi cy c gi tr xut khu cao. Theo nghin cu ca Trung tm Khuyn nng Khuyn ng k Nng, vic a vo trng i tr loi cy ny cng cn c bc kho st, xem xt k lng iu kin thi tit, kh hu tng vng c th, nu khng s khng t hiu qu nh mong i. Bn cnh , a loi cy trng ny vo sn xut v tr thnh sn phm xut khu ch lc, cc ngnh chc nng tnh k Nng cn qung b, tm kim th trng tiu th sn phm. 2. KT LUN Trng Macca ang m ra c hi mi cho nng nghip vng Ty Nguyn ni ring v c nc ni chung, nht l nhng a bn thiu nc hoc th nhng khng ph hp trng c ph, h tiu. Pht trin cy Macca ha hn trin vng lm giu cho ngi nng dn. Tuy nhin, theo nghin cu ca Vin KHKTNLN Ty Nguyn, vic a vo trng i tr loi cy ny cng cn c bc kho st, xem xt k lng iu kin thi tit, kh hu tng vng c th.12

Kh nng trng v pht trin Macca tai klk v Ty nguyn l rt kh thi, tuy nhin cn pht trin mt cch bn vng cy Macca , khng nn lm o o theo kiu phong tro. Ty Nguyn c nhiu tiu vng sinh thi (kh hu, th nhng) rt ph hp vi cy Macca, m bo cho cy Macca c th sinh trng v pht trin tt, a li hiu qu kinh t cao v bo v mi trng.. Quay tr li vi cy Macca ngy nay, chng ta cn tnh to v khng hp tp na, th m chm mt nm cho vic tham quan hc hi, cn hn nhanh m mi nm khng c g !

13