Lược Khảo Lịch Sử Đô Thị - Nguyễn Dương Tử

8/6/2019 Lc Kho Lch S Th - Nguyn Dng T

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Lc kho Lch s th

- TC Qun l th- Trang 1

BI GING MN HC:

LC KHO LCH S THS tit: 30

H: TCCN Ngnh Qun l th

Bin son: Ths-kts Nguyn Dng T


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CHNG 1: TH THI K C I1.1. S lc ngun gc thTh gii c i ra i vo lc ch cng x th tc tan r v x hi chim hu n l

hnh thnh. Nh nc chim hu n l khng ngng cng c v tp trung quyn lc vo taytng lp thng tr l ch n vi s h tr c lc ca qun i v tn gio.

Qu trnh hnh thnh v pht trin ch chim hu n l trn th gii din ra khc nhau

ty theo iu kin c th ca tng khu vc: khong 3500 nm Tr.CN khu vc Bc Phi

vi Ai Cp c i, sau l khu vc Lng H ( Me1sopotamie), Ty , chu , chu M

v kt thc La m (Roma) c i vo th k th V.

Huht cc quc gia c i u hnh thnh v pht trin ti nhng lu vc cc dng sng

ln, ni c iu kin t nhin thun li pht trin nng nghip, ng nghip, chn nui,

th cng nghip v thng nghip. l lu vc sng Nil ng Bc chu Phi vi nn

vn minh Ai Cp. khu vc Ty , gia 2 dng sng Tigre v Euphrat c nn vn minh

c i Babylone, Assyrie, Phenicie . . . lu vc sng Hng c nn vn minh Nam c

i vi n l i din. Lu vc Hong H, sng Dng T ng l ni xut hin

nn vn minh Trung Quc c i.

Cng vi s xut hin t chc x hi v Nh nc chim hu n l, bn cnh hnh thc

lng nng nghip, hnh thc c tr dng th hnh thnh. Khc vi lng nng nghip,

th c i nhanh chng tr thnh trung tm chnh chi phi mi hot ng x hi v l a

bn pht trin nn vn minh ca nhn loi. Cu trc th phn nh r nt s phn chia giai

cp trong x hi thng qua vic phn khu chc nng tng ng. Mt bn l khu vc dnh

cho tng lp ch n, bn kia l khu vc ca ngi n l. S khc nhau trong cu trc ca

cc th thng th hin thng qua kin trc tn gio. Do quan nim v tn ngng khc

nhau cc khu vc v quc gia c i m v tr v mi quan h gia khu vc Xy dng

cc cng trnh tn gio vi khu vc dn dng ca th c nhng im khc nhau.

1.2. th Ai Cp C i (3000- Th k III S.CN)Nm ti ng Bc Phi, gia 2 bin i Trung Hi v Hng Hi, l u mi giao thng

quan trng gia 3 chu lc , u, Phi, gia 2 rng ni v sa mc Lybia.

-Nhng th Ai Cp c i ra i t rt sm, khong 3000 TCN.

Nhng th Ai Cp c i u quy t dc theo hai bn b sng Nile nh mt yu


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t quan trng ca nn kinh t nng nghip. Thn quyn v Vng quyn cng tc

ng mnh n s hnh thnh b mt th, hnh thnh nn nhng trung tm tn

gio vi nhng n th hay lng m ln.

-Ngoi nhng qun th kim t thp v n i vi quy m ln c xy

dng bng cn tn ti c n nay, cc kt qu ca hot ng xy dng th

phn ln b sa mc v thi gian lm mt i. Nhng hnh thc ca th lc by

gi ch c th hnh dung c mt phn qua du vt cn li ca mt s th c

xy dng tp trung n l phc v cho vic xy dng kim t thp.

c im ni bt trong cch t chc v xy th Ai Cp c i th hin s phn khu

chc nng th 1 cch tch bit.: khu ca ngi sng v cc khu dnh cho ngi cht v

thn linh.

- Thnh ph cho ngi cht: lng m ca cc vng triu Ai Cp c i, kim tthp.

- Khu vc n th thn Ai Cp c i: i th thn Mt tri Hurus Abousir (2500Tr.CN).

- Khu vc c tr ca dn th: nh n l xy bng t nung, nh, n gin, b cct do, mt xy dng cao. Lu i dinh th ca Pharaon, nh qu tc , ch n quy m

ln, vt liu xy dng bng v c b cc cht ch.

1.2.1Thi k C Vng quc (3500- 2000 tr.CN):

Pharaon tp trung trong tay mi quyn lc. ngi Ai Cp cn c bit ch trng xy

dng nhng cng trnh thy li c quy m ln pht trin nng nghip, i ph ng lt.

Cc th tiu biu: thnh ph Memphis, thnh ph Abudos

1.2.2Thi k Trung Vng quc (2000- 1590 tr.CN):

Triu i Pharaon th XII- XVI. y l thi k pht trin rc r ca vn ha Ai Cp c

i.

Cc th tiu biu: Tba, Cumae, Semme, Kahun

1.2.3 Thi k Tn Vng quc (1590- 332 tr.CN):

Triu i Pharaon th XVIII- XXX. Ngoi Kim t thp, c nhiu tng th kin trc n

th quy m ln.

Cc th tiu biu: th Thbes .


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Thnh Kahun, c xy dng vo gia thin nin k th ba trc Cng nguyn trong

thi k tr v ca X-nu-xe II, mt hong ca vng triu th XII, l 1 thnh ph c mt

bng hnh ch nht. Tng gch xy bao quanh 380m x 260m, tng din tch khong 10ha.

Trong thnh chia r thnh 2 phn bi 1 bc tng gch, 1 phn pha Ty c kch thc

260 x 105m dnh cho dn n l, c 250 np nh nh xy dng bng t st nn, c 1 con

ng chy t Nam ln Bc, hai u l 2 ca thnh cho n l ra vo. N l khng c quyn

c kinh t ring, khng c quyn chn nui gia sc. Khu t pha ng ln hn chia ra 2

phn Bc v Nam. Khu t pha Bc dnh cho tng lp qu tc, c iu kin n rng ri,

ch c khong 10 ngi nh c sn trong ln. kiu nh ln nht c 70 phng ln nh, c sn

trong kch thc ti 60 45m. c c nh 2 tng, c cu thang i ln tng mi. Tng chu vi

bao quanh nh khng tr ca s, pha sn trong c hnh lang ct, vt liu xy dng l

lin kt bng va. Pha ca Ty ca khu vc ny c 1 ta kin trc ln, c cho l Hongcung. Phn pha Nam ca khu vc ng Kahun l khu vc dn trung lu.

Nh Kahun c hnh thc ph hp vi iu kin nhit i, c th dng mi bng sinh

hot chung v ng, c th sn trong lm ngh th cng, cc phng mt m do c t

chc thng gi.

T hnh thc v t chc cc khu dn c trong thnh ph, Kahun mang nhng c im

sau:

- Mu thun giai cp trong bn thn cuc sng th ny rt su sc, vic nhngngi n l sng theo hnh thc kiu giam lng nh vy l ngn chn s ni dy ca h.

- Kahun c mt bng hnh ch nht hng v phng Nam, song song vi ngi ca mt tri. y l tp tc ca ngi Ai Cp c i ch trng hng Nam, ni bt

ngun ca sng Nile, thut xem sao, tc quan st mt tri.


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- TC Qun l th- Trang

Hnh 1: th Kahun


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- TC Qun l th- Trang

Hnh 2: Tng nhn s v kim t thp Gizeh

V cha nhn thc c gii t nhin, tin rng quy lut ca cuc sng l do thn linh chi

phi, con ngi ch sng vnh cu sau khi cht, nn cuc sng th v hot ng xy

dng ca ngi Ai Cp c xa c nhng c im sau:

- i sng cng cng th gn lin vi cc cuc rc l tn gio, l vua, l hica cc tng lp dn chng.

- Nhng i l chnh ca th , cc n th tn gio, lng m, kim t thp c kchthc ln c xy dng rt nhiu.

Nt c sc ca ngh thut quy hoch th ca Ai Cp: hnh thnh c nhng qun thkin trc ln, vi s thng nht trong phong cch xy dng, chia r i tng ch yu v

th yu. Nhng kim t thp Gizeh, xy dng trong nhngth k khc nhau, lp li mt

quan nim nht nh v hnh thc v th khi nhng vn c sc truyn cm rt ln i vi

c qun th cng nh mi n th.

Du tch th Ai cp c i cn li l 1 s kim t thp. Chng l biu tng vn ha Ai

Cp c i rc r lu vc sng Nil.

1.3. th Ty Lng H c i (3000- 300 Tr.CN).Nm gia 2 sng Tigris v Euphrates. t ai ph nhiu, nhiu knh rch, nng nghip v

chn nui pht trin to iu kin ny n 1 nn vn minh rc r, thuc loi sm nht

trn th gii. Vng t trn cn gi l Mesopotamia, ngha l vng t nm gia 2 con sng

Lng H, ngy nay thuc a phn nc Iraq.

-Nhng th vng Lung H v Ty l nhng bng chng sng ng


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nh du giai on u tin ca nn vn minh loi ngi. Tuy vy, y cng l

khu vc thng xuyn b chin tranh tn ph. Thm vo , vi vt liu xy dng

ch yu l gch nn hnh dng nguyn thy ca chng rt kh xc nh qua s tn

ph c thi gian.

-Nhng th Lng H ban u mang tnh cht trung tm hnh chnh v

tn gio ca cng x nng thn, sau mi tr thnh cc trung tm thng mi

trn c s pht trin th cng nghip v thng mi. Cc thnh ph c xy trn

nhng b cao nhn to trnh l lt. Cc cng trnh ch cht ca thnh ph c

xy dng vi quy m cao, rng. Tng thnh c tnh cht phng ng rt mnh.

Tn gio v thut xem sao rt c ch trng v th hin vic xy cc cng

trnh tn gio to ln. H thng ng kh hon thin, nhiu khi c lt v h

thng thitb k thut cp, thot nc tng i c ch trng. th tiu biu: Khorsabad, Babylon, Persepolis.


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Hnh 1.3.1: Bn tng quan Lng H c i

Hnh 1.3.2: Thnh Babylon (605- 563 Tr.CN). Thp Zigourat (thp Babel)


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Hnh 1.3.2: Vn treo Babylon

Hnh 1.3.3: Thnh Babylon

th khu vc Lng H c vai tr quan trng, l trung tm chnh tr, kinh t ca vng.

1.4. th Ba T c iNm k bn vngn cch Lng H bi dy ni thp Zargos, l cng cao nguyn cn

ci, ngy nay thuc Iran.

1.5. th Hy Lp v La M c1.5.1. th Hy Lp c i:


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- Trong thi k u, nn vn minh Hy Lp bt u ti cc o trong vng

bin a Trung Hi vi nn vn minh ca o Crete chim a v ch o. Nh

chic cu ni gia hai th gii ng-Ty, Crete vi th ph Knossos, truyn b

nn vn minh v trao i hng ha i khp khu vc. Vo nhng nm 1400 TCN,

nn vn minh ti Crete bt u suy thoi v nhng bc cho nhng nn vn minh

mi ni ln trn t lin vi cc th tiu biu nh Tyrins, Mycenae.

- T th k th VIII-VI TCN, sau khi thit lp nn Cng ho qu tc v ch

Dn ch ch n, mt lot cc th pht trin hoc mi xut hin. Ngoi

nhng thnh ph ln ti chnh quc nh Athens v Sparta, quc Hy Lp c i

by gi cn c nhiu th nm nhiu vng khp Nam u, Ty v Bc Phi.

- Cc thnh phn ca th Hy Lp c i:

+ Agora: l trung tm chnh tr, hnh chnh v thng mi ca thnhph Hy Lp c i bao gm: qung trng ch, cc ca hng, ni sinh hot vn

ho cng cng Agora thng c hnh dng hnh hc v c bao quanh bi

nhng hng ct thc. Agora c xut x t Hy Lp v sau ny nh hng kh ln

n s hnh thnh cc Forumthi k La M.

+ Acropole: l trung tm tn gio, tn ngng ca th vi cc n

th gn b vi cc hot ng nghi l ca ngi dn ng thi l lp thnh phng

v cui cng. Acrople thng chim lnh cc a th cao, nhng khu t tri ln

khi thnh ph, gn b vi khung cnh thin nhin, to nn cc im nhn p.

- Hnh thi hc th Hy Lp c i:

+ Kiu b cc t do: thng xut hin cc th thi k u vi

Acrople v Agora l nhng ht nhn t hp chnh. Cc thnh phn khc ca th

tp trung xung quanh hai trung tm ny v t chc ph hp vi iu kin a hnh.

+ Kiu c (Gridion): th c t chc theo l thuyt v xy

dng th ca kin trc s v nh quy hoch Hypodamos. ng ch trng mt

mt bng th phi c suy nghnh l mt bn thit k dnh cho ngi dn, chc

nng s dng ca nh v khng gian cng cng cn c ch trong quy hoch ng

ph.

th tiu biu: Athens, Tyrins, Millet.


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Tm tt nhng c im chnh v t chc khng gian th Hi Lp c i:

Khc vi c dn Ai Cp v Ty , c dn Hi lp c thc t chc cuc sng cng ng

th thng qua cc sinh hot cng cng. th l 1 h thng c bn sc ring ca a

phng, trong gia cc chc nng th c mi lin h s dng v trc tip.

C cu chc nng th Hi lp c i bao gm 4 khu vc:

- Khu vc lu tr-

Khu vc tn gio- tn ngng (Acropolis)- Khu vc sinh hot cng cng- Khu vcsn xut th cng v nng nghipKhu vc tn gio tn ngng v khu vc sinh hot cng cng l 2 khu vc tha mn mi

nhu cu cuc sng cng cng ca cng ng dn c nn c ngi Hi Lp c bit quan

tm.

th Hi Lp c 2 dng mt bng ph bin: b cc t do v b cc hnh hc.

1.4.2. th La M c

Vn minh La M (Roma) c i hnh thnh trn bn o Italia. T 1 quc gia thnh th

nh b xut hin vo th k VIII Tr.CN nm bin gii pha Bc ca Hi Lp c i thnh

Roma pht trin, tr thnh th ca quc La M, hng mnh nht trong th gii c

i.

- Hot ng xy dng th La M c i bt u t s pht trin dn dn


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ca thnh Rome theo lch s pht trin ca ch La M. Vo thi k u, cc

im dn c cng nh nhng th La M chu nh hng ca nn vn ho

Etruria bn a v vn ho Hy Lp c i. Tp qun xy dng th ca ngi

Etruria c m t nh sau: "Nhng bc trng lo cho tru cy mt vng trn,

v ra vng trn lm vn hoa, ri chia khu t thnh ph ra lmbn phn,

con ng hng Bc-Nam gi l Cardo, con ng hng ng-Ty gi l

Decumanus...". Ngi La M sau ny trong thnh ph cng c hai trc ng

chnh mang tn nh vy.

- Cng vi s pht trin ca La M, ranh gii ca quc m rng khp

Ty u, Tiu -T v Bc Phi. Trong cc cuc chin tranh m rng t ai ,

ngi La M xy dng hng lot nhng th nh kiu doanh tri v sau tr

thnh nhng ht nhn ca cc th thi Trung c. Ti Rome, cc hong LaM rt ch xy dng cc Forum nh du triu i tr v ca mnh. y l ni

dng lm ni hiu triu, hnh l, x pht, chiu i, diu hnh... Cc Forum ca

cc hong t cnh nhau hnh thnh qun th Forum ti Rome vi cc Forum

nh: Nerva, Romanum, Caesar, Augustus, Trajan... Di thi La M, k thut

th t trnh rt cao vi nhng cu dn nc nhiu tng, h thng ng s

La M ht sc bn chc vi h thng thot nc hai bn.

th tiu biu: Rome, Timgad, Pompei.


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CHNG 2: TH THI K TRUNG I V

PHC HNG2.1 Bi cnh hnh thnh th trung i:

Mu thun giai cp su sc trong lng ch chim hu n l l nguyn nhn c bn lm

tan r v chm dt 1 thi k lch s ko di, trong ni bt c im 1 nc ln thng tr

nhiu dn tc v hp nht thnh 1 nn vn ha chung- vn ha c i. ch phong kin

thay th ch chim hu n l. phng thc sn xut mi, tin b hn trong lnh vc kinh

t nng nghip, th cng nghip, v thng mi thc y x hi pht trin, th gii

bc sang 1 trt t kinh t- x hi mi vi s xut hin nhng quc gia phong kin c lp

cc khu vc khc nhau trn th gii. Khi nim trung i ch mt giai on pht trin

tng ng vi giai on lch s pht trin hnh thi x hi phong kin. Chuu, x hi phong kin hnh thnh t th k V-XV, Chu , Phi tn ti lu hn,

n nhng nm u th k XX. S hnh thnh Nh nc phong kin c lp Chu u c

ngha quan trng trong lch s trung i th gii.

T th k V-XI: thi k cc lnh cha phong kin chinh phc t ai, cng c quyn lc.

Chin tranh lin min lm tr tr nn kinh t phong kin. Cc th ln b tn ph, tr

thnh hoang vng, khng cn l nhng trung tm chnh tr, kinh t x hi quan trng, ni

tp trung dn c ng c chi phi s pht trin ca vng lnh th xung quanh nh tn

ti trong x hi c i. c im th thi k ny: s phn tn ri rc trong cnh quan

nng thn cc th-pho i, th dinh th quy m nh.

T th k XI tr i, nh nc phong kin c lp khng nh vai tr thng tr ca mnh,

hot ng sn xut th cng c iu kin pht trin, ko theo s pht trin ca thng mi,

ngoi thng lm cho vai tr kinh t v chnh tr ca cc th tng ln, thc y x hi

pht trin. Nt ni bt ca th thi k ny: cc th ln c lch s pht trin t thi c

i, nht l cc th th , c hi sinh vi s tham gia tch cc ca b my chnh

quyn phong kin., ca tn gio v ca tng lp giu c.Cc tng th kin trc th c lp c chcnng hnh chnh, tn gio c ci to v

xy dng mi tr thnh ht nhn trung tm. Thnh ph c t chc v xy dng theo

cc phng hi th cng chuyn mn ha. Ngoi cng l vng thnh ly, ho nc bo v.


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s lng nhiu hay t c phng ngh v vng thnh k tip nhau ph thuc vo s pht

trin v ln ca th.

Mt loi th l trung tm kinh t thng mi, ngoi thng c hnh thnh v pht

trin nhng v tr giao thng thun li: ng bin, ng b. cc trung tm ny c vai

tr quan trng thc y sn xut hng ha pht trin trn nn tng hp nht sn xut th

cng di hnh thc cng trng th cng v l tin cho x hi t bn s khai hnh

thnh giai on sau.

Tm li, qu trnh pht trin th thi k trung i, thiu tnh k tha truyn thng vn

ha c i, m ch yu khai thc nhng truyn thng xy dng a phng vn rt khc

nhau gia cc vng v cc quc gia. Nu vn ha th c i nh hnh theo 1 m hnh

t chc th tng i thng nht th vn ha th trung i c xu hng a dng ha

trong hnh thi t chc khng thch hp vi nhng bin ng chnh tr, kinh t ca x hiphong kin, iu kin a l t nhin v truyn thng vn ha a phng. Do , mun

nghin cu tnh a dng ca hnh thi thtrung i th cn phi kho st nhiu loi hnh

th, theo cc giai on pht trin khc nhau. T , xc nh c 1 s c im chung

ca qu trnh pht trin th trung i.

2.2. th thi k Trung i Chu u:

Ti cc nc Chu u, ch phong kin bt u hnh thnh vo th k

th V sau khi quc La M tan r. S phn nh chu u khin cho th

bc sang mt thi k tiu iu, quy m cc thnh ph co li, s hoang ph trn

ngp thay cho s sm ut v lng ly trc . m di Trung c ty sch v

ph tri nhng nn vn minh xy dng th c c t thi Hy Lp v La M

trc . Cc qy tc phong kin ct c trn nhng lnh th nh bng cc pho

i, nhng thnh lu nh xy dng bng g vi ho nc, cu rt Nh th tr

thnh ht nhn th, khng ngng cng c v tr ca tn gio ca mnh trong sut

nhiu th k.

- n th k th IX v th k th X, nn kinh t chu u, trc ht l kinh

t nng nghip, c nhng thay i nht nh. Nhng Trung v Ty u vn b

chia thnh qu nhiu nc nh manh mn, nn sc bt kinh t v hot ng xy

dng th ca thi k ny ch c coi nh l nhng du hiu m u. n th

k XI v XII din tch phn t chu u Thin cha gio m rng n tn ranh


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gii ca ng La M trc kia. Lc by gi, chu u pht trin c mt h

thng th c mt ln vi mng li cc ng giao thng thu, b chng

cht. Lch s pht trin v phc hng th trung th k bt u bng s pht trin

nng nghip c thng d, s pht trin thng nghip v gn lin vi nhng tuyn

ng bun bn v hnh hng tn gio.

- Trong th trung th k, ba yu t qung trng ch, nh th v to th

chnh gn b cht ch vi nhau. Nhn chung, mt bng th trung th k thng

pht trin t do mt cch hi havi t nhin theo nhu cu pht trin ca th.

Mc d nhng thi k sau, th c nhng bc pht trin mi nhng v p

ca th trung th k lun to nn mt bu khng kh cun ht mi ngi.

th tiu biu: Prague, Mont Saint Miechel.

- Giai on u th k th V- X:chin tranh thng xuyn , cc th ln hnh thnh tc i b tn ph v hoan ph. Cc cng trnh hnh chnh v tn ngng b tn ph. Mt s

nh ht, u trng, nh tm c ci to li thnh cc pho i, ni tr n ca dn c

trong chin tranh. C dn ri b th ln, phn tn v nng thn trong cc tri p nng

nghip, thuc s cai qun ca lnh cha phong kin. Vi mc ch ct c, phng th

cng c a v v quyn lc ca mnh chn v tr thun li gia vng nng thn trn i

cao xy dng nhng thnh ph nh. C cu th: hthnh ly bo v bao bc pha

ngoi, bn trong c nh th, tu vin, lu i, nh kho, chung tri, nh ca c dn th

cng, bun bn v nng nghip ph thuc vo lnh cha. Xung quanh l vng t canh tc

nng nghip c din tch 5000ha tr ln. Ngoi cng l vng rng cy rng ln, ng c v

m ly.


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th c quy m khng ln, t chc khng gian kin trc a dng v hi ha vi cnh

quan thin nhin xung quanh. Tng th kin trc th (qung trng, ng ph) c

xy dng theo nguyn tc pht trin t do ty thuc vo iu kin t nhin ca a hnh.


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Phong cch kin trc ph bin l kin trc dn gian a phng, vt liu xy dng l g,

gch . Nh th, tu vin, lu i . .. kt hp khai thc kin trc c i, to nn 1 phong

cch kin trc mi- kin trc Roman. Kin tr Roman tr thnh phong cch kin trc

chnh thng trong giai on u thi k trung i chu u.

- Giai on 2, th k X-XV: nh nc phong kin c lp ra i trn c s thng nht cc

b tc, tp on phong kin.. th cng, thng mi, ngoi thng pht trin, thc y cc

th pht trin, nng cao vai tr ca cc th, c bit l cc th ln c lch s t thi

k c i La M.


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V c cu chc nng th:

- Khu trung tm hnh chnh, chnh tr c qung trng cng cng v cng trnhtrng tm l ta th chnh, tr s hi ng ca chnh quyn dn s.

- Khu trung tm tn gio, tn ngng c qung trng vi cng trnh trng tm lnh th, tu vin C c gio.

- Khu trung tm thng mi bao gm qung trng, ch, ng ph chnh 2 bn lnh kt hp ca hng.

- Khu c tr t chc trn c s cc phng ngh tp trung th cng v thng mi.


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hi, vn ho, tinh thn l chnh. Do p dng cc nghin cu v ton hc, hnh hc

v hc tp phng thc xy dng th v kin trc Hy-La, cc qung trng thi

k Phc hng c hnh dng hnh hc, ch n cc hiu qu phi cnh nhm

mang li hnh nh khng gian hi ha v c tnh thm m cao.

Cc qung trng tiu biu:qung trng Saint Peter, qung trng

Capitol, qung trng Saint Mark.

- Vi ch trng trong x hi phi c "nh nc l tng, con ngi l

tng v th l tng", nhiu ngh s, kin trc s cng trnh by nhng

phng n ring th hin quan im ring ca mnh v mt th l tng. a s

cc phng n c hnh dng hnh hc vi mng ng tn x kt hp vi c v

nhiu quan im mi m nh: phi ph hp vi c nng ca cuc sng, phi lin

kt vi mi trng t nhin xung quanh nhng nhn chung cc phng n cnphin din. Mt s phng n ch ch kha cnh phng th hoc thm m m

khng nhn nhn mt cch ton din th nh l mt phm tr kinh t x hi.


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khai thc cc ng cong cng nhng bin th a dng ca n. V da trn nguyn tc b cc

i xng a trc; ng thi s dng nhiu thc ct, nhiu mu sc, nhiu chi tit trang tr kin

trc phc tp. B cc tng th kin trc th Barocco, cc chi tit kin trc ngoi tri nh

tng, chi ngh, gh ngi, bin hiu . . . thng c khai thc c kt hp vi cc yu t thin

nhin nh cy xanh, mt nc, cao ca a hnh. Phong cch kin trc Barocco thnh cng

trong vic khai thc hiu qu hnh nh phi cnh honh trng c chiu su ca nhiu lp khng

gian nh tn dng hiu qu ca cc yu t nh sng, khng kh, mu sc kt hp vi iu kin

thin nhin, tham gia vo b cc tng th kin trc th c th.

Sng to v thm m khng gian kin trc th thi k Barocco khng nh v p

ca tng th kin trc th v coi n l nhng thnh phn c trng to nn v p ca th .

Khng phi n thun l thc ct, v t l ca cng trnh kin trc ring l to nn v p ca

kin trc th. V p y c to thnh l nh vic nghin cu, thit k, trang tr cc mtng, cc qung trng ng ph . . . trong 1 tng quan hp l v hnh khi, t l

3.3. Cc loi hnh th ph bin thi k Barocco:

Cc yu t chc nng mang ngha to th ca thi k Barocco: yu t phng v, yu t

hnh chnh- chnh tr v yu t kinh t.

3.3.1 th phng v.

Trong 2 th k XVII- XVIII chu u yu t phng th c ngha quan trng, c bit

i vi cc th-pho i nhng v tr chin lc nh gia Php v o, gia cc nc Bc

u v cc nc vng Baltic . . .

Thng ch Php Sbastien Le Prestre de Vauban (1963-1707) l k s qun s, v l 1

chin binh tht s, ng thi l tc gi ca h thng phng v th c ng gi l hu hiu

nht by gi.

H thng phng v Vauban tp trung vng thnh ngoi vi h thng ho ly v pho

i li rt phc tp. Bn trong mt bng thnh ph thng c hnh a gic u vi s lng cnh

khng nhiu (t 5-6 cnh). Do hiu qu cao trong phng v m h thng thnh Vauban c ph

bin rng khp chu u v th gii nhng nm sau .


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3.3.2 th- dinh th qun ch:


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S xut hin loi th mi- th dinh th qun ch l do nhu cu mc tin nghi

cao v ni ctr, lm vic v ni gii tr ca nh vua, triu nh v tng lp qu tc thn vua.

y l loi th mi c thit k v thi cng hon chnh theo tinh thn ca phong cch

Barocco. Trong nhiu trng hp cc th -dinh th qun ch tr thnh th mi ca nh

nc qun ch chuyn ch. Loi th dinh th qun ch xut hin nhiu v sm nht Php,

sau pht trin nhiu nc khc chu u.

Versaillesl v d ni ting nht trn th gii v loi hnh thnh ph dinh th qun ch

xy dng vo th kXVII ca Php.

- Cng trnh chnh l lu i Versailles v tr trung tm chia b cc thnh ph thnh 2

phn i xng theo trc chnh ng Ty. Pha ng, tc mt trc ca lu i, l khu vc xy

dng cc dinh th qu tc. Pha Ty l vn v cng vin.


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Hi t trc qung trng lu i Versailles mang tn qung trng V kh l 3 trc i

l chnh. gia, nm trn b cc chnh theo hng ng- Ty l i l Paris rng 93m, di

2km. Hai bn l cc i l Saint Cloud rng 75m v Sceaux rng 70m. Bcc dng tia vi 3 trc

i l chnh hi t p dng Versailles th hin r nh hng ca nguyn tc b cc qung

trng Nhn dn khu vc Campus Martinus ca Roma.

Khu vc vn v cng vin pha sau lu i Versailles bao gm 2 phn ring bit: phn

vn st lu i pha trn ct cao v phn cng vin k tip ct thp tri rng trn 1 din tch

ln, chiu di hn 3km trc khi ha vo h thng cy xanh t nhin ca khu vc.

Cc nguyn tc thit k vn, cng vin khng khc nhng nguyn tc kin trc th,

ngha l da trn nhng quy lut i xng, h trc hi t dng tia, phi cnh trung tm, . . . B c

vn- cng vin Versailles th hin s can thip nhn to trong cnh quan to nn 1 phong cch

vn- cng vin Barocco hon chnh v c o. Bncnh nhng ng cy, mng cy, bnhoa, thm c c t chc theo cc dng hnh hc u khc nhau, khai thc c hiu qu ca

nh sng, mu sc, m thanh v kho kt hp vi mt nc nhn to, i phun nc, tng cng

cc chi tit kin trc nh, . . . to nn s hi ha t chi tit n tng th cnh quan vn v

cng vin Versailles.


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Mt chnh ca lu i rng 450m c b cc i xng, lm phn gia to su

ca khng gian mt ng v nhn mnh khi chnh ca cng trnh.


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c: hai thnh ph- dinh th qun ch ng thi c vai tr th l Mannheim v

Karlsruhe.


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Nga: thnh ph Saint Pterbourg l sng to th quan trng nht.

3.3.3 th l trung tm kinh t:

Do tnh cht a dng v thng l s kt hp ca cc hot ng kinh t khc nhau nn c

nhiu dng th l trung tm kinh t c hnh thnh cc th k XVII- XVIII ti cc nc

chu u. Tuy nhin c th phn loi th ny theo chc nng kinh t nh: th cng, th

cng nghip. Php: 1 s th cng bin c hnh thnh l Brest, Rochefort, Lorient trn b i

Ty Dng. Thnh ph cng Ste gn lin vi i Trung Hi. Cc thnh ph ny l nhng trung

tm thng mi hng hi, gn lin vi chc nng qun s. Nhn chung, cu trc cc thnh ph


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cng ca Php bao gm 2 phn r rt: phn thnh bo v c xy dng theo nguyn tc phng

v ca Vauban, phn bn trong thnh c xy dng theo cc nguyn tc quy hoch Barocco.


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Anh: thnh ph cng ni ting Londonderry chuyn v vi si c xy dng nm1613 trn v tr ca thnh c mang tn Derry. Thnh ph c cu trc c trng ca cc th

Anh, bao gm 2 trc ng chnh giao nhau vung gc . im giao nhau l qung trng

chnh hnh vung.


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Th k XVII xut hin nhng im dn c tp trung xungquanh cc xng sn xut- tin

thn ca thnh ph cng nghip hnh thnh vo cui th k XVIII. Cc thnh ph cng nghip

xut hin hu ht cc nc chu u, t c ch quy hoch m pht trin t do ty theo nhu

cu v nhn cng lm vic ti cc nh my. Loi th ny l ch ca giai on quy hoch

cn i.

3.4. Qu trnh pht trin ca mt s th tiu biu Chu u th k XVII- XVIII

3.4.1. Paris:

Paris thi trung i l 1 thnh ph ln chu u c din tch 440ha, dn s 100.000

ngi. Thnhph nm gn trong vng thnh bo v do vua Charles V xy dng nm 1370 bao

gm 3 thnh phn chnh:

- o nh trn sng Seine- Khu Latin bn b t ngn sng Seine- Khu ph th th cng v thng mi bn hu ngn sng Seine.

Sang th k XVI, Paris pht trin vt qua vng thnh trung i vi dn s 300.000

ngi. Chin tranh tn gio 1589-1594 tn ph nng n thnh ph.

u th k XVII, Henri IV tin hnh ci to Paris :

- M rng thnh trung i v pha hu ngn sng Seine- T chc li h thng ng ph v trang b k thut thot nc th


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- Xy dng mi 1 s qung trng theo phong cch Barocco nh: qung trngHong gia theo dng hnh vung vi thc ct thng nht bao quanh, qung trng

Dauphine- hnh tam gic, qung trng Php quc- hnh bn nguyt.

- M rngcung in Louvre

Hnh 3.01: Cung in Louvre

Di thi Louis XII v Louis XIV (1661), cng cuc ci to do Henri IV xut vn tip

tc pht trin. Dn s Paris t n 400.000 ngi.

Th k XVII, Paris c nhng bin i ln v kin trc v quy hoch theo tinh thn ca

phong cch C in- Barocco vi s tham gia ca cc kin trc s Le Ntre (1613-1700), Le

Vau (1612-1670), La Brun (1619-1690) , . .

Nhng bin i chnh v kin trc v quy hoch Paris thi k ny tp trung cc khu

vc sau :- khu vc ni thnh, tip tc ci to m rng cung in Louvre, xy dng miqung trng Vendme, qung trng Ngi tn ph.

- Nhiu vn hoa v cc vn do cng cng c xy dng: vn hoa Tuileries,Luxembourg, vn thc vt.


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- khu vc ngoi , thnh ph tip tc c m rng. Trc ht, d b cc vngthnh bo v, thay vo l nhng i l 2 bn trng cy xanh. Nhiu khu vc c tr

c xy dng. ng k nht l cc khu vc dinh th ca nh vua, ca cc nhn vt

quan trng trong triu nh v ca giai cp t sn ang giu ln.


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Sau cc hot ng ci to v m rng th k XVII, Paris thc s tr thnh 1 thnh ph

m. Dn s Paris th k 500.000 ngi, din tch 1.200ha.

Cu trc hnh thi th Paris th k XVII-XVIII c nhng c im sau :

- Nhiu tng th kin trc th c quy m ln c xy dng ri rc.- Cc tng th kin trc th l nhng khu c lp, c nghin cu thit k v

xy dng hon chnh theo tinh thn ca phong cch Barocco.

- Tnh cht c lp v vic xy dng phn tn cc tng th kin trc th tonn c im ca cu trc hnh thi th Paris l s xen k gia cnh quan nng

thn v cnh quan th, ng thi thiu mi lin h hi ha v s t chc cht

ch ca 1 thc th th thng nht.


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3.4.2. London:

Cu trc th London thi k Phc Hng bao gm 2 thnh phn chnh :

- Phn Th (City): nm ca sng Tamise l ni tp trung cc hot ng kinh tthng mi quan trng.

- Khu vc Westminster l trung tm hnh chnh, chnh tr.


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T th k XVII, London pht trin mnh v tr thnh thnh ph m. Thnh ph m rng

din tch xung quanh khu vc ph Th, bin khu vc ny thnh khu trung tm chnh ca London.

Khc vi Paris, quy hoch London khng tun theo 1 s iu khin, ch o cht ch ca chnh

quyn thnh ph hay ca triu nh. Cng vic xy dng ch yu l do cc ch t nhn hoc tng

lp qu tc, t sn giu c tin hnh vi quy m khng ln v phn tn rng khp thnh ph.

Dn n tnh trng thiu t chc cht ch trong cu trc hnh thi th London th k XVII-

XVIII. S lp li nhiu ln cc tng th kin trc th c thit k cng nguyn tc (ng

ph hoc qung trng c bao quanh bng cc kin trc ging nhau) trn 1 phm vi rng ln

to nn s n iu nht nh ca khng gian kin trc th.

L 1 thnh ph ln vi h thng ng ph cht hp, pht trin t do li nhn nhp cc

hot ng bun bn, Lonon th k XVIII bc l hn ch nht nh. Tng lp qu tc Anh ri

London v cc vng nng thn ln cn xy dng nhng lu i, dinh th ln theo phong cchBarocco. Ton cnh London th hin s tng phn 2 hnh thi t chc khng gian th hon

ton khc nhau, gia 1 bn l ni thnh cht chi vi hnh thc kin trc n iu v bn kia l

vng nng thn bao quanh, t xut nhng tng th kin trc kt hp vi cng vin, cy xanh

c b cc theo quy tc cht ch.


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3.5. Mt s qung trng tiu biu

Thit k v xy dng qung trng trong cc th chu u l mt trong nhng thnh

cng quan trng ca ngh thut kin trc th Barocco.


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Qung trng thng c cc dng mt bng hnh hc u nh tam gic, hnh vung, hnh

ch nht, hnh thang cn, hnh trn hoc na trn.

Bn cnh nhng cng trnh kin trc vi cc chc nng c th, cc thnh phn trang tr

khc nh i phun nc, cng vm v tng chim v tr quan trng trong b cc khng gian

qung trng. Cc qung trng l nhng khng gian kin trc c trng ca th. Chng lin

h cht ch vi phn cn li ca th thng qua h thng ng ph. thi k Barocco c 2

loi khng gian qung trng: khng gian n v khng gian kp. Khng gian kp chnh l s

lin kt khng gian ca cc qung trng khc nhau to thnh 1 tng th.

3.5.1 Mt s qung trng Barocco tiu biu Roma (Italia)

Qung trng thnh Saint Pierre Vatican

L tc phm tiu biu c gi tr nht ca nght thut kin trc th Barocco Italia. Cng

trnh chnh l nh th chnh Saint- Pierre.Bernini t chc 3 khng gian c c tnh khc nhau to thnh tng th qung trng

trc nh th:

- Qung trng hnh thang cn. Mt chnh nh ht khp kn cnh y ln hnhthang. ng b sung bc thang rng gm 2 cp li vo nh th.

- Qung trng hnh bu dc c kch thc 210x60m. B mt nn ca qungtrng dc lm v pha trung tm, chnh nhau so vi mt nn hnh thang 1,5m.

Trn , t chc 2 i phun nc, gia t ct thp. Dc 2 bn qung trng

hnh thang v bu dc Bernini s dng thng nht 1 loi kin trc vi hng ct

Doric cao 12m, pha trn cao 6m l phn tng chn mi v dy tng trang tr.

- Khng gian th 3khp kn ton b tng th qung trng, l phn ko di niqung trng hnh bu dc vi thnh ph. Thc t, phn ny khng c xy

dng.


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3.5.1 Mt s qung trng Barocco tiu biu Paris Php:

Qung trng Dauphine:


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C mt bng hnh vung cnh 140m. qung trng l 1 khng gian khp kn. Li vo duy

nht cho phng tin gc Ty- Bc ca qung trng.


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Qung trng Chin Thng:


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Qung trng hnh trn, khc vi 2 qung trng Dauphine v Hong Gia, qung trng Chin

Thng c hnh thc kin trc c in theo phong cch Barocco v c trang tr lng ly.


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Qung trng Vendome:L v d tiu biu v hon chnh nht ca th loi qung trng Barocco Paris. Mt

bng qung trng hnh vung, bn gc b ct cho, kch thc 146x136m. c b cc i

xng, c tng Louis XIV t gia. Mt ng kin trc qung trng c cng phong cch kin

trc c in Paris. Tng trt l cc cun vm c in. Hai tng trn c t hp theo phn v

ng bng cc thc ct


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Coranh cao 2 tng.

3.5 Tm tt nhng c im chnh v t chc khng gian th thi k Barocco:

- Nu tng th kin trc th Barocco theo phong cch Phc Hng th hin c tnh n nh,

tnh ti v mch lc th phong cch Barocco li to nn c tnh ng, lun bin i v phc tp.

CHNG 3: TH THI K BAROCCO

3.1 Bi cnh hnh thnh th Barocco:

Nhng bin ng kinh t, chnh tr v x hi din ra trong th k XVII- XVIII c nhng

thun li nht nh i vi s pht trin th. l s xut hin v dn ln mnh ca ch ngha

t bn chu u. S cu kt, tha hip gia vng quyn (nh vua), thn quyn (nh th) by gi

cn chim u th trong x hi v sc mnh ti chnh (giai cp t sn ang ln di hnh thc t

chc nh nc qun ch chuyn ch xa b vai tr c tn ca cc lnh cha phong kin v

to nn sc mnh quyn lc v ti chnh xy dng v nghin cu kin trc th thi k Phc

Hng th k XV, XVI.

u th k XVII xut hin tro lu tng i mnh nghin cu, khm ph cc vn ca

kin trc th, trong c s tham gia ca khng ch cc kin trc s, m cn ca nhiu ngi

khc. y thc s l s pht trin tip tc nhng kt qu mc cao hn v mang tnh cht hin

thc hn cc tng th Phc Hng. thi k Phc Hng, tng th l nhng sng to

c lp ca tc gi, phc v cc nhu cu c nhn ca cc lnh cha. th k XVII - XVIII

tng thit k th vn l sng to ca c nhn tc gi nhng c s tham gia ca nhiu ngi

thuc nhiu chuyn ngnh khc nhau. i tng phc v ca th c thit k l cng ng

x hi, ngha l con ngi x hi bt u c cao, vi nhng nhu cu a dng ca cuc sng

cng ng x hi th. th c ngi nghin cu thit k v ngi s dng quan tm, do

thit k th mang tnh x hi.

Nghin cu kin trc th thi Phc Hng mang nng tnh cht l thuyt th thi k

ny nghin cu th pht trin theo hng hin thc. Thit k kin trc th p dng trongthc t xy dng chu u th k XVII- XVII c nhng c im nht qun trong ngn ng

biu hin c cc nh nghin cu thng nht c tn lphong cch Barocco. Phong cch

Baroccokhng nhng gp phn hon thin nn kin trc c in chu u, m cn nh hng

quan trng trong qu trnh hnh thnh v pht trin kin trc th cn i nhiu khu vc khc

trn th gii.


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3.2 Phong cch kin trc th Barocco

Phong cch kin trc Phc Hng khai thc ch yu cc dng hnh hc u c to thnh

bi ng thng, ng trn v php b cc i xng n trc, cng nh khai thc s thng

nht trong s dng thc ct, mu sc v chi tit trang tr. Tri li, phong cch Barocco tp trung

khai thc cc ng cong cng nhng bin th a dng ca n. V da trn nguyn tc b cc

i xng a trc; ng thi s dng nhiu thc ct, nhiu mu sc, nhiu chi tit trang tr kin

trc phc tp. B cc tng th kin trc th Barocco, cc chi tit kin trc ngoi tri nh

tng, chi ngh, gh ngi, bin hiu . . . thng c khai thc c kt hp vi cc yu t thin

nhin nh cy xanh, mt nc, cao ca a hnh. Phong cch kin trc Barocco thnh cng

trong vic khai thc hiu qu hnh nh phi cnh honh trng c chiu su ca nhiu lp khng

gian nh tn dng hiu qu ca cc yu t nh sng, khng kh, mu sc kt hp vi iu kin

thin nhin, tham gia vo b cc tng th kin trc th c th.Sng to v thm m khng gian kin trc th thi k Barocco khng nh v p

ca tng th kin trc th v coi n l nhng thnh phn c trng to nn v p ca th .

Khng phi n thun l thc ct, v t l ca cng trnh kin trc ring l to nn v p ca

kin trc th. V p y c to thnh l nh vic nghin cu, thit k, trang tr cc mt

ng, cc qung trng ng ph . . . trong 1 tng quan hp l v hnh khi, t l

3.3. Cc loi hnh th ph bin thi k Barocco:

Cc yu t chc nng mang ngha to th ca thi k Barocco: yu t phng v, yu t

hnh chnh- chnh tr v yu t kinh t.

3.3.1 th phng v.

Trong 2 th k XVII- XVIII chu u yu t phng th c ngha quan trng, c bit

i vi cc th-pho i nhng v tr chin lc nh gia Php v o, gia cc nc Bc

u v cc nc vng Baltic . . .

Thng ch Php Sbastien Le Prestre de Vauban (1963-1707) l k s qun s, v l 1

chin binhtht s, ng thi l tc gi ca h thng phng v th c ng gi l hu hiu

nht by gi.

H thng phng v Vauban tp trung vng thnh ngoi vi h thng ho ly v pho

i li rt phc tp. Bn trong mt bng thnh ph thng c hnh a gicu vi s lng cnh

khng nhiu (t 5-6 cnh). Do hiu qu cao trong phng v m h thng thnh Vauban c ph

bin rng khp chu u v th gii nhng nm sau .


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3.3.2 th- dinh th qun ch:


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S xut hin loi th mi- th dinh th qun ch l do nhu cu mc tin nghi

cao v ni c tr, lm vic v ni gii tr ca nh vua, triu nh v tng lp qu tc thn vua.

y l loi th mi c thit k v thi cng hon chnh theo tinh thn ca phong cch

Barocco. Trong nhiu trng hpcc th -dinh th qun ch tr thnh th mi ca nh

nc qun ch chuyn ch. Loi th dinh th qun ch xut hin nhiu v sm nht Php,

sau pht trin nhiu nc khc chu u.

Versaillesl v d ni ting nht trn th gii v loi hnh thnh ph dinh th qun ch

xy dng vo th k XVII ca Php.

- Cng trnh chnh l lu i Versailles v tr trung tm chia b cc thnh ph thnh 2

phn i xng theo trc chnh ng Ty. Pha ng, tc mt trc ca lu i, l khu vc xy

dng cc dinh th qu tc. Pha Ty l vn v cng vin.


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Hi t trc qung trng lu i Versailles mang tn qung trng V kh l 3 trc i

l chnh. gia, nm trn b cc chnh theo hng ng- Ty l i l Paris rng 93m, di

2km. Hai bn l cc i l Saint Cloud rng 75m v Sceaux rng 70m. B cc dng tia vi 3 trc

i l chnh hi t p dng Versailles th hin r nh hng ca nguyn tc b cc qung

trng Nhn dn khu vc Campus Martinus ca Roma.


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Khu vc vn v cng vin pha sau lui Versailles bao gm 2 phn ring bit: phn

vn st lu i pha trn ct cao v phn cng vin k tip ct thp tri rng trn 1 din tch

ln, chiu di hn 3km trc khi ha vo h thng cy xanh t nhin ca khu vc.

Cc nguyn tc thit k vn, cng vin khng khc nhng nguyn tc kin trc th,

ngha l da trn nhng quy lut i xng, h trc hi t dng tia, phi cnh trung tm, . . . B c

vn- cng vin Versailles th hin s can thip nhn to trong cnh quan to nn 1 phong cch

vn- cng vin Barocco hon chnh v c o. Bn cnh nhng ng cy, mng cy, bn

hoa, thm c c t chc theo cc dng hnh hc u khc nhau, khai thc c hiu qu ca

nh sng, mu sc, m thanh v kho kt hp vi mt nc nhn to, i phun nc, tng cng

cc chi tit kin trc nh, . . . to nn s hi ha t chi tit n tng th cnh quan vn v

cng vin Versailles.


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Mt chnh ca lu i rng 450m c b cc i xng, lm phn gia to su

ca khng gian mt ng v nhn mnh khi chnh ca cng trnh.


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c: hai thnh ph- dinh th qun ch ng thi c vai tr th l Mannheim v

Karlsruhe.


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Nga: thnh ph Saint Pterbourg l sng to th quan trng nht.

3.3.3 th l trung tm kinh t:

Do tnh cht a dng v thng l s kt hp ca cc hot ng kinh t khc nhau nn c

nhiu dng th l trung tm kinh t c hnh thnh cc th k XVII- XVIII ti cc nc

chu u. Tuy nhin c th phn loi th ny theo chc nng kinh t nh: th cng, th

cng nghip. Php: 1 s th cng bin c hnh thnh l Brest, Rochefort, Lorient trn b i

Ty Dng. Thnh ph cng Ste gn lin vi i Trung Hi. Cc thnh ph ny l nhng trung

tm thng mi hng hi, gn lin vi chc nng qun s. Nhn chung, cu trc cc thnh ph


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cng ca Php bao gm 2 phn r rt: phn thnh bo v c xy dng theo nguyn tc phng

v ca Vauban, phn bn trong thnh c xy dng theo cc nguyn tc quy hoch Barocco.


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Anh: thnh ph cng ni ting Londonderry chuyn v vi si c xy dng nm1613 trn v tr ca thnh c mang tn Derry. Thnh ph c cu trc c trng ca cc th

Anh, bao gm 2 trc ng chnh giao nhau vung gc . im giao nhau l qung trng

chnh hnh vung.


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Th k XVII xut hin nhng im dn c tp trung xung quanh cc xng sn xut- tin

thn ca thnh ph cng nghip hnh thnh vo cui th k XVIII. Cc thnh ph cng nghip

xut hin hu ht cc nc chu u, t c ch quy hoch m pht trin t do ty theo nhu

cu v nhn cng lm vic ti cc nh my. Loi th ny l ch ca giai on quy hoch

cn i.

3.4. Qu trnh pht trin ca mt s th tiu biu Chu u th k XVII- XVIII

3.4.1. Paris:

Paris thi trung i l 1 thnh ph ln chu u c din tch 440ha, dn s 100.000

ngi. Thnh ph nm gn trong vng thnh bo v do vua Charles V xy dng nm 1370 bao

gm 3 thnh phn chnh:

- o nh trn sng Seine- Khu Latin bn b t ngn sng Seine- Khu ph th th cng v thng mi bn hu ngn sng Seine.

Sang th k XVI, Paris pht trin vt qua vng thnh trung i vi dn s 300.000

ngi. Chin tranh tn gio 1589-1594 tn ph nng n thnh ph.

u th k XVII, Henri IV tin hnh ci to Paris :

- M rng thnh trung i v pha hu ngn sng Seine- T chc li h thng ng ph v trang b k thut thot nc th


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- Xy dng mi 1 s qung trng theo phong cch Barocco nh: qung trngHong gia theo dng hnh vung vi thc ct thng nht bao quanh, qung trng

Dauphine- hnh tam gic, qung trng Php quc- hnh bn nguyt.

- M rng cung in Louvre

Hnh 3.01: Cung in Louvre

Di thi Louis XII v Louis XIV (1661), cng cuc ci to do Henri IV xut vn tip

tc pht trin. Dn s Paris t n 400.000 ngi.

Th k XVII, Paris c nhng bin i ln v kin trc v quy hoch theo tinh thn ca

phong cch C in- Barocco vi s tham gia ca cc kin trc s Le Ntre (1613-1700), Le

Vau (1612-1670), La Brun (1619-1690) , . .

Nhng bin i chnh v kin trc v quy hoch Paris thi k ny tp trung cc khu

vc sau :- khu vc ni thnh, tip tc ci to m rng cung in Louvre, xy dng miqung trng Vendme, qung trng Ngi tn ph.

- Nhiu vn hoa v cc vn do cng cng c xy dng: vn hoa Tuileries,Luxembourg, vn thc vt.


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- khu vc ngoi , thnh ph tip tc c m rng. Trc ht, d b cc vngthnh bo v, thay vo l nhng i l 2 bn trng cy xanh. Nhiu khu vc c tr

c xy dng. ng k nht l cc khu vc dinh th ca nh vua, ca cc nhn vt

quan trng trong triu nh v ca giai cp t sn ang giu ln.


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Sau cc hot ng ci to v m rng th k XVII, Paris thc s tr thnh 1 thnh ph

m. Dn s Paris th k 500.000 ngi, din tch 1.200ha.

Cu trc hnh thi th Paris th k XVII-XVIII c nhng c im sau :

- Nhiu tng th kin trc th c quy m ln c xy dng ri rc.- Cc tng th kin trc th l nhng khu c lp, c nghin cu thit k v

xy dng hon chnh theo tinh thn ca phong cch Barocco.

- Tnh cht c lp v vic xy dng phn tn cc tng th kin trc th tonn c im ca cu trc hnh thi th Paris l s xen k gia cnh quan nng

thn v cnh quan th, ng thi thiu mi lin h hi ha v s t chc cht

ch ca 1 thc th th thng nht.


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T th k XVII, London pht trin mnh v tr thnh thnh ph m. Thnh ph m rng

din tch xung quanh khu vc ph Th, bin khu vc ny thnh khu trung tm chnh ca London.

Khc vi Paris, quy hoch London khng tun theo 1 s iu khin, ch o cht ch ca chnh

quyn thnh ph hay ca triu nh. Cng vic xy dng ch yu l do cc ch t nhn hoc tng

lp qu tc, t sn giu c tin hnh vi quy m khng ln v phn tn rng khp thnh ph.

Dn n tnh trng thiu t chc cht ch trong cu trc hnh thi th London th k XVII-

XVIII. S lp li nhiu ln cc tng th kin trc th c thit k cng nguyn tc (ng

ph hoc qung trng c bao quanh bng cc kin trc ging nhau) trn 1 phm vi rng ln

to nn s n iu nht nh ca khng gian kin trc th.

L 1 thnh ph ln vi h thng ng ph cht hp, pht trin t do li nhn nhp cc

hot ng bun bn, Lonon th k XVIII bc l hn ch nht nh. Tng lp qu tc Anh ri

London v cc vng nng thn ln cn xy dng nhng lu i, dinh th ln theo phong cchBarocco. Ton cnh London th hin s tng phn 2 hnh thi t chc khng gian th hon

ton khc nhau, gia 1 bn l ni thnh cht chi vi hnh thc kin trc n iu v bn kia l

vng nng thn bao quanh, t xut nhng tng th kin trc kt hp vi cng vin, cy xanh

c b cc theo quy tc cht ch.


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3.5. Mt s qung trng tiu biu

Thit k v xy dng qung trng trong cc th chu u l mt trong nhng thnh

cng quan trng ca ngh thut kin trc th Barocco.


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Qung trng thng c cc dng mt bng hnh hc u nh tam gic, hnh vung, hnh

ch nht, hnh thang cn, hnh trn hoc na trn.

Bn cnh nhng cng trnh kin trc vi cc chc nng c th, cc thnhphn trang tr

khc nh i phun nc, cng vm v tng chim v tr quan trng trong b cc khng gian

qung trng. Cc qung trng l nhng khng gian kin trc c trng ca th. Chng lin

h cht ch vi phn cn li ca th thng qua h thng ng ph. thi k Barocco c 2

loi khng gian qung trng: khng gian n v khng gian kp. Khng gian kp chnh l s

lin kt khng gian ca cc qung trng khc nhau to thnh 1 tng th.

3.5.1 Mt s qung trng Barocco tiu biu Roma (Italia)

Qung trng thnh Saint Pierre Vatican

L tc phm tiu biu c gi tr nht ca nght thut kin trc th Barocco Italia. Cng

trnh chnh l nh th chnh Saint- Pierre.Bernini t chc 3 khng gian c c tnh khc nhau to thnh tng th qung trng

trc nh th:

- Qung trng hnh thang cn. Mt chnh nh ht khp kn cnh y ln hnhthang. ng b sung bc thang rng gm 2 cp li vo nh th.

- Qung trng hnh bu dc c kch thc 210x60m. B mt nn ca qungtrng dc lm v pha trung tm, chnh nhau so vi mt nn hnh thang 1,5m.

Trn , t chc 2 i phun nc, gia t ct thp. Dc 2 bn qung trng

hnh thang v bu dc Bernini s dng thng nht 1 loi kin trc vi hng ct

Doric cao 12m, pha trn cao 6m l phn tngchn mi v dy tng trang tr.

- Khng gian th 3 khp kn ton b tng th qung trng, l phn ko di niqung trng hnh bu dc vi thnh ph. Thc t, phn ny khng c xy

dng.


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Cch b cc tng th qung trng ca Bernini tha mn nhu cu s dng ca s ng

gio dn vi iu kin nhn mnh tm quan trng ca nh th Saint Pierre. ng thnh cng v

mt to hnh khng gian quy hoch ca tng th qung trng thng qua vic khai thc c hiu

qu kha cnh chun b tm l th cm cho ngi s dng v cc nguyn tc phi cnh o.

i t ngoi vo, hnh bu dc ca qung trng ln lin kt vi hnh thang m v hng

nh th ca qung trng nh, cng vi hng ct Doric n gin v thng nht v chiu cao 18m

to nn s tp trung quan st mt chnh ca nh th, ng thi to cm gic trong hnh nh phi

cnh nh th nh gn li. Vic x l nn lm ca qung trng bu dc cng nh vic chn hnhthang to cm gic tng b th ca nh th.


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3.5.1 Mt s qung trng Barocco tiu biu ParisPhp:

Qung trng Dauphine:


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Mt bng hnh tam gic cn c kch thc cnh 60m, chiu cao 90. cng trnh kin trc khp kn

3 mt qung trng tr 2 li vo ni t nh. Kin trc 3 mt qung trng thng nht v chiu

cao (3 tng) v hnh thc.


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C mt bng hnh vung cnh 140m. qung trng l 1 khng gian khp kn. Li vo duy

nht cho phng tin gc Ty- Bc ca qung trng.


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Qung trng Chin Thng:


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Qung trng hnh trn, khc vi 2 qung trng Dauphine v Hong Gia, qung trng Chin

Thng c hnh thc kin trc c in theo phong cch Barocco v c trang tr lng ly.


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Qung trng Vendome:

L v d tiu biu v hon chnh nht ca th loi qung trng Barocco Paris. Mt

bng qung trng hnh vung, bn gc b ct cho, kch thc 146x136m. c b cc i

xng, c tng Louis XIV t gia. Mt ng kin trc qung trng c cng phong cch kin


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trc c in Paris. Tng trt l cc cun vm c in. Hai tng trn c t hp theo phn v

ng bng cc thc ct

Coranh cao 2 tng.

3.5 Tm tt nhng c im chnh v t chc khng gian th thi k Barocco:

- Nu tng th kin trc th Barocco theo phong cch Phc Hng th hin c tnh n nh,

tnh ti v mch lc th phong cch Barocco li to nn c tnhng, lun bin i v phc tp.


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CHNG 4: TH CHU V VIT NAM4.1. TH N :

Lch s kien truc trung co An o (bao gom ca Pa-kystan ngay nay) co the chia lam haithi ky. Thi ky t the ky V en the ky XIII va thi ky t the ky XIII en the ky XVIII. The

ky XIII gia hai thi ky o anh dau bang s xam chiem at nc An o do cac the lcphong kien theo ao Hoi cac nc Trung ong va Can ong tien hanh. Sau khi a quanhng thi gian phan tranh ve chnh tr va suy thoai ve kinh te vao the ky III, cua hai e quocthi no le la Ari-dra pha Nam va Cu-sa-ma pha Bac, An o bc vao thi ky phat trienau the ky V. Giai oan phat trien o cung bat au trong hoan canh chau Au, che o no letan v keo theo nhng nen van minh co knh va trung tam cua van minh the gii a chuyensang pha ong. Trong cac nc dan au co An o la nc a tiep thu c khi tang khoa hoctriet hoc, van chng nghe thuat the gii thi tien Trung Co.

Khac vi Tay Au, An o chuyen vao xa hoi phong kien ma khong co tach khoi c skinh te thi ky trc va nen van hoa truyen thong co knh. Nen nong nghiep lua nc la ac

iem kinh te An o di che o phong kien. C cau xa hoi la nhng cong ong nong nghiepchia ra vac-nava giai chi, cong ong nong nghiep o la sc can chnh tren con ng phattrien che o no le thi tien co, con di che o phong kien th no ay lui s phat trien thanhth.

Nhng oi thay xa hoi gia nhng thi ky noi tiep nhau trong lch s a khong at motsc tan pha nao e thay the nen kinh te va van hoa An o. nhieu trung tam ton giao ongngi va giau co, tren cac ng giao lu thng nghiep xa van phat trien thu cong nghiepva thng nghiep. oi vi the gii ben ngoai viec giao lu van tang cng v nh vi I-ran,Trung A,Vi-dang-ty va Trung Quoc.

Trc the ky IX, thnh tr the lc phong kien va nhng nha tu hanh ao Ba la mon, ao

Phat c An o giao thay the. ao giai-na(1) cung can ao Phat nhng khong thnh hanhbang va phat trien nhieu hn trong cac nha buon va ngi lam nghe thu cong ln. ao Phata co thi thnh trong giai cap quyen quy An o, roi mat dan v tr, e chuyen sang cac ncphng ong nhXay Lan, Mien ien, Trung Quoc, Nhat Ban, v.v ong thi An o vec ban thoi khong xay thap, tu vien va en kieu Sai-chi-a na. Kieu en tng trng nhngquan niem mi ve th cung cac than tng a tr thanh nhng cong trnh kien truc o so thitrung co.

Vao au the ky IX, gan nh thoi khong uc vao a e co cong trnh kien truc ma abat au xay dng bang a. V ch xay bang a, nhng cong trnh ton giao (tr vung Rat-gi-pu-ta-na) con cong trnh dan dung van nh xa xay bang vat lieu khong vnh cu nh go,

gach, at set v.v a la mot trong nhng nguyen nhan lam cho cac cong trnh dan dung thitrung co khong con c ti ngay nay.Thi thnh vng cua che o phong kien (the ky X, Xi) a tap trung nhieu cong cua

xay en ien noi len sc manh xa hoi thi trung co. Kien truc en ien a the hien quan iemtriet hoc, ton giao va tham my cua che o. T the ky III trc cong nguyen en the ky XIIsau cong nguyen, cac di tch kien truc cua ao Phat Ba la mon va Giai-na co kha nhieu emot so hoc gia a phan loai theo kien truc ton giao.


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anh rang a phan loai kien truc trong lch s theo cac ton giao khac nhau th lai loaibo khu vc kien truc dan dung va khu vc thanh th va do o khong phat hien nhng mat cban cua kien truc va nhng ac trng a phng trong lch s kien truc. Mat khac chung ta ahieu rang nhng cong trnh kien truc cac ton giao khac nhau ma cung xay trong nhng hoancanh lch s nh nhau th thay t khac nhau ve kien truc.

Nghien cu lch s xay dng thanh th va kien truc dan dung t the ky V en the kyXIII gan nh khong lam c nen ch nhan thc c phan nao qua th tch. en nay con ieucha giai c la truyen thong duy tr trong xay dng thanh th la nhng g, ke t thi mai moti mot trong nhng nen van hoa thanh th co knh nhat the gii la van hoa Ha-ra-pa, phat triengia cac the ky 30 15 trc cong nguyen tren phan lon at ai An o va Pa-ky-stan, vinhng ac iem nh trnh o trang b ky thuat o th cao oi vi thi bay gi, xay dng nhachia eu thanh o vuong van, nha hia ba tang bang gach nung, he thong cong toan thanh pho,be nc va gieng cong cong v.v

Nghien cu th tch e hieu kien truc dan gian trung co la viec rat kho v thi co vatrung co An o khong co thoi quen ghi nien ai khi viet cac th tch, cho nen viec xac nhnien ai gia cac nha nghien cu co khi khac nhau vai the ky. Cha noi th tch lu lai do cactac gia la tang ni a viet theo quan iem than hoc va bieu tng cua ton giao.

Tuy nhien ieu khac va bch hoa nhng di tch khac nhau a c phat hien nh Xan-xi hay At-giang-ta a cho ta mot khai niem ve hnh thc kien truc bang nhng vat lieukhong ben vng xa. Mot so di tch kien truc dan gian ngay xa nh en Ma-ma-la-pu-ranc vao a nguyen phien.

Nhng truyen thong co knh va s hoan chnh tay nghe trong kien truc a nh vao tochc xa hoi phan chia theo quan iem san xuat nhvac-nava gia tritrong nong nghiep vase nhitrong thu cong nghiep; trong cac to chc ay tay nghe c noi ro nhng kinh nghiem

thc te va ly luan c truyen ba goi la Sin-pa-sa-stracho cac nghe nhan trong xay dng,ieu khac hoi hoa va thu cong nghiep. Cac ieu hng dan nay a truyen mieng, tuy cac Sin-pa-sa-stra a thanh van t nhng nam trc cong nguyen va a thanh kinh cho nghe kien trucva xay dng t the ky VI sau cong nguyen.

Nhng t chc chuyn nghip se nhii tm vic khp t nc n , c khi xy dngmt cng trnh ko di khng phi mt i ngi. C nh th, nhiu cng trnh ht nh nhau vkiu cch v hnh thc c dng ln nhng a phng rt xa cch nhau, nhng vn mangnhng c im ring bit ca a phng v thin nhin, kh hu, tp qun i sng v.v

Tuy tc ng ca Sin-pa-sa-stra v hot ng ca cc se-shiem li mt s thng nhtno trong kin trc ca mt t nc c nhiu truyn thng vn ha ca nhiu a phngkhc nhau cng nh iu kin a l kh hu khc nhau, nhng cui cng phng thc xy dng

nh vy tuy sinh ng v kin nh dn n xu hng bo th trong k thut xy dng vngng ng sc sng to ngh thut trong kin trc.Mt giai on mi trong lch s kin trc n bt u vi ch phong kin Hi gio

thnh tr khp nc, tr vng cc Nam, vo cc th k XV XVII. Vi o Hi xut hinnhiu kiu cng trnh tn gio nh lng m, nh thi thp hnh tr theo nhng truyn thng quen thuc vi o Hi Trung v I-ran.

Nhng cuc chin tranh khng ngng trong ni b cng nh chng ngoi xm tcng n quy m to ln xy dng cc cng trnh phng ng v cc dinh c kiu pho i.


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Kin trc vn dn u cc ngh thut khc nhng u khng phi l trung tm i sng vn hana, m l dinh c kiu pho icng vi cc lng m tng trng cho s hng cng catng lp phong kin thng tr.

Trong thi gian thnh tr ca phong kin theo Hi gio trn t nc n , t s cngtc vi cc ngh nhn xy dng v cc nh ngh thut to hnh t cc nc lng ging sang nh

Trung v I-ran, ny sinh nhiu cng trnh kin trc mang tnh cht ca nhng nn vn hakhc nhau.Nhng cng trnh v i ni ln di thi 2 vng quc theo hi gio l vng quc

Xuyn-tan -li (th k XIII XIV) v quc M-gn (th k XVI SVIII). Nhng khngkm phn v i l nhng cng trnh dng vocc th k XV XVI cc x qun Hi giokhng b l thuc nh Gt-gia-ra-ta, Bng-gan, Hai-a-ra-bt, Bt-gia-pua. y, tuy g p vonhng mu mc v kiu cch ca o Jslam, nhiu cng trnh c o ni ln vi phong ccha phng.

Vo th k XVIXVIII, x qun Ra-gi-pu-tan l a phng khng b l thuc trthnh trung tm vn ha Bc n, sau khi quc M -gn suy vong, nhiu dinh th v thnhquch c xy dng.

Cho n th k XIX, b bin C -r-mng-en cc Nam n , di quyn lc phongkin n v cc nh tu hnh B la mn, pht trin s nghip xy dng cc qun th n k vngang tm vc thnh ph.

Vo u th k XVIII, khi thc dn Chu u xm nhp vo n , xut hin nhiukiu, nhiu hnh thc cng trnh nh nh thi o Gia t, dinh th kiu G tch, phc hng hayc in. Trong s cc cng trnh u tin thc dn xy phi ni n nhng pho i xy th kXVII b bin n nh Ma--rt, Bom-bay, Cam-ct-ta, Png-i-s-rt.

Ch phong kin vi s phn chia ng cp ko di cng vi cc cuc chin chinh phntranh ni b khng dt dn n s suy thoi, c li cho ch ngha thc dn chu u, nh phcp bc nhn dn n mt th k, cui cng dn n ch thuc a Anh v bt u mtgiai on mi trong lch s kin trc n .

4.1.1 KIEN TRUC AN O TTH K V N TH K XIIIat nc An o vao giai oan nay khong ch la mot quoc gia. a thanh lap nhieuvng quoc. Vng quoc nay sup o lai thanh lap nhng vng quoc khac. Vao the ky IV, ong bang song Gang, e quoc Gup-ta la Nha nc cuoi cung cua che o no le, trong o axuat hien nhng yeu to cua che o phong kien. Thi ky thnh vng trieu ai Tran--ra gup-ta (375 413), e quoc nay rong t nui Hy-ma-lap-sn en nui Vinh-i, co anh hng lnkhong ch An o ma ca Chau A, buon ban vi Xu-ma-t-ra, Gia-va, Ba-lp, anh hng lnen nen van hoa cac nc hien nay nh Cam-pu-chia, Thai Lan, Inonesia neu xem di tchkien truc cac nc nay. e quoc nay gi quan he mat thiet vi phng Tay, Trung Quoc, I-ran, Trung A. T thu o Pa-ta-li-pu-t-ra ng bo dan ti cac nc noi tren. Cung t thu o,

qua song Gang ra bien An o, cac tau buon dan ti Xay Lan, Ai Cap, Vi dang ti va La Ma. Na-lan-a, trung tam hoc ao the ky V-VII co vai nghn hoc sinh, co ca ngi TrungQuoc, Nhat Ban v.v The ky V c anh dau bi nhng phat mi nh ve toan hoc, thien van, yhoc. Ky thuat ky dieu thi ay e li co cot sat cao tren 7 met, ti nay khong thay vet r,tng Phat Xun-tan-gang-gia uc ong cao 2 met. Van hoc, ieu khac phat trien. Tuy phanln cong trnh kien truc thi ay khong con, nhng th tch cho biet the ky V-VI xay nhieu en,phao ai, tu vien phan ln bang go, gach.


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Cuoi the ky V, do mau thuan noi bo ngay cang sau sac, va s anh pha cua hng no,e quoc Gup-ta suy thoai. T o au thi ky lch s mi cua An o vi che o phong kienthnh tr. Manh nhat co vng quoc Hac-xa (the ky VII) Bac An. e Khan co vng quocSa-lu-ki va Ra-st-cu-ta (the ky VII IX). Sau khi e quoc Gup-ta suy vong, trung tam kinhte, van hoa chuyen ti cac nui Vinh-hi pha Nam khong b nhng vu cp pha thu ch, ay mot truyen thong van hoa phong phu co at nay n.4.1.2 XAY DNG THANH TH

Noi ve xay dng thanh th thi trung co An o, chung ta b han che trong mot so thtch va mot so t di tch thanh th. Phan ln thanh th trung co khong con na. Mot trong nhngnguyen nhan la trieu ai phong kien len thay the trieu ai trc trong a ong ngay tai ni cucua trieu ai trc, ma la xay mi. Khong t trng hp xung quanh nhng ni mi cua trieuai mi a phat trien ca mot thanh pho ap ng yeu cau mi va phong cach mi.

Nhng kinh day nghe kien truc, th du nh kinh Ma-na-xa-ca a chia cac iem dan ctheo chc nang nh la cang, trung tam hanh chnh, thng mai hay iem dan c quan s v.vco nhieu quy nh ve xay dng thanh th nh thanh th bo tr nga ba song, hay tren b hothien nhien hoac nhan tao; hng pho xa chnh theo hng mat tri; co quy nh chieu ngangmat ng theo cong dung nh ng i bo, ng cho cac oan xe tho v.v Tnh chat phaoai cua thanh th thng ro net.

kinh Ma-na-xa-ra, quy hoach thanh th e lo ieu kien xa hoi giai cap (xem hnh so1) co quy nh khat khe theo giai cap, theo ang cap va nghe nghiep, khong ch trong quyhoach o th ma ca trong cach to chc noi chung, ngha la cho ca nc. Cho nhng ang captren, phai danh nhng khu at tot nhat, co vn hoa, cay canh cach biet. Ngoai ra thanh phola ni cua ang cap b khinh miet goi la khong them cham vao. Co khi xay nhng laibuon (ang cap Vai-xi-a) hoac nhng ngi thuoc ang cap Xu--ra ngheo kho. S phan

chia ang cap trong thanh th trung co a xuat hien nhng ang cap mi.Tuy theo a v xa hoi, nha dan c co quy nh ve so tang va chieu cao nha, khuonkho nha va ca vat lieu xay dng. Th du nh ang cap ngheo kho Xu--ra khong c lamnha hn mot tang cao va khong c dung gach a ma phai dung tre, lau say va at set. Sotang cao nha phai phu hp vi a v xa hoi cua chu nha.

o th thi trung co (trc the ky XIII) khong con na. Di tch thanh pho Tac-xin (theky VI trc cong nguyen the ky V sau cong nguyen) la nhng thanh xay a day gan 6 met.en the ky th V sau cong nguyen, con thay ng tr nhng nha tu, en thap va nha . echong vi nhng vu cp pha t ben ngoai va nhng vu bao ong ben trong cua nong dan vaothe ky IV V, nha tu bao quanh nhng cong trnh phong ve va giong nh mot thanh quan s

t sau nam 460, thanh b anh pha va so phan cua no khong c biet ro.Thanh Pa-ta-li pu-t-ra la kinh o cac trieu ai Mo-ri-a va Gup-ta nga ba song Gangva song Son, con lai di tch phao ai cung ien. Hao sau va tng thanh vng chac chay daitren b song Gang tren mot khu at 14x15 km. ng pho rong rai, hai ben ng co nha va cac dinh th, cac nha hoi hop cua ngi buon va th thu cong, cong trnh the thao va bieudien van nghe, ca hang va ch lp mai. Phan ln cac nha lam bang go, mot so lam bang


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gach, nhng khong nha nao xay bang a. trung tam thanh pho, gia cay canh va ho ncnhan tao, noi len lau ai bang go cua nha vua.

Trong so cac thanh pho mi, thi nay co thanh pho Ma-ma-la-pu-ram (nay goi la Ma-ha-ba-li-pu-ma) pha Nam tren b bien An o, xay vao the ky VII. Kho ma tng tngc rang v tr mot lang nho hien nay, gia nhng bai nc va troi a ngay xa a dnglen nhng cong trnh bang a nh en th va mot thanh pho hai cang a la trung tam truyenba nen van hoa An o sang cac nc Nam A. Khong con gi c ay thanh quach vinhng cong phong ve, nhng ni canh gach nh thay tren nhng phu ieu Xang-xi (the ky Isau cong nguyen); khong con vet tch ng pho; khong con nhng cong trnh ma th tch noive thanh Ma-ma-la-pu-ram con ghi la ch co mai, lam ni ngh chan cua khach co chuongnga ben, va ca mot khu nha danh cho cong nhan cang, phu khuan vac va nhng ngingheo kho khong quyen hanh g ay phuc vu cho nhng ke thuoc ang cap tren. Ngay naye anh dau quy mo thanh pho cu, con mot khu ien th rc r.4.1.3 `KY THUAT XAY DNG

Nhieu ac trng kien truc dan dung a anh hng en kien truc cung nh, kien truchoanh trang An o ong bang song Gang va song Anh, co kh hau nong am, giau at phu sava rng cay. a t lau, vat lieu xay dng ay la may go va gach at nung. a rat t dunglam vat lieu xay dng, tr ni khong co go va at set. a rat t dung va soi ln a dung exay mong nha.

cac tnh pha Tay Bac An o, a chea dung t the ky I sau cong nguyen, vungtrung tam, t the ky V, va vung cc Nam t the ky VII khi xay nhng cong trnh ton giao.Nhng cong trnh uc vao a a phat trien An o t the ky th III trc cong nguyen enau the ky X sau cong nguyen. Co the phan biet hai loai trong cac cong trnh nay: LoaiHang khi ch uc vao a bang phang; loai mot khoi, khi cac nghe nhan bien mot tang a

ln thanh mot cong trnh kien truc co ba chieu. Trong ca hai loai eu dung phng phap cuanha ieu khac. Nhng cong trnh mot khoi lam vao the ky VII VIII An o la nhng di tchkien truc co mot khong hai trong lch s kien truc the gii. Tren nhng cong trnh kien trucloai hang, nhng chi tiet kien truc va mo-tp trang tr tren vat lieu khong ben nh go, tre,gach, at set v.v c chep lai mot cach trung thanh.

Thi trung co An o, go van c dung pho bien, nhat la nhng loai go quy dung chonhng cong trnh hoanh trang, nha dan thanh th, nong thon cung lam bang go. Khong lay glam la khi kien truc go An o a phat trien mc cao, sm hn t lau trc khi xuat hiencong trnh xay a.

An o, dung tre e lam nhng tam ng, chan song, nhng bo khung nha, mai nha

va cot chong nhng tam tran nhe tren. Trong kien truc go, tre a dung e noi cac tam dihnh thc nhng con so.Kien truc go a dung mot he thong ket cau duy nhat la cot xa. Tren au nhng cot

ng bon canh, tam canh hay tron, at nhng xa thng nhng xa ngang, xa doc, nhng xanay mai bang.

Trong kien truc go, cac thanh va ng la mot bo khung bang nhng thanh ng,chan noi nhau bang nhng thanh ngang, gia cac thanh ap at set hay xay gach mong. Bang


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Cac kien truc s An o a kheo khai thac nen nha nh mot phng tien nhieu kha nang bieuhien va hoanh trang.

kien truc An o va trat tng a dung t lau. Va che lap cac loai vat lieu xaykhac nhau mot cong trnh, ong thi chong nhiet va am cao. nha nong dan, va trat cthay the bang at set, tron rm ra, bam va trat ca mat trong va mat ngoai nha. ac biet la vakhong ch dung cho cong trnh xay dng a na. ay va c cau tao ac biet, am bao cao ben vng cao ca o bong long lay.4.1.4 KIEN TRUC DAN DUNG

Nhng cong trnh dan dung lam t trc the ky XIII khong con gi c v lam bangvat lieu khong ben vng. Mot vai khai niem ve nhng cong trnh nay c gi len nhngquan the cong trnh uc vao a nguyen phien the ky VII Ma-ma-la-pu-ram khong theo hnhdang cong trnh dan dung bang go hay tren nhng phu ieu Bha-hu-ta va Xang-xi (t the kyII trc cong nguyen en the ky I sau cong nguyen) cung nh tren nhng tranh tng At-giang-ta (the ky I trc cong nguyen, the ky VII sau cong nguyen).

Suot ca nhng thi ai xa nhau trong nhieu the ky, nhng di tch kien truc va ieukhac nay a chng minh rang tren at nc An o rong ln a thnh hanh mot kieu nha phatsinh t ong bang song Gang va song Anh, thi xa xa. o la kieu Xai-chi-a bnh o hnh chnhat dai co vom cuon va kieu Vi-ha-ra, bnh o hnh vuong lp mai hnh thap.

Theo nhng hnh mau bang a bat chc nha dan dung Ma-ma-la-pu-ram, cac congtrnh c the hien co nen a, tren at khung go, tng xay gach hay ap at. Tng trat vaca trong lan ngoai, mau trang va oi iem trang tr c to mau. Tat ca ket cau mai, khungca so, ca ra vao va cac tru dam eu bang go. Mai lp la ong mong vi nhng trang tr aumai co khi thep vang.

quan the cong trnh nay, co mot cong trnh theo mot kieu nha nho ien hnh vi

khung go, lp bon mai bang boi coi. Con nhng cong trnh khac co hnh dang chua th Phat,tu vien kieu Xai-chi-a la nha vi bnh o dai, mot au co hnh na tron, tam hnh trontrc kia co cot go chong mai. o nhng mon o ao Phat at ban th Xa-l.

Cung quan the nay, co cong trnh phong theo nha ba bon tang hnh thap kieu Vi-ha-ra.

Kieu nha nhieu tang nay, theo th tch, a phat trien thi co ai. Trong kinh Ma-ma-xa-ra hng dan xay nhaviet t the ky VI kieu nha nhieu tang ca dan dung, ca ton giaothng co bnh o vuong nh ta thay cong trnh har-ma-rat-gi trong quan the kien truc Ma-ma-la-pu-ram (hnh so 4).

Co tu vien vi nha cao nhieu tang, mot so at 60 90 met , tren at tu vien co ca ai

thien van. Nha cho cac ngi tu hanh quay xung quanh mot san trong noi bat moi hnh thctrang tr.Nhieu loai cong trnh cong cong va nha , nhieu phao ai, dinh th, benh vien, nha

bieu dien, kho tang c nhac en trong trng ca co ai Ra-ma-ya-na va Ma-ha-bha-ra-ta vanhieu tai lieu th tch thi sau.


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T thi ai o, ngay nay con di tch A-xo-ky Pa-ta-li-pu-t-ra. Theo but ky cua Pha-xanh,ngi Trung Quoc du hanh vao the ky V th cong trnh bang go nay a ng vng vang 600nam roi ma van long lay trong nhng trang tr khac tram va bch hoa.

Sach day xay dng Xin-pa-xa-t-ra co knh nhan manh en viec bo tr nha xungquanh nhng san trong. kh hau nong bc nay, ngi ta a sinh hoai gia tri. Cho nen santrong thay ca phong khach, phong an va ca bep na. Nha ngi quy toc trang tr san tronglong lay va co san rieng cho an ong, an ba. Phong muon chong nong phai m ca rahng ong Bac va cay coi trong quanh nha. Theo quan niem nay, nha cua nhan dan Ano thng co hien, lo gia hanh lang rong chong nong.

Cong trnh dan dung c trang tr mau sac va bch hoa, ta con thay mot so hnh anhtren mot manh bch hoa con lai trong di tch At-giang-ta ta canh nha (the ky V VII) nhieubch hoa ghi lai nhng lau ai nhieu tang vi nhng phong rong nhieu cot, bao quanh la nhnghanh lang, logia. Nhng cot tron nang ne at tang di, con tang tren la hnh dang nhonhan cua cot tre. Hang cot tron va thap ket thuc tang tren cung cua ngoi nha.

Qua nhng manh bch hoa va th tch, thay mau sac va bch hoa trang tr ca nha dandung, ca cong trnh van hoa. Theo phong tuc, pha ngoai nha sn mau trang. Cot go va cac chitiet kien truc pha ngoai th sn mau xanh da tri, mau vang, mau o va nhieu mau long laycua men sanh. Noi that c trang tr rat phong phu. Tng va tran khong ch ve nhng hnhhoa la ma ca nhng canh sinh hoat thong thng. Noi dung bch hoa thng ket hp nhuannhuyen s sang tao vi s quan sat thc canh.

Qua bch hoa At-giang-ta, thay bch hoa An o ve tren va kho. Tng quet nc daumot lt voi, e mot em sau o phu mot lp chat dnh gom keo, phan bo, rm ra xay thatnho, tren lp o lai phu mot lp va mong roi xoa bong. Hoa sy lam viec trong phong tranhtoi tranh sang, ben phai dung mot loai gng bang kim kh e chieu anh sang tri vao trong

nha. 4.2. TH TRUNG QUC:4.2.1 Khai niem ve kien truc co ai Trung Quoc ( Trang 1 )a. Giai oan 1 : Thi ky Chien quoc, Tan, Han ( Trc Cong nguyen 475 221 )b. Giai oan 2 : Thi ky Tam Quoc, Lng Tan, Nam Bac Trieu Tien, Tuy, ng

( nam 221 907 )c. Giai oan 3 : Thi ky Ngu ai, Lieu, Tong, Kim, Nguyen ( nam 907 1368 )d. Giai oan 4 : Thi Minh en thi Thanh ( nam 1368 1840 ).4.2.2 Nhng ac ien c ban cua kien truc co ai Trung Quoc ( trang 6 )

a. He thong khung go hoan chnh va phng thc ket cau vat lieu phong phu.b.

Hnh thc oc ao cua quan the kien truc.c. Hnh thc kien truc va trang tr kien truc rung ong long ngi.

d. Phong cach dan toc va phong cach a phng muon sac muon mau.e. Tnh nghiem chnh va tnh linh hoat cua bo cuc thanh th.f. Phong cach oc ao va trnh o nghe thuat cao cua vn cay.g. Ky thuat thi cong va phng phap thiet ke tien tien cua thi co ai.


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cho mt vi ci n l. Nh chng ta s thy, khng cng trnh no ln t cng trnh no,d l cng thnh, tng thnh hay cc i canh gc thnh nhng im s vcao nht c chc nng bo v mi thnh th Trung Quc chng li qun ch t bnngai hoc chng li mi bo lan e da ph v trt t ng thi.4.2.8.2 S ra i ca cc th c:

S cn thit t bo v v cng c phng th cc lng mc bng cc ly t bao bc xungquanh xut hin Trung Quc vo cui thi k mi. Nhng phi i ti khi xuthin st, vo thi nh Thng, th th mi ra i. th u tin ca nh Thng m ngui ta bit n l Trnh Chu, H Nam(Zhengzhou, Henan), c th l mt kinh ca nh Thng (khong th k XV IXIVTCN).Thnh ny hnh ch nht, din tch 3 km2, c bao bc bi mt tng thnh bng cclp t nn, mi lp dy t 8 n 10 cm. Tng thnh di 7km, c 11 ca , chiu cao cn

li hin nay l 5 m. Thnh c v nh l mt trung tm chnh tr v tngio. Sng bntrong tng thnh l tng lp quyn qu, bn ngoi l tng lp th th cng (th c, thgm, th o ) v nng dn. Trnh Chu pht hin c nn nh, m, xngluyn ng, lm gm, xng, xng ct ru. th th hai l nKh (Yinx), nm pha ty bc thnh ph An Dng (Anyang),H Nam ngy nay, c nh Thng ng trong khong th k XIV XI TCN, cngl mt qun th kh ng nht c nhng c trng ca Trnh Chu. Thnh ny nm dctrn b nam sng Han Thy, cnb bc c dnh lm ngha a. Ti y pht hinc khu lng m ca cc vua Thng, phn m ca qu tc v ca bnh dn, trong cnhng m rt ln chim din tch t bn nm chc mt vung n bn nm trm mt

vung vi nhiu tun tng qu giv n l chn theo. Kinh nh Thng, trung tmu no ca quc gia, kim sat t nc v mt chnh tr v kinh t, c bo v bimt thnh ly phng th, bn trong tch tr y ng cc v vt phm hng ha, c iuhnh bi vua, cc quan li o s. Tng lp quyn qu ny c rt nhiu gia n phc dch;cc phng th th cng v nng dn ngai thnh cng phi phc v h.

Nhng truyn thng c t thi Thng vn tip tc tn ti di thi Ty Chu, u th kX TCN, nhng vt tch ca cc thnh th thi k ny khng cn c tm thy. Nhngthay i ln ch xy ra vo thi k u ca nh ng Chu (th k VII VI TCN)Vi s xut hin cc nc ch hu th s lng cc th cng tng ln. Nhiu th cathi k ny c khai qut. Nm 1957 1958 mt th c c tng thnh bng t

c pht hin min Nam tnh Sn Ty. Thnh ny kh nh, c mt s cung in,cc khu th cng nghip nm bn ngai thnh ph.Mt kinh cng thi l Lm Tri (Linzi) ca nc T Sn ng (Shandong), c n70.000 h (khong 350.000 dn), c coi l rt ln vo thi , cc khu th cngnghip, ngc li, nm bn trong tng thnh.Kinh nc Triu, Hm an (Handan), H Bc (Hebei), th k IV TCN, c tmthy khng y , hnh vung, gm 16 nn t phng, ci ln nht c chiu cao 13,5 m.


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th c tui km hn mt t l H (Xiadu) nc Yn H Bc, th k IV TCN.Thnh ny nm trong s cc thnh ni ting nht ca thi Chin Quc, c tm thynm 1961 1962; chiu di tng thnh n 20 km, thnh hnh ch nht, gm hai phnvung vc, mt pha ng, mt pha ty, c phn chia bi mt con knh chy theohc bc nam dng chuyn ch lng thc. Nhng du tch ca bn ca thnh, cc

ng ph v cc knh vn cn thy r. Khu thnh pha ng, giu c hn v di tch vnha, gm nhiu khu t, c c khu t trn l hnh dng mt s cung in, nhiu dutch cc xng th cng (gm, c v kh, c cng c, c tin, lm vt dng bngxng, ) v cc khu dn c. Pha ty bc ca khu thnh pha ng ny l lng m cahong tc.

Nhng khai qut thc hin nhng ni ni trn cho thy mt s tin ha nh hng ntm vc cc th v cc cung in: tm vc ny ln ln rt nhiu t th k VITCNn th k III TCN. Cc khai qut cng cho php rt ra mt s kt lun sau:1. Cc th c bao bc bi tng thnh bng t nn rng t 5m n 15m, gm nhiulp t chng ln nhau, mi lp dy t 4cm n 7cm. Cc cng thnh pha trn c thp

canh, c xy dng nh nhng cng s phng th kin c.2. Phn ln cc thnh hnh vung hoc ch nht. th v cc cng trnh cng u cnh hng theo bn phng, ch yu l theo trc bc nam.3. Nhng khong t cao phng lun c dng lm nn cho cc cng trnh kin trcmang tnh chnh tr hay tn gio.4. Vic xy dng nhng khu chuyn bit l ph bin cc th v gp phn to ra sngn cch x hi c trng trong nn vn minh Trung Hoa.

th thi Thng ging nh mt ni khp kn v tn gio v hnh chnh, dnhring cho gii quyn qu v tch bit hn vi phn cn li ca cng ng. Nhng bt u

t th k VI TCN, ngai khu ng kn c bo v dnh cho gii cm quyn, th cnc thm mt vng rng hn c bc bi mt tng thnh khc bao gm cc khu thcng nghip, nh v cc ph bun bn. C th thy r 3 n v khng gian ring bittrong mt t hp th mi:

1. Mt khng gian dnh cho gii cm quyn c bc bi lp tng thnh th nht.2. Cc khu th cng nghip v bun bn nm gia tng thnh th nht gi l thnh

v tng thnh th hai gi l quch.3. Cc cnh ng trng trt bn ngai quch. th khi c th tr thnh ni tr

n cho nhng nng dn sng bn ngai quch khi c nguy c e da h t bn ngai.Hnh thc th mi ny cho thy tm quan trng ca tng lp th th cng v s

chuyn mn ha ngy cng su ca h khin cho cc khu th cng nghip phi t dis kim sot v bo v ca thnh ph c phng th. Ngai ra, cc ph bun bn t naycng tr thnh mt b phn quan trng ca th. Cc ti liu lch s cng ph hp vinhng g khai qut c v cho thy ngi ta c th mua trang sc, vi vc, da thuc,mui, thuc v nhiu m ngh khc trong cc ca hng. Ti cc th ny cn c thtm thy nh tr, qun n, thanh lu v sng bc. Vic m rng din tch c che chn


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9 khu bun bn quan trng nm pha ng v pha ty ng trc chnh nam bc cathnh. Trng An c 160 khu c tng vy (l), c ngn cch bi nhng ng phtrc giao theo hnh bn c. Kiu b cc bn c c s dng ph bin nht trong quihoch cc th v sau ny.4.2.8.4 TH THI TY NG (589 - 907)

a. THNH LC DNGLc Dng l kinh ca nh ng Hn, mt trung tm sm ut trong c thi Tam

Quc v Lc Triu. th vo th k VI c khong 500.000 dn sng trong mt tngthnh di 4km theo hng bc nam v 2,5 km theo hng ng ty. Thi k binng ko di (229 589) sau khi nh Hn mt khng cho php c nhng d n ln vxy dng th v phi ch n khi nh Ty thng nht t nc vo cui th k VI mic th bt u nhng k hoch to ln c han thnh vo thi ng (618 907).

b. THNH TRNG ANNh Ty chn Trng An l kinh vi xy dng thnh mt trung tm c tm

vc khng u snh bng, nhng ch mi kp thit lp mt bng. Vic xy dng v chnh

trang thnh do nh ng lm trong sut hai th k tr v u tin ca triu i ny. V trTrng An trc kia c nh Chu, sau nh Tn v nh Hn chn do c nhiu uth. Nhng u th ny khng ch ch Trng An nm gia mt vng tr ph v ngdn, c kt ni vi con ng b i vo Trung c con ng thy i n T Xuyn pha nam v Sn ng pha ng. Cng nh trc kia, da vo kinh nghim v lchs, nhng lp lun c tnh biu tng c a ra v dng nh chng ng vai trquyt nh trong vic chn kinh mi. Cc triu i ln ca Trung Quc trn thc tu thnh cng y; rt nhiu m c y cho thy v s mi lin h vi qu kh lylng. Nhng nh Ty mun xy dng mt kinh hon ton mi, v vy khng xyli nhng g cn st v nhng g b ph hy t thi Hn. Mt ni mi pha ng

nam kinh c c coi l vng t vi nhiu du hiu tt p : tip gip vi hai b sng pha bc v pha ng, thun tin cho vic dn thy.Ngoi vic gi nguyn v s nhng c trng l tng ca thnh thi Chu, Trng

An thi Ty v thi ng cn c nhng nt mi nh 2 yu t sau:1 . Ngi ch huy xy dng kinh nh Ty, mt kin trc s, th gia v k s

ni ting, khng phi l ngi gc Hn, tng n kinh ca nhiu quc gia phabc Trung Quc v ly cm hng t nhng thnh ph ny.

2 . u c thc t ng tr trong quan nim v xy dng th. Nhng nt mich yu ca Trng An l: hang cung c t ta lng vo bc tng pha bc cathnh; tp trung cc ph b ca triu nh trong mt khu ring c tng bao bc v nm pha nam hang cung; cc khu dn c nm 3 pha ng, nam v ty ca t hp cungin ph b; lp hai khu ch khng nm pha bc hong cung m nm pha ty v

pha ng thnh ng thi lm kho tip nhn hng ha thc phm ch vo thnh thai hng ty v ng.

Mt bng thnh Trng An ch i xng mt phn. Thnh di 9,721 km t ngsang Ty v 8,652 km t Bc xung Nam, din tch 84 km2 vi mt tng thnh di35,5km, rng 5m c 3 cng mi mt ng, ty, nam v 8 cng mt bc. Thnh cchia l m 3 phn:


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- cc bc l hong cung (2820m x 1492m) c bao bc bi mt tng thnhbng t m chn tng c ni rng ti 18m

- pha nam cahong cung l hong thnh (2820m x 1844) gm cc ph h vcng thc ca triu nh.

- Phn cn li ca thnh gm khu dn c v khu bun bn, bao bc hong thnh v

hong cung 3 mt ng, nam v ty.Khu hong cung v hong thnh c tch bit r rng vi khu dn c v ch ba.

Hong thnh c bao bng mt bc tng thnh 3 pha ng, nam v ty v ngncch vi hong cung bng mt i l rng 220m. Trc bc nam ca thnh chia cngMinh c lm 5 ca ra vo chnh gia tng thnh pha nam v cng xuyn qua cngchnh ca hang thnh n cng chnh in ca hong cung. i l nm trn trc bc

nam rng t 150m n 155m, mi bn tip gip vi mt con knh rng 3m. Cc phsong song vi i l chnh ny rng 100m, c lt gch v dn n cc cng khc cahong thnh.

H thng t chc cc khu dn c l mt trong nhng c trng ca th i

ng. Trc bc nam chia thnh ngai (phn kinh thnh bn ngai hong cung vhong thnh) thnh 2 qun ng v ty, mi qun c c quan hnh chnh v l nh canhring. C 11 ng ln bc nam v 14 ng ln ng ty chia thnh ngai ta 108khu dn c hnh vung hoc hnh ch nht. Nh th ln Bch C D (776 846), sng gn tng ng ca Trng An, vit Vn nh ging mt vn c, ph x nh nh nglung rau.

Mi mt khu dn c gi lphng(fang) u b bao kn bng tng ring. Khu nhnht, din tch khong 25.000 m2, c 2 cng ra vo, mt pha ng, mt pha ty vmt ng ph ln ni thng t cng ny n cng kia. Khu ln nht rng gp i hocgp bn v din tch vi bn cng bn mt v 2 i l thng gc vi nhau ni tng cp

cng.Khi tri ti cc cng ca cc khu ny u ng v ph x tr nn vng v. Ccphng thi ng mm do hn trong vic theo di ln nhau. Trong miphng c5 nh cnh nhau lp thnh mt bo, mi nh chu s gim st ca bn nh kia v canhng nh lng ging khc. Mi phng c mt ngi i din c thm quyn qun lhnh chnh. Cc phng u c mt mc t tr nht nh, c dn trong phnggn bvi nhau nh mt tp th nh mi quan h huyt thng, tn gio hay ngh nghip. Bntrong mi khu, ngai nh cn c cha miu. Dn c gm c quan li, ch t, tngnhn, thng nhn, th th cng v c mt s ng ngi nc ngai. Cc thin vi nthng chim ht mt na hoc thm ch c mt khu nguyn vn. Cc i l v cc ph

bn trong mi khu rng t 20 m n 40 m, u c trng cy. gc ng nam ca thnhc mt cng vin bao quanh mt h ln, bn trong c nhiu nh qun v ng i do, ch c m cho dn chng vo chi trong nhng ngy hi, cn li quanh nm ch dnhcho hong tc v nhng nh quan li.

Hai ch pha ng v pha ty thnh Trng An, trung tm ca thng nhn v thth cng, chim din tch hai khu mi ch trn mt ng song song trc hang thnh.Bn ng ph giao nhau chia mi ch thnh 9 hnh vung, trong hnh vungtrung tm l ni t nh qun l ch kim tra cn ong, gi c v thu thu. Ch m ca


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Lc kho Lch s th


vo bui tra bng nhng ting trng, ng ca v 7h15ti, truc lc mt tri ln, bngnhng ting chung. C hai ch tp hp n 220 dy hng. Cc ca hiu bun bn cngchng loi hng hoc cng mt ngh th cng c xp chung vo mt dy. Nhng khaiqut tin hnh v tr ph nam thuc ch pha ty tm thy rt nhiu tin thi ng,nhng bng ngc, nhng bng ngc v trang sc bng pha l, m no.

Ch pha ty (927m x 1031m) c nhng ph nm trn b knh. Cc th tch cho bit c nhng ca hng bn trang sc, ca hng ru vang ca cc thng nhn nt Trung v Ty . Nhiu ng tin v ng vng ca quc La M pha ng ctm thy trong cc m i ng y chng t rng bun bn quc t thnh hnh Trng An.

Mt bng kinh rng ln ny l m hnh ca rt nhiu th Trung Quc nh LcDng, H Nam v nc ngoi nh kinh Nht Nara xy dng nm 710. Tng ngvi tm c lc a m n cai qun, thnh Trng An n cui th k VII c mt triudn ni thnh, nhng phn b khng u v mt s khu l qun trng, trng u ngahoc vn cnh cho gii quyn qi. Cc khu nhn nhp u gn hai ch, c mt s

nh tng dng lm qun n hay qun tr. Vic ra vo cc khu dn c d dng hn (i vicc khu c 2 cng v 4 cng thay v 1 cng i nh Hn) cho thy vic ngn chia cng bt nghim ngt v vic i li t do hn thi k ny v n i Tng th tr thnhchuyn bnh thng.

Ngoi Trng An v Lc Dng c xy dng li di thi Ty v thi ng v tr c ca th k VI, mt s trung tm th ln khc ca thi ng cng c tu sali, c bit l cc th bun bn lu vc sng Dng T nh Dng Chu (GiangT) pha ng, Thnh (T Xuyn) pha ty Trung Quc. nhng ch giao nhauca cc ng giao thng u tin hnh thnh nhng ch tri tm thi, dn dn pht trinthnh nhng th trn c nh v n thi Tng th tr thnh nhng th thng mi.

* Cc qui tc nh hng th Trung Quc nh mt bng c v r rng u n,cc trc chnh Nam Bc v ng Ty, ginh cch phn chia cc thnh ph La M.Nhng mt bng th Trung Quc ly ni vua ng triu lm trung tm kinh v phng ca quan tnh lm trung tm tnh thnh, trong khi trung tm cc thnh ph La Ml ngh trng, ni biu trng cho li ch ca dn chng

Lược Khảo Lịch Sử Đô Thị - Nguyễn Dương Tử

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