Lukacs Debat Chine URSS

7/30/2019 Lukacs Debat Chine URSS

1/23

Gbcrg Fhaq

Acizrlozlci n jonz

bizrb fn A`lib bz fRilci qculzl~b_bmnr~bq z`crl~bq bz t`lfcqct`l~bq)

Lf enz jnocrj mbzzrb fnaabiz qr fb anrnazrb trbmbiz z`crl~b bzmmb& tfq ji zlzrb& t`lfcqct`l~b jb abq rbmnr~bq ab ~lzczbeclq ib qlgilelb bi naib enci ibzrnflz c rbeq jb kgbr)

Fn acizrcubrqb qlic-qculzl~b bqz bi bffb-mmb i uibmbiz

tcflzl~b jb fn tfq `nzb lmtcrzniab& jciz lf bqz jleelalfbjnttr`bijbr nkcrj`l jniq fbr zcznflz fbq aciq~biabqfzrlbrbq) Mnlq fbq aciqljrnzlciq ~l qlubiz ib ulqbiz tnq j zcz rtcijrb jb enci jlrbazbmbiz tcflzl~b np ~bqzlciq& il mmb lijl~br jbq rtciqbq)

Lf un jb qcl ~ib zbffb tcqlzlci z`crl~b ilmtfl~b jb iczrb tnrzif jqlizrz ~niz fn qlzb rbffb jbq uibmbizq bz fbr mnra`bbi nuniz iabqqnlrbmbiz {lg{ngnizb) Acmmb zcz fb mcijb& fnzbr

jb abq rbmnr~bq qnlz n trlp jb ~bffbq acizrnjlazlciq fbq trlialtbq jPPb Acigrq j tnrzl acmmilqzb jb fRilci qculzl~b qb qcizznoflq bz neelrmq 8 lf aciinz fn acmtfbplz jbq uclbq tnr c qciznttnrbq bz qb qciz jubfcttbq kq~ fbr nalz trqbizb fbqcttcqlzlciq qlic-qculzl~bq)

Lf bqz inzrbf ~b fnubilr ib tlqqb nuclr jnzrb qzrazrb ~b fb tnqq)Cl& fnzbr bz nqql olbi bi zniz ~b t`lfcqct`bbqz fcli jb qcq-bqzlmbr flmtcrzniab ji zbf un-bz-ulbiz jniq fn rnflqnzlci jbq

zbijniabq jb f@lqzclrb 8 lf qnlz nuba Filib ~b fn rqb jniq fbacrq jbq a`cqbq& ~l jtnqqb zczb trulqlci& nttnrzlbiz bi trctrb fnrnflz aciarzb bz ~b& ql ci fn igflgbnlz& fb mcijb fl-mmb& jniqqci mcubmbiz& rbqzbrnlz enznfbmbiz liacmtrlq)

Abz nrzlafb bqz tnr jniq fbq imrcq jb icubmorb bz jabmorb >1&

Eurlbr >


2/23

?

Qb flmlzbr n jcmnlib jbq trlialtbq z`crl~bq acmtcrzb jcia fbjnigbr jb tnqqbr az j acizbi rbf jbq uibmbizq) Lf | ntcrzniz jbq qlznzlciq kb arclq ~b zbf bqz fb anq nkcrj`ljniqfbq~bffbq lf bqz zlfb jnjctzbr aciqalbmmbiz ab tcliz jb ub) ^nij

i jonz bqz jcmli tnr fbq trltzlbq jb fn tcfml~b& fbq naaqnzlciqbz acizrb-naaqnzlciq jb jznlf& abqz fb qbf mc|bi jbi jgngbr fbqfmbizq aciqzlzzleq) Lf enz jcia qnaacmmcjbr jbq qcrabq jbrrbrlijl~bq)

Aciqljrciq fbq fbzzrbq jbq jbp acmlzq abizrnp > ; icq qcmmbqnqqlzz ernttq tnr i abrznli acizrnqzb jniq fn aciqzrazlci bz fb zcijb fbptcq& c qbptrlmb nqql& lmtflalzbmbiz& fcttcqlzlci qr fb

ecij) Fn fbzzrb a`liclqb trqbizb fn enazrb ecrmbffb& rbebrmb qr bffb-mmb bz tqbjc-z`crl~b jb fn trlcjb qznflilbiib) Fbqqbiab jb fnfbzzrb qculzl~b bqz i nttbf nz`bizl~b np grnijbq bptrlbiabqacmmibq jb iczrb zbmtq ~l ocfbubrqbiz nkcrj`l jbq abiznlibqjb mlfflciq j`cmmbq)

Kb ib mbzzrnl bi uljbiab ~b fbq tfq lmtcrznizbq) Zcz jnocrj fbT)A)R)Q) n fl~lj fn trnzl~b jb ftc~b qznflilbiib anrnazrlqb tnri nrrcgniz mtrlq jb fn fgnflz) Ql abzzb fl~ljnzlci mnr~b fn eli j

afzb jb fn tbrqciinflz & biacrb enz-lf jzbrmlibr fb qbiq jbfbptrbqqlci tcr mbqrbr fnmtfbr bz fn trcecijbr j a`nigbmbiznaacmtfl)

Lf qnglz jb fn iabqqlz& tcr fznz qcalnflqzb& jb gnrnizlr nkcrj`l a`nai ib ulb `mnlibmbiz uab& ntrq ~b fb mlilmm mmbj`mnilz bz z niif q|qzmnzl~bmbiz tnr fb rglmb jb Qznflib)Flijlqtbiqnofb nqqrniab jib onqb tcr ib ulb qbiqb znlzjzrlzb 8 fn rnflz jib tbrqtbazlub jb ulb tcr zcq fbq `cmmbq

iznlz ~ib lffqlci liaciqlqznizb 8 zczb bizrbtrlqb `mnlib zcrinlz fn eniznqmngcrlb) ^niz n jubfcttbmbiz tcflzl~b& jniq flizrz

> Fbzzrb j Acmlz Abizrnf j Tnrzl acmmilqzb jb fRilci qculzl~b nAcmlz Abizrnf j Tnrzl Acmmilqzb A`liclq (14 mnrq >: kli >


3/23

GBC_G FRHAQ ;ACIZ_LORZLCI NR JONZ BIZ_B FN A@LIB BZ FR_QQ)

1

j~bf abq jlqtcqlzlciq nunlbiz qcl-jlqniz z trlqbq& lf tbrjnlz zczbac`rbiab urlznofb& zczb qliarlz lizbrib& lf jgirnlz bi zbrrbr bz`|tcarlqlb)

Lf ib icq bqz tnq tcqqlofb lal jb jarlrb& mmb nffqlubmbiz& fbq beebzqlmmbiqbq bz trcecijq jb abzzb flornzlci qrubib jniq fbq tn|qqcalnflqzbq c fbq acmtzbq nuba fb tnqq qznflilbi ciz z zcznfbmbizrgfq) Icq qcmmbq zcz nqql tb bi mbqrb jlijl~br ~bffbqrtbraqqlciq eibqzbq abq nazbq jb Qznflib ciz bizrnibq n qbli jmcubmbiz curlbr lizbrinzlcinftcr ib mbizlciibr ~b abfl-al) Ql&jniq ~bf~bq tn|q antlznflqzbq& fbq acmmilqzbq rqqlqqbiznkcrj`l& tnr i zrnunlf juc& na~rlr jniq fbq ~bqzlciq

acicml~bq ib abrznlib liefbiab& abffb-al zczbeclq quniclz jq~lf qnglz jb jalqlciq tcflzl~bq) Fn rtjlnzlci ji qcalnflqmbjniq fb qz|fb jb Qznflib rbtrqbizb biacrb nkcrj`l qbtz niq ntrqfb PPb Acigrqib zbijniab ulunizb bz beelanab) Abqz ~lf bqz tfqrntljb jb tbrjrb ~b jb rbgngibr) Bi tnrzlaflbr jniq i zbf anq c

qbfb ib rtzrb acmtfzb bz rnjlanfb nuba fbq mz`cjbq qznflilbiibq

tcrrnlz rbqznrbr fn acielniab)

Tfq trcecijb bz tfq ocfbubrqnizb biacrb ji tcliz jb ub

lizbrinzlcinf bqz fn jbplmb bptrlbiab mbizlciib jniq fnttbf jAcmlz abizrnf qculzl~b ; fmczlci ~b qcfub jniq fb mcijbbizlbr fn tcqqlolflz jib gbrrb iafnlrb) Lf bqz qtbref jntt|brabzzb neelrmnzlci tnr ib imrnzlci jb enlzq) Lf bqz qc`nlznofb ~bobnact jb gbiq flqbiz ecij fbq fbzzrbq mcunizbq jb AfnjbBnz`brf|& fb tlfczb j@lrcq`lmn 8 i grnij icmorb aciinz& kbi qlqqr& fb rbulrbmbiz qnfznlrb jb fn tbiqb jb Obrzrnij _qqbf qr abzzb~bqzlci& bza) A`cqb tfq lmtcrznizb biacrb ~b zczbq abq rnazlciq ;

fb PPb

Acigrq bqz fn trbmlrb tlqqniab rbffb nuclr ceebrz nmcijb fbq tbrqtbazlubq jib ulb qniq gbrrb nzcml~b) Abzzbtrctcqlzlci un jb qcl nkcrj`l) Mnlq lf ibqz tbz-zrb tnq qtbrefjb fn trqbizbr icubn nuba fb anrnazrb tnrnjcpnf ~l znlz fb qlbifcrq~bffb ez bptrlmb tcr fn trbmlrb eclq) Ri tnrnjcpb zczjnocrj tcr fb acmmilqmb lizbrinzlcinf)

Filib& fcrq jb fn trbmlrb gbrrb mcijlnfb& nunlz aciqznz nubakqzbqqb fb flbi lijlqqcfofb bizrb flmtrlnflqmb bz fn gbrrb tcr fb

icubn tnrzngb j mcijb) Fb jlqacrq jb H`rca`za`bu bi >


4/23

:

qbfci fn~bffb fbq gbrrbq qciz liulznofbq jb enci nqql orznfb ~b

Filib& bi qci zbmtq& nunlz rcmt nuba fn z`qb jb Mnrp& qbfcifn~bffb fbq rucfzlciq trcfznrlbiibq ib tcunlbiz acmmbiabr ~b

jniq fbq tn|q fbq tfq jubfcttq bz rqqlr ~n ilubn lizbrinzlcinf)

Filib na`bun fn rtzrb nuba ib z`qb mnrplqzb bi qb ecijniz qr fnmz`cjb mnrplqzb& jb mmb ~i jbml-qlafb tfq znrjH`rca`za`bu n jtnqq fn z`qb jb Filib bi qntt|niz qr fnmz`cjb fililqzb)Jniq fbq jbp anq& lf qnglz jb fn rbaciinlqqniab jjubfcttbmbiz `lqzcrl~b ~l n zrniqecrm ab ~l znlz nzrbeclq kqzb

bi ~bf~b a`cqb jb enp& ab ~l znlz& knjlq& trcgrbqqlqzb& bi ib ecrab

tnrnf|qnizb tcr ftc~b trqbizb)

Olbi bizbij& lf ib qnglz tnq f qlmtfbmbiz jb aciqljrbr fn gbrrbiafnlrb jib mnilrb lqcfb) Ql i zlbrq j mcijb iznlz jbubiqcalnflqzb& ql fb qcfubmbiz jbq tbtfbq acfcilqq ib qznlz jubfcttkq~ nzzblijrb filubrqnflz ~ci fl uclz nkcrj`l bz inunlztnr f rjlz iniz fn tbiqb ji icubn tnrzngb j mcijb& nfcrqab rbulrbmbiz inrnlz t bplqzbr) Ql knmnlq bi >:& Glffnmb LL&Afbmbiabn bz Ffc|j Gbcrgb nunlbiz jlqtcq jb ocmobq nzcml~bq&qbfci zczb urnlqbmofniab& lfq bi nrnlbiz enlz qngb) N acizrnlrb& fn

jlqtnrlzlci j ana`bmnr iafnlrb bqz jbubib nuba fb PPb

Acigrq&tcr fb mcijb bizlbr& ib lqqb rbffb)

Ntrq fcoqzlinzlci `nolfb mnilebqzb tbijniz qbtz niq tnrH`rca`za`bu tcr zrniqecrmbr fbq rqcfzlciq j PPb Acigrq biib bqtrniab girnfb tcr fb mcijb bizlbr& fbq qct`lqmbq jbeciazlciinlrbq& tnreclq nqzalbqbmbiz zcriq& ~bmtfclb fntrcafnmnzlci a`liclqb tcr mcizrbr& ~b fn gbrrb mcijlnfb liulznofb bqz fn qbfb uclb ubrq fb qcalnflqmb mcijlnf& abq

qct`lqmbq tflqqbiz bz rufbiz fbr linilz)Kbzciq mnlizbiniz i rbgnrj qr fb acizbi qct`lqzl~bmbiz `cmcgib bz fcgl~bmbiz jjlz jb fn fbzzrb a`liclqb)

Ql fci ubz bi bptrlmbr fb acizbi orlubmbiz bz fliqrbr jbmofbjniq f`lqzclrb j mcubmbiz curlbr rucfzlciinlrb& ci tbz jlrbzcz qlmtfbmbiz ; abqz fn jbrilrb q|qzmnzlqnzlci jib zbijniab ~l&jbtlq fb joz j mcubmbiz curlbr& ib abqqb jb rbqrglr fn eclq

ibub bz nialbiib

; fb qbaznrlqmb)


5/23


2

Inzrbffbmbiz ab ibqz tnq lal fb flb jbq~lqqbr f`lqzclrb jqbaznrlqmb& icq izlflqbrciq jbq rnttbfq `lqzcrl~bq ~b tcr mbzzrbbi unfbr ~bf~bq-iq jb qbq zrnlzq acmmiq fbq tfq anrnazrlqzl~bq)

Zcz jnocrj fn rnflz bqz zckcrq jtclffb jb qn rla`bqqb& bffb bqzaciqznmmbiz rjlzb i jlfbmmb rlgljb bizrb jbp bpzrmbq ~lqbpafbiz noqcfmbiz) Abfn nttnrnz tnrzcz ji tcliz jb ub nqqlolbi z`crl~b ~b trnzl~b 8 jk bi >024 Mnrp anrnazrlqnlz nliql fnmbiznflz ecijnmbiznfb j qbaznrlqmb ; fn tfnab jb fn aciabtzlciarlzl~b& fn mlicrlz mbz ib aciabtzlci jcgmnzl~b& bz fn tfnab jbfn aciabtzlci mnzrlnflqzb& ib aciabtzlci ljnflqzb) N flb jbqacijlzlciq rbffbq& a'bqz fn qlmtfb ucfciz ~l jbulbiz fn ecrab mczrlab

jb fn rucfzlci) Icq& icq jlqciq np curlbrq ; /Ucq nub{ zrnubrqbr ~li{b& uligz& ali~nizb niq jb gbrrbq alulfbq bz jb fzzbqbizrb fbq tbtfbq& ici qbfbmbiz tcr a`nigbr fbq acijlzlciqbplqznizbq& mnlq tcr ucq a`nigbr ucq-mmbq bz ucq rbijrb ntzbq fn jlrbazlci tcflzl~b/) Ucq& n acizrnlrb& ucq jlzbq /Lf icq enzlmmjlnzbmbiz nrrlubr n tcuclr& c olbi icq i'nuciq tfq ~'nffbr icq aca`br/ ?

Abzzb ulqlci j mcijb n jbq aciq~biabq jb fn tfq grnijb

lmtcrzniab tcr fn z`crlb bz fn tq|a`cfcglb j qbaznrlqmb& Bi ab ~laciabrib fn tq|a`cfcglb& fb tcliz abizrnf bqz jib tnrz fb jlfbmmbnoqzrnlz bz enp ji a`clp bizrb zcz bz rlbi& jnzrb tnrz fnrbicialnzlci tbqqlmlqzb bz jenlzlqzb zczb nazlci& jniq fn mbqrb cfn rnflqnzlci ji ljnf& qoflm bi i bpzrmb lmtcqqlofb nzzblijrb&bqz jb zczb enci bpafb)

Jniq fn jlqaqqlci qr fn tnlp jb Orbqz-Flzcuqh& Filib n jarlz fbtcliz jb ub jb qbq njubrqnlrbq fbq zbinizq jib gbrrb

rucfzlciinlrb acizrb ib Nffbmngib biacrb mlflznlrbmbiz ecrzbenab ib nrmb rqqb bi tfblib jacmtcqlzlci acmmb i Ri znzjbqtrlz bmtrbliz j tfq trcecij& j tfq jqbqtr jbq tbqqlmlqmbq&i qbizlmbiz jb jqbqtclr qniq ocribq ) 1 (_bmnr~ciq bi tnqqniz

? Li Hnrf Mnrp bz Erlbjrla` Bigbfq&Fb tnrzl jb afnqqb& Zcmb LL& Mnqtbrc >2-4024

1 Filib& A`cqb zrnigb bz mciqzrbqb Nrzlafbq jb fn Trnujn i 17&

?0 eurlbr bz i 10& >br mnrq >0 urbq& z) ?7& jlzlciq bi fnigbqzrnigrbq& Mcqac& >& t) 51-7>)


6/23

5

fcrq~b fn trlqb jb tcqlzlci a`liclqb ublffb jb fn q|mtnz`lb jniqabrznliq tbzlzq grctbq jb flizbfflgbiz{ln caaljbiznfb& lf unjrnlz fntblib jbpnmlibr qlf qnglz rbffbmbiz jb qlmtfb tcflzl~b c qlf ibqnglz tnq tfzz jb abzzb nzzlzjb n fgnrj jb fn rnflz ~l ecijb fn

tctfnrlz jb abrznliq arlunliq acizbmtcrnliq& j z|tb jb Obahbzz)Icq ib tcuciq lal aciqljrbr jniq fbq jznlfq abzzb ~bqzlcilizrbqqnizb tnr bffb-mmb),

Bi czrb& fn aciq~biab jb ab jenlzlqmb bz jb ab jqbqtclrtbqqlmlqzb bqz er~bmmbiz fn qlunizb ; fbq aci~zbq ~b fbmcubmbiz n enlzbq kq~ trqbiz nqql lmtcrznizbq bz nqqljalqlubq qclbiz-bffbq tcr f`lqzclrb mcijlnfb jbulbiibiz fcokbz jb

arlzl~bq jtralnzlubq) Nliql& fbq tnrzlqniq qbaznlrbq jb fn gbrrbrucfzlciinlrb acizrb fNffbmngib znlbiz trzq rlq~brnffgrbmbiz fn kbib ecrab qculzl~b)

Ql icq aciqljrciq trqbiz ji tb tfq trq fn qzrazrblizbffbazbffb jb fn tcqlzlci qbaznlrb& icq jacurciq jbq trlialtbqjib noqzrnazlci bpzrmb bz zcmoniz jniq fb uljb) Jlqciq lalafnlrbmbiz& tcr ulzbr fbq mnfbizbijq& ~b abq rbmnr~bq iciz tnqtcr oz jb tribr fbq trcajq jb trb tcflzl~b rnflqzb &

trngmnzlqzb) Girnflqbr& rnmbibr zcz np trlialtbq& abqz a`cqbiabqqnlrb tcr ib trnplq nz`bizl~b bz np fnrgbq ubq) Olbibizbij fbq trlialtbq jclubiz zrb niarq jniq fn rnflz j|inml~b jjubfcttbmbiz qcalnf& abqz--jlrb qbfci fb mcz jb Mnrp zrb jbqnoqzrnazlciq lizbfflglofbq 8 jnzrb tnrz fn aciinlqqniab jbqmjlnzlciq jlnfbazl~bq bizrb fbq trlialtbq girnp bz fbq ozqaciarbzq bz tnrzlaflbrq ~b fci qb elpb bqz lijlqtbiqnofb)

Fb anrnazrb jlqzliazle j qbaznrlqmb& abqz tralqmbiz ~lf flmlib

tnr trlialtb& tcrrnlz-ci jlrb zczbq fbq anzgcrlbq jb mjlnzlciq)Fn rnflqnzlci jbq trlialtbq girnp fzlmbq ibqz tnq& tcr fbqbaznrlqmb& fb rqfznz ji jubfcttbmbiz qcalnf bz `lqzcrl~b& c qbtrcjlqbiz jbq zrniqecrmnzlciq acizlibffbq jb ecrmbq bz jb eciazlciq&c inlqqbiz jbq mjlnzlciq tbrtzbffbmbiz icubffbq bz c fbqnialbiibq tbrjbiz fbr unfbr& qolqqbiz jbq mcjlelanzlciq tfq cmcliq bqqbizlbffbq& bza) Fb qbaznrlqmb flb zckcrq& tnrzcz bzlmmjlnzbmbiz fbq trlialtbq fzlmbq bz& tcr abzzb rnlqci&

iabqqnlrbmbiz noqzrnlzq j mcubmbiz nuba fbq nazlciqtnrzlaflrbq bz lf ubz lmmjlnzbmbiz jjlrb abffbq-al jb abp-f)


7/23


7

Acmmb ci n flmli zczbq fbq mjlnzlciq jlnfbazl~bq bizrb trlialtbq&qzrnzglb bz znazl~b& ci noczlz jbq jjazlciq arbqbq bz noqzrnlzbq&c n mlbp& ~nij zczbeclq ci gnrjb fn mmclrb jb fn rnflz& jbqaciafqlciq qlmtfbmbiz ninfcgl~bq) Mmb fbq uibmbizq qligflbrq

tbrjbiz fbrq anrnazrbq lijluljbfq nqql olbi ~b fbrq flnlqciqlijlqqcfofbq nuba fbq alraciqzniabq aciarzbq jc lfq qciz iq bz qrfbq~bffbq& fbr zcr& lfq nglqqbiz) Qbfb ib rbqqbmofniab noqzrnlzb(c ib cttcqlzlci, flb ib tcqqlolflz jnazlci trqbizb ibtcqqlolflz ninfcgb trlqb jniq fb tnqq)

Lf qnglz biacrb bz zckcrq jb fn mmb a`cqb ; nuniz jnglr& ci ib enlztnq fninf|qb aciarzb jb fn qlznzlci aciarzb ~bplgbnlz Filib&

mnlq ci rtcij fn ~bqzlci ^b enlrb 3 tnr ib jjazlcinoqzrnlzb jb trlialtbq noqzrnlzq)

Kb trbijq acmmb bpbmtfb fn jlqaqqlci qr fn tnrzlaltnzlci nTnrfbmbiz bz np fbazlciq jniq fb mcubmbiz acmmilqzblizbrinzlcinf jbq niibq ?4 nfcrq ~b kznlq mcl-mmb biacrb bigngnp azq jbq qbaznlrbq) Icq nffglciq ~b acmtzb zbi jb fn_ucfzlci jb >7& acmtzb zbi jb fn qlznzlci jb fBrctbocfbubrqb tnr fn _ucfzlci& fb tnrfbmbiznrlqmb znlz jtnqq j

tcliz jb ub jb f`lqzclrb mcijlnfb) Filib rtfl~n ; Fbtnrfbmbiznrlqmb n /`lqzcrl~bmbiz enlz qci zbmtq/ n tcliz jb ub jbf'`lqzclrb ilubrqbffb& nzrbmbiz jlz f'tc~b j tnrfbmbiznrlqmbocrgbclq bqz zbrmlib& f'tc~b jb fn jlaznzrb j trcfznrlnz nacmmbia) A'bqz lijilnofb) Mnlq f'a`bffb jb f'`lqzclrb ilubrqbffb&a'bqz tnr jl{nlibq j'niibq ~b f'ci acmtzb) Jlp c uligz niq tfq zzc tfq znrj ib acmtzbiz tnq j tcliz jb ub jb f'`lqzclrb ilubrqbffb 8a'bqz n tcliz jb ub jb f'`lqzclrb ilubrqbffb ib ~nizlz igflgbnofb

~'lf bqz lmtcqqlofb jb mbzzrb bi flgib jb acmtzb& mmb tnrnttrcplmnzlci) Mnlq a'bqz kqzbmbiz tcr~cl& bi liuc~niz& jniq ib~bqzlci jb tcflzl~b trnzl~b& f'a`bffb jb f'`lqzclrb mcijlnfb& ciacmmbz fn tfq efngrnizb brrbr z`crl~b) Fb tnrfbmbiznrlqmb n-z-lf/tcflzl~bmbiz enlz qci zbmtq/ 3 F& a'bqz ib nzrb neenlrb) :

Ql ci ninf|qb jb zbffbq nzzlzjbq j tcliz jb ub jb fn z`crlb jb fnaciinlqqniab& nfcrq fbr qokbazlulqmb bpzrmb nttnrnz zcz jb qlzb)

: Filib& Fn mnfnjlb lienizlfb j acmmilqmb (fb /gna`lqmb/, 7& Enz-lftnrzlaltbr np tnrfbmbizq ocrgbclq 3 urbq zcmb 1>)


8/23

0

Fn eljflz np trlialtbq qcalnflqzbq noczlz nliql ib tcqlzlciela`zbiib ; zniz tlq tcr fbq enlzq ) Mnlq ql i tnrblf qokbazlulqmbubz tnqqbr jbq tnrcfbq rucfzlciinlrbq np nazlciq& lf rqfzb nfcrq jbab anrnazrb gicqcfcgl~b ~b fbq jafnrnzlciq jlizbizlci rbqzbiz jbq

t`rnqbq rucfzlciinlrbq& bz jbq t`rnqbq qbfbmbiz) N ab trctcq nqql&Filib n zbmtq j jonz qr fn tnlp jb Orbqz-Flzcuqh qbqz bptrlmzrq afnlrbmbiz ; Lf ib enz tnq rjlrb ib t`rnqb uljb jb qbiq fbgrnij mcz j'crjrb ; /icq mlqciq qr fn ulazclrb j qcalnflqmb biBrctb/) A'bqz fn urlz& ql f'ci ib tbrj tnq jb ub fb fcig bz jleelalfba`bmli jb fn ulazclrb jelilzlub j qcalnflqmb) A'bqz ib urlzt`lfcqct`l~b bz `lqzcrl~b& ql f'ci bmornqqb jniq qci biqbmofb /f'rbjb fn rucfzlci qcalnflqzb/ mnlq zczb urlz noqzrnlzb jbulbiz ib

t`rnqb ql ci f'nttfl~b i'lmtcrzb ~bffb qlznzlci aciarzb) 2

++

+Fn icubnz jalqlub ~b trqbizb Qznflib tcr f`lqzclrb jqbaznrlqmb bqz jnocrj jb anrnazrb qcalnf ; znijlq ~nzrbeclq fbqbaznrlqmb qb mnilebqznlz qrzcz n qbli jb tbzlzq grctbq cgrctqafbq& ~l qnttnrbiznlbiz np qbazbq crlglibffbq (n qbiq j

mcz jniq f`lqzclrb jbq gflqbq,& lf jbulbiz& nuba Qznflib& fb enlz jb fnjlrbazlci ji grnij tnrzl& ji tn|q tlqqniz) Abfn qttcqb nuniz zczab ~b fbq qbazbq trbq~b zckcrq cttcqlzlciibffbq inunlbiz tnq i nttnrblf acfcqqnf rlgcrbqbmbiz abizrnflq 8 acmmb kb fbjelilqqnlq bi >0) urbq) Zcmb ?7)tngb 54


9/23



10/23

>4

acizrbjlz orznfbmbiz zcq fbq anrnazrbq jb fn icubffb gbrrb& zcq fbqlizrzq bz zcq fbq qbizlmbizq jbq mnqqbq)

Nliql fb jcgmnzlqmb qznflilbi jinzrb nqql jbq bplgbiabq lqqbq jb

trmlqqbq jciz fn aciabtzlci bi bffb-mmb znlz kqzb) Fb rnttcrz jb fnz`crlb bz jb fn rnflz bqz acmtfzbmbiz bmorclff bz& tralqmbiztcr abzzb rnlqci& rnglz qr fb qkbz nzcicmb j jcgmb) Fbjenlzlqmb qbaznlrb ~l bqz i anrnazrb girnf jb fn mz`cjbqznflilbiib& fb rbeq jenlzlqzb jb arclrb ~b fbq mnqqbq qclbiz antnofbqjnglr tnr bffbq-mmbq bz ~lf qclz tcqqlofb jnttrbijrb ~bf~ba`cqb jbffbq& trbiibiz lal ib nzrb zcrirb ; Qznflib ib arclz tnq ~bfbq zrnunlffbrq jbq tn|q caaljbiznp tlqqbiz rbqzbr eljfbq n

qcalnflqmb bz fRilci Qculzl~b zcz bi qb jebijniz acizrbfngrbqqlci j@lzfbr)

Nliql qb arb nzcr j qkbz j jcgmnzlqmb qbaznlrb jbubi lqcf i

aflmnz inqnocij jb melniab 8 fn trlcjb jbq grnijq trcaq ib tbz

j mcliq tq|a`cfcgl~bmbiz zrb acmtrlqb ~ tnrzlr ji zbf

aflmnz)

Mnlq abzzb melniab ~l& jniq qn qzrazrb lizlmb& bqz i qokbazlulqmbbpnfz qb a`nigb& fcrq~b fbq jqlrq qokbazleq jbulbiibiz zrq ecrzq& bi

ib arjflz gnfbmbiz qokbazlub bz qniq ecijbmbiz 8 nliql& fcrq~bQznflib& mnfgr jb icmorbp nubrzlqqbmbizq& tbijniz fz >& ibucfz tnq arclrb flmmlibiab jb fngrbqqlci `lzfrlbiib acizrbfRilci Qculzl~b)

Abzzb bqqbiab acizrnjlazclrb j qbaznrlqmb qokbazlulqzb jbubiq|qzmb qcubrnli bigbijrb jniq qn trnzl~b ici qbfbmbiz fnacizrnjlazlci jciz kb ulbiq jb tnrfbr& mnlq biacrb zczb ib qrlb jbacizrnjlazlciq qbmofnofbq) Tnr bpbmtfb& fb jenlzlqmb ecijnmbiznf jbqjlrlgbnizq n qkbz jbq mnqqbq qb a`nigb& jq ~lf qnglz jb tnrfbr abffbq-al& bi i ctzlmlqmb jb mlilqzrb jbq Eliniabq) Fn rnlqci bi bqzenalfb tizrbr) Fb qokbazlulqmb jcgmnzl~b jb fn mz`cjbqznflilbiib ib tbz tnq acmmb a`b{ Mnrp bz Filib enlrb jb fntrnzl~b fb kgb jb fn z`crlb) Abqz olbi tfzz fn trnzl~b ~l jniqzczbq fbq alraciqzniabq jclz acielrmbr fbq jcgmbq qokbazlulqzbq) Ql abibqz tnq fb anq jniq fn rnflz& fnttnrblf jclz qb qcalbr jb fnttnrbiab)Nliql tnrzcz& acmmb kb fnl jk jbtlq fcigzbmtq mcizr trctcqjb fn flzzrnzrb& fb oz elp& fn tbrqtbazlub qciz trqbizq acmmb


11/23


>>

rnflz) Abqz ib jbq rnlqciq lmtcrznizbq jb fn qznginzlci jbqqalbiabq mnrplqzbq qcq Qznflib& jb fn tbrzb jb trbqzlgb ~n qolb fb

rnflqmb qcalnflqzb mmb jniq fbq tn|q qcalnflqzbq)

Jb abzzb qzrazrb jb fn tbiqb bz jb fnazlci jacfb nqql fn trcecijbli`mnilz jb ftc~b qznflilbiib) F`mnilqmb jb Mnrptrcecijmbiz& jleerbiz jbq `mnilqmbq qokbazleq bz tnqqleq fnQzbeni [wblg i `mnilqmb ~l njmbz fb qnarlelab bz ~l mmbfbplgb jniq abrznlibq qlznzlciq aciarzbq& qbptrlmb z`crl~bmbizjniq qbq ninf|qbq ecijnmbiznfbq j rnttcrz jb f`cmmb bz jb fnqcalz bz& bi urlz& ici qbfbmbiz jniq qbq arlzq jb kbibqqb& mnlqqrzcz jniq fn qbazlci j Antlznf qr fb ezla`lqmb) Fbq ninf|qbq jb

Mnrp mcizrbiz ~b jbrrlrb fn qrenab nttnrbmmbiz ezla`lqzb jq|qzmb acicml~b bplqzbiz zckcrq acmmb rnflzq urlznofbq fbqrnttcrzq bizrb `cmmbq& ~b f`cmmb& f`cmmb rbf& f`cmmbqcalnflq bqz bi eli jb acmtzb biacrb& olbi qr& ~b qn tlqqniab ibqclz iffbmbiz lfflmlzbfb qkbz j jbubilr qcalnf)

Fb acrrfnzle jb abzzb aciabtzlci abqz ~b fb mcmbiz j qcalnflqmbjclz zrb abfl jib tlqqnizb flornzlci lizrlbrb) Fn qttrbqqlci jbqecrmbq jbptfclznzlci trctrbq fbplqzbiab jbq afnqqbq icq coflgb

acierbr fnazlulz `mnlib rbqtciqnofb flmtcrzniab ~l znlzrbaciib qrzcz kq~ trqbiz fn rnflz qcalnfb) Abqz qbfbmbiznliql& acmmb fnunlz jlqabri Filib& ~b f`rlzngb z`l~b jjubfcttbmbiz jb f`mnilz tnqqbrn jniq fbq enlzq) Lf truclz ~b ; ))) florq jb fbqafnungb antlznflqzb& jbq liicmornofbq `crrbrq&orznflzq& noqrjlzq bz ufgnrlzq jb fbptfclznzlci antlznflqzb& fbq`cmmbq q`nolzbrciz tb tb coqbrubr fbq rgfbq jb fn ulb qcalnfbacmmib fbq tfq fmbiznlrbq& aciibq jbtlq zckcrq bz tribq

jbtlq jbq mlffinlrbq jniq zcq fbq trabtzbq bz fbq coqbrubr qniqulcfbiab& qniq acizrnlizb& qniq `lrnra`lb& qniq abz nttnrblf tnrzlaflbrjb acizrnlizb ~l qnttbffb fznz )

Fb jcgmnzlqmb qokbazlulqzb jb fn trlcjb qznflilbiib nuba qci ilzacizrnjlazclrb jb melniab bz jb arjflz& jb jenlzlqmb ana` bzjctzlmlqmb jb mlilqzrbq jbq eliniabq tcr fn mcizrb& bza)& ib tbzjcia tnq zrcubr fb a`bmli ~l acijlz jb fn acizrnlizb jb z|tbqlmtfbmbiz krljl~b i bigngbmbiz z`l~b nzcicmb) Lf nrn

tfzz zbijniab jciibr nqql olbi fn mcrnfb `rlzb ~ fn mcrnfb


12/23

>?

bi zrnli jb inzrb& tnr fn tbrmnibiab jb qniazlciq orbnarnzl~bq& fnecrmb rnazlciinlrb ji rnttcrz jb jrclz)

Icq inuciq tnq lal bptcqbr fnzzna`bmbiz jbq acmmilqzbq

a`liclq np mz`cjbq qznflilbiibq ici tfq ~b fn gbiqb `lqzcrl~bjb abz nzzna`bmbiz) Ri enlz icq qeelz ; ntrq fb acrz tlqcjb jbqAbiz-Efbrq ~l jbunlbiz efbrlr& fbqtrlz qznflilbi j qbaznrlqmb qbmnilebqzb jniq zcq fbq jcambizq jbq acmmilqzbq a`liclq nuba ibuljbiab arclqqnizb) Fb Grnij Ocij znlz jk bizlrbmbiz acibz rnflq jntrq ab mcjfb 8 qci inerngb iabqqnlrb ib ez qlul ~bjib rnjlanflqnzlci jb fn mmb mz`cjb) Ab ibqz tnq i `nqnrj ql fntrlqb jb tcqlzlci qr fn ~bqzlci abizrnfb jb iczrb tc~b& fn Tnlp bz fn

Gbrrb& qb rbflb n jlqacrq jb Qznflib jbuniz fb PLP

b

Acigrq) Ntrq~bf~bq rbqzrlazlciq aciajniz fn tcqqlolflz julzbr jniq abrznlibqalraciqzniabq ~bf~bq gbrrbq tnrzlaflrbq& bqz nqqbib fneelrmnzlci&qniq naib rbqzrlazlci ~niz qci bqqbiab& jb fliulznolflz jbqgbrrbq mcijlnfbq zniz ~b jrbrn flmtrlnflqmb 8 qbfb fn ulazclrb jqcalnflqmb fa`bffb mcijlnfb tcrrnlz bi zczb abrzlzjb bmta`br fngbrrb mcijlnfb) Abqz tcr~cl& qr fb tcliz j rnjlanflqmb jb fnt`rnqb rucfzlciinlrb& fn tcqlzlci trlqb tnr fn fbzzrb a`liclqb fnlqqbQznflib fcli jbrrlrb bffb)

Ci ib tcrrn knmnlq nqqb{ fb rtzbr ; fb grnij zcriniz ~l n b flbjniq fn ulb jbq tbtfbq jbtlq fb PPb Acigrq& fn abqqnzlci jb fn tbrjbuniz fnoqbiab jb fclq& fn tbrqtbazlub tcr f`mnilz ja`nttbr fn gbrrb nzcml~b tcqqjbiz fn fcigb ib tlqqniab jbeelanalztfq ecrzb ~b fbq t`rnqbq rucfzlciinlrbq jbq eciazlciinlrbq a`liclqbiacrb ql rczlilbrq) Olbi bizbij& tcr ~b ab qbaznrlqmb mcjbribqolqqb ib jenlzb z`crl~b ~l fninizlqqb& lf enz& ici qbfbmbiz

~b qbq bplgbiabq trnzl~bq qclbiz acizrbjlzbq tnr fn ulb& mnlq nqql~b qbq trmlabq bz qbq mz`cjbq jb jjazlci qclbiz rezbqlizgrnfbmbiz tnr fn z`crlb mnrplqzb)

^b abzzb nzzn~b z`crl~b jalqlub mni~b biacrb nkcrj`l bqzuljbiz) Nqql fcigzbmtq ~b fb jubfcttbmbiz jb facicmlb& jb fnt`lfcqct`lb& bza) rnmbi tnr Qznflib flmmcolflqmb& fn rgrbqqlci

ib qb qbrn tnq rbffbmbiz rbmlq bi mcubmbiz& nqql fcigzbmtq ~b&

mnfgr i qbizlmbiz uljbiz bz abrznli jbq trcofmbq ulznp jalqleq

j trqbiz& ci a`bra`brn biacrb afnlrbr fbq enlzq bz fbq rnttcrzqacicml~bq nazbfq tnr jbq alznzlciq ulblffbq jb ~nrnizb niq& n flb


13/23


>1

jb rnflqbr& qr fn onqb jb fn mz`cjb mnrplqzb-fililqzb jonrrnqqb

jbq jinzrnzlciq qznflilbiibq& ib rba`bra`b florb jb trkgq

jbq zrnlzq qtalel~bq j trqbiz& f`rlzngb z`crl~b j qznflilqmb ib

qbrn tnq urnlmbiz jtnqq)

Trnzl~bmbiz& abqz qr fn ~bqzlci jb fn acbplqzbiab ~b fbqcttcqlzlciq qb eciz kcr)

Jniq fb qbizlmbiz ua jb zrq fnrgbq aca`bq jbq jbp anmtq qbfnlqqb tbrabuclr i zrq afnlr tbia`niz fznz jb acbplqzbiab) Mnlq abz nzzna`bmbiz bqz zckcrq flb ib qbiqnzlci jli~lzjb lizrlbrb fgnrj jbq aciq~biabq ~l bi jacfbrnlbiz) Inzrbffbmbiz abffb-al bqz nzzlqb jniq fbq jbp anmtq tnr fbq bpzrmlqzbq njubrqnlrbq jb fn

acbplqzbiab) Nliql ab z`mb rbulbiz aciqznmmbiz jniq fn trbqqbcaaljbiznfb ; fbq trctcqlzlciq jb acbplqzbiab ~b eciz fbq Qculbzq ibqbrciz tnq qliarbq zniz ~b fbq acmmilqzbq inrciz tnq rbicia fbr oz elinf& fznoflqqbmbiz ji qcalnflqmb fa`bffb mcijlnfb) Bzliubrqbmbiz& fbq A`liclq rbtrca`biz np `cmmbq tcflzl~bqqculzl~bq jneelrmbr ~b qr jbq ~bqzlciq tnrzlaflrbq lfq cizzrcu a`b{ fbq `cmmbq tcflzl~bq caaljbiznp ib aciabtzlci qnlibbz faljb jb fn qlznzlci bz jcia jb ib tnq zbilr abq `cmmbq tcflzl~bq

caaljbiznp tcr jbq aciqtlrnzbrq nubgfbq bz eninzl~bq ~l qniqabqqb& kcr bz ilz& bz tnr zcq fbq mc|biq trtnrbiz farcfbmbizlmmjlnz jbq znzq qcalnflqzbq)

Fn urlz bqz ~b nqql olbi antlznflqmb ~b qcalnflqmb qciz jbq

q|qzmbq acicml~bq ilubrqnflqzbq jciz fn fcgl~b lizbrib ulqb

qcmbzzrb fb mcijb bizlbr fbr mcjb jb trcjazlci) Abqz f i enlzacicml~b fmbiznlrb& lmtcqqlofb flmlibr& bz ~l jclz zckcrqzrb rbgnrj& jniq fbq rnttcrzq raltrc~bq& acmmb fb trlialtb fzlmb)

Enz-lf bi aciafrb acmmb fb eciz& ici qbfbmbiz fbq qbaznlrbqacmmilqzbq& mnlq nqql fbq birngq 5 antlznflqzbq ~b fn gbrrbercljb& ~l fn trbmlrb caanqlci tbz qb zrniqecrmbr bi gbrrba`njb& bqz& iabqqnlrbmbiz fn qbfb ecrmb jb rbfnzlci tcqqlofb bizrbfbq jbp q|qzmbq mcijlnp 3 mci nulq& zcq fbq uibmbizq jbf`lqzclrb jbq jbrilrbq janjbq acijnmibiz fc~bmmbiz jbqbmofnofbq noqzrnazlciq)

5 Bi erninlq jniq fb zbpzb)


14/23

>:

Lf qeelz jb tbiqbr fn gbrrb acmmib acizrb @lzfbr) Fbq cttcqlzlciqjalqlubq znlbiz& abzzb tc~b nqql& tlqqnizbq 8 bffbq qrglqqnlbiztfq c mcliq afnlrbmbiz jniq a`n~b jlqaqqlci& qr fbq tfniq jbanmtngib& fbq tbrqtbazlubq jb tnlp& bza) Nzrbmbiz jlz& acmmb lf nunlz

z lmtcqqlofb jnonzzrb tnr jbq lizbrubizlciq nrmbq fn tlqqniabqculzl~b aciqzlzb jniq fbq niibq >0->& abq ecrmbq jlrbazbqjb fn fzzb jb afnqqbq lizbrinzlcinfb nffnlbiz zrb acizlibffbmbizrbmtfnabq tnr jbq ecrmbq lijlrbazbq (nffniz kq~ fnfflniab,)

Fn icubnz jniq fn qlznzlci trqbizb rqljb bi abal ; fbq zbijniabq fn qqtbiqlci jbq ecrmbq jlrbazbq jb fn gbrrb grnijlqqbiz bz trbiibizjb fn ecrab& fbq tnqbq& ~l qb mnilebqznlbiz lilzlnfbmbiz jb enci

tnqqngrb bz mcmbiznib& aciubrgbiz jib mnilrb jb tfq bi tfqjalqlub ubrq i znz tbrmnibiz) Fn gbrrb ercljb bqz abrzbq zckcrq fnecrmb trjcmlinizb jbq rbfnzlciq lizbrinzlcinfbq bizrb znzqantlznflqzbq bz qcalnflqzbq) Zczbeclq& tfq fbq alraciqzniabq cokbazlubqqcttcqbiz beelanabmbiz n jafbia`bmbiz jb gbrrbq a`njbq& tfq fngbrrb ercljb tbrj qci rfb trtnrnzclrb 8 bffb jbulbiz tb tb iici-qbiq bz mmb ib gib 8 bffb bqz fcigb a`niabbz olbi qr& fcigb a`niab qbfbmbizacijnmib mcrlr)

Abq a`nigbmbizq jniq fn qlznzlci qciz tcr fb qaaq jb fn tcflzl~bjbq jbp grnijq njubrqnlrbq jib lmtcrzniab jalqlub) Mnlq lfq ibtbubiz rlbi zbr fn jciib qcalnfb ecijnmbiznfb ; fn acbplqzbiab bqzib ecrmb qtalel~b jb fn fzzb jbq afnqqbq lizbrinzlcinfb) Icqrtzciq ; abzzb tnrzlafnrlz jb fn qlznzlci trqbizb bqz jb ibacmolinlqci qcalc-`lqzcrl~b jb alraciqzniabq) Fn gbrrb nzcml~b&nuba qbq aciq~biabq& ibqz ~ib acmtcqnizb abrzbq jb fn tfqgrnijb lmtcrzniabjb abzzb zcznflz aciarzb) Qniq fnttnrlzlci jib

tlqqniab mcijlnfb qcalnflqzb& rbiecrab tnr i icmorb lmtcrznizjznzq qcalnflqzbq& qniq fb acrniz crngbp bz lrrqlqzlofb ~l n florfbq tbtfbq bp-acfcilqq& lf bqz truclr ~b fn gbrrb nzcml~b nrnlzkc i zcz nzrb rfb jniq fn tcflzl~b lizbrinzlcinfb)

Mnlq ql flilzlnzlub ctlilzrb jb fn tcflzl~b qculzl~b icq n liqznffqjniq fb zbmtq jb fn tnlp& nfcrq fbq jbp anmtq jclubiz rbiubrqbribrgl~bmbiz fbrq tbrqtbazlubq `lqzcrl~bq)

Acmmb icq icq caatciq lal trlialtnfbmbiz jb fcttcqlzlci qlic-qculzl~b& lf enz rnttbfbr ~b jb fn trbmlrb bz orub trlqb j


15/23


>2

tcuclr tnr fb trcfznrlnz (Acmmib jb Tnrlq bi >07>, Aon& zczbrucfzlci urlznofb n afnz bi aciibplci nuba ib gbrrb 8 nliql bi_qqlb bi >7 8 nliql bi >


16/23

>5

Mnlq abzzb nazlci jb fn qlmtfb bplqzbiab jbq znzq qcalnflqzbq& jbfnaarclqqbmbiz jb fbr tczbizlbf acicml~b bz mlflznlrb n i beebzbiacrb tfq lmtcrzniz qr fn qlznzlci) Zczb acfcilqnzlci& zczbmnlimlqb antlznflqzb jqngrgb kq~ i abrznli tcliz fn qzrazrb

qcalnfb crlglibffb jbq tn|q jtbijnizq) Ci fbr grbeeb jbq zbijniabqjb jubfcttbmbiz jzbrmlibq ~l jbulbiibiz qcubiz jbq coqznafbqrbfq ib arclqqniab urlznofbmbiz qnlib bz crgnil~b lf qeelzjlijl~br fbq mcicafzrbq jb tn|q lqcfq) Fb ic-acfcilnflqmbnkcrj`l trbmbiz acicml~b jbq tn|q lmtrlnflqzbq zbij mnlizbilr abq erqzbq qzrazrbq) Bz nffciq tfq fcli ; zczb jcmlinzlciacfcilnfb& acmmb lf bqz jb rgfb& qbqz ntt|b qr fbq aca`bqqcalnfbmbiz rnazlciinlrbq jbq tn|q bizlrbmbiz c jbml qcmlq)

Abzzb tcflzl~b in tnq abqq nkcrj`l 8 lf qeelz jb alzbr fn Acrb jQj bz fb Qj-Ulbzinm)

Jniq abq acijlzlciq& fnljb jbq tn|q qcalnflqzbq na~lbrz iblmtcrzniab bpzrncrjlinlrb) Bffb tbz jbubilr fb mc|bi jijubfcttbmbiz icrmnf& acicml~bmbiz bz qcalnfbmbiz olbi crlbiz&ubrq fn alulflqnzlci zniz olbi bizbij ~b fb oz elinf bqz jcurlr bzjb enalflzbr tcr fbq znzq rabmmbiz florq fnaaq n qcalnflqmb)Abqz f ~b fci tbrclz afnlrbmbiz fb grnij jnigbr ~b eciz acrlr fbqbaznrlqmb a`liclq& fn t`rnqb rucfzlciinlrb a`liclqb)

Bi mmb zbmtq& ci tbrclz nuba uljbiab ~bffbq lmtcrznizbqaciq~biabq tcflzl~bq acmtcrzb fb rgfbmbiz jb acmtzbq z`crl~brnjlanf nuba fb qbaznrlqmb ~l jinzrb fn mz`cjb mnrplqzb)Nkcrj`l& tb jb gbiq qb rnttbffbiz ~b fb trbmlbr grnij jcambizmnrplqzb jb z`crlb tcflzl~b& fbMnilebqzb acmmilqzb& joca`nlz qrabzzb ~bqzlci jb tcflzl~b z`crl~b ; tnr ~bffbq ecrmbq jb zrniqlzlciq

fNffbmngib jb ftc~b& nzznrjb j tcliz jb ub acicml~b bzqcalnf& tcrrnlz-bffb zrcubr qci a`bmli trctrb ubrq fb qcalnflqmb) Jbfn mmb enci& tb jb gbiq qb rnttbffbiz nkcrj`l ~b Filib& bi>


17/23


>7

mcrz jb Filib& nuba fn jcmlinzlci jb Qznflib& fb rbicubffbmbiz jb fntbiqb qr ab trcofmb jbq zrniqlzlciq qolz i act jnrrz)

Fnoqbiab jib rba`bra`b z`crl~b& acicml~b bz `lqzcrl~b bqz

jniq fn qlznzlci nazbffb fcrjb jb aciq~biabq& anr jniq fbmcubmbiz jbq tn|q qcq-jubfcttq ubrq fnzcicmlb& fbq trcofmbqmnilebqzbiz ib tfrnflz jnqtbazq ~lf bqz zrq jleelalfb jb qnlqlr jiqbf rbgnrj) Lf | n jbq tn|q jniq fbq~bfq lf enz jnocrj jzrlrb fbqrnttcrzq ngrnlrbq ecjnp 8 lf | bi n jnzrbq c fn qzrazrb qcalnfb bqzbiacrb tfq trlmlzlub ~b fb ecjnflqmb) Fnljb tcflzl~b rbffb jbqmnrplqzbq jburnlz jcia aciqlqzbr bi ib ninf|qb aciarzb jbqacijlzlciq jb zrniqlzlci 8 qbfb ib zbffb ninf|qb tbrmbz jlijl~br fbq

uclbq qtalel~bq tcr i jubfcttbmbiz fzrlbr) Rib tcflzl~brnflqzb qlmtfbmbiz trngmnzl~b& fnocrb tnrzlr jbq bptrlbiabqjb tn|q ji zcz nzrb z|tb& qbrnlz lal ji tlzrb qbacrq)

Abqz tcr~cl fb trcgrnmmb a`liclq nuba fn t`rnqb rucfzlciinlrb ; rnflqnzlci lmmjlnzb j qcalnflqmb tbz abrzbq na~rlr ibliefbiab znazl~b mcmbiznib jniq fbq tn|q nzznrjq bi zrnli jb qbflorbr& mnlq nqql fbr nttcrzbr jb icmorbp jqnunizngbq) Qlf i| njnzrb nfzbrinzlub ~b abffb-al ; t`rnqb rucfzlciinlrb c tcflzl~b

rnflqzb qlmtfbmbiz trngmnzl~b& fn t`rnqb rucfzlciinlrb tbzublffbr i a`c) Ql& qr fb tfni j jubfcttbmbiz& fbq tbtfbq qciztfnaq jbuniz fb a`clp noqzrnlz ; bptfclznzlci antlznflqzb c qcalnflqmblmmjlnz& lfq acrbiz fb rlq~b icrmb jb qbigngbr qr jb enqqbqrczbq)

Rib acizrb-ceebiqlub z`crl~b& ib gbrrb n qbaznrlqmb qlic-

qznflilbi jburnlz zrb fbplgbiab tcflzl~b trnzl~b j kcr) Mnlq fbtrqttcq liacijlzlciibf jb abzzb acizrb-ceebiqlub bqz i rgfbmbiz

jb acmtzbq z`crl~b rnjlanf nuba fb qbaznrlqmb bi zniz ~b q|qzmbjb tbiqb) Jniq fn trnzl~b tcflzl~b& fRilci Qculzl~b qbqzneelrmb nuba qaaq acmmb fb jebiqbr& fn eclq qngb bz jalj& jbAon bz n& tnr f& act qr& gngi c rbiecra fn acielniab jbobnact jb tbtfbq) Fb trcgrnmmb a`liclq lizrcjlz lalz`crl~bmbiz jniq fn ulb lizbrinzlcinfb i jbq nqtbazq fbq tfqienqzbq jb fn trnplq qznflilbiib ; fn gfcrlelanzlci noqzrnlzb bzjcgmnzl~b jb fznz jb gbrrb alulfb acmmb nfzbrinzlub il~b

fcttcrzilqmb bz fn antlzfnzlci)


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Fnoqzrnazlci lrrbffb jib zbffb nfzbrinzlub& erlz jb fn qozlflzqbaznlrb& jburnlz nkcrj`l zrb rezb jb mnilrb z`crl~b&kqzbmbiz tcr jaljbr afnlrbmbiz ~bffbq qciz fbq ~bqzlciq ~ltbubiz zrb rqcfbq tnr fbq mz`cjbq jb fn gbrrb alulfb& bz fbq~bffbq

tbubiz fzrb tnr fb qbf mc|bi jib fbizb ucfzlci)Filib& ftc~b j acmmilqmb jb gbrrb bz jb fn I)B)T)& n nocrj&qcq jlubrq nigfbq& ab trcofmb 8 qbq mz`cjbq& qbq aciafqlciq bz qbqqggbqzlciq tcrrnlbiz nkcrj`l& ntt|bq a`n~b eclq qr ibninf|qb qtalel~b& rezbr beelanabmbiz abzzb nfzbrinzlub noqzrnlzb)A`nai qnlz olbi ~lf ibqz tnq rnrb& n acrq jbq gbrrbq alulfbq& jbuclr fb `nqnrj nffbr a`bra`br n tfq trcecij jbq mnqqbq jbq `cmmbq

tcflzl~bq c jbq a`beq mlflznlrbq

tnreclq jb grnijb biubrgrb

bzfbq liqznffbr n qcmmbz 8 jniq naib gbrrb alulfb& zczbeclq& ci inu i mniurb libptrlmbiz jbubilr ji qbf act i qtalnflqzb~nflel)

^b fbq beebzq ienqzbq jb fn t`rnqb rucfzlciinlrb jb fn gbrrb alulfbnttnrnlqqbiz mmb jniq fb a`clp jbq anjrbq& jniq fn ulb tnalel~b jbzcq fbq kcrq& abqz ab ~b icq nuciq nttrlq icq nzrbq @cigrclq& ftc~b jb _hcql& tcr iczrb mnf`br) Mnlq fn t`rnqb

rucfzlciinlrb jbubib ezla`b bqz biacrb nkcrj`l olbi fclgibjnttnrzbilr n tnqq) Abqz tcr~cl fb rgfbmbiz jb acmtzbqz`crl~b rnjlanf nuba fn t`rnqb rucfzlciinlrb bqz fn acijlzlci qlib~n ici tcr ~b qclz bieli zrcub fn jelilzlci rbffb& rtcijniz npicubffbq ecrmbq jb fn rnflz& jb fn fzzb jb afnqqbq ~l qb mnilebqzba`n~b eclq qbfci ib mcjnflz jleerbizb ; fbq mz`cjbq rbffbmbizrucfzlciinlrbq jclubiz zckcrq mbibr i acmonz qr jbp ercizq&acizrb fcttcrzilqmb (lal& fn antlzfnzlci jb enlz jbuniz fb ic-

acfcilnflqmb, bz acizrb fn t`rnqb rucfzlciinlrb)Mnlq fn aciarrbiab tnalel~b qbfbmbiz acicml~b bizrb fbq tn|qantlznflqzbq bz qcalnflqzbq bqz& bi qci bqqbiab& obnact mcliqtrbmbiz acicml~b bz zba`il~b& bz jcia j tcliz jb ub jbqafnqqbqobnact mcliq tnalel~b ~lf i| tnrnz) N acizrnlrb&ib lmtcrznizb bz erazbqb acizrnjlazlci qb enlz kcr) Ab ~l acmtzblal fn fcigb ab ibqz tnq qbfbmbiz fn qtrmnzlb rbffb&zba`il~b& acicml~b) Jniq fb jubfcttbmbiz nazbf jb abzzb

aciarrbiab tnalel~b& ~l qb jtfclb qr zcq fbq tfniq& lf jbulbizjleelalfb jb rbqzbr n ilubn jbq neelrmnzlciq jb qlmtfb trctngnijb)


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ib bz bqz bi mbqrb jnzzblijrb ib nazlci ilubrqbffb& mmb qr

jbq `cmmbq jciz fbq qbizlmbizq jb afnqqb fl qciz `cqzlfbq)

Lf bqz jcia zcz nqql tnrzlnf bz zrcmtbr jb maciinzrb acmmb ci

fb enlz jniq fb mcijb antlznflqzb

fn jzbrmlinzlci qcalnfb& fnjzbrmlinzlci jb afnqqb jbq cokbazlunzlciq afzrbffbq& ~b jb qlurbfctlilci qbaznlrb qbfci fn~bffb fn gbiqb jb afnqqb jib urbjelilz qzrlazbmbiz bz bpnazbmbiz fnazlci jb abffb-al) Jbq jbpctlilciq bpzrmbq& bi enlz gnfbmbizlibpnazbq& abqz fn jbplmb ~l&qniq nai jczb& bqz fn tfq jnigbrbqb tcr fbqqcr jibtrcjazlci crlglinfb bz trcgrbqqlqzb)

Ab jcgmb ftc~b qznflilbiib n bpbra qr fn qalbiab bz fnrz ib

nazlci tnrnf|qnizb) Lf bqz qr ~lf bqz rbqtciqnofb j enlz ~b fntlqqnizb bz aci~rnizb nazlci afzrbffb ~l anrnazrlqnlz jniq fbqniibq ?4 ib _qqlb Qculzl~b tcrzniz bi trclb jbq jleelafzq

acicml~bq lielilbq& nlz qol tnr fn qlzb i zrq ecrz rbaf bi

bpzbiqlci bz bi lizbiqlz)

Inzrbffbmbiz fbq rqcfzlciq jbq PPb bz PPLLb Acigrq ciz ibliefbiab zrq tcqlzlub qr fctlilci tofl~b jbq tn|q mmbantlznflqzbq 8 mnlq fnialbiib liefbiab jb fR)_)Q)Q) qr fn afzrb

mcijlnfb ibqz zckcrq tnq rznoflb) Olbi qr lf | n jk nkcrj`ljbq bpabtzlciq zbffbq ~b fb tbzlz rcmni qr fbq anmtq jb aciabizrnzlcijb Qcfkbilzq|ib& c fbq jbrilrbq icubffbq jb Zlocr Jr|) Lf enzbqtrbr ~b fn iabqqlz jb rnglr beelanabmbiz ji tcliz jb ubafzrbf nqql acizrb fb q|qzmb jbq A`liclq& ~l ciz rbululel fbqbaznrlqmb bz fb jleeqbiz tnr ib trctngnijb ngrbqqlub& acijlrn enlrb tnqqbr jniq fbq enlzq fbq rqcfzlciq jbq PPb bz PPLLb Acigrq bz nffbr biacrb jb fnuniz)

Iczrb za`b ibqz tnq lal jb enlrb jbq trct`zlbq bz qrzcz tnq jb abqtrct`zlbq ~l trzbijbiz bizrbr jniq fbq jznlfq) Icq zrnlzciqqbfbmbiz jib ~bqzlci jb trlialtb ~l icq nmib nqql refa`lr&ji tcliz jb ub trbmbiz z`crl~b& qr fn mniltfnzlci jbq tbiqbqbz jbq acijlzbq `mnlibq) Fn inzrb bz fbq beebzq jb abzzbmniltfnzlci ciz z fn tftnrz j zbmtq mnf acmtrlq jniq fb mcijbantlznflqzb) Nuniz zcz& ci qcq-bqzlmb flmtcrzniab jb qn gbiqb bzmmb qcubiz ci fn igflgb acmtfzbmbiz) Kb tbiqb n mnlizlbi tnr


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Qznflib& tbijniz zcz qci rgib& jbq mz`cjbq jb gcubribmbiz ~l ibqb kqzlelnlbiz& fn rlgbr& ~b tbijniz fn trlcjb jb gbrrb alulfb)

Abfn ibqz tnq nrrlu tnr `nqnrj) A`nai aciinz f`crrbr ~ciz

liqtlrb fbq mz`cjbq qznflilbiibq zcq abp ~l q|mtnz`lqnlbiz nubafb qcalnflqmb bz mmb obnact jb acmmilqzbq) Jniq abqacijlzlciq& lf znlz zrq nunizngbp tcr fljcfcglb ocrgbclqbjljbizlelbr Qznflib nuba Filib& bz mmb nuba fb mnrplqmb bi girnf&jb trqbizbr fbq tlrbq bpaq j rglmb qznflilbi& acmmb jbqaciq~biabq iabqqnlrbq jb fn t`lfcqct`lb ( Wbfzniqa`nig , jbMnrp bz jBigbfq)

^b abzzb aciabtzlci qclz enqqb& ~b fbq afnqql~bq j mnrplqmb nlbiz

zckcrq acmtrlq fn gbrrb alulfb acmmb ib gbrrbliacijlzlciibffbmbiz iabqqnlrb jniq abrznlibq alraciqzniabq& mnlqabtbijniz acmmb ib qlmtfb zrniqlzlci& a`nigb tb jb a`cqbq& tcrfbq grnijbq mnqqbq& fbeelanalz jib zbffb trctngnijb& nqqlfcigzbmtq ~lf qoqlqzb jniq fb mcijb qcalnflqzb jbq zrnabq ~l

tbubiz enlrb arclrb ~b fbq mz`cjbq qznflilbiibq qciz biacrb bi

ulgbr) Fb acieflz nuba fb qbaznrlqmb qlic-qznflilbi ceerb fn tcqqlolflzfn tfq afnznizb (bz fn iabqqlz fn tfq acizrnlginizb, jb rgfbr

rnjlanfbmbiz fbq acmtzbq jniq ab jcmnlib)Nkcrj`l& fb mcubmbiz jb fljcfcglb mnrplqzb icq tbrmbzjbqtrbr 8 lf jbulbiz uljbiz ~b fbq ecrmbq jrbq jb fn mniltfnzlcirbtrqbizbiz& jniq fn rucfzlci qcalnflqzb aciqljrb acmmb i zcz&i acrtq zrnigbr& ~b qbfb flinjmlqqlofb girnflqnzlci tnr Qznflibjbq mz`cjbq jb fn gbrrb alulfb n t enlrb arclrb ~bffbq znlbiz tnrzlblizgrnizb j qcalnflqmb)

Abrzbq& ib zbffb jqlizgrnzlci tcqb jbq trcofmbq jleelalfbmbizqcfofbq acrz zbrmb bz fb a`bmli ~l un jb fn orznfb mniltfnzlciqznflilbiib fn rnflqnzlci jb fn jmcarnzlb trcfznrlbiib rafnmb tnrFilib ibqz tnq enalfb qlurb 8 tcrzniz jbq tnq qrlbp bq~lqqqjniq abzzb jlrbazlci qeelqbiz jk icq tbrqnjbr ~b fn ecrmbqznflilbiib jb fn mniltfnzlci bqz i fmbiz zrnigbr& ~l tbz zrb&

~l jclz zrb flmli jb fn aciqzrazlci j qcalnflqmb)

N acizrnlrb& jniq fb q|qzmb antlznflqzb& fn mniltfnzlci flornfb& qniq

ulcfbiab jniq fbq ecrmbq& nttnrzlbiz fbqqbiab acicml~b jq|qzmb) Acmmb fb antlznflqmb n zcznfbmbiz liubqzl fbq qbazbrq jb fn


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aciqcmmnzlci bz jb fceerb& fn mniltfnzlci jbq mnqqbq jna`bzbrqbqz jbubib tcr fl ib iabqqlz acicml~b) Fbq lizbrtrznzlciq&tfq trcecijbq & ib a`nigbiz rlbi abq enlzq jb jzbrmlilqmbacicml~b bz ib qciz tnq jb urlznofbq bptflanzlciq 8 abqz tb trq

fb anq j aforb flurb jb J) _lbqmni ; Z`b fcibf| arcwj& < ~l jarlzfbqqbiab jb abzzb mniltfnzlci acmmb i tnqqngb j z|tb liibrjlrbazbj n z|tb czwnrj jlrbazbj ) Zczb jbqarltzlci acrrbazb jbfn rnflz ~czljlbiib icrmnfb np R)Q)N) bi zniz ~b q|mocfb bzmcjfb j mcijb antlznflqzb mcizrb ~b abzzb mniltfnzlci n fnqzrazrb acicml~b ~b kb ulbiq jlijl~br)

Inzrbffbmbiz abzzb mniltfnzlci ibqz tnq flmlzb fa`nigb jbq

mnra`nijlqbq& bffb qbpbrab nqql jniq fbq jcmnlibq qcalctcflzl~bq bzafzrbfq)

Fn aciqzrazlci ilubrqbffb jb ab q|qzmb jb fn mniltfnzlci bqzaciib jb zcq bz in tnq obqcli jzrb jarlzb) Ici qbfbmbiz lf qbjubfcttb bi bpzbiqlci& mnlq lf ib abqqb jb qneelibr (tnr bpbmtfb&fcrgnilqnzlci jb fn ubizb jbq nrzlafbq jb mnqqb qqalzb jbq rba`bra`bqqalbizlel~bq beebazbq tnr jbq qtalnflqzbq qr fbq mczlunzlciqtq|a`cfcgl~bq jb fna`bzbr 8 bffbq ulqbiz ngmbizbr tnr jbq

mniltfnzlciq tq|a`cfcgl~bq fbiulb jna`bzbr,)Jniq fn mbqrb c& acmmb zcz fb fnlqqb truclr& flmtcrzniabmlibizb j fclqlr& a`nmt jb onznlffb bizrb qbiq bz ici- qbiq jb fn ulb`mnlib& qnaarczrn aciqznmmbiz& lf znlz iabqqnlrb jbqqn|br jbanrnazrlqbr orlubmbiz& jniq fbr bqqbiab qcalnfb& fbq ecrabq ~lnglqqbiz lal jb enci jalqlub) Ab ibqz inzrbffbmbiz tnq lal fb flb cjonzzrb jb enci jznlffb jib zbffb trcofmnzl~b) Fbq lijlanzlciqerngmbiznlrbq np~bffbq knl noczl znlbiz inimcliq iabqqnlrbq

tcr mcizrbr jniq fb jcmnlib j fclqlr fn qlgilelanzlci j acmonzjalqle acizrb fb qbaznrlqmb qznflilbi bz a`liclq) Fn ecrab jnzzrnazlcilizbrinzlcinfb j qcalnflqmb& fn ulazclrb jniq abzzb fzzb jbq afnqqbqlizbrinzlcinfb ~bqz fn acbplqzbiab tnalel~b& jtbij tcr ib ociibtnrz j rnjlanflqmb nuba fb~bf icq qnrciq rgfbr fb acmtzb jqbaznrlqmb jnzrbeclq bz jnkcrj`l)

Gbcrg FRHAQ

< Jnulj _lbqmni& Fn Ecfb qcflznlrb& ninzcmlb jb fn qcalz mcjbrib&Nrz`nj& >

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