Biology 20 Final Exam Review ALTHOUGH IT IS FAIRLY REPRESENTATIVE OF WHAT TO STUDY FOR THE FINAL, THIS REVIEW IS A GUIDE ONLY. ANY CONTENT IN THE COURSE IS FAIR GAME.

Exam Format Part 1 - Short Answer Expect questions pertaining mostly to the last unit covered (populations, relationships and food webs) in the short answer section. In addition, expect a dichotomous key question. Part 2 – Multiple Choice Approximately 175 multiple choice questions. Populations Definitions: individual, population, population density, rate of population change, mortality, natality, immigration, emigration, closed population, open population, environment, biotic, abiotic, population cycle, population equilibrium, carrying capacity, limiting factor. D = N/S R = ∆N/∆t R = I + E + N + M Pf = Pi + (R x ∆t)

1. Given there are 24 rabbits in a field measuring 400m by 500m, what is the density of rabbits? 2. Given a rabbit density of 42.7 rabbits/km2, how many rabbits would you predict to be in an 8 km2 field? 3. Given the moose population in Wickenheiser National Park was 2459 in 1999 and 2745 in 2005, what is the rate of

change for the population? 4. Given the moose population in Wickenheiser National Park was 2745 in 2005 and the rate of change for the moose

population was 47.6 moose per year, what do you predict the moose population to be in 2010? 5. Given the moose population in Wickenheiser National Park was 2745 in 2005 and the rate of change for the moose

population was 47.6 moose per year, how long do you predict it will take until the population reaches 4000? 6. You decided to study the mouse population trends in O’Neill over 5 years. (unfortunately you’re on the 5 year

plan)You found the following rates. Natality 23, mortality 16, emigration 6, immigration 2. What is the rate of population change?

7. You counted 45 cells in a 15 % dilution. How many cells would you expect to find in an undiluted sample? 8. You prepared a dilution by diluting 15 ml of sample with 500 ml of water. You counted 23 cells in the diluted sample.

How many cells would you expect to find in an undiluted sample? 9. You prepared a dilution by diluting 25 ml of sample in a 1 liter volumetric flask. You counted 37 cells in the diluted

sample. How many cells would you expect to find in an undiluted sample? 10. You prepared a 30 % dilution and prepared and viewed 6 slides. In the 6 slides you counted, 23,25,19,33,22, and 41 cells.

How many cells would you expect to find in an undiluted sample? 11. Draw the 10 graphs that we discussed in class. Describe what each of the graphs represents. 12. Who is Thomas Malthus? What were his two main ideas in relation to populations? 13. Comment on the following: a. Describe the human global population trend (proper scientific term) over the past 200 years. b. Describe what is happening to the human global population since 1987? c. List three main reasons why the human global population has shot up in recent history. d. What are the "doomsayers" who suggest we have plenty to worry about saying? e. What are the "optimists" who suggest we have little to worry about saying? f. Discuss plans of action that humans are or will use, to prevent the human global population from far exceeding the

earth’s carrying capacity? g. Compare and contrast the human population with the population of reindeer on St. Paul’s Island.

Answers 1) 0.00012 rabbits/m2 or 120 rabbits/km2 2) 341.6 rabbits 3) 47.6 moose/year 4) 2983 moose 5) 26.4 years 6) 3 mice/year 7) 300 cells 8) 789.7 cells 9) 1480 cells 10) 90.56 cells Relationships and Food Webs

1. Define ecology and ecosystem. 2. Define niche. 3. Define population and community. 4. Define biotic and abiotic. 5. What is a predator? What does prey refer to? Is a cow a predator? Explain. 6. List, explain how it works, and provide an example for 5 prey defenses. 7. What 3 things must all good predators be able to do well in order to eat? 8. List, explain how it works, and provide an example for 5 predator adaptations.

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9. What is a parasite? What is a host? 10. What is the difference between an obligate parasite and a facultative parasite? 11. In many cases, what is the difference between predation and parasitism? 12. Explain the difference between interspecific and intraspecific competition. Which is more intense and why?

Relationship Definition Effect (+,+ or +,0 etc)

Two Examples

Competition Predation Amensalism Commensalism Mutualism Parasitism neutralism

13. Describe the pathway of energy through the living systems. a. What happens to the amount of energy as you go higher in a food chain/web/pyramid? b. What is the 10% law of energy? Why is it important? c. At what level in a food chain should you obtain your nutrients in order to obtain the maximum amount of

energy? 14. Explain how energy flows and matter cycles in an ecosystem.

a. What happens to the energy in an ecosystem when an organism dies? b. What happens to the matter in an ecosystem when an organism dies?

15. Define producer, first level consumer, second level consumer, third level consumer, herbivore, carnivore, heterotroph, autotroph, and decomposer.

16. Define food chain and web. 17. Given a food chain or food web, be able to identify a producer, first level consumer, second level consumer, third level

consumer, herbivore, carnivore, heterotroph, autotroph, and decomposer. Introduction to Biology and Microscopes

1. What is biology? 2. What happens to the field of view as you switch from medium to high power? 3. How do you prepare a wet mount slide? 4. Given,

low power lens = 6x medium power lens = 15x high power lens = 50x L.P.θ = Find M.P.θ and H.P. θ

5. Given, low power lens = 5x medium power lens = 20x high power lens = 40x L.P. θ = 3 mm Find the size of the object.

Medium Power

6. Define taxonomy 7. What is binomial nomenclature?

a. What are the rules for binomial nomenclature? b. Why do we use binomial nomenclature (scientific names) for naming organisms? (Why don’t we just use

common names?) c. What two taxa are used in naming organisms using binomial nomenclature?

8. Describe main criterion for the present system of classification. 9. List the classification groups in the correct order (remember King Phillip). 10. As you proceed down the classification table from kingdom to species is there more or less similarity? 11. What is the definition of a species? 12. What is a dichotomous key? Know how to classify organisms using a dichotomous key.

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Monera and Viruses Definitions: Virus, Resistance, Immunity, Antibody, Antibiotic, Vaccine, Virulence, Pathogen.

1. What are the main characteristics of Kingdom Monera? 2. What are Monerans also known as. 3. List three ways in which bacteria are helpful. 4. List three ways in which bacteria are harmful. 5. What does archaebacteria mean? 6. What does eubacteria mean? 7. Which group (archaebacteria or eubacteria) can be divided into gram positive and gram negative bacteria?

a. What test do you perform to see if a bacteria is gram positive or gram negative? b. What is the difference in the test results if a bacteria is gram positive or gram negative?

8. Draw the 3 shapes of bacteria (Cocci, Bacilli, Spirilla) 9. Where and under what conditions do bacteria thrive? 10. Compare and contrast an antibody and an antibiotic. 11. Why do we say that your immune system has a “memory”? 12. Explain how a vaccine works. 13. How can a person suffer from a cold numerous times in one year? 14. Sketch a bacterial plate for an antibiotic that was fairly effective. Discuss the size of the zone of inhibition. 15. Sketch a bacterial plate for an antibiotic if the bacteria growing was resistant. Discuss the size of the zone of inhibition. 16. How do bacteria develop resistance to antibiotics? 17. Describe three ways that people are contributing to the rise of strains of antibiotic resistant bacteria. 18. What is a virus? 19. Why are viruses considered living? 20. Why are viruses considered non-living? 21. What are the differences between the lytic cycle and the lysogenic cycle? 22. Discuss the pros and cons of taking Tylenol when you have flu-like symptoms (ie. Muscle soreness, headache, fever, etc)

Protista 1. What is the only common characteristic among protists? 2. What are the general characteristics of this kingdom? 3. Where are protists found? 4. Protists are separated into 3 main groups based on how they ______________ _________________. 5. What is the main characteristic that makes plant-like protists like plants? Why are they not considered true plants? 6. How are fungus-like protists like fungus? 7. How are animal-like protists like animals? 8. How do ciliates, flagellates, and sarcodines move (what is the structure called and how does it work)? 9. What group of protists do the following belong to?

a. Flagellates b. Sarcodines c. Sporozoans d. Ciliates e. Algae Fungi

1. What are the general characteristics of this Kingdom? 2. What is the structure of fungi:

a. What are spores? What is hyphae? What is a mycelium? b. What are the cell walls of fungi made of?

3. What are the four main phyla in the kingdom? a. What is the common name for each phylum? b. What is the most common example organism for each phylum? c. What are the defining characteristics/features for each phylum?

4. List 3 ways that fungi are helpful. List 3 ways that fungi are harmful. 5. Under what conditions do fungi thrive?

Animals 1. Be sure your reference sheet is filled out correctly with lots of examples and even some drawings if needed. 2. List the general characteristics of the animal kingdom. 3. What are the main characteristics of each phylum? 4. Explain the difference between a eukaryotic cell and a prokaryotic cell. 5. What is the difference between an exoskeleton and an endoskeleton? Provide an example phylum and organism for each. 6. List and define the 4 types of symmetry.

7. With the aid of a diagram, define dorsal, ventral, anterior, posterior. 8. The 3 groups of fish are classified based on what two main features? 9. Explain the difference between amphibian, reptilian, and avian eggs. What is the significance of these differences in terms

of the dependency on water for reproduction? Plants Definitions: spore, sporangium, sporophyte, gametophyte, gamete, antheridia, archegonia, haploid, diploid, sperm, egg, frond.

1. List the general characteristics of plants. 2. What did plants probably evolve from? 3. All green land plants can be divided into what 2 groups (use both the common and scientific names for the groups)? 4. In the evolutionary development of plant reproduction, there has been a trend from a dominant haploid gametophyte

to a dominant diploid sporophyte. Explain! Flowering Plants 5. Label the flower. 6. Why are the tops of pistils covered with a sticky substance? 7. What are flowering plants called? 8. What is the name of the main female reproductive part of a flower?

Which letter represents this part? 9. What is the name of the main male reproductive part of a flower?

Which letter represents this part? 10. What is pollen? Moss 11. Explain why mosses do not grow very tall. 12. How do mosses reproduce? 13. What letter(s) on the diagram represent the sporophyte generation? 14. What letter(s) on the diagram represent the gametophyte generation? 15. Is this a vascular or non-vascular plant? 16. Which letter in the diagram represents the archegonium? 17. Which letter in the diagram represents the antheridium? Ferns 18. What are the “leaves” of a fern called? 19. How do ferns reproduce? 20. What letter(s) on the diagram represent the sporophyte generation? 21. What letter(s) on the diagram represent the gametophyte generation? 22. Is this a vascular or non-vascular plant? 23. Which letter in the diagram represents the archegonium? 24. Which letter in the diagram represents the antheridium? Gymnosperms (Conifers) 25. Describes the life cycle of a gymnosperm in terms of the size of the male and

female cones, what the cones grow on (the sporophyte or gametophyte), are the male and female cones on separate or the same trees, and how long does seed development take.

26. How do gymnosperms reproduce? 27. What letter(s) on the diagram

represent the sporophyte generation?

28. What letter(s) on the diagram represents the gametophyte generation?

29. Is this a vascular or non-vascular plant?

Biology 20 Final Exam Review KEY Populations Definitions: individual - is an indivisible living unit. If you subdivide an individual it will cease to exist population - A group of individuals of the same species in a specific area at a specific time population density - the number of individual in a given space at a given time rate of population change - the change in number of individuals in a given time period mortality - is death rate natality - is birth rate immigration - the movement of individuals into an area emigration - the movement of individuals out of an area closed population - population that is not subject to the effects of immigration and emigration open population - population that is subject to the effects of immigration and emigration environment – sum of the biotic and abiotic factors in an area. Biotic - are living factors in the environment Abiotic - are non-living factors in the environment population cycle - All natural populations fluctuate. If these fluctuations are regular then the population is said to cycle. population equilibrium – when a population reaches and cycles slightly above and below a certain level it has said to have reached equilibrium. carrying capacity - The number of individuals that can be supported or carried by the area due to the limiting factor limiting factor - is the factor or substance (biotic or abiotic) in the environment that is essential for the organisms’ survival yet is first in short supply, thus limiting the population size

1. Given there are 24 rabbits in a field measuring 400m by 500m, what is the density of rabbits? 2. Given a rabbit density of 42.7 rabbits/km2, how many rabbits would you predict to be in an 8 km2 field? 3. Given the moose population in Wickenheiser National Park was 2459 in 1999 and 2745 in 2005, what is the rate of

change for the population? 4. Given the moose population in Wickenheiser National Park was 2745 in 2005 and the rate of change for the moose

population was 47.6 moose per year, what do you predict the moose population to be in 2010? 5. Given the moose population in Wickenheiser National Park was 2745 in 2005 and the rate of change for the moose

population was 47.6 moose per year, how long do you predict it will take until the population reaches 4000? 6. You decided to study the mouse population trends in O’Neill over 5 years. (unfortunately you’re on the 5 year

plan)You found the following rates. Natality 23, mortality 16, emigration 6, immigration 2. What is the rate of population change?

7. You counted 45 cells in a 15 % dilution. How many cells would you expect to find in an undiluted sample? 8. You prepared a dilution by diluting 15 ml of sample with 500 ml of water. You counted 23 cells in the diluted sample.

How many cells would you expect to find in an undiluted sample? 9. You prepared a dilution by diluting 25 ml of sample in a 1 liter volumetric flask. You counted 37 cells in the diluted

sample. How many cells would you expect to find in an undiluted sample? 10. You prepared a 30 % dilution and prepared and viewed 6 slides. In the 6 slides you counted, 23,25,19,33,22, and 41 cells.

How many cells would you expect to find in an undiluted sample? 11. Draw the 10 graphs that we discussed in class. Describe what each of the graphs represents.

Who is Thomas Malthus? What were his two main ideas in relation to populations? Malthus in 1798 was the first to study human populations in relation to populations of other species 1. All organisms will multiply to the limits of their food supply. 2. misery, sickness and starvation will result from this population increase.

12. Comment on the following: a. Describe the human global population trend (proper scientific term) over the past 200 years.

Exponential growth b. Describe what is happening to the human global population since 1987?

the rate of increase is decreasing c. List three main reasons why the human global population has shot up in recent history.

Agricultural, industrial and medical revolutions

What are the "doomsayers" who suggest we have plenty to worry about saying? We are a closed population and Malthus’s predictions will come true. All organisms will multiply to the limits of their food supply and misery, sickness and starvation will result from this population increase. d. What are the "optimists" who suggest we have little to worry about saying?

Humans have and always will through technology stay ahead of our needs and we will find new energy sources and medicine etc and will learn to control our population.

e. Discuss plans of action that humans are or will use, to prevent the human global population from far exceeding the earth’s carrying capacity? laws limiting population, birth control, health care in third world.

f. Compare and contrast the human population with the population of reindeer on St. Paul’s Island. Both are closed. Both show exponential growth phase, reindeer overpopulated and drove themselves to near extinction, with humans we have yet to see what will happen.

Answers 1) 0.00012 rabbits/m2 or 120 rabbits/km2 2) 341.6 rabbits 3) 47.6 moose/year 4) 2983 moose 5) 26.4 years 6) 3 mice/year 7) 300 cells 8) 789.7 cells 9) 1480 cells 10) 90.56 cells

Relationships and Food Webs 1. Define ecology and ecosystem.

Ecology - the scientific study of the distribution and abundance of living organisms and how the distribution and abundance are affected by interactions between the organisms and their environment

2. Define niche. Niche is the role or job of the organism in the environment

3. Define population and community. population - # of individuals of same species in a given area at given time. community – the different types of species that occupy a given area at a given time. (ie. Pond community)

4. Define biotic and abiotic. Biotic is that part of the environment that is or was recently living Abiotic is that part of the environment that is not and never was living

5. What is a predator? What does prey refer to? Is a cow a predator? Explain. A relationship where a predator organism feeds on another living organism or organisms known as prey. A cow is a predator which preys on grass.

6. List, explain how it works, and provide an example for 5 prey defenses. Social Systems – ants Flocking, herding, schooling – to confuse the predator Nocturnal/diurnal – mouse and fox Size – puffer fish, frilled lizard Hiding – gopher Body Form – leaf bug, makes no attempt to hide Mimicry – monarch look alike, robber fly & wasp, drone fly & honey bee Camouflage – moth Mobbing – black birds mob a crow Toxins – milkweed, monarch butterfly Spines – rose, cactus, porcupine Coloration – skunk, bee

7. What 3 things must all good predators be able to do well in order to eat? Find, catch, kill

8. List, explain how it works, and provide an example for 5 predator adaptations. Good eyesight – find hawk Good hearing/sonar – find wild dogs, bat Claws – capture cat Coloration – capture Leopard Web production – capture Orb weaver Speed – capture Cheetah Lack of odour – capture Boa constrictor Jaws – kill shark Venom production – kill Snake

9. What is a parasite? What is a host? Type of predation where host is not typically killed by parasite. The host is the organism infected with the parasite.

10. What is the difference between an obligate parasite and a facultative parasite? obligate parasite can not live outside host and facultative can.

11. In many cases, what is the difference between predation and parasitism? death of the prey/host

12. Explain the difference between interspecific and intraspecific competition. Which is more intense and why? interspecific competition is between different species and intraspecific is between the same (more severe)

13.

Relationship Definition Effect (+,+ or +,0 etc)

Two Examples

Competition Two different species or two of the same species compete for resources

-,-

Predation relationship where a predator organism feeds on another living organism or organisms known as prey

+,-

Amensalism A relationship between two species in which one impedes or restricts the success of the other without being affected positively or negatively by the presence of the other.

0,-

Commensalism A relationship between two living organisms where one benefits and the other is neither harmed nor helped

0,+

Mutualism A relationship between two or more species, where both species benefit

+,+

Parasitism Type of predation where host is not typically killed by parasite

+,-

neutralism The relationship between two species which do not interact with or affect each other

0,0

14. Describe the pathway of energy through the living systems. It enters through plants and exits all organisms as heat. a. What happens to the amount of energy as you go higher in a food chain/web/pyramid? 90% lost as heat b. What is the 10% law of energy? Only 10% of energy is available for next trophic level. Why is it important? c. At what level in a food chain should you obtain your nutrients in order to obtain the maximum amount of

energy? Directly from the producers, to get the entire 10%. 15. Explain how energy flows and matter cycles in an ecosystem. energy flows through and is not reused and matter cycles

in an ecosystem to be reused over and over. a. What happens to the energy in an ecosystem when an organism dies? Lost as heat b. What happens to the matter in an ecosystem when an organism dies? recycled

16. Define producer – make their own foods, first level consumer – eat producers, second level consumer – eat fist order consumer, third level consumer – eat 2nd level , herbivore – eat plants, carnivore –eat meat , heterotroph – eat others, autotroph - producers, and decomposer – break down dead organisms.

17. Define food chain and web. food chain is 1 path through a food web.

18. Given a food chain or food web, be able to identify a producer, first level consumer, second level consumer, third level consumer, herbivore, carnivore, heterotroph, autotroph, and decomposer.

Introduction to Biology and Microscopes 1. What is biology? Study of life. 2. What happens to the field of view as you switch from medium to high power? Its is reduced. 3. How do you prepare a wet mount slide? 1 drop water, specimen, stain, cover slip. 4. Given,

low power lens = 6x medium power lens = 15x high power lens = 50x L.P.θ = Find M.P.θ and H.P. θ

5. Given, low power lens = 5x medium power lens = 20x high power lens = 40x L.P. θ = 3 mm Find the size of the object. Size = 0.75mm/5 = 0.15mm

Medium Power 6. Define taxonomy – the system used to order and name all living creatures. 7. What is binomial nomenclature? 2 scientific names used for all organisms

a. What are the rules for binomial nomenclature? use 2 names (genus and species), italicize or underline both, genus is capitalized.

b. Why do we use binomial nomenclature (scientific names) for naming organisms? (Why don’t we just use common names?) to avoid confusion of different common names for the same species in different regions of the world.

c. What two taxa are used in naming organisms using binomial nomenclature? genus and species

8. Describe main criterion for the present system of classification. Physical characteristics 9. List the classification groups in the correct order (remember King Phillip).

kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species 10. As you proceed down the classification table from kingdom to species is there more or less similarity? more 11. What is the definition of a species? Reproductively isolated organisms (can breed successfully only with others of its own

species) 12. What is a dichotomous key? Chart used to identify (name) unknown organisms by answering a series of questions whish

have only 2 answers each. Know how to classify organisms using a dichotomous key.

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Monera and Viruses Definitions: Virus, Resistance, Immunity, Antibody, Antibiotic, Vaccine, Virulence, Pathogen.

Virus - a sub-microscopic infectious agent that is unable to grow or reproduce outside a host cell Resistance - the ability of the host to cope with a pathogen (ie. how “strong” you are at defending yourself) Immunity - the condition that permits either natural or acquired resistance to disease Antibody – a protein, build by your own immune system, which destroys pathogens Antibiotic - a chemical, prescribed by a physician, to kill a pathogen Vaccine – an inoculation (injection) of a dead or weakened strain of a pathogen in order to cause an artificial immune response Virulence - the ability of a pathogen to cause disease (ie. how “strong” the pathogen is) Pathogen - A disease-causing agent (organism or material) 1. What are the main characteristics of Kingdom Monera? prokaryotic, unicellular, heterotrophic 2. What are Monerans also known as? bacteria 3. List three ways in which bacteria are helpful.

1) food production (cheese, yogurt, vinegar, sauerkraut) 2) digestive tract 3) recycling (decomposers) 4) nitrogen fixation.

4. List three ways in which bacteria are harmful. 1) cause food to spoil 2) disease in plants 3) disease in humans

5. What does archaebacteria mean? ancient bacteria 6. What does eubacteria mean? true bacteria 7. Which group (archaebacteria or eubacteria) can be divided into gram positive and gram negative bacteria? eubacteria

a. What test do you perform to see if a bacteria is gram positive or gram negative? Gram stain test b. What is the difference in the test results if a bacteria is gram positive or gram negative?

Gram positive – thick cell walls, purple violet stain sticks turning them purple/black Gram negative – thin cell walls, purple violet stain does not stick turning them pink

8. Draw the 3 shapes of bacteria (Cocci, Bacilli, Spirilla)

9. Where and under what conditions do bacteria thrive? Everywhere there is food, water and warmth

10. Compare and contrast an antibody and an antibiotic. Antibody: Protein, build by your own immune system, which destroys pathogens Antibiotic: A chemical prescribed by a physician, to kill a pathogen

11. Why do we say that your immune system has a “memory”? The immune system has a memory. If you survive an infection, the body can quickly produce antibodies for that pathogen

12. Explain how a vaccine works. When we are being immunized, weakened pathogens or antibodies to them are injected into the body. The host is then immune to the pathogen for a period of time

13. How can a person suffer from a cold numerous times in one year? virus mutates

14. Sketch a bacterial plate for an antibiotic that was fairly effective. Discuss the size of the zone of inhibition. There is a fairly large zone around the antibiotic disk that does not have bacterial growth (zone of inhibition).

Zone of inhibition

Bacterial lawn

Antibiotic Disk

Bacterial lawn

Antibiotic Disk

15. Sketch a bacterial plate for an antibiotic if the bacteria growing was resistant. Discuss the size of the zone of inhibition.

There is no zone of inhibition because the bacteria does not stop the growth of the bacteria.

16. How do bacteria develop resistance to antibiotics? mutations, conjugation when humans use antibiotics (including antibacterial agents) or don’t complete their prescriptions we are selecting for antibiotic resistant strains of bacteria.

17. Describe three ways that people are contributing to the rise of strains of antibiotic resistant bacteria. when humans use antibiotics or antibacterial agents or don’t complete their prescriptions we are selecting for antibiotic resistant strains of bacteria

18. What is a virus? A virus is a tiny particle. It consists of: Nucleic acid - Set of genetic instructions Coat of protein - Surrounds the DNA or RNA to protect it Lipid membrane - Surrounds the protein coat

19. Why are viruses considered living? Most scientists agree that viruses are alive because of what happens when they infect a host cell.

20. Why are viruses considered non-living? viruses do not contain the chemical machinery enzymes needed to carry out the chemical reactions for life

21. What are the differences between the lytic cycle and the lysogenic cycle? Lytic inject DNA and take over cell immediately reproduce virons cause cell to burst Lysogenic inject DNA and incorporate into host DNA stays dormant and allows host cell to reproduce take over cell function and enter lytic stage later

22. Discuss the pros and cons of taking Tylenol when you have flu-like symptoms (ie. Muscle soreness, headache, fever, etc) pros – alleviate symptoms Cons – optimal temperature for viruses is body temperature. A fever is your body’s way of fighting off the virus so if you allow your body temperature to remain elevated, it more effectively fights off the virus.

Protista 1. What is the only common characteristic among protists?

they are eukaryotes that do not fit into other 3 kingdoms 2. What are the general characteristics of this kingdom?

Protists are grouped together in a kingdom because they LACK CHARACTERISTICS that would let them fit into any other kingdom, Protists have cells that are UNICELLULAR, Protists are diverse; they differ in size, shape and manner of movement, Classification of protists is based on the way they obtain NUTRIENTS

3. Where are protists found? dirt, pond water, etc.

4. Protists are separated into 3 main groups based on how they obtain nutrition. 5. What is the main characteristic that makes plant-like protists like plants? Why are they not considered true plants?

Plant –like protists are like plants because they contain chlorophyll and produce sugar (photosynthesis). They are not considered true plants because they don’t have true roots, stems, leaves.

6. How are fungus-like protists like fungus? They are decomposers.

7. How are animal-like protists like animals? They are able to move.

8. How do ciliates, flagellates, and sarcodines move (what is the structure called and how does it work)? Sarcodinians-organisms that move by extending lobes of cytoplasm. Ex) radiolarians, foraminiferans, ameba Zooflagellates-use flagella (whiplike structures that aid in movement). Ex) Trichonympha (lives in the gut of a termite) Ciliophorans or ciliates-use cilia (short, hairlike projections used for movement) and live mostly in fresh water. Ex) Paramecium

9. What group of protists do the following belong to? a. Flagellates b. Sarcodines c. Sporozoans d. Ciliates e. Algae

animal-like animal-like animal-like animal-like plant-like Fungi

1. What are the general characteristics of this Kingdom? Fungi are eukaryotic organisms with nuclei and mitochondria Fungi depend on other organisms for their nutrition Most fungi are multicellular organisms, but they are not made of typical cells Most fungi cannot move by themselves.

2. What is the structure of fungi: a. What are spores? What is hyphae? What is a mycelium?

Spore - The means by which fungi are reproduced. Each spore contains a nucleus and dehydrated cytoplasm surrounded by a protective coat. Hyphae - tiny tubes filled with cytoplasm and nuclei that form the body of a fungus (are the living growing parts of multicellular fungi). Mycelium - the mass of tangled, interwoven hyphae that form the body of a fungus. (For example, the stalk of a mushroom is a mycelium made of tightly packed hyphae.)

b. What are the cell walls of fungi made of? chitin 3. What are the four main phyla in the kingdom?

Chytridiomycetes, Ascomycetes, Zygomycetes, Basidiomycetes. a. What is the common name for each phylum?

Chytridiomycetes – n/a Ascomycetes – sac or club fungi Zygomycetes – molds Basidiomycetes - club fungi

b. What is the most common example organism for each phylum? Chytridiomycetes – n/a Ascomycetes – yeasts Zygomycetes – black bread mold Basidiomycetes – mushrooms, puffballs, shelf fungi

c. What are the defining characteristics/features for each phylum? Chytridiomycetes – most primitive fungi, zoospores are mobile Ascomycetes – they reproduce by budding Zygomycetes – Basidiomycetes – mushrooms, puffballs, shelf fungi

4. List 3 ways that fungi are helpful. List 3 ways that fungi are harmful. Helpful - Used in foods (cause bread to rise, used in making wine and beer), Source of food (mushrooms), Penicillium mold is used in cheese, Drugs (penicillium) Harmful - Cause diseases (dutch elm, yeast infections, ringworm, lung diseases, etc.)

5. Under what conditions do fungi thrive? moist, dark, and in the presence of nutrients

Animals 1. Be sure your reference sheet is filled out correctly with lots of examples and even some drawings if needed. 2. List the general characteristics of the animal kingdom.

Heterotrophic, Multi-cellular, Eukaryotic cells (nucleus), Most are mobile, Lack chlorophyll 3. What are the main characteristics of each phylum?

Porifera, Coelenterata, Platyhelminthes, Aschelminthes, Annelida, Mollusca, Arthropoda, Echinodermata, Chordata – See reference sheet for main characteristics.

4. Explain the difference between a eukaryotic cell and a prokaryotic cell. eukaryotic cells have a nucleus and other membrane bound organelles.

5. What is the difference between an exoskeleton and an endoskeleton? Provide an example phylum and organism for each. exoskeleton is exterior like lobster (phylum Arthropoda) and an endoskeleton is interior like human bones (phylum chordata)

6. List and define the 4 types of symmetry. SPHERICAL – body plan is a sphere RADIAL – radiates out from central point in one plane BILATERAL – body is made in two identical mirror images ASYMMETRIC – no growth pattern, random growth

7. With the aid of a diagram, define dorsal, ventral, anterior, posterior.

8. The 3 groups of fish are classified based on what two main features? Presence or absence of jaw and type of skeleton (cartilage or bone)

9. Explain the difference between amphibian, reptilian, and avian eggs. What is the significance of these differences in terms of the dependency on water for reproduction? amphibian – thin membrane and must remain in water at all time reptilian – leathery shell and can tolerate being out of water for long period avian – calcareous shell and can tolerate being out of water for long period

Plants Definitions: spore, sporangium, sporophyte, gametophyte, gamete, antheridia, archegonia, haploid, diploid, sperm, egg, frond.

1. List the general characteristics of plants. eukaryotic, multicellular, photosynthetic (are autotrophic and contain chlorophyll), lack mobility, show alternation of generations in their life cycles, contain cellulose in cell walls

2. What did plants probably evolve from? Multicellular green algae 3. All green land plants can be divided into what 2 groups (use both the common and scientific names for the groups)?

non-vascular plants (Division Bryophyta) and vascular plants (Division Tracheophyea) 4. In the evolutionary development of plant reproduction, there has been a trend from a dominant haploid gametophyte

to a dominant diploid sporophyte. Explain! With the simple plants (non vascular) such as moss the gametophyte was the large part of the plant and the sporophyte was small and as you move toward the advanced plants (vascular) such as conifers and angiosperms the trend reverses.

Flowering Plants 5. Label the flower.

A – Stamen B – Anther C – Filament D – Petal

E – Sepal F - Receptacle G – Stigma H – Style I – Ovule J – Ovary K – Carpel/Pistil L – Pollen grains

6. Why are the tops of pistils covered with a sticky substance? to catch the pollen grains that are carried by wind or insects

7. What are flowering plants called? angiosperms

8. What is the name of the main female reproductive part of a flower? Which letter represents this part? pistil/carpel - K

9. What is the name of the main male reproductive part of a flower? Which letter represents this part? stamen - A

10. What is pollen? Pollen grains (male equivalent to sperm cells) released from male cones are wind blown and become trapped in sap of female cone (this is called pollination).

Moss 11. Explain why mosses do not grow very tall.

They do not have vascular tissue (xylem and phloem) and no true roots, stems, or leaves 12. How do mosses reproduce?

spores 13. What letter(s) on the diagram represent the sporophyte generation? C 14. What letter(s) on the diagram represent the gametophyte generation? A, B 15. Is this a vascular or non-vascular plant? Non-vascular 16. Which letter in the diagram represents the archegonium? E 17. Which letter in the diagram represents the antheridium? D Ferns 18. What are the “leaves” of a fern called? frond 19. How do ferns reproduce? Sperm swims to the egg 20. What letter(s) on the diagram represent the sporophyte generation? P 21. What letter(s) on the diagram represent the gametophyte generation? I 22. Is this a vascular or non-vascular plant? vascular 23. Which letter in the diagram represents the archegonium? F 24. Which letter in the diagram represents the antheridium? G Gymnosperms (Conifers) 25. Describes the life cycle of a gymnosperm in terms of the size of the male and

female cones, what the cones grow on (the sporophyte or gametophyte), are the male and female cones on separate or the same trees, and how long does seed development take. Male cones are smaller than female cones. The cones grow on the sporophyte. Male and female cones are on the same tree. Seed development takes two years (Fertilization typically occurs 1 year after pollination and the seed requires an additional year to mature.)

26. How do gymnosperms reproduce? Pollen grains are transported from the male to the female cone by wind.

27. What letter(s) on the diagram represents the sporophyte generation? A 28. What letter(s) on the diagram represents the gametophyte generation? Gametophyte generation is within structures b

and c 29. Is this a vascular or non-vascular plant? vascular