NGHIEN CliU TRAO DOI

Loi nhuan tren bao cao ket qua hoat dong kinh doanh va nhttng cam hkj doi vdi nha dau tu II HUYNH LOI

Sy xuAt hidn va nhflng bien cd, nhflng thdng tram cua thi trfldng chflng khoan d Viet Nam dd tdc dpng den tdm ly

nhd dAu tu, sy than trpng hon efla nhd ddu tu ve sfl dyng thdng tin tai ehinh trdn bao cAo tai chinh. Thdng tin lpi nhudn trdn bdo cao kdt qua hogt dpng kinh doanh efla doanh nghiep Viet Nam la mdt trong co sd dfl lieu quan trpng eho quydt djnh ddu tu, nhflng cung chinh thdng tin lpi nhudn trdn bao cao kdt qua hogt dpng kinh doanh efla doanh nghipp Viet Nam eung dang ehfla dung nhflng egm bdy vdi eae quydt dinh dAu tu.

Lpi nhugn IA mpt ehi tidu tai chinh quan trpng, the hidn kdt quA, hidu quA hogt dpng san xuAt kinh doanh efla doanh nghidp vA cflng la chi tidu tai chinh co sd de dAnh giA, dy bAo khA ndng, tidm ndng sinh Idi efla doanh nghiep. Theo che dp Re toan Viet Nam, lpi nhuAn efla eac edng ty dgi chflng dflpc trinh bAy trdn BAo eao ket qua hogt dpng kinh doanh vA cdng bd cdng khai trdn cAe phuong tidn thdng tin. (Bang 1)

Thfl nhAt, nghidn cflu ve phuong phap tinh ehi tidu lpi nhudn trdn Bdo eao ke't qua hogt dpng kinh doanh, Ipi nhudn dupe the hidn trdn Bao cdo kdt qua hogt ddng kinh doanh cua doanh nghipp Viet Nam hien nay dupe tinh theo phflong phdp toan bd. PhflOng phdp todn bd cho rdng tat ca chi phi sAn xuAt deu lidn quan ddn kdt qua san xudt, ndn ehi phi san xuAt la chi phi san pham va

chi phi ban hang, chi phi quan ly doanh nghidp, chi phi tdi chinh la chi phi thdi ky. Nhu vdy, chi phi sdn xuAt phat sinh trong 1^ mpt phAn ghi nhdn vao gid vdn hang ban trdn BAo cAo kdt qua hogt ddng kinh doanh (sd Iflpng san phAm tidu thy x gia thanh don vl), mpt phAn ghi nhdn vdo gid vdn sdn pham tdn kho cudi ky (ehi phi san xuAt dd dang cudi ky, chi phi san xuAt cua thanh pham tdn kho cudi ky) va chi phi bAn hang, chi phi quan ly doanh nghidp, ehi phi tAi ehinh phAt sinh trong kj' dupe ghi nhdn todn bp trdn bao eao ket qua hogt dpng kinh doanh. Theo phuong phap todn bd, lpi nhudn trdn Bdo cdo kdt qua hogt dpng kinh doanh thudng cd xu hudng tich cue hon vi lpi nhudn vdn xuAt hidn dfl tinh hinh tidu thy tdt hay xAu, tieu thy nhieu giA vdn phan bd nhieu, tidu thy it gia vdn phdn bd it vd thdng tin gia vdn sdn pham tdn kho cung thudng cd xu hfldng tich eye hon, gia tri cao hon vl gia vdn san phAm tdn kho bao gdm ea bie'n phi va dinh phi san xuAt. Thuc trgng nay ddn den nha dAu tu ngd nhdn tinh hinh lpi nhudn efla doanh nghidp khd quan hon. Sy ngp nhdn nAy rat de dang nhdn biet qua so sanh lpi nhudn, gid vdn san pham tdn kho dupe the hien trdn bAo cao kdt qua hogt dpng kinh doanh trong trudng hpp tinh theo phflong phap loan bp va tinh theo phflOng phdp tryc tidp. Theo phflOng phdp tryc tiep cho rdng ehi cd bien phi san xuAt lidn quan den kdt qua san xuAt trong kj' nen chi

ed bien phi sdn xuAt IA chi phi sAn pham va dinh phi sAn xudt, chi phi bdn hang, chi phi quAn ly doanh nghidp, ehi phi tAi ehinh ddu IA ehi phi thdi kj?. Nhu vdy, bien phi san xuAt trong ky mpt phAn ghi nh^n vAo giA vdn hang bAn (sd Iflpng san phAm tidu thy X bien phi sAn xuAt don vl), mpt phAn ghi nhdn vao giA vdn sAn pham tdn kho cudi ky (bien phi san xuAt cua sAn phAm dd dang cudi ky, bien phi san xuAt efla thAnh phAm tdn kho cudi kj") va djnh phi san xuAt, chi phi bAn hang, chi phi quan ly doanh nghiep, chi phi tAi chinh phAt sinh trong kj' dupe ghi nhdn toan bd trdn bdo cdo ket qua kinh doanh. Quan sdt cdng ty sAn xuAt kinh doanh ABC, vdi mflc tidu thy 750sp, don gia bAn 2.000 d/sp; chi phi san xuAt gdm bidn phi vAt tu, nhdn cdng, bidn phi sdn xuAt khAc 1.000 d/sp, djnh phi san xuAt 420.000d, mflc sAn xuAt 1.400sp; ehi phi ban hang vdi bidn phi 100 d/sp, djnh phi

46 TAP CHI KI^M TOAN I SD 1 N A M 2 0 1 O

NGHIEN CliU TRAO DOI

lOO.OOOd; chi phi quan ly doanh nghidp vdi bidn phi 100 d/sp, djnh phi SO.OOOd va chi phi ldi vay la 95.000d. Rdt qud lpi nhudn theo hai phuong phdp tinh dupe thd hipn qua (BAng 2)

Nhfl v^y, qua nghidn cflu lpi nhudn trdn BAo cAo kdt qua hogt dpng kinh doanh, cflng mpt tinh hinh hogt ddng nhflng Ipi nhudn the hidn trdn Bao eao ket qua hogt ddng hoAn toan khAc nhau vdi nhflng phflong phAp tinh khAc nhau. VA chinh sy khAc nhau nAy chi ra cAc egm bay mA nhA dAu tu cAn chfl y khi phdn tich Ipi nhudn trdn Bao cdo kdt quA hogt dpng kinh doanh efla cAc doanh nghidp Viet Nam, dd IA :

(1) Cung mpt tinh hinh kinh

doanh nhung lpi nhudn the hidn trdn Bdo cdo ket qua hogt dpng efla doanh nghidp ed xu hudng cao hon, tich eye hon ndn nha dAu tu dd ngd nhdn tinh hinh, kdt qua, tiem ndng hogt ddng efla doanh nghidp tdt hon mac ddu cd the doanh nghidp dang roi vdo tinh trgng tidu thy khd khan, hang tdn kho gia tdng, nguy co phd sAn.

(2) GiA trj hAng tdn kho cao hon vi dupe phdn bd mpt phdn dinh phi san xudt ddn den nha dAu tu dd gian tidp ngp nhan tinh hinh, kdt quA, tiem ndng hogt dpng efla doanh nghidp tdt hon do gia tri tai san eao hon trong khi dinh phi san xudt la ehi phi dai hgn doanh nghidp phAi gAnh

chiu hAng kj', trong nhieu ndm khd cdt giam.

Thfl hai, nghidn cflu phflong phdp the hidn chi tidu lpi nhudn trdn Bdo eao ket quA hogt dpng kinh doanh, lpi nhudn thd hidn trdn Bdo eao ket qua hogt dpng kinh doanh dupe trinh bAy tAch bidt vdi hAng tdn kho, vdi ehi phi trA trfldc vA chi phi phai tra. Nhfl vdy:

(1) Rhi nhdn dinh lpi nhudn, nhd ddu tu thudng bd qua mdi quan he, anh hudng gifla lpi nhudn vdi hang tdn kho. Tfl dd, khi danh giA, dfl bAo tinh hinh Ipi nhudn doanh nghidp ed hdng tdn kho vdi xu hudng giAm giA nhanh, nhA dAu tu thudng bd qua nhflng rfli ro, nhflng anh hfldng nghidm

Bang 1 - Bao cao ket qua ho^t dpng ldnh doanh.

Don vj bao do: Dja chi:

Mau so B 02 - DN (Ban hanh theo QD so 15/2006/QD-BTC

Ngay 20/03/2006 cua Bp truong BTC)

BAO CAO KET QUA HOAT D Q N G KINH DOANH Nam

Dan vi tinh:.

CHi TlfeU 1 1. Doanh thu bin hang \k cung cap djch vy 2. Cac khoan giam trir doanh thu 3. Doanh thu thuan ve bin hing \k cung cap dfch vu (10 = 01 - 02) 4. Gia von hing bin 5. Lffi nhu|n gyp v^ ban hing vk cung cap djch vy (20 = 10-11) 6. Doanh thu hoyt dyng tii chinh 7. Chi phi tii chinh - Trong do: Chi phi I3i vay

8. Chi phi bin hing 9. Chi phi quan ly doanh nghifp 10 Lyi nhu$n thuan tw hoyt dyng kinh doanh

{30 = 20+ (21-22)-(24+ 25)} ll .Thunhypkhic 12. Chi phi khic 13. Lffi nhu$n khic (40 = 31 - 32) 14. Tong lyi nhuyn ke toin tnrarc thue

(50 = 30 + 40) IS. Chi phi thue TNDN hi$n hinh 16. Chi phi thue TNDN hoin i^i 17. L/yi nhu$n sau thue thu nh$p doanh nghifp

(60 = 50 - 51 - 52) 18. Li i Cff ban tr£n co phien (*)

Mi so 2 01 02 10 11 20 21 22 23 24 25 30

31 32 40 50

51 52 60

70

Thuyet minh 3 VI.25

V1.27

VI.26 VI.28

VI.30 VI.30

Nim nay 4 i.soo.oood

975.000d 525.000d

95.000d

I75.000<1 I55.000d lOO.OOOd

Nim tnrarc 5

NguM l|p bieu (Ky, hp ten)

Ke toin truvng (Ky, hp ten)

L^p, ngay... thang... ndm .

Giim d6c (Ky, hp ten, dong dau)

Ghi cIti: (*) Chi tieu nay chi dp difng doi vai cong ty co phdn.

s o 1 NAM 2 0 1 D I TAP CHI Klf iM T O A N 47

NGHIEN CliU TRAO DOI

trpng cua giam gia hang tdn kho ddn lpi nhudn trong tuong lai vd ngflpc lai, khi danh gid, dfl bdo tinh hinh lpi nhudn doanh nghidp cd hang tdn kho vdi xu hfldng tdng gia, nha dAu tu thfldng bd qua nhflng lpi ich tiem tdng cua tang gid hdng tdn kho den lpi nhudn tuong lai. Quan sat bdo cdo tai chinh efla nhieu doanh nghidp Viet Nam trong thdi gian gdn ddy dang dflpc niem yet tren thi trfldng chflng khodn d Viet Nam hay edng bd trdn eac phflong tidn thdng tin dgi chung vdi gia tri hang tdn kho trdn bang can ddi ke toan cd gid tri gAp nhieu lAn, ed khi ea trdm ldn so vdi lpi nhudn, trong khi dd tinh hinh mat gia eua hang tdn kho dang didn ra vd chi cAn xay ra vai phdn trdm thi eon sd Ipi nhudn tren Bdo eao ke't qua hogt dpng kinh doanh hodn toan vo nghia.

(2) Rhi nhdn dinh lpi nhudn nha dau tfl eung thudng de bd qua quan he, anh hudng efla ehi phi tra trfldc, ehi phi phdi trA den lpi nhudn. Trong trudng hpp, ehi phi tra trudc tdn dpng ldn se ed nguy CO lam suy gidm lpi nhudn trong tuong lai va ngupe lgi, trong trudng hpp chi phi phai tra tdn

Bang 2 - Bang so sanli lai nliuan tren Bao cao kit qua /loat dpng kinli doanh tmh theo phueng phap toan bp va phinmg phap true Hep.

Phnvng phap toaa bp I J S o u h d m [750sp I 2.000 tf/sp) Z.Gia von hang ban 750spx IJOOd/sp)

t .L j r i • h H M gpp

\.C\n phi tai chinh

5Xh i phi ban hang : 750spx 100d/sp+ lOO.OOOd)

&.Chi phi quan ly doanh nghiep: (750sp X lOOd/sp + SO.OOOd)

T.Ur i nhoaa tmoc Ihac T N D N

8 .Gu VOD sao phi in toa kho ; (650 sp I IJOO d/sp)

l.S«O.O0Od

975.000d

525.000d

95.000d

175.0O0d

I53.000d

lOCOOOd

84S.000d

Pkvoas pbap trfc tiep I.Doaah Iba

2.Bien phi

Bien phi san xuat (750spx I.OOOd/sp) Bien phi ban hang (750 spx lOOd'sp)

Bien phi quan ly ( 730spx lOOd/sp)

3.S0 dir dam pbi (Doaab tbu - Biea pbi) 4.0 inh phi San xuat

Ban hang Quan ty doanh nehi.ep

Tai chinh S.Ljri nbajui (ncirc tbae T N D N

S.Gia VOB saa pbAn loa kbo (650 sp I 1.000 d/sp)

I.S««.MOd

750.000d

75.000d

75.000d

600.000d

420.000d

lOO.OOOd gO.OOOd 95.000d

(95.000d)

650.e0d

Chenh lech OOd

IW-IIMd

IK .eOM

dpng ldn lgi cd kha ndng tiem tang tdng lpi nhuAn trong tuong lai.

Mae dAu thdng tin tai ehinh, thong tin lpi nhuan khdng phai Id CO sd quydt dinh di ddn mpt quydt dinh ddu tu efla nhd ddu tu, nhung mpt quydt dinh dAu tu khdng the thidu thdng tin tai chinh, thdng tin lpi nhudn. Trong bai vidt nay, tae gia mudn gfli ddn quy doe gia, nhat la nhflng nha dau tu mpt khia cgnh nhdn thflc, phdn tich lpi nhudn trong ddu tu de trAnh nhflng egm bdy khi tidp cdn thdng tin trdn Bao cdo kdt qua boat dpng kinh doanh.131

Tai li$u tham khao

• 1. Ray H.Garirison va Eric W.Noreen (2005), Managerial Accounting, Mc Graw - Hill Companies, Inc.

• 2. Robert S.Kaplan, Anthony A.Atkinson (1998), Advanced Management Accounting, third edition, Prentice Hall International, Inc.

• 3. Jan R.Williams, Susan F.Haka, , Mark S.Bettner (2005), Finacial & Managerial Accounting the basic lor business decisions, McGraw-Hill Companies,

• 4. Leopolo A.Bernstein, John J.Wild (1998), Financial Statement Anaalysis,

sThe McGraw Hill Companis,

Vai tro cua Kiem toan Nha nuQc.. (Tiep theo trang 54)

Cdu chuydn nay d nfldc Nga dd trd thanh mpt bai hpc dAt giA khi nfldc Nga d gt tfl nhdn hda, khien nhflng nha may tri gid vai tram trieu USD ehi eon lgi mAy trdm USD, va tai san cdng do hang trieu ngudi dan tich cdp, ddng gdp nhieu ndm de hinh thanh trong chdc Idt bdng trd thanh tai sAn tu cua mpt sd ca nhdn, de rdi nhflng trieu phfl, "trpe phfl" mdi dd quay trd lgi lung dogn, lam suy yeu nen kinh te va gdy ra bao vAn de xa hpi cho dAt nudc. Nha nudc ta dd tidn hdnh cd phan hda DNNN mpt cdch than trpng, nhung cung khong trdnh khdi nhflng sai sdt nhdt dinh nhfl mpt

sd nghidn cflu, dAnh gia cua cac CO quan nha nfldc da chi ra. Vi vdy, RTNN cAn tham gia sdu vao qua trinh nay de giam thieu nhflng tAc dpng tidu cue. Sau khi doanh nghidp da cd phAn hoA, RTNN vdn phai theo doi tidp va vdn phai gifl quyen va trdch nhidm kiem loan trdn co sd ty Id vdn eiia Nha nudc d doanh nghidp. Va mudn danh glA phan ciia Nha nudc thi tAt ydu phai danh giA chung tren tdng the tinh hinh tai san va tdi chinh ciig doanh nghiep.

Ddi vdi cac doanh nghipp chuAn bi ed phAn hoa thi rAt nen va cAn kiem toan trudc khi cd phan hoA.

Nhu vay nd se giflp cho chflng ta cd mpt bfle tranh trung thue vd doanh nghiep, tfl dAy cAc co quan nha nfldc lien quan se ed them cO sd de danh gia doanh nghidp dung mflc hon va nhflng nha dAu tfl ctmg cd chd dfla tin cgy hon dd quyet djnh mua ed phAn. NhA nudc ndn sii dung kdt qua kidm toan ciia RTNN cdng vdi kdt qua ciia ban thAm dinh dd cho ra mdt kdt qua khach quan. Sy phdi hpp dd cang rAt cAn thidt khi chflng ta ehfla thflc hidn dAu giA edng khai doanh nghidp khi cd phAn hda...

Xin cdm on b ^ fm

NH! NGUYEN (thgc hi$n)

48 T A P C H i K IEM T D A N I SO 1 NAM 2D1 D