Life span chapter 8
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Transcript of Life span chapter 8
Chapter 8
Socioemotional Development in Middle and Late Childhood
6-11 Years-of-AgePowerPoints developed by Jenni Fauchier,
Butchered by Professor Carney
6-11 Years-of-Age 1
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ir8BO4-7DkM
6-11 Years-of-Age 2
6-11 Years-of-Age
The Development of Self-Understanding
• Increasingly describe selves with psychological characteristics & traits– Ex:
• Popular• Nice• Smart
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6-11 Years-of-Age
• More likely:– Recognize social aspects of self
• Include groups they belong to – Girl Scouts
– Christian
– What do I do in comparison to others? • Previous stage
– What I do or don’t do
The Development of Self-Understanding
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6-11 Years-of-Age
Self-Esteem & Self-Concept
• Personal perceptions match reality?• Maybe
• Self-concept
– Self-evaluate in many areas• Academic• Athletic• Appearance
– How might this affect a child?
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6-11 Years-of-Age
Self-Efficacy• Self-efficacy
– Belief that one can master a situation & produce favorable outcomes • Low self-efficacy for learning
– May avoid many learning tasks, especially challenging ones
• Math: know it when I grow up
• High-self-efficacy for learning– Eagerly work at learning tasks
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6-11 Years-of-Age
Self Regulation• Self-regulation
– Manage • Behavior
• Emotions
• Thoughts – Allows social skills & achievement
• Capacity in self-regulation– Development, prefrontal cortex
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6-11 Years-of-Age
Developmental Changes in Emotion
• Better understanding of emotions • Can experience more than 1 emotion at a
time.– Angry sister broke your toy– Sad you don’t have toy
• Increased awareness of events leading to emotional reactions– “She hit me so I smashed her toy.”
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Developmental Changes in Emotion
• Ability to suppress or conceal– Negative feelings
• Strategies for redirecting feelings– Self-soothing after upset
• Play with favorite toy
• Capacity for genuine empathy
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Kohlberg Stages
• Based on Piaget• 6 stages of
moral development
• Believed universal
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6-11 Years-of-Age 12
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O7pQJ0ptjk0Kohlberg Stages
6-11 Years-of-Age 13
6-11 Years-of-Age
Kohlberg's Moral Development Theory
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zY4etXWYS84
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Kohlberg Stages
• 3 Levels– Level 1: Preconventional reasoning – Level 2: Conventional reasoning– Level 3: Postconventional reasoning
• 6 Stages– 2 stages in each level – (Need to keep in mind the 3 levels only)
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Preconventional Reasoning– Early childhood
development– Interpret good &
bad in terms of (behaviorism)
• External rewards
• Punishments
– Egocentric
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Conventional Reasoning
• Middle school• Apply certain
standards– Standards set by
others• Parents
• Government
• Learn to conform
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6-11 Years-of-Age
Postconventional Reasoning• Usually college years• Recognize alternative
moral courses– Explore options
– Decide on personal moral code
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6-11 Years-of-Age
Kohlberg Stages Research
• Moral stages appeared later than Kohlberg envisioned.
• Reasoning at Stage 6 rare.
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6-11 Years-of-Age
Physical Development • Females
– Longer life expectancy
– Less likely to develop• physical disorders
• mental disorders– More depression
– Hormones • Stop growth of long
bones at puberty
• Males – 10% taller– 2X’s risk of
coronary disease – Hormones
• Promote growth of long bones
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6-11 Years-of-Age
• Females – Brain smaller
• More folds
– Portions of corpus callosum larger
– Areas involved in emotional expression show more activity
• Males – Larger
• Part of hypothalamus related to sex
• Area of parietal lobe larger
– Visuospatial skills
Physical Development
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6-11 Years-of-Age
Cognitive Development • Males better
– Math – Visuospatial skills
• Females better– Verbal abilities
• Later studies – Verbal differences between females & males
virtually disappeared– Math & visuospatial differences still existed
• Have cognitive differences between females & males been exaggerated?
22
Aggresion
• Who is more aggressive M or F?
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6-11 Years-of-Age
Socioemotional Development • Aggression:
– Boys more physically aggressive– Girls more verbally aggressive
• Spread malicious rumors • Ignoring someone when angry
• Boys more likely to hide – Negative emotions
• Girls less likely to express – Disappointment that might hurt others’ feelings
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6-11 Years-of-Age
Gender Differences in Prosocial Behavior
• Prosocial behavior– Acting to help another person, particularly
when only goal is to help. • Females
– View selves as more prosocial & empathic – Across childhood & adolescence, engage in more
prosocial behavior
• Biggest gender difference occurs for kind & considerate behavior
• Smaller difference in sharing
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6-11 Years-of-Age
Developmental Changes in Parent-Child Relationships
• Parents – spend less time with children– continue to be important – support & stimulate academic achievement
• Children– less physical discipline than they did as
preschoolers– more self-regulation
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Developmental Changes in Peer Relations
• Peers– Socializing time increases – Group size increases– Less supervision – Same-sex groups preferred
• Until age 12
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6-11 Years-of-Age
Being Popular• Popular children
– reinforce others– listen – open lines of communication with peers– happy – control negative emotions– show enthusiasm – show empathy– self-confident , not conceited
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6-11 Years-of-Age
Other Statuses• Neglected children
– Low rates of interaction with peers– Described as shy by peers
• Rejected children – Often more serious adjustment
problems than those neglected
–Some are aggressive
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6-11 Years-of-Age
Bullying• Bullied children
– Reported• More loneliness
• Difficulty making friends
• Victimized – Anxious & socially withdrawn children
• Non-threatening & unlikely to retaliate
– Aggressive children• May be targets because their behavior is irritating
to bullies
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6-11 Years-of-Age
• Victims
– more headaches – more abdominal pain – sleeping problems – tired– more depression
• Bullies– More likely to have a poor academic record– Smoke– Drink alcohol
Bullying Cont.
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Functions of Friendships
• Children’s friendships serve what functions?
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6 Functions of Friendships
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6-11 Years-of-Age
Socioeconomic Status & Ethnicity
• Schools in low-income areas are more likely to have: – more students with low achievement test
scores – low graduation rates – small % of students going to college – young teachers with less experience– encourage rote learning– buildings & classrooms old & crumbling
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Newsletter
• Newsletter 6-11 yrs.
6-11 Years-of-Age 39