Li Thuyet Loi Giai Chi Tiet

8/12/2019 Li Thuyet Loi Giai Chi Tiet

1/27

FC HO HC VNG CAO

---Ad:DongHuuLee---

KTHUT TNG N TP NHANH L THUYT THI H C

PHN HO HC V C(Phn 1)

MA THI 2013-2014


2/27

FC HO HC VNG CAO

---Ad:DongHuuLee---

KTHUT TNG N TP NHANH L THUYT THI H C

PHN HO HC V C(Phn 1)

MA THI 2013-2014


3/27

DongHuuLee THPT Cm Thu1 Thanh Ho.FC HO HC VNG CAO

Bi 1. Trng hp no sau y khng xy ra phn ng ho hc?A. Cho Fe vo dung dch H2SO4 long, ngui. B. Sc kh Cl2 vo dung dch FeCl2.C. Sc kh H2S vo dung dch CuCl2. D. Sc kh H2S vo dung dch FeCl2.

( Trch cu 3 M 825 HKA 2009)Cn bit Kim loi trc Pb + HCl , H2SO4(long) Mui (min)+ H2 Phn ng ny lun xy ra bt lun HCl v H2SO4(long)l nng hay ngui . Khi nim nng v ngui chc tc dng i vi HNO3v H2SO4c.

Hp cht Fe2+

va l cht khva l cht oxi ha ( v +2 l soxi ha trung gian ca st), tnh chtno c bc ll phthuc vo i tc phn ng khi gp Cl2( cht oxi ha mnh) th FeCl2l chtkh,nn c phn ng : FeCl2 + Cl2 FeCl3 Axit + Mui

Ax axAx

ax ax .

.

Muoi

it m oi la it yeuit

Axit moi con it ban dau la it manh va khong

Muoi moi A moi

+

i

i

Cc mui sunfua ca kim loi tNa n trc Pb tan tt trong axit HCl v H2SO4long, cn cc muisunfua ca kim loi t Pb trvsau : PbS; CuS; Ag2S... khng tan trong HCl, H2SO4long ( nhng vn

tc dng vi HNO3v H2SO4 c).V d:FeS + HCl FeCl2+ H2S

CuS + HCl CuCl2+ H2S

CuS + HNO3 Cu(NO3)2+ H2SO4+ NO2+ H2O( phn ng xy ra theo hng oxi ha kh)

Bi gii

- Loi A v : Fe + H2SO4(long, ngui) FeSO4+ H2.- Loi B v: FeCl2 + Cl2 FeCl3.- Loi C v : CuCl2+ H2S CuS + HCl

Chn Dv : H2S + FeCl2 FeS + HCl( Do khng tha mn iu kin ca phn ng mui + axit nu trn: FeS tan trong HCl).

Bi 2. Cho cc hp kim sau: Cu-Fe (I); Zn-Fe (II); Fe-C (III); Sn-Fe (IV). Khi tip xc vidung dch cht in li th cc hp kim m trong Fe u bn mn trc l:

A. I, II v III. B. I, II v IV. C. I, III v IV. D. II, III v IV.( Trch cu 4 M 825 HKA 2009)

Cn bit Khi cho kim hai kim loi (KL-KL) hoc kim loi v phi kim ( KL-PK) tip xc nhau ( trc tip hocgin tip thng qua dy dn) v cng nm trong mt dung dch cht in li ( hoc mi trng khng khm) th xy ra hin tng n mn in ha.

Trong hin tng n mn in ha:- mi trng in li, givai tr cha cht oxi ha v l mi trng ion kim loi mnh tan vo )- kim loi no mnh h!n( ngi ta quy c n l cc m hay catot) s"bn #$n : cho e bin thnh ionkim loi r%i tan vo mi trng in li ti catot (kim loi mnh )xy ra qu trnh oxi ha.- kim loi no yu h!n ( gi l anot) khng bn mn m l kho cha e do kim loi mnh chuyn

sang, cht oxi ha tmi trng s"nhn e ca kim loi mnh ti y ti anot xy ra qu trnh kh. &c im ca n mn in ha:

To ra dng in mt chiu v trong sut qu trnh n mn in ha electron ca kim loi mnh dichuyn lin tc v c hng tkim loi mnh sang kim loi yu r%i tkim loi yu i vo cht oxi hanm trong dung dch cht in li.


4/27


Bi giiTheo phn tch trn Fe mun bn mn trc th trong cc cp Fe phi l kim loi mnh h!n l (I); (III); (IV) Chn C.

Bi 3. Cho bn h'n hp, m'i h'n hp g%m hai cht rn c smol bng nhau: Na2O v Al2O3; Cuv FeCl3; BaCl2 v CuSO4; Ba v NaHCO3. Sh'n hp c th tan hon ton trong nc (d) chto ra dung dch l

A. 4. B. 2. C. 1. D. 3.( Trch cu 6 M 825 HKA 2009)

Tm tt bi ton:

c 4 hh rn ( smol cc cht trong mi hh bng nhau) 2

2

2 3

3

2

4

3

uS

H O

Na O

Al O

Cu

FeCl

BaCl

C O

Ba

NaHCO

+

i

i

i

i

chthu c dd.

Sh'n hp th(a mn = ?Cn bit Oxit kim loi tan trong nc bao g%m oxit ca kim loi kim v oxit ca kim loi kim th).C th:Li2O, Na2O,K2O,CaO,BaO,SrO.

M2O + H2O 2M(OH)n Oxit kim loi tan !c trong dung dch baz!g%m cc oxit tan c trong nc nu trn + oxitl*ng tnh. Cthg%m :( Li2O, Na2O,K2O,CaO,BaO,SrO) + ( Al2O3+ ZnO + Cr2O3).

M2O + H2O 2M(OH)n

M2On +(8-2n) OH- 2MO2(4-n)-+(4-n) H2O. Cc kim loi ( khng tan trong nc) tCu trvtrc u c khnng ko mui Fe3+vmui Fe2+.

Bi giiTheo phn tch trn p n C.Bi 4. Dy g%m cc cht u tc dng c vi dung dch HCl long l:

A. AgNO3, (NH4)2CO3, CuS. B. Mg(HCO3)2, HCOONa, CuO.C. FeS, BaSO4, KOH. D. KNO3, CaCO3, Fe(OH)3.

( Trch cu 14 M 825 HKA 2009)Cn bit.1. Axit tc dng vi mui .i Mui + Axit (#nh) Mui mi + axit mi ( yu).Ngoi l:,-c mui sunfua .a kim /0i tPb tr v sau khng tan 12 khng 3-c 4ng vi Axit HCl 12H2SO4/05ng ( hai axit #nh hay gp).Tuy nhin, .-c mui 62y vn 3-c 4ng 12 tyan trong A.70i 2 (H2SO4c ,HNO3) do cha S

2-/2 cht kh #nhh.89 4:

CuS + HNO3 Cu(NO3)2 + SO2+ NO2+ H2O.i Mui + Axit #nh, khng bay h!i ( H2SO4) Mui mi + axit #nh , (HCl,HNO3).iMui Fe2+,Cu+, S2-,S-1+ A.70i 2 Mn+(max) + SPK + H2O.iMui Fe3+, S2-+ A./0i 3 ( HI) Fe2+ + S + I2+ H2O.


5/27


iBaSO412 PbSO4/2 hai mui khng tan trong #i axit.2. Axit + Oxit kim loi.iLut chung:

Oxit kim /0i + axit Mui + H2Oi :;0i l :

- FeO, Fe3O4,FexOy,Cu2O,CrO + A./0i 2 Mn+(max) + SPK + H2O.- Fe3O4 + HI Fe2++ I2 + H2O.

3.Axit + BaziLut chung:

Axit + baz! Mui + H2Oi:;0i l.

- Fe(OH)2, Cr(OH)2+ A./0i 2 Mn+(max) + SPK + H2O.- NH312 .-c amin CxHyN + Axit mui.- Amin CxHyN + HNO2 ancol ( hoc mui iazoni) + N2+ H2O.

Bi giiTheo phn 39ch trn ta .< :

- 70i A 1= .< CuS khng 3-c 4ng vi HCl.- 70i C 1= .< BaSO4khng 3-c 4ng vi HCl.- 70i D 1= .< KNO3khng 3-c 4ng vi HCl.

chn B.Bi 5. Cho ph!ng trnh ho hc:

Fe3O4 + HNO3 > Fe(NO3)3 + NxOy + H2OSau khi cn bng ph!ng trnh ho hc trn vi hsca cc cht l nhng snguyn, ti gin th

hsca HNO3 lA. 46x - 18y. B. 45x - 18y. C. 13x - 9y. D. 23x - 9y.

( Trch cu 15 M 825 HKA 2009)Cn bit.

Khi cn bng .-c?@nng oxi @


6/27


7/27


8= hh

hh

mM

n= Khi tng nhit , tkhi ca h'n hp kh so vi H2 gim i3@= chng 3( s mol M@9 tng

ln ( 1= mhhlun khng )i doKo 302n khi lng).N


8/27


C. bn knh nguyn tgim, m in tng.D. bn knh nguyn tv m in u gim.

(Trch Cu 30- M 596 H khi A 2010)Cn bit Ui quy lut .a mt chu kQ do in 39ch @t nhn quyt nh : trong mt chu MQ ,i t 3F-i sang?@i ,s lpkhng )i nhng in 39ch @t nhn tng ln /2m lc @Pt 3Vnh in gia @t nhn vi e .Jng tng ln. H GH:Cc i l%&ng W-n M9nh & m in N9nh kim /0i

( 39nh kh)N9nh phi kim( 39nh oxi

@


9/27


X@-i nim cht mi trng .@ t%n 3i i vi .-c?@n ng Ay ra trong dung 4ch. & A-c nh cht mi trng trong .-c?@n ng oxi @


10/27


( Loi mui to ra phthuc vo tlmol NaOH : H2S)Bi 16.Pht biu no sau y khng ng khi so snh tnh cht ha hc ca nhm v crom?

A. Nhm v crom u bth!ng ha trong dung dch H2SO4"c ngui.B. Nhm c tnh khmnh hn crom.C. Nhm v crom u ph#n $ng vi dung dch HCl theo cng tl%vsmol.D. Nhm v crom u bn trong khng kh v trong nc.

(Trch Cu 5- M 174 H khi B 2010)Cn bit Vi nhng cu h(i trc nghim l thuyt mang tnh cht lit k thng tin ca nhiu cht th ph!ngphp gii nhanh nht l ph!ng php loi tr. Nguyn tc ca ph!ng php loi tr l tm 3 phng n ngc vi yu cu ca em bi Ph!ng n cn li l ph!ng n c la chn ( mc d kin thc ca ph!ng n ny c thngihc cJng khng bit!!! ). Cr l kim loi c nhiu tnh cht t!ng %ng vi Fe v Al:

- Ging Fe, Cr khi tc dng vi HCl, H2SO4long thhin ha trthp( ha tr2), khi tcdng vi HNO3, H2SO4c,O2thhin ha trcao ( Ha tr3).

- Ging Al 12 Fe , Cr bthng trong HNO3v H2SO4c ngui.- Ging Al, Cr bn trong khng kh v nc do c lp oxit bn trn bmt bo v.- Cr2O3v Cr(OH)3ging Al2O3v Al(OH)3u l hp cht l*ng tnh( ch CrO l oxit

bazo cn CrO3l oxit axit).

Bi giiTheo phn tch trn V A,B,D l cu ng Chn C( V yu cBu chn cu khng ng).Gii thch;

2Al + 6HCl 2AlCl3+ 3H2 3HCl

Al

n

n =

Cr + 2HCl CrCl2+ H2 2HCl

Zn

n

n =

Bi 17. Cho dung dch Ba(HCO3)2 l&n lt vo cc dung dch: CaCl2, Ca(NO3)2, NaOH, Na2CO3,KHSO4, Na2SO4, Ca(OH)2, H2SO4, HCl. Strng hp c to ra k't ta l

A. 4. B. 7. C. 5. D. 6.(Trch Cu 8- M 174 H khi B 2010)

Cn bit Mui axit + Axit mnh Mui mi + axit mi.( Chc mui hirosunfat khng tham gia phn ng ny). Mui axit + Baztan Mui trung ha + H2O( phn ng ny lun xy ra v c bao nhiu kim loi th to ra by nhiu mui trung ha ) Mui axit + Mui khc 2 mui mi

Phn ng chxy ra khi sn phm c cht :

Ch : Mui hirosunfat c vai tr l mt axit mnh .V d: phn ng NaHSO4+ Na2CO3 khng phi l mui + mui m l axit mnh ( HNaSO4) + Mui. Tnh tan ca mt smui quan trng:- Tt ccc mui axit u tan.- Tt ccc mui cha Cl u tan ( - AgCl).- Tt ccc mui cha N u tan.- Tt ccc mui cha Na, K u tan.


11/27


- Tt ccc mui cha SO42-u tan ( - BaSO4v PbSO4)

Bi giiTheo phn tch trn ta thy, cc cht to kt ta vi dung dch Ba(HCO3)2bao g%m : NaOH, Na2CO3,KHSO4, Na2SO4, Ca(OH)2v H2SO4 &p n D.Gi#i thch:

Ba(HCO3)2+CaCl2 khng xy ra

Ba(HCO3)2+Ca(NO3)2 Khng xy ra

Ba(HCO3)2+NaOH BaCO3 + Na2CO3+ H2O

Ba(HCO3)2+Na2CO3 BaCO3 + NaHCO3

Ba(HCO3)2+KHSO4 BaSO4 +K2SO4+ CO2 + H2O

Ba(HCO3)2+ Na2SO4 BaSO4 + NaHCO3

Ba(HCO3)2+Ca(OH)2

BaCO3

+CaCO3

+2H2OBa(HCO3)2+H2SO4 BaSO4 +2CO2+2H2O

Ba(HCO3)2+2HCl BaCl2+2 CO2+ 2H2OBi 18.Cc cht m phn tkhngphn c(c l:

A. HBr, CO2, CH4. B. Cl2, CO2, C2H2.C. NH3, Br2, C2H4. D. HCl, C2H2, Br2.

(Trch Cu 11- M 174 H khi B 2010)Cn bit

Mt phn t khng phn cc khi: Tt ccc lin kt trong phn t khng phn cc hoc trongphn t c cc lin kt phn cc nhng vc t!t)ng hp ca cc lin kt phn cc l vc t! 0

V d: Br Br hay O= C= O Mt phn t phn cc khi: trong phn t c lin kt phn cc v vc t!t)ng hp ca cc lin kt

phn cc vc t! 0

.V d: H Br hay O= C Vi nhng cu h(i trc nghim l thuyt mang tnh cht lit k thng tin ca nhiu cht th ph!ngphp gii nhanh nht l ph!ng php loi tr. Nguyn tc ca ph!ng php loi tr l tm 3 phng n ngc vi yu cu ca em bi Ph!ng n cn li l ph!ng n c la chn ( mc d kin thc ca ph!ng n ny c thngihc cJng khng bit!!! ).

Bi giiTheo phn tch trn ta c:

- HBr l phn tphn cc loi A.- NH3l phn tphn cc loi C- HCl l phn tphn cc Loi D

chn B.Bi 19:Pht biu no sau ykhngng?A. Trong cc dung dch: HCl, H2SO4, H2S c cng nng 0,01M, dung dch H2S c pH ln nht.


12/27


B. Nhdung dch NH3ttti dvo dung dch CuSO4, thu c k't ta xanh.C. Dung dch Na2CO3lm phenolphtalein khng mu chuyn sang mu hng.D. Nhdung dch NH3ttti dvo dung dch AlCl3, thu c k't ta trng.

(Trch Cu 14- M 174 H khi B 2010)Cn bit pH = - lg H+ dung dch c n%ng H

+cng ln th pH cng b v ngc li, dung dch c n%ng

H+cng b th pH cng ln. Cu(OH)2, Zn(OH)2,AgOH mi sinh tan c trong dung dch NH3d:

[ ]2 3 3 4 2( ) 4 ( ) ( )Cu OH NH Cu NH OH + [ ]2 3 3 4 2( ) 4 ( ) ( )Zn OH NH Zn NH OH+

[ ]3 3 22 ( )AgOH NH Ag NH OH+

Al(OH)3khng c khnng to phc vi NH3:

3 3( )Al OH NH+ khng xy ra.

nn Al(OH)3 khng tan m kt ta trong NH3. Mui to ra bi axit mnh v baz!yu bthy phn mt phBn ra mi trng axit. V d:

FeCl3+3 H2O Fe(OH)3 + 3HCl(to mi trng axit)

Ngc li, mui to bi axit yu v baz!mnh b thy phn mt phBn v to ra mi trng baz!. Vd:

Na2CO3+ H2O H2CO3+ NaOH(to ra mi trng baz!)

Vy quy lut chung ca sthy phn mui l: ci g mnh th to ra mi trng . Vi nhng cu h(i trc nghim l thuyt mang tnh cht lit k thng tin ca nhiu cht th ph!ngphp gii nhanh nht l ph!ng php loi tr. Nguyn tc ca ph!ng php loi tr l tm 3 phng n ngc vi yu cu ca em bi Ph!ng n cn li l ph!ng n c la chn ( mc d kin thc ca ph!ng n ny c thngihc cJng khng bit!!! ).

Bi giiTheo phn tch trn ta thy:

- H2S l axit yu nn c H+ nh(nht nn pH ln nht A ng.- dd Na2CO3l mui ca baz!mnh ( NaOH) v axit yu ( H2CO3) nn khi bthy phn to

mi trng baz! lm phenolphthalein chuyn sang mu h%ng C ng.- Khi cho NH3vo dung dch AlCl3th c phn ng :AlCl3+

4

3 2

NH OH

NH H O+

Al(OH)3 +NH4Cl

3 3( )Al OH NH+ khng xy ra.

thu c kt ta trng D ng.Vy cu khng ngl B Chn B.Bi 20. Cho dung )ch X ch$a KMnO4*+ H2SO4 (,-.ng) l&n lt *+o c/c dung )ch : FeCl2, FeSO4,CuSO4, MgSO4, H2S, HCl ("c). S trng hp c 0#y ra1h#n $ng oxi h-/ - kh ,+

A. 3 B. 5 C. 4 D. 6

(Trch Cu 25- M 174 H khi B 2010)Cn bit Cch d(on mt cht mang tnh khhay tnh oxi ha .

- Cht ch$a nguyn tang 2trng thi oxi ha thp nht chthhi%n tnh kh. Hay g"p lkim loi M, S-2, S-1, I-, Cl-,H2, NH3, H2S.


13/27


- Cht ch$a nguyn t2trng thi oxi ha cao nht chthhi%n tnh oxi ha. Hay g"p iomkim loi Mn+ca kim loi sau Mg, HNO3, H2SO4"c, KMnO4, O2, O3,F2.

- Cht ch$a nguyn t2trng thi oxi ha trung gian th va thhi%n tnh khva thhi%ntnh oxi ha ( ph!thuc vo i tc m n s3thhi%n tnh cht no trong hai tnh cht ).

Hay g"p l : S,SO2, CO, Fe2+,

8

3Fe+

Cr2+. Tuy nhin,8

3Fe+

,CO V Fe2+thin vtnh khnhiu hn...

iu ki%n c&n c ph#n $ng oxi ha khl ph#i c mt cht khv mt cht oxi ha. S#n ph4m ca qu trnh khKMnO4ph!thuc vo mi trng. C!th:

2

2 4

24

2

OH

H

H O

K MnO

KMnO Mn

MnO

++ +

Khi vi't phng trnh ca mt ph#n $ng oxi ha kh vi't ng s#n ph4m chng ta c&n th(c hi%nba bc sau :

- Bc 1 : Cht khth sau ph#n $ng ph#i cho soxi ha ca n t5ng ln, cht oxi ha thsau ph#n $ng ph#i cho s oxi ha ca n gi#m xung( cho t5ng ln v gi#m xung vnh6ng soxi ha quen thuc ca nguyn t)

- Bc 2 : Vi cc nguyn t khng c s(thay 7i soxi ha chng ta t(iu chuyn chngvcc hp cht ph hp sao cho b#o ton nguyn t2hai v'l c.

- Bc 3 : Cn b8ng ph#n $ng theo phng php th5ng b8ng e kinh nghi%m ( t5ng - ti'n,gi#m- li, cn b8ng nguyn tgi#m, cn b8ng H, cn b8ng kim loi).

Bi gii- Do trong KMnO4c cha nguyn tang trng thi oxi ha cao nht : Mn

+7 KMnO4l cht oxiha.- V KMnO4l cht oxi ha nn i tc phn ng vi n phi c tnh kh Tcc cht cho suy rachc thl :FeCl2(cha Fe

2+) , FeSO4( cha Fe2+) , H2S( cha S

2-) v HCl ( cha Cl-) Chn C.Cc phn ng minh ha:5Fe2+ + MnO-4 + 8H

+ 5Fe3+ + Mn2+ + 4H2O5H2S +6 MnO4

-+ 18H+ 5SO2+ 6Mn2++ 14H2O

10Cl-+ 2MnO4-+ 16H+ 5Cl20+ 2Mn2++ 8H2OBi 21. C 4 dung )ch ring bi%t: CuSO4, ZnCl2, FeCl3, AgNO3.9h:ng *+o mi dung )ch mt thanhNi. S trng hp xut hi%n 5n m;n i%n h-/ ,+

A. 1 B. 4 C. 3 D. 2

(Trch Cu 30- M 174 H khi B 2010)Cn bit Phn ng gia kim loi khng tan trong nc vi cc dung dch mui xy ra theo quy tc . Hin t%&ng #n mn in ha xy ra khi c hai cht kh( th%*ng l hai kim loi ) tip xc vinhauv hai kim loi phi nm trong dung dch hoc nm ngoi khng kh m ( mi trng in li,givai tr cha cht oxi ha v l mi trng ion kim loi mnh tan ra ).Khi kim loi nomnh h!n s"bn mn ( l cc m cho e bin thnh ion kim loi r%i tan vo mi trng in li)kim loi no yu h!n khng bn mn ( l kho cha e do kim loi mnh chuyn sang, cht oxiha tmi trng s"nhn e ca kim loi mnh ti y).

Bi giiTheo phn tch trn ta c :

- Vi ZnCl2: Ni khng phn ng c Khng tha mn iu kin c hai kim loi tip xcnhau Loi.

- Vi FeCl3: c xy ra phn ng Ni + FeCl3 NiCl2 + FeCl2( theo quy tc ) CJngkhng tha mn iu kin c hai kim loi tip xc nhau Loi.


14/27


- Vi CuSO4v AgNO3th Ni u phn ng c v to ra kim loi bm trn thanh Ni :Ni + CuSO4 NiSO4+ Cu(bm trn thanh Ni)Ni + AgNO3 Ni(NO3)2+ Ag (bm trn thanh Ni) tha mn iu kin c hai kim loi tip xc nhau . chn D.

Bi 22 Cho c/c cn b8ng sau(I) 2HI (k) H2(k) + I2(k) ;

(II) CaCO3(r) CaO (r) + CO2(k) ;

(III) FeO (r) + CO (k) Fe (r) + CO2(k) ;

(IV) 2SO2(k) + O2(k) 2SO3(k)Khi chuyn )ch theo chiu ?


15/27


Bi giiTheo phn 39ch trn ta .


16/27


A. Fe2+

. B. Cu2+

. C. Pb2+

. D. Cd2+

.

(Trch Cu 55- M 174 H khi B 2010)Cn bit ,-ch nhn bit mui sunfua ( S2-) trong dung 4ch: 4Ong mui tan .a kim /0i nng @


17/27


A. Zn, Cu2+ B. Ag, Fe3+ C. Ag, Cu2+ D. Zn, Ag+

(Trch Cu 8- M 516 Ckhi A 2010)Cn bit Trong dung 4ch, .-c mui tan t%n 3i 4ng ion R@n ng gia .-c kim /0i khng tan trongnc vi dung 4ch mui thc cht /2 ?@n ng gia kim /0i 12 .-c ion kim /0i .< trong dung 4ch. C!s A-c nh xem?@n ng gia kim /0i 12 ion kim /0i( 19 4 Fe 12 Zn2+) hoc gia ion kim/0i vi ion kim /0i( 19 4 Ag+12 Fe3+) .< Ay ra hay khng 12 nu Ay ra 3@= Ln phm thu c /2nhng cht 62o , ta?@i 4Ong quy tc vi .-c bc c!Kn sau:

- Z-c nh cp oxi @


18/27


Cn bit ,-c mui AgCl, AgBr, AgI khng tan nhng AgF /i tan tt.. Trong mt 6@


19/27


Cn bit Khi mt hang trng thi cn bng, chkhi c tc ng tbn ngoi vo cn bng ( thay )i nhit n%ng hoc p sut) th cn bng mi b ph v* v dch chuyn theo nguyn l : chiu dchchuyn bn trong cn bng i lp vi stc ng tbn ngoi. Cc thao tc xc nh chiu dch chuyn c!a cn b"ng .

- Bc 1: Xc nh yu tbn ngoi cJng nhchiu tc ng vo cn bng ( yu tnychnh l cu n ca bi. V dkhi gim p sut.. th yu tbn ngoi y l psut, cn chiu tc ng y l chiu gim).

- Bc 2:Nhn vo phn ng thun nghch cho xem chiu no c thng tin ngc vi bc 1 th chnh l chiu dch chuyn bn trong cn bng ( v d: nu bn ngoi gimp sut th trn ph!ng trnh ta phi tm phn ng lm tng p sut).

- Ch : nu bc 2 m khng tm c ph!ng trnh( hoc thun hoc nghch) th(a mnth chng t(yu tbn ngoi bc 1 khng nh hng ti cn bng. hay ni cch khc,cn bng khng phthuc, khng bnh hng bi yu tbc 1.



20/27


A. Crom(VI) oxit l oxit baz!B. Ancol etylic bc chy khi tip xc vi CrO3C. Khi phn ng vi dung dch HCl, kim loi Cr boxi ho thnh ion Cr2+

D. Crom(III) oxit v crom(II) hiroxit u l cht c tnh l*ng tnh(Trch Cu 45- M 516 Ckhi A 2010)

Cn bit Tnh cht c!a oxit cromoxit CrO Cr2O3 CrO3N9nh cht Oxit Baz! Oxit l*ng 39nh Oxit axit

Tnh cht hiroxit c!a crom

Hi roxit Cr(OH)2 Cr(OH)3

Cr(OH)622H O H2CrO4

Hoc:2Cr(OH)6

25H O H2Cr2O7N9nh cht Baz! L*ng 39nh axit

Tnh oxi h,a KhHp cht Cr2+ Cr3+ Cr+6

N9nh cht N9nh kh Va .< 39nh kh

Va .< 39nh oxi@


21/27


m rn sau= mrn trc- mM@9

Bi gii

Theo phn 39ch trn ,@n A: 2AgNO3

0t

2Ag +2 NO2+ O2Bi 38.Kim loi M c thc iu chbng cch khion ca n trong oxit bi kh H2nhit cao.Mt khc, kim loi M khc ion H+ trong dung dch axit long thnh H2. Kim loi M l

A. Al B. Mg C. Fe D. Cu(Trch Cu 50- M 516 Ckhi A 2010)

Cn bit R@n ng :

MxOy+

2

3

H

C

CO

AlNH

0t M +

2

2

2

2 3

2 2

H O

CO CO

CO

Al ON H O

+

+

%h& '(y ra vi oxit )a kim l"i sau Al12 c ;i /2 ph!ng?@-p nhit luyn 4Ong iu ch kim/0i sau Al. R@n ng :2M + 2nH+ 2Mn++ nH2,@ Ay ra vi kim /0i ng trc H.

Bi giiTheo phn 39ch trn , , ,A B C D /0i A,B,D ,@n C.

Bi 39.Dung dch no sau y c pH > 7 ?A. Dung dch NaCl B. Dung dch NH4ClC. Dung dch Al2(SO4)3 D. Dung dch CH3COONa

(Trch Cu 57- M 516 Ckhi A 2010)Cn bit S 3@y phn .a mui /2 s phn @y .a mui di 3-c 4ng .a nc. Wn cht .a s thy phn mui /2 ?@n ng trao )i .a mui vi nc V mt t)ng GH-t, .@mui 62o?@n ng vi nc 3@Ia #5n iu kin .a?@n ng trao )i 3@= muiK 3@y phn. Kinh nghim :

&c im .a dung 4ch70i mui 3o ra t N@y phnMi trng pH ,@P C

A.#nh- B.#nh Khng 3@y phn Trung N9nh pH= 7 Tr muiHiro sunfat lun . 7 /2 dung 4ch CH3COONa :CH3COONa + HOH CH3COOH + NaOH

.@n D.

Bi 40. Trong cc cht: FeCl2, FeCl3, Fe(NO3)2, Fe(NO3)3, FeSO4, Fe2(SO4)3. Scht c c tnhoxi ho v tnh khl

A. 2. B. 3. C. 5. D. 4.(Trch Cu 3- M 182 C khi A 2009)

Cn bitMt cht mun va .< 39nh kh, va .< 39nh oxi @


23/27


thay )i -p sut ( 1= s phn t M@9 hai v khng bng nhau) /0i A,B.- :@=n 12o C,D thy u .< (4) khng kim tra (4) 1= .@ .$n 2 ph!ng -n nn chc chn

ph!ng -n c la .@n L" cha (4) .@ kim tra (2) hoc (3).Cn bng (2) K 4chchuyn khi .< s thay )i -p sut ( 1= s phn t M@9 hai v khng bng nhau) /0i D.

Chn C

Bi 42. Cht dng lm kh kh Cl2m lA. Na2SO3 khan. B. dung dch NaOH c.C. dung dch H2SO4 m c. D. CaO.

(Trch Cu 8- M 182 C khi A 2009)Cn bitMt cht mun /2m kh c cht M@-c 3@= ?@i 3@(a #5n hai tiu .@9:

- Cht < ?@i .< M@ nng @Pt nc ( hay gp /2 H2SO4(c), P2O5 khan, CuSO4 khan,CaO,...).

- Cht < ( hoc Ln phm 3o 3@2nh cht < 3-c 4ng vi H2O) ?@i khng 3-c 4ng cvi cht cBn /2m kh.



24/27


/0i hay 6


25/27


Trong s 4 M@ nng trn, @c sinh thngK sai lBm, thiu L


26/27


Trong s 4 Dh# n5ng 2 trn, hc sinh thng > sai l&m, thi'uHt 2 trng hp th$ ba !!! Ch c kim ,-i $ng trc H mi t/c )!ng c vi HCl,H2SO4,-.ng. C/c oxit kim ,-i lun tan trong axit nhng ch cNa2O, K2O,CaO *+BaO tan c trong nc:

M2On+ H2O M(OH)nC/c oxit Al2O3, ZnO, Cr2O3th@ tan c trong kim:

M2On+ OH- MO2

(4-n)- + H2O

Bi gii

Theo s phn 39ch trn ta thy:-7ai C 1= Cu khng tan trong dung 4ch HCl.

-70i D 1= Hg khng tan trong dung 4ch HCl.-70i B 1= CuO khng tan trong dung 4ch AgNO3.Chn A.

Bi 49. Nguyn tc chung c dng iu chkim loi lA. cho hp cht cha ion kim loi tc dng vi cht kh.B. oxi ho ion kim loi trong hp cht thnh nguyn tkim loi.C. khion kim loi trong hp cht thnh nguyn tkim loi.D. cho hp cht cha ion kim loi tc dng vi cht oxi ho.

(Trch Cu 37- M 182 C khi A 2009)Cn bit CBn phn bit M@-i nim nguyn tc 12 ph!ng?@-p:

- Nguyn tc /2 vic?@i /2m.- Ph!ng?@-p /2 .-ch thc /2m vic


27/27

A. Mg, Al2O3, Al. B. Mg, K, Na. C. Zn, Al2O3, Al. D. Fe, Al2O3, Mg.(Trch Cu 40- M 182 C khi A 2009)

Cn bit Nguyn tc .a vic nhn bit .-c cht /2 ?@i da 12o nhng im M@-c nhau gia .-c cht

Li Thuyet Loi Giai Chi Tiet

Documents

Transcript of Li Thuyet Loi Giai Chi Tiet