Lesplantestransgéniques rendentellessourd? Soluond ... fileValid application 6 months* maximum...
Transcript of Lesplantestransgéniques rendentellessourd? Soluond ... fileValid application 6 months* maximum...
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Les plantes transgéniques rendent-‐elles sourd ?
Solu5on d'avenir ou technologie à risque
Philippe BaretEarth & Life Ins/tuteUniversité de Louvain
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L’agriculture du XXIeme siècle relèvera de nouveaux défis
• Faim • Ressource• Inéquité• Climat
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Le nombre de personnes qui ont faim augmente
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La produc5on augmente de façon linéaire et constante
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La produc5on augmente de façon linéaire et constante
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La courbe de la faim suite celle des prix du pétrole
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La produc5on augmente de façon linéaire et constante
• Concurrence entre food et non food via les agrocarburants• L’agriculture industrielle est énergivore• Spécula5on
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Agriculture faces major challenges
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New century, new challenges
“Our strategy today must recognize the connection between climate
change and food security. It must leverage the potential of the new sustainable agriculture paradigm
(...)”
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CeLe agriculture a besoin d’innova5on
• Cahier des charges1. Nourrir neuf milliards d’êtres humains
2. Respecter les contraintes du système Terre– diminuer les consomma5ons– vivre sur les intérêts de la biosphère et non sur le capital
3. Réduire les inégalités
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Les plantes transgéniques actuelles ne répondent pas à ce cahier des charges
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12Université catholique de Louvain -‐ www.uclouvain.be/gena-‐pops/ -‐ FUNDP -‐ 06.12.2010
Risques pour la santétoxicité et allergiedes risques classiquesun débat nourrit par une vision du vivant
Risques pour l’environnementdéséquilibre écologique et menace pour la biodiversitédes risques aux propriétés nouvellesdifficiles à mesurerun débat sur l’importance du risque
Les plantes transgéniques actuelles sont uniquement évaluées sur les risques
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Les plantes transgéniques ne sont pas un bien public
• La per5nence est définie par le marché• Les plantes transgéniques sont un produit industriel couvert
par des brevets• Le risque est à charge de la société
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Leur per5nence est définie par le marché
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Food or chemicals
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Valid application 6 months*maximum
Report of EFSA GMO panel3
monthsConsultation CA 2001/18
Final Opinion EFSA
Commission
3 Months
maximum
Standing Committeeof the Food chain & Animal
Health
Qualified majority for acceptance of the draft decision?YESDecision
NOEU MinistersCouncil
Qualified majority foracceptance ofthe draft decision?***
YES
NO
The draft Decisionbecomes the decision
* Clock stop when request for additional info
**
1 monthpublic
consultation
Draft decision
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Les risques qu’elles présentent sont peu ou mal évalués
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Les risques qu’elles présentent sont peu ou mal évalués
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Comparer !
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Processus d’appren5ssage ?
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20Université catholique de Louvain -‐ www.uclouvain.be/gena-‐pops/ -‐ FUNDP -‐ 06.12.2010
• Consensus sur l’innocuité– Utilisation massive au Etats-‐Unis
– Equivalence en substance
– Directives EFSA claires et bien suivies
• Rupture du consensus– En provenance du monde scientifique
• Putzai – rats/pomme de terre
• Seralini -‐ Controversial effects on health reported after subchronic toxicity test: 90-‐day study feeding rats (June 2007) by Seralini, Gilles-‐Eric, Cellier, Dominique, and Joel Spiroux de Vendomois
– En provenance du politique• MON 810 gouvernement français
– Appuyés par les groupes de pressions
• Où en est-‐on ?
Québec 20.06.2008Où en est-on ?
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21Université catholique de Louvain -‐ www.uclouvain.be/gena-‐pops/ -‐ FUNDP -‐ 06.12.2010
Textes
Québec 20.06.2008
Food is considered safe if there is reasonable certainty that no harm will result from its consumption under anticipated conditions. Historically, food prepared and used in traditional ways is conisdered safe on the basis of long-term experience, even though it may naturally contain harmful substances. In principle, food is presumed ot be safe unless a significant hazard has been identified. - OCDE, 1993
Substantial equivalence is established by a demonstration that the characteristics assessed for the genetically modified organism, or the specific food product derived therefrom, are equivalent to the same characteristics of the conventional comparator.
The levels and variation for characteristics in the genetically modified organism must be within the natural range of variationfor those characteristics considered in the comparator and be based upon an appropriate analysis of data. – FAO, 1996
Source : Tomlinson in Ruse and Castle (2002)
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22Université catholique de Louvain -‐ www.uclouvain.be/gena-‐pops/ -‐ FUNDP -‐ 06.12.2010
L’équivalence en substance a-‐t-‐elle un avenir ?
• L’équivalence en substance a une dimension politique forte – Le monde selon Monsanto
– Eichenwald et al., 2001 in Ruse and Castle (2002)
• L’équivalence en substance implique une « certaine » confiance des consommateurs
• La vérification scientifique du concept est « scant »– Domingo, 2007
• Des solutions :– Restaurer la confiance
– Equiper scientifiquement le concept
L’évaluation des OGM doit sortir du rapport de force pour devenir un processus d’apprentissage
Québec 20.06.2008
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23Université catholique de Louvain -‐ www.uclouvain.be/gena-‐pops/ -‐ FUNDP -‐ 06.12.2010
Un cadre compliqué ou confus ?
Québec 20.06.2008
Source : Tomlinson in Ruse and Castle (2002)
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24Université catholique de Louvain -‐ www.uclouvain.be/gena-‐pops/ -‐ FUNDP -‐ 06.12.2010
Textes
Québec 20.06.2008
The conclusions of the current review are quite in agreement with those of Zdunczyk (2001), Bakshi (2003), and Pryme and Lembcke (2003), which are in the same line than those also suggested in our previous review (Domingo and G´omez, 2000).
One of our main concerns is related with the use of the principle of “substantial equivalence” to guarantee the safe use of GM/transgenic plants.
•Why must it be thought that two plants (GM and non-GM) with the same nutritional capacity should also imply similar health risks (or absence of risks)?
•Why a similar principle is not authorized, for example, for chemical substances that are going to be commercialized such as pesticides, drugs, food additives, etc.?
Toxicity Studies of Genetically Modified Plants: A Review of the Published LiteratureJosé L. Domingo (2007) in Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 47:721-733
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25Université catholique de Louvain -‐ www.uclouvain.be/gena-‐pops/ -‐ FUNDP -‐ 06.12.2010
Les risques
Risques pour la santétoxicité et allergiedes risques classiquesun débat nourrit par une vision du vivant
Risques pour l’environnementdéséquilibre écologique et menace pour la biodiversitédes risques aux propriétés nouvellesdifficiles à mesurerun débat sur l’importance du risque
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Dans un monde où tout est possible, les OGM sont une voie d’innova5on poten5elle à explorer.
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Dans un monde où tout est possible, les OGM sont une voie d’innova5on poten5elle à explorer.
Dans un monde où les ressources sont limitées, nous devons nous
focaliser sur les innova5ons les plus per5nentes
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Cela passe par une méthodologie prenant en compte contraintes et bénéfices
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Cela passe par une méthodologie prenant en compte contraintes et bénéfices
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Reconnaître différentes voies d’innova5on et les ar5culer aux besoins réels de nos sociétés.
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Le champignon Le pommier
Le marché des fruitsLe verger
§ Orchard ventilation (increase inter-lines and inter-tree spaces)
§ Interlines-hedgerows (barriers against scab conidia)
§ Reduction of parcel mean surface
§ Orchards of mixed varieties
§ Multi-fruit orchards (apple, pear, cherry)
§Scab-resistant varieties (mono- or polygenic resistance)
§Transgenic scab-resistant varieties (mono- or polygenic resistance)
§ Elicitors of induced systemic resistance (test the efficiency of applications)
§ Chemical fungicides (improvement of sprayers)
§ Inorganic fungicides (test the efficiency of modern Cu or S solutions)
§ Organic fungicides (numerous plant extracts)
§ Improvement of alert systems (biological
§ Direct local sale (increase cultivar diversification in the orchard of the owner)
§ Promotion and marketing of old scab-resistant or scab-tolerant varieties
SC
Vanloqueren, G., Baret, P.V. (2004) Proceedings of the 5th Congress of the European Society for
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Etre aLen5fs aux verrouillages
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Il y a de nettes différences de travaux scientifique sur les deux possibilités
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Analyse bibliométrique
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Conclusions
1. La transgenèse végétale est une rupture technologique
2. Les plantes transgéniques en milieu non confinés présentent des risques faibles, incertains et irréversibles
3. Les solu5ons proposées aujourd’hui sont limitées à des technologies u5les à l’agriculteur américain
4. Refuser les plantes transgéniques proposées aujourd’hui n’est – ni un refus du progrès, – ni une absence de solidarité avec les agricultures du Sud
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Perspectives
• Repenser l’évalua5on et le débat public
• Mieux gérer l’innova5on en agriculture
• Faire de la solidarité une priorité et non pas un argument marke5ng
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Acknowledgments
Pierre Stassart, ULg
Gaëtan Vanloqueren, UCL - www.srfood.org
Julie Van Damme, UCL
Le groupe de contact FNRS, Agroécologie