Leitura complementar 04 - Microrocessadores
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Transcript of Leitura complementar 04 - Microrocessadores
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Microprocessadores
LNCC UFRJ
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LNCC ago‐10 Computador sem mistérios 2
Transistor
• 1947 – Invenção do transistor
• John Bardeen• Walter Brattain• Willian Shokley
• Laboratórios Bell
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LNCC ago‐10 Computador sem mistérios 3
Inventores do Transistor
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LNCC ago‐10 Computador sem mistérios 4
Interruptor transistor de junção
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LNCC ago‐10 Computador sem mistérios 5
Transistor planar
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Portas lógicas
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Micro chips
Lingote de silício
Tudo começa
nas areias da
praia
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Chips de silício
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Chips de silício
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O processo completo
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Final do processo
Processador
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Processo Computacional Básico
Entrada Processamento Saída
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Processador – estrutura interna
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Processador – UCP
Registradores
Barramento interno
U A L
Clock
Unidade decontrole
Unidade deponto flutuante
CacheL1
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Barramento
Dados
Controle
Endereços Interno
Externo
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Oscilações
• Pêndulos oscilam num determinado ritmo;
• O período é o tempo necessário para completar uma oscilação;
• A freqüência é a quantidade de oscilações por segundo;
• Ela é medida em Hertz – Hz;
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Freqüência – Período
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O “clock” do processador
O “clock” dos processadores utiliza propriedades da estrutura cristalina do quartzo;
A freqüência do “clock” dos processadores atuais está na faixa de MHz e GHz.
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Ciclo de máquina
• Ciclo de instrução– Busca– Decodificação
• Ciclo de execução– Execução– Gravação
decodificação
execução
busca gravação
É repetido bilhões de vezes por segundo !
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Memória RAM
Um pente de memória RAM (Randon Access Memory) de 64 MB
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Memória – endereços e dadosDados
00
01
10
11
00 01 10 11Endereços
1001 110111 00
0010 111110 00
1011 000001 00
0000 101000 00
1010 000011 01
0100 110110 01
0011 000001 01
0000 111100 01
0000 000011 10
0000 000010 10
1010 000001 10
1101 000000 10
0011 101011 11
0011 0011 10 11
0110 000001 11
1011 001100 11
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Processamento paralelo
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O problema da roupa suja
Quanto tempo gasto para 4 pilhas de roupa suja ?
Sabendo que o tempo necessário para:
• Lavar - - 1/2 hora• Secar - - 1/2 hora• Passar - 1/2 hora• Guardar - 1/2 hora
Quem sujou ?
Tô fora!!
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Depois de muito pensar ...
4 x ½ + 4 x ½ + 4 x ½ + 4 x ½ = 8 horas
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LNCC ago‐10 Computador sem mistérios 25
Linha de montagem
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Pipeline
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Evolução dos microprocessadores Intel