荷馬的《伊里亞德》 ( 張玉燕 )

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1. 朗誦 Iliad 1.1-1.100 (25 分鐘 ) 2. 摘要 Iliad 的主題與內容 (30 分鐘 ) 3. 分組準備 (5 分鐘 ) 4. 小組討論 (20 分鐘 ) 5. 小組討論結果分享 (20 分鐘 ) 6. 總結 (10 分鐘 )

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 http://www.gutenberg.org/wiki/Main_Page

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The Perseus Digital Libraryhttp://www.perseus.tufts.edu/

為 Tufts University 製作之網站，提供經典書籍原文、如拉丁文和希臘文等及英文翻譯版的電子全文下載。

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The Iliad/ Book One

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Achilles 為何憤怒 ?

http://www.maicar.com/GML/Achilles.html

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The invocation to the Muse; Agamemnon insults Apollo; Apollo sends the plague onto the

army; the quarrel between Achilles and Agamemnon;

Calchas indicates what must be done to appease Apollo;

Agamemnon takes Briseis from Achilles;

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Achilles prays to Thetis for revenge; Achilles meets Thetis; Chryseis is returned to her father; Thetis visits Zeus; the gods converse about the matter

on Olympus; the banquet of the gods

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The Rage of Achilles, by Giovanni Battista Tiepolo (1696-1770), Italian Rococo painter

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Sing, Goddess, sing of the rage of Achilles, son of Sing, Goddess, sing of the rage of Achilles, son of Peleus—Peleus—that murderous anger which condemned Achaeansthat murderous anger which condemned Achaeansto countless agonies and threw many warrior soulsto countless agonies and threw many warrior soulsdeep into Hades, leaving their dead bodiesdeep into Hades, leaving their dead bodiescarrion food for dogs and birds—carrion food for dogs and birds—all in fulfillment of the will of Zeus.all in fulfillment of the will of Zeus.

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son of Peleus (  Πηληϊάδης Pēlēïádēs) swift-footed (  πόδας ὠκύς pódas ōkús; -ποδ

 άρκης pod-arkēs; -  ποδώ κεος pod-ōkeos) breaking through men ( -  ῥηξ ήνωρ rhex-ēnōr) lion-hearted ( -  θῡμο λέοντα thūmo-léonta) like to the gods (  θεοῖς ἐπιείκελος theoîs

epieíkelos)

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英雄的倫理價值觀 :

死亡與不朽、生命與永恆

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•2.1 Era of gods 2.1.1 Cosmogony and cosmology 2.1.2 Greek pantheon

•2.2 Age of gods and mortals•2.3 Heroic age 2.3.1 Heracles and the Heracleidae 2.3.2 Argonauts 2.3.3 House of Atreus and Theban Cycle2.3.4 Trojan War and aftermath

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Wrath—in Greek mēnis—is the opening word of Homer’s Iliad and thereby the first word in Western literature:

“Sing, O goddess, the anger of Achilles son of Peleus, that brought countless ills upon the Achaeans.”

μῆνιν ἄειδε θεὰΠηληϊάδεω Ἀχιλῆος, ,οὐλομένην ἣ μυρί᾽ Ἀχαιοῖς ἄλγε᾽ ἔθηκε

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Anger, rage, fury, irritation, resentment

acerbity, acrimony, asperity, boiling point, fierceness, flare-up, frenzy, furor, impetuosity, ire, rabidity, savagery, slow burn, tempestuousness, turbulence, vehemence

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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vWnYBaOZU0k&feature=player_embedded#!

3’31’’

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This tragic action is the center of the poem, but it is surrounded by scenes that remind us that the organized the organized destruction of wardestruction of war, though an integral part of human lifeintegral part of human life, is still only a part of it.

The yearning for peace and its creative possibilities is never far below the surface.

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These two poles of the human condition—war and peace, with their corresponding aspects of human nature, the destructive and the creative—are implicit in every situation and statement of the poem, and they are put before us, in symbolic form, in the shield that the god Hephaestus makes for Achilles, with its scenes of human life in both peace and war.

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a Greek god whose Roman equivalent was Vulcan.

He was the god of He was the god of technology, blacksmiths, technology, blacksmiths, craftsmen, artisans, craftsmen, artisans, sculptors, metals, sculptors, metals, metallurgy, fire and metallurgy, fire and volcanoesvolcanoes 112/04/21 22

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Hephaestus was lame, which gave him a grotesque appearance in Greek eyes.

He served as the blacksmith of the gods, and he was worshipped in the manufacturing and industrial centers of Greece, particularly in Athens. The The center of his cult was in Lemnoscenter of his cult was in Lemnos.

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主題二

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AchillesAgamemnon

MenelausMacheon

HectorOdysseus

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is the concept of glory earned in heroic battle;

for most of the Greek invaders of Troy, notably Odysseus, kleos is earned in a victorious nostos (homecoming), yet not for Achilles, he must choose one reward, either nostos or kleos.

Fame imperishable

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a legendary king of Mycenaean (pre-Dorian) Sparta, the husband of Helen of Troy, and a central figure in the Trojan War.

He was the son of Atreus and Aerope, and brother of Agamemnon king of Mycenae and, according to the Iliad, leader of the Spartan contingent of the Greek army during the War.

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是真英雄嗎 ?

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a soldier at the Troy war as well as a surgeon during the Trojan War.

fight in the army of Nestor, who, fearing for Machon’s safety and deeming that a doctor is worth many men, took him into his chariot.

made known to Asclepius by Chiron.

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When Menelaus was wounded, Menelaus sent a messenger for Machaon, who skillfully treated Menelaus’ injury by extracting the barbed arrow, sucking the wound and applying a secret ointment.

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希臘－羅馬的醫藥神。他是阿波羅和仙女科羅尼絲的兒子。半人半馬怪喀戎（ Chiron ）教給他醫治的技藝，但是宙斯擔心他會使所有的人長生不死，就以雷霆把他擊死。對他的崇拜始於色薩利，後來傳到希臘許多地方。由於人們認為他能在夢中治病並給病人開藥方，所以通常都睡在他的神殿裡。他的表徵是一個有蛇纏繞的手杖。

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The great champion of the Trojans, Hector,Hector, fights bravely, but reluctantly.

War, for him, is a necessary a necessary evilevil, and he thinks nostalgically of the nostalgically of the peaceful pastpeaceful past, though he has little hope of peace to come.

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Achilles slays Hector

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We see Hector, as we do not see Achilles, against the background of the patterns of civilized life—the rich civilized life—the rich city with its temples and city with its temples and palaces, the continuity of the palaces, the continuity of the familyfamily.

The duel between these two men is the inevitable crisis of the poem, and just as inevitable is Hector’s defeat and death.

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At the climactic moment of climactic moment of Hector’s deathHector’s death, as everywhere in the poem, Homer’s firm control of his material preserves the preserves the balance balance in which our contrary emotions are held;

pity for Hector pity for Hector does not entirely rob us of sympathy for Achillessympathy for Achilles.

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古希臘人的思維中，看就是一種知覺，閱是讀的一種！

閱，就是看，觀看是希臘文學最重要的一環，引用一段文字說明 :

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Jenny Strauss Clay, Homer's Trojan Theater: Space, Vision, and Memory in the Iliad.   Cambridge/New York:  Cambridge University Press, 2011.  Pp. x, 136.  ISBN 9780521149488.

(p.2) Theatron derives from the verb

theesthai that signifies a particular kind of seeing, one in which the act of perceiving elicits wonder in the beholder. Such wonder is, above all, produced by beholding something divine.

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初次閱讀荷馬史詩，最困惑的是眾神的出現，他們好像主導一切，但又喜歡隔岸觀火，這正是荷馬史詩的閱之美學 (the poetics of vision) ，每一幕每一場景都像是舞台，你我是觀眾、未上場的英雄豪傑是觀眾、眾神也是觀眾！

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看戲，是一種凝視與聆聽的結合。我們可以套用 Jenny Strauss Clay 常用的字 gaze說明凝視，而聆聽是 listen 更是” hearken” ，解釋如下 : to give heed or attention to what is said… ，凝視與聆聽都涵蓋專注的意義。

2.2        

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同為觀眾，神最大的不同是他們是有超強的鏡頭，可以看見全景 (panoramic view)，也可以看到無限小的微觀 (microscopic view) 。視覺是人類的美好禮物，但不可否認，人的眼睛真的是有限啊 ! 即或有許許多多光學與攝影技術輔助，我必須承認，和荷馬史詩中眾神的神眼比起來，我永遠只是一個傻瓜！

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但是，別以為史詩中的眾神— Zeus, Hera, Athena, Poseidon, Apollo. . . 就是全知全能，錯 ! 希伯來文化中的神是全知(omniscient) ，全能 (omnipotent) ，無所不在 (omnipresent) ，而希臘文化中的眾神充其量是來去自如的觀眾，每一觀看的時空，神的永恆 (immortality)定格在一個時間的剎那視窗；

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而人是會死的 (mortal) ，但人類的一劫(mortality) 也在觀看中停頓與升格。因此在敘述的舞台時空觀眾席中，古希臘人搭起了神人的平行宇宙，原本應該是沒有焦點的平行線，在凝視共同的文字鏡頭瞬間，神與人的目光焦會，意義在於 immortality與 mortality融入同一視焦。

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1. 怎樣才是真英雄 ?

2. 評論 The Death of Achilles

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同學可繼續深思相關問題，並整理為期中報告資料

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. . .one of the greatest Greek heroes, Achilles, is here perpetually remembered by his brief life, whose magnetic force comes from his last but undying, strong and glorious breath. Achilles, with both eyes shiningly gazing at his fate, braves the world here and after. An endless finish opens up to a renewing future and embraces the seemingly devastating abyss of the netherworld.

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What the ordinary men can apprehend is no more than the matter of life and death, while a hero must be talented with a prefiguring vision of the unfathomable fame lingering in the afterlife. Achilles’ wrath against the rude, unfair, and relentless society never comes to end but remains a live issue, by which the latest scholars have been perplexed. Upon death, Achilles carries an elevated flash of life to the brave new world.

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 it is the patent Achilles’ heel that draws my attention again and again: not the weakness but the strength as this picture highlights. He does not allow himself to fall flat; instead, he, with the last stroke, poses himself to a balanced counterpoise by his heel.

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 the totality of the painting, by means of condensing Achilles’ brief heroic life in an imposing gesture, reveals a manifold paradox: mortal immortality, living death, and potent fatality.

http://blog.xuite.net/alice.yuyenc/w2012/66736096

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Iliad 與 Odyssey 的比較 : Aristotle 的評論 : (Poetics 1459b14)—“Of his poems he made the one, the Iliad , a ‘simple’ story turning on ‘calamity,’ and the Odyssey a ‘complex’ story—it is full of ‘discoveries’—turning on character

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• Iliad 的結構簡單， Odyssey 的結構複雜。

•Iliad 的關注是感情 (pathetic, παθητικός) ， Odyssey 的關注是倫理道德 [ethical, ἠθικός ] 。

•Iliad 的主軸是戰爭， Odyssey 的主軸是歸鄉。

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