Lecture One
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Transcript of Lecture One
ANALOG ELECTRONICS
ETU 07101
Lecturer: Francis.F.S.Mihayo
Office: Radio Amateur’s, office building
Tel: +255 732 200294
+255 655 257835
Email: [email protected]
Analogue Electronic circuit design is fun.
You can earn a good living from it and
impress many people to whom electronics
seems the magic.
Analog Electronics
INTEGRATED METHODS OF ASSESSMENT
CA 40%. FE 60%
1 Introduction
2 Operational Amplifiers
3 Diodes and Diode Circuits
4 Bipolar Junction Transistors
5 Differential and Multistage IC Amplifiers
6 Frequency Response
7 Feedback
8 Output Stages and Power Suppliers
TOPIC TO BE COVERED
REFERENCES
Robert Boylestad and Locis Nashelshy, (1991) “Electronic Devices and Circuit Theories” Prentice –Hall
M. Hassul and D.E. Zimmerman, (1996) “Introductory Electronic Devices and Circuits” Prentice Hall
Theodore F. Bogart, Jr, (1993) “Electronics and Circuits” Maxwell Macmillan, 3rd Edition.
Thomas. L. Floyd, (1992) “Electronic Devices, Prentice Hall, 3rd Edition
Analog Electronics
Electronic systems are everywhere in our daily life.
radio, television, refrigerator, MP3&MP4,GPS (global positioning
system), air traffic-control system, electronic instrumentation (signal
generator, oscilloscope, millimeter) computerized monitors for
patients
Electronic systems are composed of subsystems or functional
blocks.
amplifiers, filters, signal sources, wave-shaping circuits, digital logic
functions, digital memories, power suppliers and converters.
Introduction – Electronics Systems
Many electronic systems falls into one or more of these categories:
digital-signal processing systems, communication systems,
medical electronics, instrumentation, control systems, computer systems.
The primary concern of many electronic systems:
to extract, store, transport, or process the information in a signal
Some are concerned mainly with the power content of signals.
Electronic systems
Amplifier — increase the power level of weak signals
Filers — separate desired signals from the undesired and noise
Signal source generators — generate waveforms
Wave-shaping circuits — change one waveform into another
Power supplies — provide necessary DC power to others
Converters — change between analog and digital
Electronic systems
Analog versus Digital
Information-bearing signals can be either analog or digital.
Analog signal takes on a continuous range of amplitude values.
Whereas digital signal takes on a finite set of discrete values (often binary) and frequently changes values only at uniformly spaced points in time
Analog circuits: circuits that connect to, create and
manipulate arbitrary electrical signals
circuits that interface to the continuous-time “real” word
Analog and digital signal can be converted to each other
Relative advantage:
digital circuits are more immune to noise digital circuits tend to be easier to
implement with IC (integrated circuit) technique
digital systems are more adaptable to a variety of use
So why do we still study analog?
The real world is analog Many of the inputs and outputs of
electronic systems are analog signal Many electronic systems, particularly those
dealing with low signal amplitudes or very high frequency required analog approach
The dominance of digital circuits actually increased the amount of analog electronics in existence
Analog versus digital signals
Information-bearing signals can be either analog or digital.
Electronic systems
Figure 1.0: Analog signals take a continuum of amplitude values.
Digital signals take a few discrete amplitudes.
ADC
DAC
Electronic systems
Relative advantages of analog and digital systems
Noise is any undesired disturbance added to the desired signal.
One of the most significant advantages that digital systems have, compared with analog systems, is in the way that noise affects the signals.
Figure 1.2
After noise is added,
the original amplitudes
of a digital signal can
be determined.
This is not true for an
analog signal.
Operational Amplifiers (Op Amps)
Operational Amplifiers
What is an Op amp?
A multistage high-gain amplifier integrated in analysis as a separate block.
A typical op-amp is powered by two dc voltages and has
an inverting(-) and a non inverting input (+) and an output.
The input of an op amp is a differential amplifier therefore has 2 inputs.
The output is singled ended.
Typically configured for a dual power supply rails (+/_V)
Note that for simplicity the power terminals are not shown but understood to exist.
Operational Amplifiers
Operational Amplifiers Properties
open-loop gain: ideally infinite: practical values 20k-200k high open-loop gain virtual short between + and - inputs
input impedance: ideally infinite: CMOS opamps are close to ideal
output impedance: ideally zero: practical values 20-100
zero output offset: ideally zero: practical value <1mV
gain-bandwidth product (GB): practical values ~MHz frequency where open-loop gain drops to 1 V/V
Commercial opamps provide many different properties low noise
low input current
low power
high bandwidth
low/high supply voltage
special purpose: comparator, instrumentation amplifier
Operational Amplifier
Vd
+
Vo
Rin~inf Rout~0
Input 1
Input 2
Output
+Vcc
-Vcc
Operational Amplifier (Op-Amp)
Very high differential gain
High input impedance
Low output impedance
Provide voltage changes (amplitude and polarity)
Used in oscillator, filter and instrumentation
Accumulate a very high gain by multiple stages
ddo VGV
510say large,y ver
normally gain aldifferenti : dG
Basic Opamp Configuration
Voltage Comparator
digitize input
Voltage Follower
buffer
Non-Inverting Amp • Inverting Amp
More Opamp Configurations
Summing Amp
Differential Amp
Integrating Amp
Differentiating Amp
Converting Configuration
Current-to-Voltage
Voltage-to-Current
Operational Amplifiers (Op Amps)
Ideal Op Amp
Non-inverting Amplifier
Unity-Gain Buffer
Inverting Amplifier
Differential Amplifier
Current-to-Voltage Converter
Non-ideal Op Amp
Ideal Op Amp
1) 0 vv A v v
The open-loop gain, Av, is very large, approaching
infinity. 2) 0i i
The current into the inputs are zero.
+
-
i
ov
v
vi
DDV
SSV
0SS DDV v V
Ideal Op Amp with Negative Feedback
+
-ov
v
v
Network
Golden Rules of Op Amps:
1. The output attempts to do whatever is
necessary to make the voltage difference
between the inputs zero.
2. The inputs draw no current.
Operational Amplifiers (Op Amps)
Ideal Op Amp
Non-inverting Amplifier
Unity-Gain Buffer
Inverting Amplifier
Differential Amplifier
Current-to-Voltage Converter
Non-ideal Op Amp
Non-inverting Amplifier
+
-
1R2R
ivov
v
v oF
i
vA
v
2
1
1oF
i
v RA
v R
1
1 2
i o
Rv v v v
R R
Closed-loop voltage gain
Operational Amplifiers (Op Amps)
Ideal Op Amp
Non-inverting Amplifier
Unity-Gain Buffer
Inverting Amplifier
Differential Amplifier
Current-to-Voltage Converter
Non-ideal Op Amp
Unity-Gain Buffer
+
-ov
v
viv
oF
i
vA
v
1oF
i
vA
v
i ov v v v
Closed-loop voltage gain
Used as a "line driver" that transforms a high input
impedance (resistance) to a low output impedance.
Can provide substantial current gain.
Operational Amplifiers (Op Amps)
Ideal Op Amp
Non-inverting Amplifier
Unity-Gain Buffer
Inverting Amplifier
Differential Amplifier
Current-to-Voltage Converter
Non-ideal Op Amp
Inverting Amplifier
0v v
1 1
0i ii
v vi
R R
Current into op amp is zero
+
-
1R
2R
ivov
v
viiii
0 0
2 2
0i
v vi
R R
2
1
oF
i
v RA
v R
0
1 2
iv v
R R
Operational Amplifiers (Op Amps)
Ideal Op Amp
Non-inverting Amplifier
Unity-Gain Buffer
Inverting Amplifier
Differential Amplifier
Current-to-Voltage Converter
Non-ideal Op Amp
Differential Amplifier
v v
11
1
v vi
R
Current into op amp is zero
01
2
v vi
R
+
-1R
2R
1vov
v
v1i
1i
2v
1R
2R
22
1 2
Rv v
R R
01
1 2
v vv v
R R
2 21 2 2 0
1 2 1 2
1 2
R Rv v v v
R R R R
R R
Differential Amplifier
+
-1R
2R
1vov
v
v1i
1i
2v
1R
2R
2 21 2 2 0
1 2 1 2
1 2
R Rv v v v
R R R R
R R
2
2 2 20 1 2 2
1 1 2 1 1 2
R R Rv v v v
R R R R R R
2 2 20 1 2
1 1 2 1
1R R R
v v vR R R R
20 2 1
1
Rv v v
R
Operational Amplifiers (Op Amps)
Ideal Op Amp
Non-inverting Amplifier
Unity-Gain Buffer
Inverting Amplifier
Differential Amplifier
Current-to-Voltage Converter
Non-ideal Op Amp
Current-to-Voltage Converter
i fi i
0v v
00 f Fv i R
0 i Fv i R
0Transresistance i Fv i R
+
-ov
v
v
ii
FR fi
Photodiode Circuit 25 A per milliwatt of incident radiationii
650 25 10 1.25mAii
Assume 3.2kFR
3 3
0 1.25 10 3.2 10 4Vi Fv i R
+
-ov
v
v
ii
FR fi
h At 50 mW
Operational Amplifiers (Op Amps)
Ideal Op Amp
Non-inverting Amplifier
Unity-Gain Buffer
Inverting Amplifier
Differential Amplifier
Current-to-Voltage Converter
Non-ideal Op Amp
Non-ideal Op Amp
Output voltage is limited by supply voltage(s)
Finite gain (~105)
Limited frequency response
Finite input resistance (not infinite)
Finite output resistance (not zero)
Finite slew rate
Input bias currents
Input bias current offset
Input offset voltage
Finite common mode rejection ratio (CMRR)
0slew rate ( ) MAXdv t dt
CLASS EXERCISE Question one
Question Two
Question Three
Question Four
Question Five
Question Six
Question Seven
Question Eight
Question Nine
Question Ten