lbuf] ljsf;sf nIox¿ - UNDP...2 cfwf/ tYof k|ltj]bg k|sfzs k|b]z gLlt tyf of]hgf cfof]u u08sL k|b]z...

u08sL k|b]z 1

lbuf] ljsf;sf nIox¿u08sL k|b]zsf] cfwf/ tYofÍ k|ltj]bg

k|b]z gLlt tyf of]hgf cfof]u, u08sL k|b]z ;/sf/, kf]v/f, g]kfnebf} @)&^

lbuf] ljsf;sf nIox¿u08sL k|b]zsf] cfwf/ tYofÍ k|ltj]bg


u08sL k|b]zsf] ;d[l4sf nflu kf“r k|d'v ;xof]uL If]qx¿

k|fs[lts ;f}Gbo{ h}ljs ljljwtf ;fdflhs ljljwtfaLrsf] Pstf ;fF:s[lts ljljwtf, ;x—cl:tTj / klxrfg hg;flª\Vos nfe

»u08sL k|b]zsf] ;d[l4sf nflu ;ft k|d'v ;+jfxsx¿

ko{6g s[lif phf{ pBf]u

k"jf{wf/ dfgj ;+zfwg ;'zf;g

»

u08sL k|b]z 5

;ª\If]kLs/0fsf] ;"rL

cf=df=of]=d= cfly{s dfldnf tyf of]hgf dGqfno cf=df=sf=d= cfGtl/s dfldnf tyf sfg"g dGqfno p=k=j=jf=d= pBf]u, ko{6g, jg tyf jftfj/0f dGqfno pm=h=l;=d= pmhf{, hn;|f]t / l;rfO dGqfno s[=k=lj=d= s[lif tyf kz'kIfL ljsf; dGqfno s]=t=lj= s]Gb|Lo tYofª\s ljefu u[=d= u[x dGqfno 3=a=;= 3/kl/jf/ ah]6 ;j]{If0f lb=lj=n= lbuf] ljsf; nIo g]=O{=k= g]kfn O{lGhlgol/ª kl/ifb\ g]=a=;"=Sn=;= g]kfn ax';"rs Sn:6/ ;j]{If0f g]=h=:jf=;= g]kfn hg;flª\Vos tyf :jf:Yo ;j]{If0f g]=hL=;= g]kfn hLjg:t/ ;j]{If0f g]=lj=k|f= g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0f g]=b"=k|f= g]kfn b"/;~rf/ k|flws/0f g]=>=;= g]kfn >dzlQm ;j]{If0f g]=k|=k|=k|= g]kfn k|zf;lgs k|lZfIf0f k|lti7fg g]=/f=a}F= g]kfn /fi6« a}Fs g]=h=:jf=;= g]kfn hg;+fªlvs tyf :jf:Yo ;+/If0f k|=a=;"=Sn=;= k|b]]Zf ax'cfoflds ;"rsfÍ Sn:6/ ;j]{If0f k|=hL=;= k|b]]Zf hLjg:t/ ;j]{If0f k|=of]=cf= k|b]]Zf of]hgf cfof]u k|=t=sf= k|b]]Zf tYofÍ sfof{no a=u=;"= ax'cfoflds ul/aL ;"rsfÍ ef}=k"=lj=d= ef}lts k"jf{wf/ ljsf; dGqfno of=Jo=lj= oftfot Joj:yfkg ljefu /f=df=c=cf= /fli6«o dfgj clwsf/ cfof]u /f=of]=cf= /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u j=e"=;+=d jg tyf e"–;+/If0f dGqfno Jo=;"=k|= Joj:yfkg ;"rgf k|0ffnL ;=;]=k|=;= ;bfrf/ tyf ;]jf ;j]{If0f ;+=/f=lj=sf= ;+o'Qm /fi6«;ª\3Lo ljsf; sfo{qmd ;=df=;f=k|=d= ;ª\3Lo dfldnf tyf ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfno ;=;"=k|=d= ;~rf/ tyf ;"rgf k|ljlw dGqfno ;f=lj=d= ;fdflhs ljsf; dGqfno :jf=h=d= :jf:Yo tyf hg;ª\Vof dGqfno :jf=Jo=;"=k|= :jf:Yo Joj:yfkg ;"rgf k|0ffnL :jf=;]=lj= :jf:Yo ;]jf ljefu lz=Jo=;"=k|= lzIff Joj:yfkg ;"rgf k|0ffnL z=lj=d= zx/L ljsf; dGqfno

;f/;ª\If]k !!

ljifo ;"rL

cWofo

cWofo cWofo

cWofo cWofo

kl/ro !%!=! ljifo k|j]z !^!=@ p2]Zox¿ !& !=# k4lt / ljlw !&!=$ k|ltj]bgsf] ;+/rgf !&

u08sL k|b]zsf] of]hgf tyf ah]6 lgdf{0fdf lbuf] ljsf; nIosf] :yfgLos/0f $($=! k[i7e"ld %)$=@ hgtf / ;dfh %)$=# ;d[l4 / u|x %@$=$ ;fe]mbf/L %%$=% zflGt %&$=^ u08sL k|b]zsf nflu klxrfg ul/Psf] nIo cg';f/sf] cj;/ tyf r'gf}tLx¿sf] emns %*$=& nIo cg';f/sf] sfo{qmd If]q / lhDd]jf/ lgsfo ^)

lbuf] ljsf; nIo / kl/df0ffTds nIox¿sf] ljZn]if0f !(nIo ! @)nIo @ @!nIo # @@nIo $ @#nIo % @$nIo ^ @%nIo & @^nIo * @&nIo ( @*nIo !) @(nIo !! #)nIo !@ #!nIo !# #@nIo !% ##nIo !^ #$nIo !& #%

cg'udg tyf d"Nof°g ^% %=! k|fb]lzs tYofÍ k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; / ;'b[9Ls/0f ^^%=@ lbuf] ljsf; nIosf cg'udg ;fwg ^^

u08sL k|b]zdf lbuf] ljsf; nIosf ;"rsx¿sf] cfwf/ tYof° cj:yf #&#=! ;dfh #*#=@ cfly{s tyf hLjd08n $@#=# tYofÍsf] pknAwtf / cefj $^

/]vflrq g+ ljifo k[i7 ;ª\Vof

! k|;jf]Q/ x]/rfx / s'kf]if0f #( @ :jf:Yo s]Gb|df kx'Fr $) # k|;jk"j{ x]/rfx / gjhft lzz'[d[To' b/ $! $ dlxnfsf] e":jfldTj $! % cNkj]/f]huf/L b/ $# ^ ;/;kmfOsf] k|of]u ug]{ 3/kl/jf/Ù v/sf] 5fgf] ePsf] 3/kl/jf/Ù / wf/faf6 cfpg] vfg]kfgLdf kx'Fr ePsf] 3/kl/jf/ $% & df]afOn kmf]g / OG6/g]6 $% * ljjflxt jf aGwgdf afFlwPsf @) b]lv @$ jif{sf dlxnfsf] cg'kft $^ ( hgtf, u|x, ;d[l4, zflGt / ;fe]mbf/L %) !) u08sL k|b]zsf] ;d[l4sf ;ft d'Vo ;+jfxsx¿ %@ !! u08sL k|b]zsf] ;d[l4sf kfFr d'Vo ;xof]uLx¿ %@ !@ kl/jt{gsf/L sfo{qmd / cfof]hgf %# !# lbuf] ljsf; nIox¿df lghL If]q %^

tflnsf g+ ljifo k[i7 ;ª\Vof

! u08sL k|b]zdf lbuf] ljsf; nIosf ;"rsx¿sf nflu tYofÍssf] pknAwtf $& @ lbuf] ljsf; nIocg';f/ cj;/ tyf r'gf}tLx¿ %* # nIo cg';f/ sfo{qmd If]q ^! $ lbuf] ljsf; nIosf cg'udg ;fwgx¿ ^& kl/lzi6 !–!& &)

/]vf–lrqx¿sf] ;"rL

u08sL k|b]z 11

;f/;ª\If]k

lbuf] ljsf;sf] Ph]08f cfly{s, ;fdflhs tyf jftfj/0fLo u/L tLg j6f cfofdx¿df ljsl;t ul/Psf] 5, h'g ;dfj]lztf / ;dtfdfly s]lGb|t eP/ ;dfgfGt/ ¿kdf pbfpg] kl/sNkgf ul/Psf] 5 . g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgn] ;+3, k|b]z / :yfgLo u/L tLg txsf] ;/sf/ ePsf] ;‹Lo zf;g k|0ffnLsf] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . o;sf] p2]Zo :ki6 ¿kdf ;/sf/nfO{ hgtfsf] glhs k'¥ofpg' / ljsf;df hg;xeflutf tyf :jfldTjsf nflu :yfg pknAw u/fP/ ljsf; / ;]jf cfk"lt{sf] ult / u'0f:t/ a9fpg' xf] .

;+ljwfgn] ;dfj]zL tyf ;dfhjfb pGd'v /fi6«sf] lgdf{0f ug]{ cfˆgf] bL3{sfnLg ;f]rnfO{ ;fsf/ agfpg] nIo lng'sf ;fy} cfwf/e"t ;/sf/L ;]jfx¿ ;a} gful/sx¿sf nflu ;j{;'ne /x]sf] / ;a} txdf kf/bzL{ tyf hjfkmb]xL tl/sfn] cfk"lt{ ul/Psf] ;'lglZrt ub{5 . lbuf] ljsf; nIo -lbljn_ x¿sf cjnDagn] JolQm, ;+:yf / tLg} txsf ;/sf/x¿nfO{ eljiosf nflu jf:tljs ¿kdf cy{ /fVg] sfdx¿sf] ljifodf s]lGb|t x'g] dfu{ to ug{ ;xdt x'g d2t ug]{5 . o;sf]] k|ltj]bg u08sL k|b]zn] ;+j}wflgs k|fawfg cg';f/ ug'{kg]{ sfo{sf] k|ltj]bg klg xf] . k|ltj]bgn] u08sL k|b]zsf] jt{dfg cj:yf / o; If]qdf /x]sf tYofÍx¿sf] cefj af/] klg k|:6 ub{5 .

o; k|ltj]bgdf k|of]u ePsf tYofÍssf d'Vo ;|f]tx¿df u08sL k|b]z ;/sf/åf/f k|sflzt l:yltkq, /fli6«o hgu0fgf, hLjg:t/ ;j]{If0f, hg;flª\Vos tyf :jf:Yo ;j]{If0f, ax';"rs Sn:6/ ;j]{If0f cflb x'g . o;sf cltl/Qm /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u–ljZj a}+såf/f ljZn]if0f ul/Psf k|zf;lgs tYofÍ! o; k|ltj]bg tof/L ubf{ cfjZos ePsf] :yfgdf k|of]u ul/Psf 5g\ . lbuf] ljsf;sf nflu ;g @)#) Ph]08f lbuf] ljsf;sf tLg ljz]if cfofdx¿ ;fdflhs, jftfj/0fLo / cfly{s If]qdf …Plss[t / cljefHoÚ nIo / kl/df0ffTds nIox¿ xfl;n ug{ nfu" ePsf x'g\ . /fli6«o nIox¿nfO{ ;xof]u / kl/k"/0f ug{ o; k|ltj]bgdf u08sL k|b]z ;/sf/n] /fli6«o lbuf] ljsf; nIo /0fgLlt tyf ;"rsx¿nfO{ :yfgLos/0f ug]{ OdfGbf/ k|of; u/]sf] 5 .

cGo k|b]zdf eGbf u08sL k|b]zdf sd ul/aL /x]sf] 5 . u08sL k|b]zdf /fli6«o ul/aL /]vfsf] s'n u0fgf b/ -headcount rate_ !$=(!@ 5 . k|b]zdf em08} #&!,))) JolQm /fli6«o ul/aLsf] /]vfd'gL /x]sf 5g\ . k|ltlbg !=( cd]l/sL 8n/df dfkg ul/Psf] ul/aLsf] b/ !!=)( k|ltzt / ax'cfoflds ul/aL ;"rsfÍ !$=@ /x]sf] 5 . u08sL g]kfnsf] Pp6f dxTjk"0f{ k|b]z xf], hxfF hg;ª\Vofsf] !)=^ k|ltzt dflg; a;f]af; u5{g . ax'cfoflds ul/aL ;"rsfÍn] lzIff, :jf:Yo / hLjg:t/ h:tf cfofdx¿df ;dfgfGt/ ¿kdf hgtfn] ;fdgf ug]{ clt al~rtLs/0fnfO{ k|ltlalDat u5{ . u08sL k|b]zdf ax'cfoflds ul/aLsf] ;'rsfÍ !$=@ /xg'sf] cy{ u08sL k|b]zdf ax'cfoflds ul/ax¿n] ;a} ;"rsx¿df al~rtLs/0fsf] !$=@ k|ltztsf] ;fdgf u5{g\ . o; k|b]zdf #%#,%*) hgtf ax'cfoflds al~rtLs/0f / ul/aLdf /x]sf 5g\ . u08sL k|b]zsf ax';ª\Vos hgtfn] cfˆgf] cfDbfgLsf] w]/} c+z vfBfGgsf] pkef]udf vr{ u5{g\ . æcfˆgf] pkef]usf] b'O{ ltxfO{ eGbf a9L vfBfGgdf vr{ ug]{ hg;ª\Vofsf] cg'kftÆ $$=@! k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 . /f]huf/L / hg;flª\Vos lx;fan] !% b]lv @$ jif{sf] pd]/;d"xsf JolQmx¿sf] ;ª\Vof u08sL k|b]zsf] s'n hg;ª\Vofsf] sl/j @) k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 . o'jf cNk j]/f]huf/L b/ /fli6«o:t/ eGbf dfly /x]sf] sf/0f /f]huf/L / pBdzLntfdf o'jf dfgj ;+zfwgsf] kl/rfng sdL ePsf] b]lvG5 .

! lbljn k|b]z:t/Lo ;"rsx¿sf nflu tYofÍx¿sf] u0fgf /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]un] ljZj a}+saLrsf] k|fljlws ;xsfo{df u/]sf] xf] . @ /fli6«o ul/aLsf] /]vfdf k|ltJolQm b/ -x]8 sfpG6 b/_ s]=t=lj=sf] ;fgf If]q ul/aL cfFsng k|ltj]bgaf6 lnOPsf] xf], / k|lt lbg !=( 8n/

g]lh;, @)!! k|of]u u/]/ u0fgf ul/Psf] xf] .


kfFr jif{d'lgsf] afnaflnsfdf prfO{ cg';f/sf] tf}n gePsf] cj:yf# /fli6«o :t/sf] %=* k|ltzt eGbf sd #=( k|ltzt dfq /x]sf] 5 . % jif{ d'lgsf afnaflnsfdf k'8\sf]kgf @*=( k|ltzt / k|hgg\ pd]/sf dlxnfdf /QmcNktf @$=@ k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 . uef{j:yfdf :jf:Yo s]Gb|df k|;jk"j{ ;]jf rf/ k6s;Dd lng] dlxnfx¿sf] k|ltzt %( k|ltzt$ /x]sf] 5, / ;a} k|b]z;Fu t'ngf ubf{ of] ;ª\Vof t];|f] 7"nf] xf] . k|;jk"j{ :jf:Yo ;]jfsf] pkof]u a9\bf gjhft lzz'sf] d[To'b/ sd x'g]] tYo k|b]zx¿aLrsf] t'ngfTds ljZn]if0fdf k|:6 b]lvG5 . rf/ k6s;Dd k|;jk"j{ :jf:Yo ;]jf lng] dlxnfx¿sf] Go"g k|ltzt /x]sf] k|b]zx¿df gjhft lzz'sf] d[To'b/ pRr /x]sf] 5 . ;fy}, k|;jkl5sf] :jf:Yo ;]jf lng] k|j[lQn] s'kf]if0f b/nfO sd ug{ an k'¥ofpg] sfd u/]sf] b]lvG5 .

g]kfn hg;flª\Vos tyf :jf:Yo ;j]{If0f cg';f/ u08sL k|b]zdf !% b]lv $( pd]/;d"xsf !(=# k|ltzt dlxnfx¿ kl/jf/ lgof]hgsf ;fwg k|of]usf ;DaGwdf cfk}Fm ;';"lrt eP/ cfk}Fm lg0f{o lnG5g\ . k|b]zdf gjhft lzz'sf] d[To'b/ k|lt !))) hLljt hGddf !% /x]sf] 5 . kfFr jif{d'lgsf] d[To'b/ k|lt !))) hLljt hGddf @& /x]sf] 5 . n}lËs ;dfgtfsf] b[li6sf]0faf6 of}g lx+;fsf] cg'ej u/]sf !% b]lv $( jif{sf dlxnfx¿sf] cg'kft u08sL k|b]zdf $=( k|ltzt /x]sf] 5, / hLjge/ zf/Ll/s / of}g lx+;fsf] ;fdgf ug]{ dlxnfx¿sf] k|ltzt !^=( k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 . !% b]lv $( jif{sf] pd]/;d"xdf dlxnf / k'?ifsf] ;fIf/tf% b/ u08sL k|b]zdf qmdzM ($=* / *^=# k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 . k|f}9x¿sf] t'ngfdf o'jf -!% b]lv @$ jif{_ ;d"xdf k'?if / dlxnfsf] ;fIf/tf b/ s]xL a9L cyf{t qmdzM (*=@ / (^=& k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 .

u08sL k|b]zdf s'n pkef]udf hg;ª\Vofsf] tNnf] $) k|ltztsf] lx:;f nueu !*=( k|ltzt dfq /x]sf] 5 . tNnf] @) k|ltztsf] lx:;f ^=( k|ltzt 5 . h'g lugL u'0ffÍdf dfkg ul/Psf] c;dfgtf /fli6«o :t/ eGbf a9L /x]sf] 5 . h'g k|b]zsf] t'ngf ubf{ of] :t/ )=#&^ b]zs} bf];|f] pRr xf] . ;fy}, s'n /f]huf/Ldf k|lt lbg !=( cd]l/sL 8n/ eGbf sddf afFRg] JolQmx¿sf] c+z !!=* k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 . u08sL k|b]zdf, s'n hg;ª\Vofsf] *@=% k|ltztsf] s'g} ¿ksf] ljB'tdf& kx'Fr /x]sf] 5 . hnljB'tsf] hl8t Ifdtf o; k|b]zdf t'ngfTds ¿kdf pRr 5 . g]kfnsf] s'n hl8t Ifdtf -()) d]uf jf6_ df u08sL k|b]zsf] of]ubfg $* k|ltzt -$$*=%_ /x]sf] 5 . hnljB'tdf of]ubfg ug]{df of] k|b]z ;a}eGbf dfly /x] tfklg :jR5 OGwg k|ljlwdf k|fylds ¿kdf lge{/tf ePsf] hg;ª\Vofsf] cg'kft eg] $) k|ltzt cyf{t b]zsf] bf];|f] :yfgdf /x]sf] 5 . vfgf ksfpgsf nflu k|fylds ;|f]tsf ¿kdf 7f]; OGwgsf] k|of]u ug]{ hg;ª\Vof ^(=# k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 . cGo cfwf/e"t ;]jfx¿df kx'Frsf] xsdf sl/j %)=$# k|ltzt 3/kl/jf/sf] wf/faf6 cfk"lt{ ul/Psf] vfg]kfgLdf kx'Fr 5 . v/sf] 5fgf ePsf ePsf 3/kl/jf/ !!=$ k|ltzt 5g eg] (!=& k|ltzt hg;ª\Vofdf ;'/lIft ¿kdf Joj:yfkg ul/Psf] cfwf/e"t vfg]kfgLsf] kx'Fr 5 .

# pRffO{ cg';f/ sd tf}n$ u08sL k|b]zsf] l:yltkqdf pNn]v ul/Psf] tYofÍ g]h:jf; @)!^ af6 cfPsf] 5, h;df ^^=% k|ltzt pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . % g]h3; @)!^– æpRr dfWolds ljBfno uPsf ;xefuLx¿ ;fIf/ ePsf] cg'dfg ul/Psf] lyof] . cGo ;xefuLx¿nfO{ Ps jfSo k9\g lbOPsf]

lyof], / ;f] jfSosf] ;a} jf s]xL c+z k9\g ;Sg] eP pgLx¿nfO{ ;fIf/ ePsf] dflgof] .Æ^ u08sL k|b]zsf] l:yltkqdf pNn]v ul/Psf] tYofÍ g]h:jf; @)!^ af6 cfPsf] 5, h;df )=#& pNn]lvt 5 . & u08sL k|b]zsf] l:yltkqdf pNn]v ul/Psf] tYofÍ *@=% 5 h'g hgu0fgf @)^* af6 lnOPsf] xf] .

u08sL k|b]z 13

o; k|ltj]bgdf k|of]u ePsf clwsf+z tYofÍx¿ g]kfn hLjg:t/ ;j]{If0f -@)!!_, g]kfn hg;flªVos 3/kl/jf/ ;j]{If0f -@)!^_ / hgu0fgf -@)!!_ af6 cg'dfg ul/Psf 5g\ . To;dWo] nueu @( k|ltzt g]kfn hg;flªVos 3/ kl/jf/ ;j]{If0faf6, #@ k|ltzt g]kfn hLjg:t/ ;j]{If0faf6 / afFsL #( k|ltzt ;DalGwt dGqfnosf] k|zf;lgs tYofÍ / u08sL k|b]zsf] l:yltkq af6 lnOPsf 5g . g]kfn ;/sf/n] klxrfg u/]sf $&( lbuf] ljsf; nIo ;"rsx¿dWo] u08sL k|b]z;Fu !#( -@(Ü_ ;"rsx¿sf] cfwf/ tYofÍ /x]sf] 5 / lglZrt ;dosf] cGt/fndf k|ult dfkg ul/G5 . o;}u/L !@% -@^Ü_ ;"rsx¿ u08sL k|b]zsf nflu lgs} ;fGble{s 5g\ t/ To;af/] s'g} cfwf/ hfgsf/L pknAw 5}g . gofF ;j]{If0f / cGo k|zf;lgs tYofÍ ljZn]if0fdfk{mt cfwf/ tYofÍ ;"rgf :yflkt ePkl5 dfq To;af/]df k|ultdfkg ul/g]5 . o;}u/L @!% -$%Ü_ ;"rsx¿ k|b]zsf nflu sd dxTjsf 5g\ / To;af/] s'g} cfwf/ /]vf hfgsf/L klg k|b]zdf pknAw 5}gg\ .

lbuf] ljsf;sf cfsfª\Iff k"/f ug{ u08sL k|b]zn] ljsf; Ph]08fsf] g]t[Tj cy{tGq, ;dfh / jftfj/0f u/L tLg j6f cfofdx¿ cl3 ;f/]/ ug]{5 . o;qmddf x/]s lbuf] ljsf; nIosf] Ps cfk;df tfnd]n -synergy_ a9fpg' dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 . k|fyldstf k|fKt ljleGg If]qx¿aLr ;xsfo{ ug'{sf] dxTj a'emb} Pp6f nIo xfl;n ubf{ csf]{ nIo dfly s;/L k|efj kf5{ eGg] s'/fnfO{ Wofgdf /fVb} Plss[t / :yfgLo tl/sfn] sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng ul/g]5g\ . k|b]zn] cfˆgf] hg;flª\Vs nfesf] kmfObf s[lifsf] cfw'lgsLs/0f / cf}Bf]lus lqmofsnfkdf kl/rfng ug]{5 . :jf:Yo tyf lzIff, / ;Lk ljsf; ug{ k|b]z ;/sf/n] sd;n ;LknfO{ lblIft u/L ¿kfGt/0fsf] dfWodaf6 pRr;Lko'Qm hgzlQm ljsf; u/L ;d[l4 xfl;n ug{ to u/]sf] ;+/rgfdf d]n u/fOg]5 . k|b]zn] kl/sNkgf u/]sf] ¿kfGt/0fsf/L kl/of]hgfx¿df kf]v/f cGt/f{li6«o ljdfg:yn / k[YjL tyf l;4fy{ nf]sdfu{sf] lj:tf/ h:tf 7"nf kl/of]hgf /x]sf 5g\ . oL kl/of]hgfx¿n] d'Vo ¿kdf lbuf] ljsf; nIo ( k|fKt ug{ an k'¥ofpg]5g\ / To;af6 x'g] oftfoft k"jf{wf/sf] ;'b[9Ls/0faf6 lbljn & k|fKt ug{ ;3fp k'¥ofpg]5g\ . u08sL k|b]znfO cf}Bf]lus/0f ug{ rflxg] phf{ -lbljn & / *_ tgx'F / a'9L u08sL cfof]hgfaf6 Joj:yf ul/g]5 . Ps cfof]hgfsf] pknlAwn] csf]{ If]q jf cfof]hgfsf] k|ltkmndf a9f]Q/L x'ghfG5 . k"jf{wf/ ljsf;, s[lifsf] cfw'lgsLs/0f / pBf]u;DaGwL cfof]hgfsf] nflu rflxg] hgzlQm -lblan #,$_ u08sL ljZjljBfno tyf u08sL k|fljlws k|lti7fgsf] :yfkgfnufotaf6 k|fKt x'g]5 .

:yfgLo ;d'bfox¿sf] zx/L s]Gb|df ¿kfGt/0f x'g] cfsfª\IffnfO{ b[li6ut ubf{ cfwf/e"t k"jf{wf/sf ;]jfx¿ ;j{JofkL jf sDtLdf klg laBdfg ;]jfnfO{ bf]Aa/ agfpgsf nflu w]/} ;|f]t cfjZos k5{, h'g k|b]zn] Psn ;/sf/L ;+oGqaf6 axg ug{ ;Sb}g . To;}sf/0f, zx/L ljsf;df lghL If]qsf] nufgLn] a9L k|fyldstf kfpg]5 . ;fy}, k"jf{wf/sf] ljsf;df ckfËd}qL k"jf{wf/sf] ljsf; ug{df klg cfjZos Wofg lbOg]5 .

k|fb]lzs of]hgfsf] sfof{GjognfO{ cl3 a9fpg] / lbuf] ljsf; nIox¿ xfl;n ug{ k|efjsf/L / ljifo nlIft Ifdtf clej[l4 ug{ ;‹Lo ;xof]u dxTjk"0f{ 5 . ;‹Lo ;xof]unfO{ ;'b[9 ul/g]5 h;n] ubf{ of]] Ph]08fnfO{ cl3 a9fpg] k|lta4tf, ;|f]tsf] pknAwtf / tTk/tfsf afah'b Ifdtfsf] ;Lldttfn] lbuf] ljsf; nIo xfl;n ug]{ sfo{df Jojwfg v8f ug]{ 5}g . To;}sf/0f lbljnx¿sf] th'{df / sfof{Gjog ;dfj]z /x]sf] k|fb]lzs ljsf; /0fgLltdf ;‹Lo ;/sf/sf] ;xof]udfk{mt x'g] Ifdtf ljsf;nfO{ dxTjk"0f{ kIfsf ¿kdf ;+nUg ul/g]5 . ;fy}, :yfgLo ;/sf/ / k|fb]lzs zlQmaLr :ki6 ;Gt'ng :yfkgf u/L lbuf] ljsf; nIox¿sf] k|flKtsf nflu cfjZos Joj:yf ul/g]5 . To;sf cltl/Qm lbuf] ljsf; nIo sfof{Gjog ug{ 7"nf] wg/fzLsf] cfjZos kb{5 . cfjZos ;|f]t Aoj:yfkg ug{ u08sL k|b]z ;/sf/n] lghL / ;fd'bflos If]q h:tf u}/;sf/L ;fe]mbfx¿nfO{ ;+nUg u/fP/ cfly{s kIfsf] kl/lwnfO{ lj:tf/ ug]{5 .

u08sL k|b]z ;/sf/n] ;‹Lo lgsfo, k|fb]lzs ;+3;+:yf / :yfgLo ;/sf/x¿aLr pko'Qm ;dGjo ;+oGqnfO{ ;+:yfut ug{ Ps ;Ifd k|fb]lzs tYofÍ k|0ffnLsf] ;fy /x]sf] ;'b[9 cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; ug]{5 . o;sf] p2]Zo lbuf] ljsf; nIox¿sf] cg'udg ug'{ tyf /fHo ;'zf;gsf nflu nflu ;xL, ;fGble{s / ;fdlos tYofÍx¿sf] lgoldt cfk"lt{ ;'lglZrt ug'{ /x]sf] 5 .


cWofo

u08sL k|b]z 15

kl/ro


!=! ljifok|j]zlbuf] ljsf;sf] Ph]08f cfly{s, ;fdflhs tyf jftfj/0fLo u/L tLg j6f cfofdx¿df lgdf{0f ul/Psf] 5, h;df ;dfj]lztf / ;dtfsf] l;4fGtdf cfwfl/t eP/ ;dfgfGt/ ¿kdf cl3 a9\g] kl/sNkgf ul/Psf] 5 . l/of] lb h]g]l/of]df h'g @)!@ df ePsf] lbuf] ljsf;;DaGwL /fi6«;ª\3Lo ;Dd]ng -l/of]±@)_ df cf}krfl/s ¿kdf lbuf] ljsf; nIo -lb=lj=n=_ sf ;DjGwdf klxnf] k6s / To;kl5 ;]K6]Da/ @)!$ df ;+o'Qm /fi6«;ª\3sf] dxf;efdf 5nkmn ul/Psf] lyof] . ;x;|fAbL ljsf; nIox¿sf] ;do;Ldf -@)!%_ cl3 lb=lj=n=x¿sf nflu /fi6«;ª\3Lo v'Nnf sfo{ ;d"x -Open Working Group_ n] ;g\ @)!^ b]lv @)#) ;Ddsf] cjlwsf nflu ljleGg k|sf/sf lbuf] ljsf;sf d'2fx¿nfO{ ;d]6\g] u/L k|:tfljt !^( j6f kl/df0ffTds nIo;lxtsf !& j6f lb=lj=n=x¿df ;xdlt hgfof] . lb=lj=n=sf] yfngL hgj/L @)!^ af6 eof] / k[YjL, dfgj / ltgsf] ;d[l4 / zflGtsf nflu ljZjJofkL ¿kdf ;xdt ;femf ljsf;sf] cjwf/0ffsf ¿kdf cl3 cfof] . lb=lj=n= x¿sf] ljsf; ;x;|fAbL ljsf; nIox¿df cfwfl/t eP/ ul/Psf 5g\ t/ clwsf/df cfwfl/t lbuf] ljsf;sf d'2fx¿ a9L ;d]l6Psf 5g\ . ;]K6]Da/ @)!% df ;+o'Qm /fi6«;ª\3sf] dxf;efdf lbuf] ljsf;sf nIo / kl/df0ffTds nIox¿df ;xdlt x'Fbf ltgsf] k|ult dfkg / lgu/fgLsf nflu @#) j6f eGbf a9L ;"rsx¿ to ul/Psf lyP .

;‹Lo zf;g k|0ffnL cjnDag ub}{ lj=;+= @)&@ df hf/L ePsf] g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgn] g]kfnnfO{ ;fdflhs tyf cfly{s ¿kfGt/0fsf] o'udf k|j]z u/fof] . gofF k|0ffnLsf] p2]Zo ;/sf/nfO{ hgtfsf] glhs k'¥ofpg', / ljsf;df hgtfsf] ;xeflutf tyf :jfldTjsf nflu :yfg pknAw u/fP/ ljsf; / ;]jf cfk"lt{sf] ult tyf u'0f:t/ j[l4 ug'{ /x]sf] 5 . d'Vo ;fj{hlgs ;]jfx¿ ;a} gful/ssf] kx'Frdf x'g] / To;sf] ;a} txsf ;/sf/x¿af6 kf/bzL{ / hjfkmb]xL tl/sfn] cfk"lt{ x'g] klg ck]Iff ul/Psf] 5 . ;+j}wflgs 9fFrfn] ;‹Lo, k|b]z / :yfgLo ;/sf/x¿nfO{ ;dGjofTds tyf ;xsfo{/fTds ;‹Lotfsf] cEof; ug{ / cfˆgf hgtfnfO{ cem /fd|f] ;fj{hlgs ;]jf pknAw u/fpg / pRr:t/sf] ljsf; xfl;n ug{ :j:y k|lt:kwf{df ;+nUg x'g]tk{m lbzflgb]{z ub{5 . g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgn] ;‹Lo, k|b]z / :yfgLo u/L tLg txsf] ;/sf/ ePsf] ;‹Lo zf;g k|0ffnLsf] kl/sNkgf u/]sf] 5 . ;+ljwfgn] ;dfj]zL tyf ;dfhjfb pGd'v /fi6«sf] lgdf{0f ug]{ cfˆgf] bL3{sfnLg ;f]rnfO{ ;fsf/ agfpg] nIo lnPsf] 5 .

u08sL k|b]zsf] ;Ldf k"j{df k|b]z g+ # / klZrddf k|b]z g+ % / s0ff{nL k|b]z;Fu hf]l8Psf] 5 . o;n] g]kfnsf] s'n If]qkmnsf] !$=( k|ltzt -@!,(&$ ju{ lsdL_ / s'n hg;ª\Vofsf] (=! k|ltzt cf]u6]sf] 5 .

u08sL k|b]z g]kfnsf] ko{6sLo /fhwfgLsf ¿kdf kl/lrt /x]sf] 5 . ;of}+ ;'Gb/ ko{6s cfs{if0fsf s]Gb|x¿, ljZjsf kfFr cUnf lxdfnx¿ -wf}nflu/L, cGgk'0f{, df5fk'R5]«, dgf:n' / lxdr'nL_ /x]sf] of] k|b]z ef}uf]lns lx;fan] ;';lHht /x]sf] 5 . kfFr j6f kbdfu{x¿ eP/ aUg] tLg d'Vo gbLx¿ -a'9L u08sL, sfnL u08sL / ;]tL_ df ¥oflˆ6Ësf] ;'ljwfn] Pp6f clåtLo ko{6sLo cg'ej k|bfg ub{5 . ko{6s cfsif{0f dfq geO{ blIf0fL If]q -:ofª\hf / k"jL{ gjnk/f;L_ df kfOg] ljljw k|sf/sf kmnk"mn / afnLsf nflu klg k|b]z k|l;4 5 .

ljzfn ;Defjgf / cj;/;Fu} k|b]zdf ul/aL, c;dfgtfnfO{ sd ug]{ / ;a}sf nflu cfo tyf /f]huf/L l;h{gf ug]{ r'gf}tLx¿ klg ljBdfg 5g\ . ul/aL lj?4 n8\g] k|fylds nIotk{m k|b]znfO{ pGd'v u/fpg :ki6 / ;femf Ph]08f cfjZos 5 . xfd|f] nIonfO{ cem :ki6 ¿kdf kl/eflift u/L To;nfO{ a9L Joj:yfkgof]Uo / sd b'u{d agfpFb} k|b]z ;a}

u08sL k|b]z 17

hgtfnfO{ To;;Fu kl/lrt agfpg, To;af6 cfzf hfu[t ug{ / To;tk{m k|antfsf ;fy cl3 a9\g ;S5 . Ph]08f @)#) o;sf nIox¿ ul/aL Go"gLs/0ftk{m dfq nlIft 5}gg\, o;n] ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿nfO{ /fli6«o r'gf}tLx¿sf] ;fdgf ug'{sf ;fy} cem a9L ;dtfd"ns ljsf; / jftfj/0fLo lbuf]kgfnfO{ ;'lglZrt ug{ cfdGq0f ub{5 . lbuf] ljsf;sf nIox¿sf] cjnDagn] JolQm, ;+:yf / ;a} tLg txsf ;/sf/x¿nfO{ eljiosf nflu jf:tljs ¿kdf cy{ /fVg] ljifodf s]lGb|t x'g] lbzfdf ;xdt x'g d2t ug]{5 .

!=@ p2]Zox¿o; k|ltj]bgsf] d'Vo p2]Zo u08sL k|b]zdf lbuf] ljsf; nIox¿sf] :yfgLos/0f ug'{ /x]sf] 5 / lglb{i6 p2]Zox¿ b]xfo cg';f/ /x]sf 5g\M

!= /fli6«o lbuf] ljsf; nIosf] at{dfg cj:yf / efjL dfu{lrqM @)!^–@)#) k|ltj]bgdf cfwfl/t eO{ u08sL k|b]zsf nflu lbuf] ljsf; nIosf ;"rsx¿sf] ljsf; ug'{Ù

@= u08sL k|b]zdf lbuf] ljsf; nIosf] cj:yf ljZn]if0f ug'{Ù#= u08sL k|b]zsf nflu nfu" x'g] lbuf] ljsf; nIo cg'¿ksf of]hgf / gLltx¿sf ;DaGwdf :ki6tf k|bfg

ug'{Ù /$= ;"rgf tyf tYofÍdf /x]sf sdLsdhf]/L klxrfg u/L efjL dfu{sf] l;kmfl/z ug'{ .

!=# k4lt / ljlwo; k|ltj]bgsf] cfwf/e"t ;+/rgf / cGtj{:t' ;DalGwt dGqfno, ljleGg ;/f]sf/jfnf / d'Vo ;"rgfstf{x¿;Fusf k/fdz{df cfwfl/t eP/ tof/ ul/Psf] 5 . z[ª\vnfa4 lhNnf:t/Lo k/fdz{ a}7s / cGtlq{mof sfo{zfnfx¿sf] cfof]hgf ul/of], / ufpF kflnsfsf cWoIf, pkfWoIf tyf gu/kflnsfsf k|d'v / pkk|d'v, gful/s ;dfhsf k|ltlglw h:tf ljleGg ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿sf] ljrf/ / ;'emfjx¿ ;Íng ul/Psf] lyof] . o; k|ltj]bgsf tYofÍsf d'Vo ;|f]tsf ¿kdf u08sL k|b]z ;/sf/åf/f k|sflzt l:yltkqsf ;"rgf k|of]u ul/Psf 5g\ . o;sf cltl/Qm, /fli6«o hgu0fgf, hLjg:t/ ;j]{If0f, hg;flª\Vos tyf :jf:Yo ;j]{If0f, ax';"rs Sn:6/ ;j]{If0f / ljleGg ;/sf/L lgsfox¿af6 k|fKt k|zf;lgs tYofÍx¿ k|of]u ul/Psf 5g .

!=$ k|ltj]bgsf] ;+/rgfo; k|ltj]bgsf] klxnf] cWofodf ljifo k|j]z, p2]Zox¿, / cWoogsf] k4lt tyf ljlw ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 . bf];|f] cWofodf lbljn tyf kl/df0ffTds nIox¿af/] / t];|f] cWofodf ;g\ @)!% sf nflu cfwf/ tYofÍsf] cj:yf af/] 5nkmn ul/Psf] 5, / lbljnx¿sf] hl6ntf / tfnd]n -synergy_ dfly klg k|sfz kfl/Psf] 5 . cWofo rf/df u08sL k|b]zsf] of]hgf tyf ah]6 k|0ffnLdf lbljnx¿sf] :yfgLos/0f / cWofo kfFrdf lbljnx¿sf] cg'udg 9fFrfaf/] 5nkmn ul/Psf] 5 .


cWofo

u08sL k|b]z 19

lbuf] ljsf; nIo tyf kl/df0ffTds nIox¿sf] ljZn]if0f


u08sL k|b]zsf] kl/k|]Ifdf lbuf] ljsf; nIo tyf kl/df0ffTds nIox¿nfO{ b]xfocg';f/ ljZn]if0f ul/Psf] 5M

nIo != x/]s If]qdf /x]sf ;a} :j¿ksf ul/aLsf] cTo ug]{M lbljn ! n] ;g\ @)#) ;Dddf ;a} If]qsf ;a} hgtfsf] r/d ul/aL pGd"ng ug]{ nIo lnPsf] 5 . o; qmddf o;n] /fli6«o ¿kdf kl/eflift ul/aLsf] ;Ldf d'lg /x]sf ;a} pd]/sf k'?if, dlxnf / afnaflnsfsf] cg'kftnfO{ sDtLdf klg cfwf 36fpg] nIo lnPsf] 5 -kl/df0ffTds nIo !=! / !=@_ . o; k|lqmofdf ul/a / ljkGgdfly nlIft /fli6«o ¿kdf pko'Qm ;fdflhs ;'/Iff k|0ffnL tyf pkfox¿sf] sfof{Gjog ul/g] kl/sNkgf ul/Psf] 5 -kl/df0ffTds nIo !=#_ . o;n] cfly{s ;|f]t, k|fs[lts ;|f]t / k|ljlwsf ;fy} cfwf/e"t ;]jfx¿sf] kx'Frdf ;dfg clwsf/ ;'lglZrt ug]{ klg nIo lnPsf] 5 -kl/df0ffTds nIo !=$_ .

of] nIon] ul/j / ;Í6f;Ggx¿sf] pTkfbgzLn Ifdtf dha't jgfO{ ljkb tyf hnjfo';Fu ;DjlGwt ;Í6af6 l;lh{t cfly{s, ;fdflhs / jftfj/0fLo gsf/fTds k|efj 36fpg] tKfm{ klg rf;f] /fV5 -kl/df0ffTds nIo !=%_ . ul/aLsf] k|s[lt ax'cfoflds 5 / ul/anfO{ ;a} ¿kdf cGTo ug]{ nIonfO{ To;sf] k|flKt;Fu :ki6 ;DaGw ePsf] kl/df0ffTds nIox¿ 5'§fOPsf] 5 . ul/aL pGd"ng;Fu ;DalGwt kl/df0ffTds nIox¿ h:t} kl/df0ffTds nIo !=$ / !=% k|fb]lzs lhDd]jf/Lx¿;Fu ;DalGwt 5g\ . kl/df0ffTds nIo $ n] cfwf/e"t ;]jf, :jfldTj / ;DklQdfly kx'Frsf] clwsf/nfO{ ;Daf]wg ub{5 . cfwf/e"t ;]jfx¿ :yfgLo tyf k|fb]lzs ;/sf/x¿sf] d'Vo If]qx¿;Fu ;DalGwt 5g\ -vfg]kfgL, ;/;kmfO, kmf]xf]/ Joj:yfkg, oftfoft, lzIff, :jf:Yo_ . o;sf cltl/Qm, kl/df0ffTds nIo !=$n] 3/kfl/jf/sf] a}FlsË tyf ljQLo ;]jfx¿df kx'Fr ;'lglZrt ug]{ s'/fdf hf]8 lbG5 . kl/df0ffTds nIo !=% n] cfly{s, ;fdflhs / jftfj/0fLo wSsfx¿(shocks)k|ltsf] pTyfgzLntfaf/] pNn]v u5{, / k|b]z ;/sf/n] cfˆgf] e"efudf pTyfgzLntf k|j4{g ug{ / cfˆgf gful/sx¿, ljz]ifu/L ul/ax¿sf] ;Í6f;Ggtf sd ug]{ sfo{df k'0f{ ¿kdf ;+nUg x'g ;fe]mbf/Lx¿sf] ljsf; ug]{5 . afFsL kl/df0ffTds nIox¿df klg klg k|fb]lzs gLltsf] dxTjk"0f{ k|efj x'G5 . h:t}, kl/df0ffTds nIo !=@ n] zx/L tyf u|fdL0f If]qx¿df ul/aL Go"gLs/0f ug]{ Pp6f ax'cfoflds cjwf/0ff k|:t't ub{5 / kl/df0ffTds nIo !=# ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf gLltx¿;Fu ;DalGwt 5, eg] kl/df0ffTds nIo !=! / !=@ /fli6«o ul/aLsf] /]vfnfO{ sd ug]{;Fu k|ToIf ¿kdf ;DalGwt /x]sf] 5 .

s]xL ;"rsx¿n] h:t} cfwf/e"t ;]jfdf kx'Fr cGo nIox¿;Fu ;DalGwt x'g]5g\M ;'/lIft / ;j{;'ne vfg]kfgLdf kx'Fr / 3/df kof{Kt tyf ;dtfd"ns ;/;kmfOsf nflu nIo ^Ù e/kbf]{, lbuf] / cfw'lgs phf{ ;]jfx¿sf nflu nIo &, lzIffsf nflu nIo $ -h:t}M ;a} afnaflnsfx¿n] lgMz'Ns, ;dtfd"ns, ;dfj]zL / u'0f:t/Lo k|fylds tyf dfWolds lzIff k"/f u/]sf] ;'lglZrt ug]{_Ù :jf:Yosf nflu nIo # -h:t}M of}g tyf k|hgg\ :jf:Yo ;]jfdf ;j{JofkL kx'Fr ;'lglZrt ug]{_, kof{Kt, ;'/lIft / vr{n] wfGg ;lsg] cfjf; / cfwf/e"t ;]jfx¿df kx'Frsf nflu nIo !!=! . o;sf] cy{ nIo ! af6 ;'? x'g] cGt/;DaGwx¿ rf/ cGo nIox¿df ;DalGwt x'G5g\ .

u08sL k|b]z 21

nIo @= ef]sd/Lsf] cGTo ug]{, vfB ;'/Iff tyf pGgt kf]if0f k|flKt / lbuf] s[lifsf] k|j4{g ug]{Mlbljn @ n] ;g\ @)#) ;Dddf ef]sd/Lsf] cGTo ug]{ / ;'/lIft, kf]if0fo'Qm / kof{Kt vfgfdf ;a} hgtfsf] aif}{e/L kx'Fr ;'lglZrt ug]{ nIo lnPsf] 5 -kl/df0ffTds nIo @=!_ . o; nIon] ;a} k|s[lt / :j¿ksf s'kf]if0fsf] cGTo ug]{ klg p2]Zo lnPsf] 5 -kl/df0ffTds nIo @=@_ . To;sf nflu s[lifhGo pTkfbsTjdf -kl/df0ffTds nIo @=#_ / ;fgf:t/sf vfBfGg pTkfbsx¿sf] cfodf bf]Aa/ j[l4 ug]{ / vfBfGg cfk"lt{ rqmdf kx'Fr / ;'wf/ ;'lglZrt ug]{ sfo{ ;dfj]z 5g\ . o;n] lbuf] vfBfGg pTkfbg k|0ffnLsf] ;'lglZrttf ug]{ / pTyfgzLn s[lifhGo cEof;x¿sf] sfof{Gjog ug]{ nIo klg lnPsf] 5 . kl/df0ffTds nIo @=% n] lbuf] vfBfGg pTkfbg k|0ffnLnfO{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg aLpsf] cg'jf+lzs ljljwtf sfod /fVg], jg:klt v]tL ug]{ / Jofj;flos tyf 3/]n' kz'kfng ug]{ klg nIo lnPsf] 5 .

ljz]ifu/L vfB ;'/Iff / kf]if0fsf sfo{qmdx¿dfk{mt ef]sd/Lsf] cGTo ug{df u08sL k|b]zn] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf lgjf{x ug]{5 . vfB ;'/Iffsf] ef}uf]lns cfofd -territorial dimension_ 5 . pTkfbg, e08f/0f, ljt/0f rqm, ahf/ l:y/tf / ;a}eGbf ;Í6f;Ggsf nflu vfBfGgdf kx'Fr gLltx¿dfk{mt k|Tofe"t ug{df o;sf] k|ToIf lhDd]jf/L 5 . ;/sf/n] :yfgLo pTkfbsx¿nfO{ ljt/0f rqmx¿df kx'Fr k|bfg ug{ / ul/ax¿nfO{ vfBfGgdf kx'Fr k|bfg ug{df dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf lgjf{x ug]{5 . kf]if0fnfO{ ;xof]u ug{, cNk kf]if0fnfO{ lgjf/0f ug{ / hgr]tgf cleofgx¿dfk{mt gful/sx¿nfO{ kl/rfng ug{sf nflu laleGg cfof]hgfsf] th'{df tyf ah]6 lgdf{0fdf u08sL k|b]z ;/sf/ ;+nUg 5 . ljBfnox¿df vf; sfo{qmdx¿ -k"j{k|fylds / k|fylds pd]/sf afnaflnsfsf nflu ljBfnodf sDtLdf klg Ps k6s kf]lifnf] vfgfdf ;j{JofkL kx'Fr_ dfk{mt afnaflnsfdf, / ue{jtL tyf ;'Ts]/L dlxnfx¿dfly s]lGb|t sfo{qmdx¿ ljz]if ;fGble{s 5g\ -kl/df0ffTds nIo @=!=! b]lv kl/df0ffTds nIo @=@=@_ .


nIo #= ;a} pd]/ ;d"xsf JolQmsf nflu :j:y hLjgsf] ;'lglZrttf ub}{ ;d[4 hLjg:t/ k|j4{g ug]{M;g\ @)#) ;Dd dft[d[Tob/ k|lt !)),))) hLljt hGddf &) eGbf sddf k'¥ofpg] -kl/df0ffTds nIo #=!_ :j:y hLjg / ;d[4 hLjg:t/;DaGwL Pp6f kl/df0ffTds nIo xf] . o;n] gjhft lzz' / kfFrjif{d'lgsf afnaflnsfsf] lgjf/0f ug{ ;lsg] d[To'nfO{ cGTo ug]{ klg nIo lnPsf] 5 -kl/df0ffTds nIo #=@_ . :jf:Yo / ;d[4 hLjgsf] k|flKt P8\;, Ifo/f]u, cf}nf] / pk]lIft pi0fk|b]zLo /f]ux¿ h:tf dxfdf/Lsf] cGTosf] nIo /fVb} x]kf6fOl6;, kfgLhGo /f]u / cGo ;?jf /f]ux¿sf] lgoGq0f u/]/ -kl/df0ffTds nIo #=#_ xfl;n ul/G5 . o; nIon] lgjf/0f tyf pkrf/ / dfgl;s :jf:Yo tyf ;d[l4dfk{mt g;g]{ /f]ux¿af6 x'g] c;fdlos d[To'b/nfO{ klg sd ug]{ p2]Zo lnPsf] 5 -kl/df0ffTds nIo #=$_ . o; qmddf o;n] nfu' cf}iflwsf] b'¿kof]u / dfbskbfy{sf] xflgsf/s k|of]u;lxt nfu' kbfy{sf] b'¿kof]usf] lgjf/0f tyf pkrf/ k4ltnfO{ ;'b[9 t'Nofpg] nIo lnPsf] 5 -kl/df0ffTds nIo #=%_ . o; nIodf ;g\ @)@) ;Dddf ljZjJofkL ¿kdf ;8s b'3{6gfaf6 x'g] d[To' / 3fOt]x¿sf] ;ª\VofnfO{ cfwf 36fpg] klg /x]sf] 5 -kl/df0ffTds nIo #=^_ . o;n] ;g\ @)#) ;Dddf kl/jf/ lgof]hg, ;"rgf tyf lzIff;lxt of}g tyf k|hgg\ :jf:Yo ;]jfx¿df ;j{JofkL kx'Fr, / /fli6«o /0fgLlt tyf sfo{qmdx¿df k|hgg\ :jf:YonfO{ Plss[t ug]{ klg kl/sNkgf u/]sf] 5 -kl/df0ffTds nIo #=&, #=* / #=(_ .

u08sL k|b]z ;/sf/ hgtfsf] :jf:Yo / ;d[l4sf nflu sfo{/t 5 . ;/sf/ /fHosf gLltx¿sf] Joj:yfkg u/L dft[ d'To'b/ -kl/df0ffTds nIo #=!=!_, gjhft / afn d[To'b/ -kl/df0ffTds nIo #=@=! Ù kl/df0ffTds nIo #=@=@_, kfgLhGo, ;?jf / g;g]{ /f]u, nfu" kbfy{ b'¿kof]unufotnfO{ Go"g ug]{ sfo{df nfluk/]sf] 5 . oBlk, o;sf nflu nIox¿ ^, & / ( dflysf] s]Gb|ljGb'nfO{ w'dLn x'g glbg' dxTjk"0f{ x'G5, lsgeg] To;sf] k|fb]lzs lhDd]jf/Lx¿dfly k|ToIf k|efj x'G5 . ax'txut k|Tofof]hgdfk{mt :yfgLos/0fn] ;fj{hlgs sfo{qmdx¿sf] dfkg ug{ afFsL kl/df0ffTds nIox¿sf nflu k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog ;xhLs/0fnfO{ d2t ug]{5 . hgr]tgf clej[l4 sfo{qmd / k|efljt ;d'bfonfO{ ;xof]udfk{mt P8\;, Ifo/f]u, x]k6fOl6; / cf}nf] h:tf ;?jf /f]ux¿ lgjf/0f ug{ k|b]z ;/sf/n] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf lgjf{x ub{5 -nIoÍ #=&, #=&=s=, #=(_ .

u08sL k|b]z 23

nIo $= ;a}sf nflu ;dfj]zL tyf ;dtfd"ns u'0f:t/Lo lzIff ;'lglZrt ub}{ hLjgko{Gt l;sfOsf cj;/x¿ k|j4{g ug]{Mo; nIon] ;fGble{s / k|efjsf/L l;sfOsf pknlAwx¿ xfl;n x'g] u/L ;a} 5fq5fqfn] lgMz'Ns tyf u'0f:t/Lo k|fylds / dfWolds lzIff k"/f u/]sf] ;'lglZrt ug]{ k|of; ub{5 -kl/df0ffTds nIo $=!_ . o;n] u'0f:t/Lo k|f/lDes jfnljsf; / 5fq5fqfsf] k"j{ k|fylds lzIffdf kx'Fr pknAw u/fpg] p2]Zo lnPsf] 5 -kl/df0ffTds nIo $=@_ . u'0f:t/sf ;fy} nIo $ n] u'0f:t/Lo lzIffsf] ;j{;'netf -kl/df0ffTds nIo $=#_ / 7"nf] k|ltztdf o'jf tyf jo:sx¿df ;fGble{s k|fljlws / Jofj;flos ;Lkx¿ /x]sf] ;'lglZrt ug]{ sfo{ -kl/df0ffTds nIo $=%_ nfO{ k|fyldstf k|bfg ub{5 . of] nIon] lzIffdf n}lËs c;dfgtf x6fpg] / ;Í6f;Gg ;d"xx¿ -ckfª\utf ePsf jfnjflnsf nufot_ sf nflu ;a} txsf] lzIff / Jofj;flos tflnddf ;dfg kx'Fr ;'lglZrt ug]{ klg p2]Zo lnPsf] 5 -kl/df0ffTds nIo $=^Ù $=&_ . of] nIosf] nIo % ;Fu cGt/;DalGwt k|efj /x]sf] 5 . k|b]z ljZjljBfno, pRr lzIff, k':tsfno, ;ª\u|fxfnosf] :yfkgf klg k|b]z ;/sf/sf] lhDd]jf/L xf] . cfwf/e"t tyf dfWolds lzIffsf] dfgsLs/0fsf] lhDd]jf/L klg k|b]z ;/sf/sf] xf] - kl/df0ffTds nIo $=!=!, kl/df0ffTds nIo $=!=!=&, kl/df0ffTds nIo $=^=! / kl/df0ffTds nIo $=^=!=!=_ . kl/df0ffTds nIo $=! / $=@ n] :yfgLo b[li6sf]0faf6 o; nIosf] cg'udg ug]{ / /fli6«o tyf k|fb]lzs vr{sf] afF8kmfF6 / ;fj{hlgs ljlgof]hgdf ;Ifdtf dfkg ug{ If]qx¿aLr ljt/0fdfly hf]8 lbg'kg]{ sfo{dfly k|sfz kfb{5 .


nIo %= n}lËs ;dfgtf xfl;n ug]{ / ;a} dlxnf, lszf]/L / aflnsfx¿sf] ;zQmLs/0f ug]{MnIo % n] dlxnf, lszf]/L / aflnsfx¿ lj?4 x'g] ;a} k|sf/sf e]befj ;a} :yfg / If]qaf6 cGTo ug]{ -kl/df0ffTds nIo %=!_ / dlxnf, lszf]/L / aflnsfx¿ lj?4 ;fj{hlgs tyf lghL If]qdf x'g] ;a} k|s[ltsf lx+;fsf] cGTo ug]{ -kl/df0ffTds nIo %=@_ p2]Zo lnPsf] 5 . o;n] afnljjfx / dlxnf hg]lGb|o 5]bg\ h:tf ;a} s'k|yfx¿sf] pGd"ng ug]{ -kl/df0ffTds nIo %=#_ nIo klg lnPsf] 5 . cj}tlgs x]/rfxhGo / 3/]n' >dsf] d"No klxrfg ul/g] ;fdflhs tyf cfly{s kIfnfO{ kl/df0ffTds nIo %=$ df ;d]l6Psf] 5 . o; nIon] ;fj{hlgs hLjgdf dlxnfsf] k"0f{ tyf k|efjsf/L ;xeflutfnfO{ kl/df0ffTds nIo %=% df ;d]6]sf] 5 . o;n] /fhgLlts, cfly{s tyf ;fj{hlgs hLjgsf] x/]s txdf g]t[Tjsf nflu ;dfg cj;/ ;'lglZrt ug]{ p2]Zo klg lnPsf] 5 . o;n] of}g tyf k|hgg\ :jf:Yo / k|hgg\ clwsf/df ;j{JofkL kx'Fr klg pNn]v u/]sf] 5 -kl/df0ffTds nIo %=^_ . n}lËs ;dfgtf k|j4{g\ / ;'lglZrt ug]{ gLltx¿sf] ljsf; ug]{ lhDd]jf/L klg k|b]z / :yfgLo ;/sf/x¿sf] /x]sf] 5 . kl/df0ffTds nIo %=% k|b]z ;/sf/;Fu k|ToIf ;DalGwt 5 lsgeg] o;n] /fhgLlts, ;fj{hlgs / lghL If]qdf dlxnfx¿sf] ;xeflutf / ;dfg cj;/sf] vf]hL ub{5 .

u08sL k|b]z 25

nIo ^= ;a}sf nflu vfg]kfgL / ;/;kmfOsf] pknAwtf tyf o;sf] lbuf] Joj:yfkg ;'lglZrt ug]{Mlbljn ^ n] ;a}sf nflu ;'/lIft / vr{n] wfGg jf a]xf]g{ ;lsg] vfg]kfgLsf] ;j{JofkL / ;dtfd"ns kx'Fr xfl;n ug]{ nIo lnPsf] 5 -kl/df0ffTds nIo ^=!_ . o; nIon] ;a}sf nflu kof{Kt / ;dtfd"ns ;/;kmfO / :jR5tf pknAw u/fpg] / v'nf lb;f–lk;fa ug]{ cEof;sf] cGTo ug]{ -kl/df0ffTds nIo ^=@_ p2]Zo lnPsf] 5 . k|b"if0f tyf xflgsf/s /;fog / j:t'x¿sf] lj;h{g sfo{sf] Go"gLs/0f u/]/ kfgLsf] u'0f:t/df ;'wf/ Nofpg] nIo -kl/df0ffTds nIo ^=#_ klg /x]sf] 5 . o;df ;a} If]qdf kfgL–k|of]usf] s'zntfnfO{ pNn]Vo dfqfdf ;'wf/ ug]{ / ;a} txdf Plss[t hn;|f]t Joj:yfkg nfu"" ug]{ sfo{qmd klg ;dfj]z 5g\ . t/ To;qmddf o; nIon] lxdfn, jg, hnfwf/, gbL, e"ldut hne08f/ / tfn–tn}ofx¿;lxt kfgL;Fu ;DalGwt kfl/l:yltsLo k|0ffnLsf] ;+/If0f / k'g:yf{kgf ug]{ klg k|of; ug]{5 -kl/df0ffTds nIo ^=$, ^=% / ^=^_ .


nIo &= vr{n] wfGg ;lsg], e/kbf]{, lbuf] / cfw'lgs phf{df ;a}sf] kx'Fr ;'lglZrt ug]{Mlbljn & n] vr{n] wfGg ;lsg], e/kbf]{ / cfw'lgs phf{ ;]jfx¿df ;j{KofkL kx'Fr k|fKt ug]{ -kl/df0ffTds nIo &=!_, phf{x¿sf] ;lDd>0fdf gjLs/0fLo phf{sf] lx:;f pNn]vgLo ¿kdf a9fpg] -kl/df0ffTds nIo &=@_ / phf{ bIftfsf] ;'wf/sf] b/ bf]Aa/ ug]{ -kl/df0ffTds nIo &=#_ p2]Zo lnPsf] 5 . kl/df0ffTds nIox¿ &=!, &=@ / &=# n] cfw'lgs phf{ k|0ffnLsf] kx'FrnfO{ ;j{JofkL / bIf agfpg] k|of; u5{g\ .

u08sL k|b]z 27

nIo *= l:y/, ;dfj]zL / lbuf] cfly{s j[l4, / ;a}sf nflu k"0f{ tyf pTkfbgzLn /f]huf/L / dof{lbt >d k|j4{g\ ug]{Mo; nIon] sDtLdf klg jflif{s ;ft k|ltzt k|lt JolQm s'n ufx{:Yo pTkfbgsf] j[l4 xfl;n u/L sfod /fVg] -kl/df0ffTds nIo *=!_, ljljwLs/0f, k|fljlws :t/f]Gglt / gjk|jt{g\dfk{mt pRr:t/sf] pTkfbsTj xfl;n ug]{ -kl/df0ffTds nIo *=@_ p2]Zo lnPsf] 5 . ;a} dlxnf / k'?ifsf nflu k"0f{ tyf pTkfbgzLn /f]huf/L / dof{lbt >d xfl;n ug]{ -kl/df0ffTds nIo *=#_, ;|f]tsf] bIftfdf ;'wf/ ug]{ -kl/df0ffTds nIo *=$_, lgs[i6 k|s[ltsf] afn>dsf] pGd"ng ug]{ -kl/df0ffTds nIo *=&_, / ;a}sf nflu ljQLo ;]jfx¿sf] lj:tf/ ug]{ -kl/df0ffTds nIo *=!)_ klg o; a[xt nIosf dxTjk"0f{ kl/df0ffTds nIox¿ x'g\ . cf}Bf]uLs/0fsf] k|j4{g\, gofF /f]huf/L l;h{gf / cfly{s ljsf; klg k|b]z ;/sf/sf lhDd]jf/L x'g\ / To; cy{df dfly pNn]lvt kl/df0ffTds nIox¿ u08sL k|b]zsf nflu k"0f{ ¿kn] ;fGble{s 5g\ .

;fy} ;/sf/n] lbljn !! -zx/L nIo_ / lbljn * aLr cGt/;DalGwt ;xsfo{sf] klg vf]hL ug]{5 . u08sL k|b]z;Fu ;DalGwt ;a}eGbf k|f;lËs kl/df0ffTds nIo *=( xf], h;n] /f]huf/L l;h{gf ug]{ / :yfgLo ;+:s[lt tyf pTkfbg k|j4{g\ ug]{, lbuf] ko{6gsf] k|j{4g\ ug]{ gLltx¿sf] th'{df / sfof{Gjog ug]{ k|of; ub{5 . u08sL k|b]zsf] c;Lldt ko{6sLo ;DefjgfnfO{ b[li6ut ubf{ zx/Ls/0f, ko{6g / /f]huf/L l;h{gfaLr ;xsfof{Tds cGtlqm{ofsf] gLlt cjnDag x'g]5 . cgf}krfl/s /f]huf/L -*=%_ / o'jf -*=^_ dfly s]lGb|t h:t}M cGo kIfsf] pko'Qm sfof{Gjogsf nflu e/kbf]{ :yfgLo tYofÍ cfjZos x'G5 .


nIo (= pTyfgzLn k"jf{wf/sf] lgdf{0f, ;dfj]zL / lbuf] cf}Bf]uLs/0fsf] k|j4{g\ / gj k|jt{gnfO{ k|f]T;fxg ug]{Mlbljn ( n] cfly{s ljsf; / dfgj ;d[l4nfO{ ;3fp k'¥ofpg If]qLo tyf ;Ldfkf/ k"jf{wf/;lxt u'0f:t/Lo, e/kbf]{, lbuf] / pTyfgzLn k"jf{wf/sf] ljsf; ug]{ p2]Zo af]s]sf] 5 -kl/df0ffTds nIo (=!_ . o;qmddf o;n] ;dfj]zL / lbuf] cf}Bf]uLs/0fnfO{ k|j4{g\ ug]{ k|of; ub{5 -kl/df0ffTds nIo (=@_ . o;n] d"No z[ª\vnfsf] ljsf; u/L ahf/ Plss[t ug{ ;fgf:t/sf cf}Bf]lus / cGo pBdx¿sf] kx'Fr a9fpg] p2]Zo lnPsf] 5 -kl/df0ffTds nIo (=#_ . ;fy} kl/df0ffTds nIox¿n] lgdf{0f ul/Psf] k"jf{wf/ pTyfgzLn ePsf] ;'lglZrt ug]{ -kl/df0ffTds nIo (=$_ / j}1flgs cg';Gwfg a9fpg] k|of; ub{5g\ -kl/df0ffTds nIo (=%_ . nIo !! sf nflu o; nIon] kl/k"/ssf] sfd u5{ / cfly{s j[l4 / cf}Bf]lus/0fsf nflu o;nfO{ k"j{zt{sf ¿kdf lng] ul/G5 . pbfpFbf] zx/L If]qsf ¿kdf u08sL k|b]znfO{ cfˆgf] k"0f{ cfly{s Ifdtf cg';f/ ljsf; ug{ kof{Kt / eljio–k|lt/f]wL k"jf{wf/ cfjZos x'G5 . u|fdL0f / zx/L If]q jLr ;DaGw–;Dks{nfO{ ;'b[9 ug'{, cfk"lt{ rqm / u|fdL0f If]qsf] pTkfbsTjdf ;'wf/ Nofpg klg dxTjk"0f{ 5 . u08sL k|b]z ;/sf/n] lbuf] oftfoft, phf{, vfg]kfgL / ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ k|ljlwsf] ljsf;sf nflu sdhf]/ k"jf{wf/sf] If]qdf pNn]vgLo nufgL j[l4 ug]{5 .

u08sL k|b]z 29

nIo !)= d'n'sleq / d'n'sx¿aLrsf] c;dfgtf Go"g ug]{Mo; nIon] hg;ª\Vofsf] tNnf] $) k|ltztsf] cfo j[l4nfO{ /fli6«o cf};t eGbf pRr b/df xfl;n u/L sfod /fVg] kl/sNkgf ub{5 -kl/df0ffTds nIo !)=!_ . o;sf nflu ;a}sf] ;fdflhs, cfly{s / /fhgLlts ;dfj]zLs/0fnfO{ ;zQm agfpFb} To;sf] k|j4{g\ ug]{ ;f]r lnPsf] 5 -kl/df0ffTds nIo !)=@_ . o;n] ;dfg cj;/sf] dfkg u/L kl/0ffddf /x]sf c;dfgtfx¿ sd ug]{ -kl/df0ffTds nIo !)=#_Ù gLltx¿, ljz]ifu/L ljQ, Hofnf / ;fdflhs ;'/Iff gLltx¿sf] cjnDag u/L Jofks eO{/x]sf] k|of;nfO{ ;xof]u ug]{ / k|ultzLn 9Ën] pRr ;dfgtf sfod ug]{ -kl/df0ffTds nIo !)=$_ p2]Zo lnPsf] 5 . cfo / ;]jfdf kx'Frsf ;DaGwdf :ki6 c;dfgtfk|lt 7"nf zx/x¿ hf]lvddf /xg] ePsfn] c;dfgtf :yfg ljz]ifsf lx;fjn] cfk}m a9]/ hfG5 . e"—pkof]u, cfly{s j[l4sf] gLltdfly lgoGq0f /xg] / ufpFkflnsf ÷ gu/kflnsfx¿nfO{ cfwf/e"t ;]jfx¿ cfk"lt{ ug{ ;xof]u ug]{ ePsfn] of] u08sL k|b]z ;/sf/sf nflu dxTjk"0f{ d'2f xf], lsgeg] tL ;a}n] c;dfgtfdfly k|efj kfg{ ;S5g\ .


nIo !!= zx/ tyf dfgj j:tLx¿nfO{ ;dfj]zL, ;'/lIft, pTyfgzLn / lbuf] agfpg]Mo; nIon] ;a}sf nflu kof{Kt, ;'/lIft / cfly{s ¿kn] wfGg ;lsg] cfjf; / cfwf/e"t ;]jfx¿df kx'Fr pknAw u/fpg] / cJojl:yt j:tLx¿sf] :tf]/Gglt ug]{ k|of; ub{5 -kl/df0ffTds nIo !!=!_ . o;n] ;a}sf nflu ;'/lIft, wfGg ;lsg], ;j{;'ne / lbuf] oftfoft k|0ffnLdf kx'Fr ;'lglZrt ub}{ ;dfj]zL tyf lbuf] zx/Ls/0fnfO{ lj:tf/ub{5 -kl/df0ffTds nIo !!=@ / !!=#_ . o;n] ljZj ;fF:s[lts tyf k|fs[lts ;Dkbfsf] ;+/If0f ug]{ / ljkb\af6 s'n ufx{:Yo pTkfbgdf x'g] cfly{s xflggf]S;fgLnfO{ pNn]vgLo ¿kdf sd ug]{ klg nIo lnPsf] 5 -kl/df0ffTds nIo !!=$_ . o;n] dlxnf tyf afnaflnsf, j[4j[4f / ckfËtf ePsf JolQmx¿sf nflu ;'/lIft, ;dfj]zL / ;j{;'ne xl/t tyf ;fj{hlgs :yfgx¿df ;j{JofkL kx'Fr k|bfg ug]{ p2]Zo klg af]s]sf] 5 .

u08sL k|b]z 31

nIo !@= lbuf] pkef]u / pTkfbgsf 9fFrf ;'lglZrt ug]{Mof] nIon] lbuf] pkef]u / pTkfbg;DaGwL !) aifL{o sfo{qmdsf] ¿k/]vfsf] sfof{Gjogsf] k|:tfj ub{5 h;n] ubf{ ;g\ @)#) ;Dddf k|fs[lts ;|f]tsf] lbuf] Joj:yfkg / s'zn k|of]u xfl;n ug]{5 -kl/df0ffTds nIo !@=! / !@=@_ . o;n] ;g\ @)#) ;Dd k|lt JolQm vfBj:t'sf] b'¿kof]unfO{ v'b|f / pkef]Qmfsf] :t/df cfwfn] 36fpg] klg ;f]r lnPsf] 5 -kl/df0ffTds nIo !@=#_ . ;fy}, o;n] /;fog / ;a} kmf]xf]/x¿sf] hLjgrqme/ jftfj/0fLo ¿kdf c;n Joj:yfkgnfO{ ;'lglZrt ub{5 -kl/df0ffTds nIo !@=$_ . jftfj/0fsf] Joj:yfkgnfO{ ;3fp k'¥ofpg o;n] lgjf/0f, Go"gLs/0f, k'gMk|zf]wg / k'gMk|of]udfk{mt kmf]xf]/d}nfsf] pTkfbgnfO{ pNn]vgLo ¿kdf sd ug]{ klg p2]Zo lnPsf] 5 -kl/df0ffTds nIo !@=%_ . ;fy}, o;n] k|s[lt;Fu ;ª\ultk"0f{ lbuf] ljsf; tyf hLjgz}nLsf nflu ;'xfpFbf] ;"rgf / r]tgf klg ;'lglZrt ub{5 -kl/df0ffTds nIo !@=^_ .

nIo !! sf nflu nIo !@ n] klg k|efj kfb{5 . b'j} nIox¿n] pkef]usf] a9\bf] dfunfO{ ;Daf]wg u5{g\ / lbuf] pTkfbg xfl;n ug]{ k|of; u5{g\ . of] k|b]zsf] u|fdL0f If]qx¿;Fu klg TolQs} ;DalGwt 5, h;sf] lbuf] s[lifdfly k|ToIf k|efj /x]sf] x'G5 -nIo @_ . of] nIo lbljn &, * / !# cyf{t qmdzM phf{, lbuf] j[l4 / hnjfo' kl/jt{g;Fu klg cGt/;DalGwt 5 .


nIo !#= hnjfo' kl/jt{g / To;sf k|efjx¿;Fu h'Wg tTsfn sfo{ cufl8 a9fpg]Mlbljn !# hnjfo' kl/jt{g;DaGwL hf]lvd / k|fs[lts ljkb\k|lt pTyfgzLntf / cg's"ng Ifdtf ;'b[9 u/fpg]tk{m nlIft 5 . o;n] hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf pkfox¿nfO{ /fli6«o gLlt, /0fgLlt / of]hgfx¿df Plss[t ug]{ ;f]r agfPsf] 5 . ;fy}, o;n] lzIff / r]tgfdf ;'wf/ Nofpg] / hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] Go"gLs/0f, cg's"ng, k|efj Go"gLs/0f / k"j{ r]tfjgL;DaGwL dfgj tyf ;+:yfut Ifdtf ;'b[9Ls/0f ug]{ nIo lnPsf] 5 .

oL kl/df0ffTds nIox¿ nIo !! ;Fu pNn]vgLo ¿kdf cGt/;DalGwt 5g\ lsgeg] phf{ k|of]u / sfa{g8fOcS;fO8 pT;h{gsf] s]Gb|ljGb'df zx/x¿ /xg] u5{g\ . of] nIo k|b]zsf] b'|t zx/Ls/0f;Fu k|ToIf ¿kdf ;DalGwt 5, lsgeg] hnjfo'–pTyfgzLn k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0f ug]{ oxfF 7"nf] cj;/ ljBdfg 5 .

u08sL k|b]z 33

nIo !%= k[YjLsf] e"kl/lw:t/Lo kfl/l:yltsLo k|0ffnLx¿sf] lbuf] pkof]u, /Iff / k'g:yf{kg ug]{, jgsf] lbuf] ¿kdf Joj:yfkg ug]{, d?e"dLs/0flj?4 n8\g / e"Ifo /f]Sg'sf ;fy} o:fnfO{ pN6\ofpg] / h}ljs ljljwtfsf] x|f;nfO{ /f]Sg]Mof] nIon] e"kl/lw / hldgsf] :jR5 kfgL kfl/l:yltsLo k|0ffnL / To;sf ;]jfx¿sf] ;+/If0f, k'g:yf{kgf / lbuf] k|of]unfO{ an k'¥ofpg] sfd ub{5 . o;n] ;a} k|sf/sf jgx¿sf] lbuf] Joj:yfkgsf] k|j4{g ug]{ / d?e"dLs/0fnfO{ /f]Sg] klg nIo lnPsf] 5 . o;sf] p2]Zo kj{tLo kfl/l:yltsLo k|0ffnL / To;sf] h}ljs ljljwtfnfO{ ;+/If0f u/L ;g\ @)#) ;Dddf lbuf] ljsf;nfO{ cfjZos nfex¿ pknAw u/fpg pgLx¿sf] Ifdtfdf j[l4 ug]{ klg /x]sf] 5 .


nIo !^= lbuf] ljsf;sf nflu zflGtk"0f{ / ;dfj]zL ;dfhx¿sf] k|j4{g ug]{, ;a}sf nflu Gofodf kx'Fr ;'lglZrt ug]{ / k|efjsf/L, hjfkmb]xL tyf ;dfj]zL ;+:yfx¿sf] lgdf{0f ug]{Mof] nIodf d'VotM ;dfj]z ePsf kl/df0ffTds nIox¿df ;a} k|sf/sf lx+;f / o;;Fu ;DalGwt d[To'b/nfO{ ;a} 7fpFdf pNn]vgLo ¿kdf sd ug]{, afnaflnsf lj?4 x'g] b'Jo{jxf/, zf]if0f, a]raLrvg / ;a} k|sf/sf lx+;f / oftgfsf] cGTo ug]{ /x]sf 5g\ . o;n] /fli6«o / cGt/f{li6«o :t/df ljlwsf] zf;gsf] k|j4{g ug]{ / ;a}sf nflu Gofodf ;dfg kx'Fr ;'lglZrt ug]{ k|of; ub{5 . o; nIon] cj}w ljQLo tyf xftxltof/sf] cf];f/k|;f/sf] Go"gLs/0f, rf]/L ePsf ;DklQ k'gMk|flKt / lkmtf{ ug]{ sfo{nfO{ ;'b[9 ug]{ / ;a} k|s[ltsf ;ª\ul7t ck/fwsf] lgoGq0f ug]{ p2]Zo af]s]sf] 5 . e|i6frf/ / 3';vf]/LnfO{ To;sf ;a} :j¿kdf Go"g ug]{ / ;a} txdf k|efjsf/L, hjfkmb]xL / kf/bzL{ ;+:yfx¿sf] lgdf{0f ug]{ sfo{ klg nIocGtu{t /x]sf 5g\ .

cGo ;a} lbuf] ljsf;sf nIox¿ xfl;n ug{sf nflu k|efjsf/L, hjfkmb]xL / ;dfj]zL ;+:yfx¿ dxTjk"0f{ 5g\ . nIo !^ cGtu{t k|b]z / :yfgLo ;/sf/x¿sf nflu ljz]if ;fGble{s /x]sf kl/df0ffTds nIox¿df lx+;f;DaGwL kl/df0ffTds nIo -!^=!_, ;a} txdf k|efjsf/L, hjfkmb]xL / kf/bzL{ ;+:yfx¿;DaGwL kl/df0ffTds nIo -!^=^_, ;a} txdf lhDd]jf/, ;dfj]zL, ;xeflutfd"ns / k|ltlglwd"ns lg0f{o k|lqmof;DaGwL kl/df0ffTds nIo -!^=&_ / hGd btf{;DaGwL kl/df0ffTds nIo -!^=(_ /x]sf 5g\ .

u08sL k|b]z 35

nIo !&= lbuf] ljsf;sf nflu sfof{Gjogsf] dfWod ;'b[9 ug]{ / ljZjJofkL ;fe]mbf/LnfO{ k'gMhLjGt t'Nofpg]M lbljn !& n] cfGtl/s ;|f]t kl/rfngnfO{ ;'b[9 t'Nofpg] k|of; ub{5 . o;n] ljsl;t /fi6«x¿af6 cflwsfl/s ljsf; ;xfotfsf] k"0f{ sfof{Gjog, ljleGg ;|f]tx¿af6 ljsf;f]Gd'v /fi6«x¿sf nflu cltl/Qm ljQLo ;|f]t ;fwgx¿sf] kl/rfng, lbuf] ljsf;sf nflu gLltut Ps¿ktfdf j[l4 / tYofÍ, cg'udg / tYofÍLo Ifdtfsf] ;'b[9Ls/0fnufotsf nIox¿ af]s]sf] 5 . nIo !&=! k|ToIf ¿kdf ;DalGwt 5, h'g cfGtl/s ;|f]t kl/rfngsf] ;'b[9Ls/0fdf s]lGb|t 5 . o;df :yfgLo ;/sf/x¿sf] ljQLo Ifdtf ;dfj]z 5, lsgeg] cGttM w]/} nIox¿sf] sfof{Gjogsf nflu pgLx¿ g} lhDd]jf/ x'G5g\ . ;fy} tYofÍ, cg'udg / tYofÍLo Ifdtfsf] ;'b[9Ls/0f ;+ljwfgdf lglb{i6 ul/Psf] 5, hxfF cflwsfl/s tYofÍx¿sf] ;Íng / Joj:yfkgsf] lhDd]jf/L ;a} tLg txsf ;/sf/x¿nfO{ k|bfg ul/Psf] 5 .


cWofo

u08sL k|b]z 37

u08sL k|b]zdf lbljn ;"rsx¿sf] cfwf/ tYof° cj:yf


o; cWofon] lbljn ;"rsx¿, cfwf/ tYofÍ cj:yf;lxt ;"rsx¿sf] lj:t[t ;"rL, cNksfnLg kl/df0ffTds nIox¿, / kl/lzi6 !–!& df pknAw u/fOPsf nIox¿aLrsf] tfnd]n af/] 5nkmn ub{5 . of] efunfO{ ;fdflhs, cfly{s / jftfj/0fLo -hLjd08n_ u/L tLg j6f If]qx¿df afFl8Psf] 5 . tyflk, /]vflrqdf b]vfkg]{ nIox¿ k|fyldsLs/0fsf] ;ª\s]t xf]Ogg\ .

#=! ;dfhlbljnx¿;Fu ;DalGwt ;fdflhs nIox¿ clwsf+z ul/aL -lbljn !_, ef]sd/L -lbljn @_, c;n :jf:Yo / ;d[l4 -lbljn #_, u'0f:t/Lo lzIff -lbljn $_, n}lËs ;dfgtf -lbljn %_, wfGg ;lsg] phf{ -lbljn &_, lbuf] zx/ / ;d'bfox¿ -lbljn !!_ / zflGt, Gofo / ;'b[9 ;+:yfx¿ -lbljn !^_ sf ¿kdf 5nkmn ul/Psf 5g\ . nIox¿sf] Pscsf{dfly ;xlqmofzLn k|efj kb{5, pbfx/0fsf nflu, ul/aLsf] /]vfd'lg /x]sf] JolQmx¿ ;fdfGotof :jf:Yo ;]jf, ;'/Iff / lzIff h:tf cfwf/e"t ;]jfx¿af6 al~rt x'g] u5{g\ . u08sL k|b]zsf ul/aLdf /x]sf JolQmx¿n] klg ef]sd/L, ;fdflhs e]befj / lg0f{o k|lqmofx¿df k'0f{ ;xeflutf hgfpg ;s]sf 5}gg .

cGo k|b]zsf] t'ngfdf u08sL k|b]zdf ;a}eGbf sd ul/aL /x]sf] 5 . u08sL k|b]zdf /fli6«o ul/aL /]vfcg'¿ksf] ul/aLsf] b/ !$=(! /x]sf 5 . k|b]zdf em08} #&!,))) JolQm /fli6«o ul/aLsf] /]vfd'lg /x]sf 5g\ . ul/aL /]vfsf] s'n u0fgf b/nfO{ s'g} JolQmnfO{ afFRgsf nflu cfjZos Go"gtd ;|f]tsf] k|ltlglwTj ug]{ s'g} dfkb08 -g]kfn >dzlQm ;j]{If0f, @)!! cg';f/ jfli{fs ? !(,@^!_ eGbf sd cfo jf ;DklQ ePsf] hg;ª\Vofsf] k|ltzt eg]/ a'lemG5 . ;fy} ul/aLsf] /]vfd'lg /x]sf] afnaflnsfx¿ @*=# k|ltzt /x]sf 5g\ . tyflk, k|ltlbg !=( cd]l/sL 8n/df dfkg ul/Psf] ul/aLsf] b/ eg] !!=)( k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 .

lbuf] ljsf;sf nIox¿n] ul/aLnfO{ ;a} ¿k / cfofddf klxrfg u/L To;nfO{ cGTo ug]{ k|of; ub{5g\ . To;}n] /fli6«o df}lb|s ul/aLnfO{ /fli6«o ax'cfoflds ul/aL ;"rsfÍ;Fu a'‰g h?/L 5 . ax'cfoflds ul/aL ;"rsfÍn] lzIff, :jf:Yo / hLjg:t/ h:tf cfofdx¿df ;dfgfGt/ ¿kdf hgtfn] ;fdgf ug]{ clt al~rtLs/0fnfO{ k|ltlalDat u5{ . jx'cfoflds ul/jLsf] ;"rsfÍ !$=@ /xg'sf] cy{ u08sL k|b]zdf ;a} ;"rsx¿df ;a} JolQmx¿ al~rt x'g] xf] eg] ax'cfoflds ul/ax¿n] s'n al~rtLs/0fsf] !$=@ k|ltztsf] ;fdgf u5{g\ .

ax'cfoflds ul/aL ;"rsfÍ k|ltJolQm b/ / al~rtLs/0fsf] pkh xf], hxfF k|lt JolQm -x]8 sfpG6_ ;"rsfÍ !$=@ / ul/aLsf] k|antf $@=* /x]sf] 5 . o;n] hg;ª\Vofsf em08} $@=** k|ltzt ax'cfoflds ul/a /x]sf] b]vfpF5 / hf] ax'cfoflds ul/aL eg]/ klxrfg ul/Psf] 5 tL lzIff, :jf:Yo / hLjg:t/;DaGwL ;"rsx¿df !$=@ k|ltztn] al~rt 5g\ . ;fy}, u08sL k|b]z !!=^ k|ltzt hg;ª\Vof;lxt g]kfnsf] dWod cfsf/sf] k|b]z xf] . o; k|b]zdf #%#,))) ax'cfoflds ;"rsfÍ ul/a a;f]af; u5{g\ .

dfly pNn]v ul/P h:t} ul/aL Pp6f ax'sf/s / ax'cfoflds cjwf/0ffsf ¿kdf pbfPsf] 5, h;nfO{ nIo ! cGtu{tsf kl/df0ffTds nIox¿df p4[t ul/Psf] 5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu, æ;a} cfofdx¿Æ -!=@_, ;fdflhs ;'/Iff -!=#_, clwsf/, ;|f]tdf kx'Fr / lgoGq0f -!=$_ / pTyfgzLntf lgdf{0f . To;}sf/0f ul/aL w]/} cy{df nIo @ h:tf cGo nIox¿af6 cljeflht 5 eg]/ ts{ ug{ ;lsG5 .

u08sL k|b]z 39

ul/aL Go"gLs/0f ;fdflhs tyf cfly{s jftfj/0fsf ljleGg kIfx¿aLr x'g] cGtlq{mofsf] kl/0ffd xf] . ul/aLnfO{ Psftk{m lzIff, :jf:Yo / ;]jf ;'ljwfx¿df kx'Frn] an k'¥ofpF5 eg] csf]{tk{m s[lif pTkfstTjn] . u08sL k|b]zdf k|lt JolQm vfBfGg pTkfbg @#$ s]hL* /x]sf] 5 eg] /fli6«o k|ltJolQm vfBfGg pTkfbg !(& s]hL /x]sf] 5 .

oBlk, ;fgf ls;fgsf] cf};t jflif{s cfDbfgL ? $$,&)( sf] /fli6«o cf};t eGbf a9L 5 . sl/j $$=@! k|ltzt hg;ª\Vof cfˆgf] b'O{ ltxfO{ cfDbfgL vfBfGgdf vr{ u5{g\ . vfBfGgdf s'n vr{sf] c+z k|ltlalDjt ug]{ ;"rsx¿n] lbuf] ljsf; / ul/aLaf6 hgtfnfO{ aflx/ Nofpg] k|b]z ;/sf/sf] cfsfª\IffnfO{ cy{k"0f{ k|efj k|bfg u5{g\ / vfB ;fdu|L axg ug]{ Ifdtf a9fpF5 . dflg;x¿sf] k|lt JolQm cfo a9]kl5 cfodf vfBfGg vr{sf] c+z sd x'g hfg] æPGh]N; nÆ n] atfpF5 . ;f] ;"rsn] hgtfnfO{ ul/aLaf6 dfly p7fpg] / vfB ;fdu|Lsf] axg Ifdtf a9fpg] k|b]z ;/sf/sf] cfsfª\Iffsf nflu cy{k"0f{ k[i7kf]if0f u5{ .

vfBfGgsf] axg IfdtfnfO{ vfBfGgsf] pTkfbsTj / pknAwtfn] ;'b[9 agfpg] u5{ . vfBfGgsf] axg Ifdtf / pknAwtf b'j} ldn]/ hgtfsf] :jf:Yo / ;d[l4nfO{ yk an k'¥ofpg] sfd u5{ . :jf:Yodf lbljnx¿sf] tYofÍn] u08sL k|b]zdf k|hgg\ pd]/sf sl/j @$=@ k|ltzt dlxnf cb[Zo ef]sd/L / /QmcNktfaf6 kLl8t /x]sf] b]vfpF5 h;sf sf/0f hlGdPsf jRrfx¿df zfl//Ls tyf dfgl;s ljsf; sdhf]/ x'g] hf]lvd /xG5 .

kfFr jif{ d'lgsf afnaflnsfdf s'kf]if0fsf] b/ pRr 5 . dfgj ljsf;sf] nflu rflxg] pd]/ cg';f/sf] prfO gk'u]sf kfFr jif{ d'lgsf aRRffx¿ @*=( k|ltzt, prfO{ cg';f/ jhg gk'u]sf #=& k|ltzt / pd]/ cg';f/ jhg gk'u]sf !$=( k|ltzt /x]sf 5g\ h'g /fli6«o :t/ eGbf sd xf] . k|hgg\ pd]/sf @$=@ k|ltzt dlxnfx¿df /QmcNktf /x]sf] 5 . k|b]zdf dlxnfx¿n] dfkb08 cg';f/ k|;jf]Q/ ;]jf lng] k|j[lQn] s'kf]if0fsf] k|jntfnfO{ an k'¥ofpg] sfd ul//x]sf] b]lvG5 . pRr:t/sf] k|;jf]Q/ ;]jf /x]sf] k|b]zx¿df s'kf]if0fsf] dfqf sd /x]sf] kfOG5 . u08sL k|b]zdf kfFr jif{ d'lgsf afnaflnsfdf s'kf]if0fsf] b/ @*=( k|ltzt /x]sf] 5, hxfF !$ k|ltzt dlxnfx¿ dfkb08 cg';f/sf] tLg k6s k|;jf]Q/ :jf:Yo ;]jf lng] u5{g\ -/]vflrq !_ .

* vfBGgdf rfdn, ux'F, sf]bf], hf}+ / kmfk/ /x]sf 5g\ .

/]vflrq !M k|;jf]Q/ :jf:Yo ;]jf / s'kf]if0f

;|f]tM :jf:Yo ;]jf ljefu -;g\ @)!&_

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s'kf]if0fsf] Jofkstf -prfO{ cg';f/ jhg, kfFr aif{ d"lgsf afnaflnsfdf 8An'Prcf] afn j[l4 dfkb08af6 dfgj ljrng -lbljn @=@=!_

dfkb08 cg';f/ tLg k6s;Dd k|;jf]Q/ :jf:Yo ;]jf lng] dlxnfx?sf] Ü -lbljn #=*=!_

/fli6«o k|b]z ! k|b]z @ k|b]z # u08sL k|b]z % s0ff{nL ;'b"/klZrd


dfgj :jf:Yo ulx/f] ¿kdf a'xcfoflds cjwf/0ff xf] . ;fy}, @)#) Ph]08fdf :jf:Yo kl/df0ffTds nIo / cGo kl/df0ffTds nIox¿aLr ljljw cGtlqm{of /x]sf] s'/fdf alnof] j}1flgs ;xdlt 5 . h:t}M :jf:Yosf kl/0ffdx¿ kx'Frof]Uotf, wfGg;Sg] Ifdtf / lzIffaf6 alnof] ¿kdf k|efljt x'G5g\ . ljutsf] t'ngfdf g]kfnsf dflg;x¿ cfh :j:y hLjg afFlr/x]sf 5g\ . oBlk, pgLx¿ cgfjZos ¿kdf cem} klg lgjf/0f ug{ ;lsg] /f]ux¿af6 kLl8t eO/x]sf 5g\ / w]/}sf] cNkcfo'd} d[To' eO/x]sf] 5 . lbljnx¿df kl/sNkgf ul/Psf] h:tf] :j:y hLjgsf nflu /f]u / v/fa :jf:Yoaf6 6f9f /xg Plss[t / lbuf] k|of;x¿åf/f ;j{k|yd lgjf/0f ug{ ;lsg] /f]ux¿sf] lgoGq0f x'g'k5{ .

g]kfn hg;flª\Vos tyf :jf:Yo ;j]{If0fn] u08sL k|b]zdf !% jif{ dflysf sl/j #@=! k|ltzt k'?if / #*=! k|ltzt dlxnfn] pRr /Qmrfksf] cf}iflw ;]jg ul//x]sf] b]vfpF5 . pRr /Qmrfk c:j:ys/ vfgf, ljz]ifu/L g'lgnf] vfgf / zf/Ll/s lgliqmotf;Fu ;DalGwt 5 . o;}u/L u08sL k|b]zdf !% b]lv $( pd]/ ;d"xsf !(=# dlxnfx¿n] kl/jf/ lgof]hgsf] ;fwgsf] k|of]u af/] cfkm} ;';"lrt eP/ lg0f{o lng] u/]sf 5g\ . of}g tyf k|hgg\ clwsf/df kx'Fr / k|of]un] ;?jf /f]ux¿ cGTo ug]{ sfo{nfO{ an k'¥ofpF5 . em08} %$ k|ltzt 3/kl/jf/nfO{ :jf:Yo s]Gb|;Dd k'Ug #) ldg]6 ;do nfUg] u/]sf] 5 -/]vflrq @_, / *=#% k|ltzt hg;ª\Vofn] 3/kl/jf/sf] cfosf] 7"nf] lx:;f :jf:Yodf vr{ ug]{ u/]sf 5g\ .

o; k|b]zdf rf/ k6s k|;jk"j{ :jf:Yo hfFr ;]jf lng] dlxnfx¿sf] k|ltzt %( /x]sf] 5, h'g k|b]zx¿ dWo] t];|f] pRr xf] . k|;jk"j{ :jf:Yo ;]jfsf] pkof]u / gjhft lzz'sf] d[To'b/aLr /x]sf] cGtlg{lxt ;DaGw cfpFbf] efu -/]vflrq #_ df 5nkmn ul/Psf] k|b]zx¿aLrsf] t'ngfTds ljZn]if0fjf6 :ki6 x'G5 . rf/ k6s;Dd k|;jk"j{ :jf:Yo ;]jfsf] pkef]u ug]{ dlxnfx¿sf] k|ltzt Go"g /x]sf] 7fpFdf gjhft d[To'b/ pRr /x]sf] kfOG5 . u08sL k|b]zdf :jf:Yo s]Gb|df ;'Ts]/L x'g] k|ltzt klg ;a}eGbf pRr -^* k|ltzt_ /x]sf] 5 . oxfFsf ($=& k|ltzt lzz'x¿n] l8kL6L, x]kf6fO6L; aL / PrcfOeL vf]ksf] tLg dfqf lng] u5{g\ . gjhft lzz'sf] d[To'b/ Go"g ug]{ pkfox¿ ;'/lIft vfg]kfgL, ;/;kmfO / :jR5tfdf kx'Fr;lxt cfwf/e"t :jf:Yo ;]jf, vfBfGg / lzIffdf kx'Fr;Fu ;DalGwt 5g\ .

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o; k|b]zdf n}lËs ;dfgtfsf] b[li6sf]0fdf of}g lx+;fsf] ;fdgf ug]{ !% b]lv $( jif{sf dlxnfx¿sf] k|ltzt $=( / zf/Ll/s tyf of}g lx+;fsf] ;fdgf ug]{ dlxnfx¿ k|ltzt !^=% /x]sf] 5 . crn ;DklQdflysf] :jfldTjn] dlxnfsf] ;fdflhs tyf cfly{s x}l;otdfly 7"nf] k|efj kf5{, lsgeg] To;n] cfly{s :jtGqtfnfO{ k|efljt ug'{sf ;fy} d"No yk ug]{ / /f]huf/L l;h{gf ug]{ lqmofsnfkx¿df ;+nUg x'g] dfWod pknAw u/fpF5 . ;fy}, Joj;fosf] yfngL ug{ C0f / cj;/sf] pknAwtfsf] lgwf{/0f w]/} xb;Dd crn ;DklQsf] :jfldTjn] ub{5 . u08sL k|b]zdf ;lqmo art vftf ePsf dlxnfx¿sf] k|ltzt #( /x]sf] 5, / of] ;ª\Vof k|b]zx¿sf] lardf bf];|f] 7"nf] xf] .

dlxnfx¿sf] e":jfldTjdf ePsf] k|ultn] pgLx¿sf] cfly{s lqmofsnfkdf / ;zlQms/0fdf k|f]T;flxt u/]sf] 5 . nueu @@ k|ltzt dlxnfx¿sf] hldgdf :jfldTj /x]sf] 5 . ;DklQsf] :jfldTjsf xsdf em08} !# k|ltzt dlxnfx¿n] 3/kl/jf/df ;DklQ -3/hUuf_ dfly :jfldTj /x]sf] atfP -/]vflrq $_ . >d zlQmdf dlxnfx¿sf] k|efjsf/L ;xeflutfn] cy{tGqdf pTkfbsTjnfO{ an k|bfg ub{5 / dof{lbt >dsf] l;h{gfsf] nIo * sf nflu k|ToIf k|efj kfb{5 . ;fy} ;DklQdflysf] :jfldTjn] ;zQmLs/0f / ljlQo ;]jfx¿df Plss/0fnfO{ cem ;'b[9 agfpg] sfd u5{ . /fhgLlts ;xeflutfsf] xsdf u08sL k|b]zdf sl/j ##=## k|ltzt ;+;b\ ;b:ox¿ dlxnf /x]sf 5g eg] :yfgLo txdf $! k|ltzt dlxnf hgk|ltlglwx¿ /x]sf 5g\ .

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lzIffsf] lbljn cGo lbljnx¿;Fu s'g} g s'g} ?kdf cGt/;DalGwt 5 . h:t}M ul/aL, :jf:Yo, n}lËs ;dfgtf, cfly{s j[l4df lzIffsf] k|ToIf k|efj kb{5 . To;}u/L cGo If]qdf x'g] k|ultn] lzIffdfly w]/} tl/sfn] ;dfgfGt/ k|efj kfg{;S5 .

!% b]lv @$ jif{sf k'?if / dlxnfaLrsf] ;fIf/tf b/ k'?if / dlxnfsf nflu qmdzM ($=* / *^=#% k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 . k|b]zdf $,^)& j6f ljBfnox¿ 5g\ / k|fylds ljBfnodf cf};t egf{ b/ (^=& k|ltzt /x]sf] 5, h;df n}lËs ;dfgtf k|fylds ljBfnodf !=)# glhs /x]sf] 5 . pRr:t/sf] cf};t egf{ b/n] cflwsfl/s ljBfno hfg] pd]/sf hg;ª\VofnfO{ ;d]6\g] sfo{ pRr /x]sf] b]vfpF5 . k|fylds txdf s'n egf{ b/ !#@=! /x]sf] 5 -s'n egf{ b/n] pd]/sf jfah'b k|fylds lzIffdf egf{ ePsf ljBfyL{x¿sf] ;ª\VofnfO{ k|ltlglwTj ub{5, h;nfO{ cflwsfl/s k|fylds ljBfno pd]/sf ljBfyL{x¿sf] ;ª\Vofn] efu ul/G5_ . k|fylds / cfwf/e"t b'j} txdf s'n egf{ b/sf] ljZn]if0fn] k|fylds txdf a9L jf sd pd]/sf afnaflnsf w]/} /x]sf] b]vfpF5 .

n}lËs ;dfgtf ;"rsfÍ k|fylds ljBfno / lgDgdfWolds ljBfnodf qmdzM !=)# / !=)! /x]sf] 5 . ;fdflhs tyf cfly{s ;"rsfÍsf ¿kdf /x]sf] n}lËs ;dfgtf ;"rsfÍn]] ljsf; k'?if / dlxnfx¿sf] lzIffdf t'ngfTds kx'FrnfO{ dfkg ub{5 . n}lËs ;dfgtf ;"rs ! a/fa/ x'g'sf] cy{ dlxnf / k'?ifaLr ;dfgtf ePsf] ;ªs]t xf] . n}lËs ;dfgtf ;"rsfÍ u08sL k|b]zdf lgDg k|fylds txdf ! eGbf a9L /x]sf] 5, o;n] 5fqsf] t'ngfdf 5fqf k5fl8 /x]sf] bzf{pF5 . n}lËs c;dgtf dfgjLo / ;fdflhs d'2f xf], tyflk o;n] ljsf; / cy{tGqdf k|efjxLgtf klg lgTofpF5 . >d zlQmsf] cfk"lt{ b]lv ;zQmLs/0f;Dd n}lËs ;dfgtf pTkfbsTj a9fpg / cfly{s j[l4nfO{ lj:tf/ ug{ cTofjZos 5 . cy{tGqdf dlxnflj?4 e]befjn] cfly{s lqmofsnfk / dof{lbt >dsf cj;x¿nfO{ ;ª\s'lrt agfpF5 . >d zlQmdf dlxnf ;xeflutfsf] cj:yfn] u08sL k|b]zdf >dzlQmdf x/]s !)) hgf k'?ifsf nflu &$ hgf dlxnf >lds /x]sf] b]vfpF5 . hasL /fli6«o :t/df ^%=* k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 . dlxnfx¿n] sl/j @$=$* k|ltzt ;do cj}tlgs 3/fo;L / x]/rfxhGo >ddf Joltt u5{g\ .

#=@ cfly{s / hLjd08n of] If]qdf :jR5 vfg]kfgL / ;/;kmfO -lbljn ^_, dof{lbt >d / cfly{s j[l4 -lbljn *_, pBf]u, gjk|jt{g / k"jf{wf/ -lbljn (_, c;dfgtfsf] Go"lgs/0f -lbljn !)_, lhDd]jf/ pkef]u / pTkfbg -lbljn !@_, hnjfo' kl/jt{g la?4 sfo{jfxL -lbljn !#_ / hldgdfly hLjg -lbljn !%_ ;Fu ;DalGwt lbuf] ljsf; nIox¿ ;dfj]z 5g\ .

cTofjZos lrhx¿sf] c;dfg ljt/0fn] ;dfhdf c;dfgtf j9fpF5 h:tf] ls s'g} lglZrt hg;ª\Vofdf s]lGb|t x'g] pkef]u, cfDbfgL, sNof0f cflb . rf;f]df /x]sf] c;dfgtf pkef]u, cfDbfgL, sNof0f -;d[l4_ cflbsf] OlR5t dfWod s'g} vf; hg;ª\Vofdf s;/L ljtl/t ePsf] 5 eGg] s'/f;Fu ;DalGwt 5, h:t} vfBfGg vr{df s'n cfDbfgLsf] lx:;f . s'n pkef]udf u08sL k|b]zdf tNnf] $) k|ltzt hg;ª\Vofsf] lx:;f nueu !*=( k|ltzt /x]sf] 5, hasL /fli6«o:t/df tNnf] $) k|ltztsf] lx:;f ^=( k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 . c;dfgtf sd ePsf ;dfhx¿df s'n pkef]u k|ltztsf] lx:;f hg;ª\Vofsf]] k|ltzt a/fa/ x'g]u5{ . o;sf cltl/Qm, s'n pkef]u / hg;ª\Vofsf] lx:;fdf cfPsf] c;dfg'kflts kl/jt{gn] hg;ª\Vofsf] dflyNnf] bzds eGbf tNnf] bzdsdf cfosf] a9L ;dfg ljt/0f /x]sf] b]vfpF5 .

lugL u'0ffÍ -sf]clkm;]G6_ c;dfgtfsf] dfkg ug]{ Pp6f dfWod xf] . o;nfO{ ) / ! aLrsf] dfgsf] cg'kftsf] ¿kdf kl/eflift ul/Psf] 5 . lugL u'0ffÍ z"Gosf] cy{ pTs[i6 ;dfgtf xf] . u08sL k|b]zdf lugL u'0ffÍdf dfkg ul/Psf] c;dfgtf )=#& 5 h'g /fli6«o cf};t eGbf pRr xf] / k|b]zx¿sf] t'ngfdf of] bf];|f] pRr xf] .

u08sL k|b]z 43

u08sL k|b]zdf!) pkef]udf ;dfgtf eGbf cfDbfgLdf c;dfgtfsf] b/ a9L 5 . kfNdf ;"rsfËn] hg;ª\Vofsf] ;a}eGbf wgL !) k|ltztsf] lx:;f ;a}eGbf ul/a $) k|ltztsf] lx:;f;Fu eGbf a9L /x]sf] :ki6 u5{ . kfNdf ;"rsfÍ ! glhs} /x]sf] /fd|f] dflgG5, hxfF dWodju{sf] lx:;f ;dosf] cGt/fn;Fu} a9\g uPsf] a'lemG5 . u08sL k|b]zsf] kfNdf ;"rfÍ !=$! 5 / o;n] cfDbfgL / vr{df tNnf] / pkNnf] au{ aLr 7"nf] c;dfgtf /x]sf] atfpF5 .

u08sL k|b]zdf o'jf -!( jif{ d'lgsf]_ hg;ª\Vofsf] pNn]vgLo lx:;f /x]sf] 5, h;df k'?if eGbf dlxnfx¿ a9L /x]sf 5g\ . u08sL k|b]zsf] s'n hg;ª\Vofdf !% b]lv @$ jif{sf] c+z sl/j @) k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 . /f]huf/L / pBdzLntfdf o'jf ;|f]tsf] kl/rfng sdhf]/ ePsf] b]lvG5 lsgeg] o'jf cNkj]/f]huf/L b/!! / æcNk j]/f]hfu/LÆ o; k|b]zdf a9L b]lvG5 . k|b]zdf gofF sfdsf] ;[hgf sd x'gfn] ubf{ o'jfx¿sf] 7"nf] lx:;f ljb]lzPsf] 5 . cfly{s jif{ @)&#÷)&$ df k|b]zsf] sl/a !# k|ltzt cfly{s ¿kn] ;lqmo hg;ª\Vof ljb]lzPsf] cg'dfg 5 .

hg;ª\Vofsf] sl/j *@=%!# k|ltztsf] s'g} g s'g} k|s[ltsf] ljB'tdf kx'Fr 5 . hnljB'tsf] hl8t Ifdtf o; k|b]zdf t'ngfTds ¿kdf pRr 5 . g]kfnsf] s'n hl8t Ifdtf -()) d]uf jf6_df u08sL k|b]zsf] of]ubfg $* k|ltzt -$$*=%_ /x]sf] 5 . hnljB'tdf of]ubfg ug]{df of] ;a}eGbf dfly /x] tfklg :jR5 OGwg k|ljlwdf k|fylds lge{/tf ePsf] hg;ª\Vofsf] cg'kft eg] $) k|ltzt dfq 5 cyf{t of] k|b]z b]zsf] bf];|f] :yfgdf /x]sf] 5 . vfgf ksfpgsf nflu k|fylds ;|f]tsf ¿kdf 7f]; OGwgsf] k|of]u ug]{ hg;ª\Vof ^(=# k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 . ;du|df vfgf ksfpgsf nflu :jR5 OGwg jf 7f]; OGwgsf] k|of]u / ljB'tdf kx'FrnfO{ ;dfg cfwf/ dfGg] xf] eg] ljB'tdf pRr kx'Fr ePsf] k|b]zdf vfgf ksfpgsf nflu k|fylds ;|f]t k|of]u ug]{ 3/kl/jf/x¿ w]/} /x]sf] b]lvG5 .

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cGo cfwf/e"t ;]jfx¿df kx'Frsf] xsdf sl/j %)=$# k|ltzt 3/kl/jf/sf] wf/faf6 cfk"lt{ ul/Psf] vfg]kfgLdf kx'Fr 5 . v/sf] 5fgf ePsf] 3/ ePsf 3/kl/jf/sf] ;ª\Vof !)=&& k|ltzt 5 eg] (!=& k|ltzt hg;ª\Vofdf ;'/lIft ¿kdf Joj:yfkg ul/Psf] cfwf/e"t vfg]kfgLsf] kx'Fr 5 -/]vflrq ^_ . wf/faf6 cfk"lt{ ul/Psf] vfg]kfgLsf] ;"rs ;'/lIft vfg]kfgLsf] dfkg ug]{ glhssf] ;"rs ePklg o;n] u'0f:t/Lo / ;'/lIft vfg]kfgLdf 3/kl/jf/x¿sf] kx'Frsf] jf:tljstfnfO{ k'li6 u5{ eGg] 5}g .

k|b]zx¿sf] t'ngfTds ljZn]if0fn] wf/faf6 cfk"lt{ ul/Psf] vfg]kfgLdf kx'Fr ePsf] 3/kl/jf/sf] k|ltzt / cfw'lgs ;/;kmfOsf ;'ljwfx¿sf] Psn ¿kdf k|of]u ug]{ 3/kl/jf/aLrsf] ;DaGwnfO{ phfu/ ub{5 . o; k|b]zdf &#=& k|ltzt 3/kl/jf/sf] ljsl;t ;/;kmfOsf ;]jfx¿df kx'Fr 5 -/]vflrq ^_ . o;nfO{ wf/faf6 cfk"lt{ ul/Psf] vfg]kfgLdf kx'Fr x'Fbf 3/kl/jf/n] Psn ¿kdf k|of]u ug]{ ;/;kmfOsf ;'ljwfx¿ lgdf{0f ug{ k|f]T;flxt x'G5g\ eGg] cy{df JofVof ug{ ;lsG5 . o;n] ;/;kmfOsf] ;'ljwfdf a9\bf] kx'Fr, ;+:sf/ / r]tgfn] u08sL k|b]z ;+3Lo vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO dGqfnon] atfP cg';f/ v'nf lb;fd'Qm If]q 3f]if0ff ul/Psf] bfjLnfO{ klg k"0f{t ;dy{g ub{5 .

o; k|b]zdf /fli6«o / :yfgLo ;8x¿;lxt ;8sx¿sf] s'n nDjfO{ em08} !)(,&) lsdL 5, hxfF /0fgLlts ;8s ;~hfnsf] s'n nDafO{ !,^^^ lsdL / ;8s 3gTj k|lt !)) ju{lsnf]ld6/df $*=#@÷ lsdL /x]sf] 5 . ;a} df};ddf ;~rfng x'g] ;8ssf] @ lsdL kl/lwdf a;f]af; ug]{ hg;ª\Vofsf] cg'kft *% k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 . nf]sdfu{ ;8ssf] ;8s 3gTj k|b]zsf] blIf0fL efudf a9L 5, hxfF hg;ª\Vofsf] ljt/0f klg a9L 5 .

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u08sL k|b]zdf df]afOn kmf]g af]Sg] @) b]lv @$ jif{sf dlxnfx¿sf] cg'kft nueu *$ k|ltzt /x]sf] 5, hxfF em08} #* k|ltzt dlxnfx¿ OG6/g]6sf] k|of]u u5{g\ -/]vflrq &_ . ljk|]if0fn] NofPsf] pkef]usf] k|j[lQdf kl/jt{gn] dlxnfx¿sf] xftdf df]afOn kmf]g NofOlbPsf] eP tfklg df]afOn kmf]gdf OG6/g]6sf] k|of]u eg] Go"g 5 . df]afOn kmf]gsf] kx'Fr a9\b} hfFbf o;n] dflg;nfO{ OG6/6]gdf kx'Fr a9fpg] cj;/sf] l;h{gf u/]sf] 5 . o;af6 hLjg ;'wfg]{ ljljw k|sf/ ;]jfx¿df kx'Fr k'¥ofpg] 7"nf] cj;/ k|fKt ePsf] 5 . ;fy}, o;af6 cfd hgr]tgfsf sfo{qmdx¿ k|efjsf/L x'g] ;Defjgf a9L x'G5 .

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;|f]tM g]h:jf; -;g\ @)!^_

afnljjfxsf] cg'kft b'j} ju{df /fli6«o :t/ eGbf sd /x]sf] 5, h'g -!* jif{_ cl3 #!=& k|ltzt / -!% jif{ cl3_ &=% /x]sf] 5 . oxfF !% jif{ k'Ug' cufj} ljjflxt jf ;DaGwdf /x]sf @) b]lv @$ jif{sf dlxnfx¿sf] cg'kft !* jif{ cl3 ljjflxt dlxnfsf] cg'kft eGbf sd 5 -/]vflrq *_ . !* jif{df afnljjfx ug]{ rng u08sL k|b]zdf cGo ;a} k|b]zx¿ eGbf sd 5 .

#=# k|fb]lzs lbljn ;"rsx¿df tYofËsf] cefj÷cGt/ / pknAwtfg]kfnsf nflu /fli6«o ¿kdf klxrfg ul/Psf $&( lbljn ;"rsx¿dWo] !#( -@(Ü_ ;"rsx¿sf] dfq u08sL k|b]zdf v08Ls[t cfwf/ /]vf tYofÍ pknAw /x]sf] 5 . oL ;"rsx¿sf af/] s]xL lglZrt ;dosf] cGt/fndf hfgsf/L pknAw u/fpg ;lsG5 . o;}u/L u08sL k|b]zsf nflu !@% -@^Ü_ ;"rsx¿ ;fGble{s 5g\ t/ oL ;"rsx¿sf nflu cfwf//]vf ;"rgf pknAw 5}g . gofF ;j]{If0f / cGo k|zf;lgs tYofÍdfk{mt cfwf//]vf ;"rgf :yflkt ePkl5 u08sL k|b]zn] oL ;"rsx¿af/] hfgsf/L pknAw u/fpg;Sg]5 . /fli6«o :t/df klxrfg ePsf @@% ;"rsx¿ k|b]zsf] nflu sd ;fGble{s 5g\ / To;af/] s'g} cfwf/ /]vf ;"rgf gePsfn] lgoldt ¿kdf hgsf/L pknAw u/fpg ;ls+b}g . -tflnsf !_

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!* aif{ k'Ug' cl3 ljjflxt jf ;DaGwdf /x]sf @) b]lv @$ aif{sf dlxnfx?sf] cg'kft -lbljn %=#=!_

!% aif{ k'Ug' cl3 ljjflxt jf ;DaGwdf /x]sf @) b]lv @$ aif{sf dlxnfx?sf] cg'kft -lbljn %=#=@


u08sL k|b]z 47

! !$ !$ @* !$ & & @*

@ !# !& #) * & !% #)

# @& #@ %( @! @% !# %(

$ !! #% $^ !% !! @) $^

% !$ @@ #^ !^ & !# #^

^ !! !$ @% !# ^ ^ @%

& ^ ( !% ^ $ % !%

* !& !$ #! !* $ ( #!

( !@ * @) % ^ ( @)

!) !! !^ @& % !) !@ @&

!! !% !% #) % ^ !( #)

!@ !# !) @# ! % !& @#

!# * !! !( @ & !) !(

!$ !) ) !)** ) ) !) !)

!% !$ !& #! $ ( !* #!

!^ @# * #! # % @# #!

!& @% # @* # ^ !( @*

s'n -@$$—!)Ö@#$_* @$% $*(—!)—$&(_ !#( !@% @@% $*(—!)Ö$&(**

lbljnx¿

cGt/f{li6«o ¿kdf lbljn nIo / kl/df0ffTds nIosf nflu klxrfg ul/Psf ;"rsx¿sf] ;ª\Vof

u08sL k|b]zsf nflu ;fGble{s t/ cfwf//]vf tYof° gePsf ;"rsx¿

lbljn nIo / kl/df0ffTds nIosf nflu g]kfnn] klxrfg u/]sf s'n ;"rsx¿

s'n ;"rsx

lbljn nIo / kl/df0ffTds nIosf nflu g]kfnn] /fli6«o :t/df yk u/]sf ;"rsx¿

cfwf//]vf ;"rgf gePsf /fli6«o ¿kdf klxrfg ul/Psf / u08sL k|b]zsf nflu sd ;fGble{s ;"rsx¿

u08sL k|b]zdf cfwf//]vf ;"rgf ePsf /fli6«o ;"rsx¿

gf]6M * !) ;"rsx¿ ljleGg nIox¿ bf]xf]l/Psf 5g\ . ** g]kfnsf nflu c;fGble{s

clwsf+z tYofÍ g]>; -@)!!_, g]h:jf; -@)!!_ / hgu0fgf -@)!!_ af6 cg'dflgt ul/Psf 5g\ . To;df nueu @( k|ltzt g]h:jf;af6 #@ k|ltzt g]>;af6 / afFsL ;DalGwt dGqfno / u08sL k|b]zsf] l:yltkq af6 lnOPsf] 5 . tYofÍsf] cefj ;|f]t ;j]{If0f kfqf]df /x]sf] 7"nf] l/Qmtf xf] . ;fy}, 3/kl/jf/ / cGo ;j]{If0fx¿ klg lgoldt ¿kdf / kfqf] cg'¿k ;~rfng x'Fb}gg\ . tYofÍdf /x]sf] cefj k"lt{ ug]{ sfo{ k|fyldstfdf /xg]5 lsgeg] lbuf] ljsf;tk{m cl3 a9\g'sf] nflu e/kbf{ tYofÍ cfjZos x'G5g .

lbuf] ljsf; nIox¿sf] k|flKtsf nflu ultzLn tYofÍ kfl/l:yltsLo k|0ffnL cTofjZos 5 . cfly{s j[l4nfO{ lgloldt k[i7kf]if0f ug{, lbljnx¿tk{m ePsf] k|ultnfO{ k|f]T;flxt ug{, cfwf/e"t ;]jfx¿sf] cfk"lt{sf] sfo{s'zntfdf ;'wf/ Nofpg, kf/blz{tf :yflkt ug{ u08sL k|b]zn] tYofÍx¿sf] cefjnfO{ Joj:yfkg ug]{ cfˆgf k|of;x¿nfO{ ;s];Dd cufl8 a9fpg] 5 . lbljnx¿sf] cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg ug{ k|fb]lzs tYofÍ k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; / ;'b[9Ls/0f u08sL k|b]zsf] pRr k|fyldstfdf /xg]5 .

tflnsf !M u08sL k|b]zdf lbljn ;"rsx¿sf nflu tYof° pknAwtf / cefj


cWofo

u08sL k|b]z 49

u08sL k|b]zsf] of]hgf / ah]6 lgdf{0fdf lbljnx¿sf] :yfgLos/0f


$=! k[i7e"ld lbuf] ljsf;sf] cfsfª\IffnfO{ ;fsf/ kfg{ u08sL k|b]zn] ljsf;sf Ph]08fnfO{ gLltdfk{mt cy{tGq, ;dfh / jftfj/0f u/L tLg j6f cfofdx¿nfO{ cl3 a9fpg]5 . o; qmddf x/]s lbljn If]qdf ljleGg d'2fx¿aLr cGtlq{mof / ;xlqmof k|f]T;flxt ug'{ dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 . k|fyldstfsf ljljw If]qx¿nfO{ hf]8\g'sf] dxTj / Pp6f nIosf] k|flKtn] s;/L csf]{ nIonfO{ k|efljt u5{ eGg] s'/fnfO{ Wofgdf /fVb} sfof{Gjgosf] kl/0ffd Plss[t / h}ljs tl/sfn] dfkg ul/g]5 . of] ljifonfO{ hgtf, ;d[l4, k[YjL, zflGt / ;fe]mbf/Lsf] ;d"xdf 5'§fpg ;lsG5 .

$=@ hgtf / ;dfh -lbljn !, @, #, $ / %_/fli6«o ul/aLsf] /]vfd'gL /x]sf] xfnsf] !$=(! k|ltzt hg;ª\VofnfO{ ;g\ @)@# ;Dd &=$! k|ltztdf 36fpg] / ;g\ @)#) ;Dddf ul/aL pGd"ng ug{sf nflu ljBdfg ul/aLsf] b/nfO{ ;g\ @)@# ;Dd x/]s jif{ !=% k|ltzteGbf a9Ln] sd ug{ cfjZos 5 . ul/aLdf ePsf] Go"gLs/0fnfO{ ;zQmLs/0f, lzIff, c;n :jf:Yo / bL3f{o'aLr ePsf ;sf/fTds cGtlq{mofsf] kl/0ffdsf ¿kdf x]l/g]5 . k|b]zsf] cfo tyf pkef]udf tNnf] @) k|ltzt hg;ª\Vofsf] lx:;fdf j[l4 x'g]5 / /f]huf/Lsf cf}krfl/s dfWodx¿df dflg;x¿sf] ;+nUgtf a9\g hfg]5 . tNnf] @) k|ltztsf] lx:;fdf j[l4sf nflu ;f] cfo ;d"xsf] cf};t eGbf a9L j[l4 cfjZos x'G5, h;sf] cy{ >dlhjLju{sf] lxtdf pTkfbg / cfocfh{g k|lqmofsf] k'gM;+/rgf ul/g' cfjZos x'G5 . oBlk, ul/a 3/kl/jf/x¿sf] ;xL klxrfg Pp6f r'gf}tLsf] ¿kdf /x]sf] 5 . To;}sf/0f, u08sL k|b]zn] ul/aL Go"gLs/0fsf nflu Pp6f Plss[t / ;di6Lut /0fgLltsf] th'{df u/]sf] 5 . o;n] ul/aLsf cGtj{:t'x¿nfO{ k|ToIf ¿kdf a'emL ul/aL Go"gLs/0fnfO{ Pp6f ck]Iffs[t kl/0ffdsf ¿kdf ljleGg If]qx¿aLr If]qut cGt/;DaGwx¿ :yfkgf ug{ k|b]znfO{ 7"nf] cj;/ Nofpg]5 .

/]vflrq (M kf“r kL x¿

;d[4 k|b]z, v'zL gful/s

hgtf / ;dfh-lbljn !, @, #, $, %_

;fe]mbf/L-lbljn !&_

;d[l4 / u|x-lbljn ^, &, *, (, !), !!, !@, !#, !$_

zflGt -lbljn !^_

-Ph]08f @)#) cg'¿k / /fli6«o bL3{sfnLg ;f]rnfO{ kl/k"/s_

u08sL k|b]z 51

o;sf ;fy}, u08sL k|b]z;Fu /x]sf] hg;flª\Vos nfe csf]{ b'O{ b]lv tLg bzs;Dd oyfjt} /xg]5 . hg;flª\Vos nfesf] pkof]u ug{ u08sL k|b]z ;/sf/n] ;+/rgfut ¿kfGt/0fnfO{ a9fjf lb+b} cfly{s ¿kdf ;lqmo hg;ª\VofnfO{ pTkfbgd'ns lqmofsnfkx¿df hf]8\g] sfd ug]{5 . k|b]zsf] cy{tGqdf ko{6g, s[lif, phf{, pBf]u / ;]jf If]qsf] k|d'v of]ubfg /x]sf] 5 . ko{6g If]qn] cGo pTkfbg / ;]jf If]qx¿;Fu cu| tyf k[i6 ;Dks{–;DaGwx¿ :yfkgf ug]{5 . s[lifhGo d"No z[ª\vnf ko6{g d"No z[ª\vnfdf uP/ hf]l8g]5, hxfF 3/]n' s[lifhGo lqmofsnfkx¿n] cfGtl/s ko{6g If]qdf cfˆgf] ahf/ kfpg]5 . ko{6g If]qn] pRr cfly{s j[l4 xfl;n ug{ of]ubfg k'¥ofpg] :yfgLo pTkfbsx¿;Fu glhssf] ;DaGwsf] ljsf; ug]{5 .

u08sL k|b]zdf kfFrjif{ d'lgsf @*=( k|ltzt afnaflnsf s'kf]lift 5g\ . kfFrjif{ d'lgsf afnaflnsfx¿df pd]/ cg';f/ sd tf}n / prfO{ cg';f/ sd tf}n qmdzM @*=( k|ltzt / %=* k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 . k'8\sf]kgf / sd tf}n ePsf afnaflnsfsf] ;ª\Vof sd ug{sf nflu x/]s jif{ em08} !=@ k|ltztn] jflif{s ¿kdf Go"gLs/0f ug{ cfjZos 5 . of] nIonfO{ xfl;n ug{ vfBfGg cfk"lt{ / ;'Idkf]if0f kl/k"/s vfgfsf ;fy} emf8fkvfnfhGo /f]ux¿sf] lgoGq0f ug]{ Plss[t cjwf/0ffnfO{ pRr k|fyldstf lbOg]5 . ;fy}, ;/sf/n] e"ldsf] pTkfbsTj a9fpg / vfBfGg d"No z[ª\vnfsf] ;xh sfo{;~rfng ;'lglZrt ug]{ sfd ug]{5 . o; qmddf, o;n] tLg j6f pkfox¿ dfly hf]8 lbg]5M -s_ s[kifsx¿sf nflu e"lddf kx'Fr a9fpg]Ù -v_ a9L /x]sf] s[lifhGo >ldsnfO{ v]tafnL lqmofsnfkx¿af6 aflx/ NofP/ ;]jf pBf]ux¿df ;+nUg u/fpg], -u_ s[ifsx¿nfO{ ahf/ ;DaGwL ;"rgf÷hfgsf/L pknAw u/fpg] . klxnf] b'O{ j6f pkfox¿ w]/} r'gf}tLk"0f{ sfo{ x'g / To;sf nflu k/Dk/fut eGbf km/s k|of;x¿ cfjZos x'G5, h;df e"ldxLg / ;LdfGts[t s[ifsx¿sf nflu e"ld pknAw u/fpg] jf pgLx¿nfO{ cGo Joj;fodf ;+nUg u/fpg] x'g;S5 . o;sf ;fy}, s[lif If]qsfnflu oflGqsLs/0f / Jofjf;flos/0f ul/g]5 .

kfFr jif{d'lgsf] d[To'b/nfO{ -k|ltxhf/ hLljt hGddf_ @& af6 !% df emfg]{, gjhft d[To'b/nfO{ -k|ltxhf/ lhlat hGddf_ !% b]lv tLgdf k'¥ofpg], / ;g\ @)#) ;Dddf ljleGg k|s[ltsf k|hgg\hGo d[To'sf] ;ª\VofnfO{ lgoGq0f ug{ ;j{JofkL :jf:Yo ;]jf ;'lglZrt ug'{kg]{ h:tf :jf:Yo If]qsf r'gf}tLx¿ /x]sf 5g\ . o;}u/L, lzIffdf dlxnf joZs ;fIf/tf a9fpg] / o'jfx¿df ;tk|ltzt ;fIf/tf xfl;n ug]{ sfo{sf nflu lzIff If]qdf a[xt ;'wf/ cfjZos 5 . n}lËs ;dfgtf / dlxnfx¿sf] ;zQmLs/0f xfl;n ug'{ csf]{ r'gf}tL 5 . To;sf nflu cfly{s sfo{qmd;lxt ;fdflhs k'gM;+/rgf cfjZos 5 . aflnsf / dlxnf lj?4 x'g] lx+;f sl/j !^ k|ltztsf] b/df 5 / o;nfO pGd"ng ug{ cfjZos 5 . xfn k|b]z ;efdf Ps ltxfO{ / :yfgLo txdf $! k|ltztsf] xf/fxf/Ldf dlxnfsf] ;xeflutf 5 / o:tf ;fj{hlgs gLlt lgdf{0f tx / Jofj;flos sfof{nox¿df dlxnfx¿sf] ;xeflutf a9fpg] sfo{nfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbOg]5 .

ahf/df cfwfl/t gLltut cf}hf/dfk{mt c;dfgtf lgoGq0f ug'{klg sl7g sfo{ x'g]5 . t;y{ ul/ad'vL cfly{s j[l4 gLlt tyf sfo{qmdx¿sf ;fy} 7f]; ljt/0fhGo pkfox¿ cjnDag ul/g]5g\ . tyflk, s'n cfodf tNnf] $) k|ltztsf] lx:;f a9fpg sl7g 5 . xfn, hg;ª\Vofsf] tNnf] $) k|ltztsf] s'n cfodf lx:;f s]jn &=* k|ltzt /x]sf] 5, / of] If]qdf s]xL pNn]vgLo pknlAw xfl;n ug]{ xf] eg] sDtLdf klg @@ k|ltztn] a9fP/ s'n cfosf] #) k|ltztdf Nofpg'k5{ . of] sfo{nfO k|b]z ;/sf/n] k|fyldstf lbP/ sfof{Gjog ug]{5 .

vfB c;'/Iff / ef]sd/LnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug]{ lbuf] ;dfwfgsf ¿kdf u08sL k|b]zn] vfBfGgsf] pTkfbgdf j[l4 ug{], s[lifhGo pTkfbsTj j[l4df hf]8 lb+b} ul/aL Go"gLs/0fnfO{ b|'t ult k|bfg ug]{, / vfBfGgsf] ljt/0fdf ;'wf/ Nofpg] sfo{ ug]{5 . k|b]zdf em07} b'O{ ltxfO{ hgtf s[lifdf ;+nUg 5g\, To;}sf/0f s[lifhGo pTkfbsTjdf ;fdfGo ;'wf/n] klg ul/aLdf pNn]vgLo lu/fj6 cfpg;S5 . o; ;Gbe{df, s[lif If]qsf] Jofj;foLs/0f, oflGqsLs/0f / cfw'lgsLs/0f k|lqmofsf] yfngL ul/g]5 . o;n] lbuf] ljsf;sf nIox¿n] kl/sNkgf u/]cg'¿k pNn]vgLo dfqdf s[lif pTkfbsTjdf j[l4 Nofpg]5 . k|b]zn] ef]sd/Lsf nflu dfq geO{ ul/aL Go"gLs/0f, /f]huf/ l;h{gf / cfodf /x]sf] c;dfgtf sd ug]{ sfo{sf nflu cGo ljljw cfly{s sfo{x¿ ug]{5 .


$=# ;d[l4 / u|x -lbljn ^, &, *, (, !), !!, !@, !#, !$ / !%_u08sL k|b]zn] ko{6g, s[lif, phf{, pBf]u, k"jf{wf/, dfgj ;+;fwg / c;n zf;g u/L ;d[l4sf ;ft j6f d'Vo ;+afxsx¿sf] klxrfg u/]sf] 5 . oL ;+afxs If]qx¿n] u08sL k|b]zdf ;d[l4 Nofpgdf dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf lgjf{x ug]{5g\ . k|b]zn] ljsf; gLltx¿dfk{mt ko{6g / s[lif If]qnfO{ hf]8\g] 5, / d"No z[ª\vnf ;xsfo{sf nflu k"jf{wf/sf] lgdf{0f ug]{5 . pbfx/0fsf nfluM jflnª, kj{t / DofUbLdf x'g] s[lifhGo -lbljn @_ lqmofsnfkx¿nfO{ kf]v/f, hf]d;f]d / aGbLk'/sf] cfltYo ;]jf If]q -xf]6n_ sf] cfk"lt{ rqmdf hf]l8g]5 . cfly{s lqmofsnfksf nflu cfjZos cf}Bf]lus phf{sf] dfu # xhf/ d]ufjf6 ljB't pTkfbgdfk{mt / ;a}nfO{ phf{df kx'Fr ;'lglZrt u/]/ -lbljn &_ k"/f ul/g]5 . k"jf{wf/ ljsf;sf nflu cfjZos nufgL -lbljn (_ ;fj{hlgs tyf lghL ;fe]mbf/Ldfk{mt k"lt{ ul/g]5 . ;fy}, s[lifhGo pTkfbsTj k|j4{gsf nflu sf}zntf / ;Lk ljsf;, k|ljlw / pBdzLntf cfjZos x'G5 . tflnd sfo{qmdx¿ cfly{s jf:tljstfnfO{ ;xof]u k'Ug] tl/sfn] ljsl;t ul/g]5g\, h;dfk{mt cfly{s cfjZostfcg'¿ksf] ;Lk / dof{lbt /f]huf/Lsf] cfk"lt{ -lbljn *_ x'g]5 . s[lif If]qsf] oflGqsLs/0fnfO{ k|ljlwn] ;xof]u ub}{ pTkfbg vr{nfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg d2t ldNg]5 -/]vflrq !)_ .

u08sL k|b]zn] k|fs[lts ;f}Gbo{, h}ljs ljljwtf, ;fdflhs ljljwtfaLr Pstf, ;fF:s[lts ;d[l4, ;xcl:tTj / klxrfg, / hg;flª\Vos nfeu/L ;d[ltsf kfFr d'Vo ;xof]uLx¿sf] klg klxrfg u/]sf] 5 . kbdfu{, tfn / 7"nf lxdfnx¿ h:tf k|fs[lts ;f}Gbo{ u08sL k|b]zdf ko6{gsf nflu d'Vo cfsif{0fsf s]Gb| x'g\ . o;sf cltl/Qm, u08sL k|b]zsf] em08} $^ k|ltzt e"efu /fli6«o lgs'~h, cGgk'0f{ / dgf:n' ;+/If0f If]q, k~rf;] jg cf/If / 9f]/kf6g lzsf/ cf/Ifnufot ;+/If0f If]qn] cf]u6]sf 5g. k|b]z ;fdflhs ljljwtfn] klg ;d[4 5 / oxfFsf] vfgfsf] ;+:s[ltnfO{ cltl/Qm cfs{if0fsf ¿kdf lng ;lsG5 . >lds ju{sf ¿kdf dflgg] !% b]lv %( pd]/sf] hg;ª\Vof sl/j %^=( k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 . pgLx¿nfO{ s[lif / cf}Bf]lus lqmofsnfkx¿df ;+nUg u/fP/ k|b]zn] hg;flª\Vos nfesf] kmfObf lng]5 . k|b]z ;/sf/n] kl/sNkgf u/]sf] ;d[l4 xfl;n ug{ :jf:Yo / lzIffsf ;fy} ;Lk ljsf;nfO{ ;+/rgfut ¿kfGt/0fsf] cfjZostf x'g]5 -/]vflrq !!_.

/]vflrq !)M u08sL k|b]zsf] ;d[l4sf ;ft k|d'v ;++jfxsx¿

laBTj, 1fg / l;k . lglh tyf ;fa{hflgs ;fe]mbf/L . k|lalw

ko{6g-lbljn !,* _

s[lif-lbljn @,!@_

phf{-lbljn &_

pBf]u-lbljn *, !@_

k"jf{wf/ ljsf; -lbljn (_

dfgj ;+;fwg ljsf; -lbljn #,$,%,^_

zf;lso ;'wf/ -lbljn !^_

;|f]tM u08sL k|b]z l:ylt kq

h}las lalawtf

;fdflhs lalawtf lar Pstf

;f+:s[lts ;DkGgtf, ;xc;ltTj / klxrfg

hg;f+lVos nfe

;d[l4

/]vflrq !!M u08sL k|b]zdf ;d[l4sf kf“r d'Vo ;xof]uLx¿

» » » » »


k|fs[lts

;f}Gbo{

u08sL k|b]z 53

k|b]zn] kl/sNkgf u/]sf] ¿kfGt/0fsf/L cfof]hgfx¿df kf]v/f cGt/f{li6«o ljdfg:yn, k[YjL tyf l;4fy{ nf]sdfu{sf] rf/ n]gdf lj:tf/, kf]v/f dxfgu/kflnsfdf rqmky / kf]v/f b]lv lqj]0fL;Dd b'|tdfu{sf] lgdf{0f h:tf 7"nf cfof]hgfx¿ ;dfj]z 5g\ . oL cfof]]hgfn]x¿n] lbljn ( df ug]{ of]ubfgn] ljBdfg oftfoft k"jf{wf/nfO{ ;'b9 agfpg] / lbljn & df kg]{ u08sL cf}Bf]lus If]q h:tf cGo kl/of]hgfx¿sf kl/0ffdx¿nfO{ yk an k'¥ofpg] sfd ug]{5g . k"jf{wf/, s[lif / pBf]udf /x]sf cfof]hgfx¿sf nflu cfjZos phf{ / lzIff -lbljn & / $_ sf] ;|f]t tgx'+ hnljB't, a'9Lu08sL hnljB't, pQ/u+uf hnljB't, u08sL ljZjljBfno / u08sL k|fljlws lzIffnoh:tf cfo]fhgfx¿jf6 k'lt{ x'g]5g\ .

;du|df k|b]z b|'t ultdf zx/Ls/0ftk{m cl3 al9/x]sf] 5Ù h;df xfnsf] zx/L hg;ª\Vof j[l4 k|lt jif{ #=$ k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 . of] j[l4 /fli6«o hg;ª\Vof j[l4sf] t'ngfdf em08} t]Aa/ xf] . k|b]zdf !! k|ltzt eGbf a9L 3/kl/jf/x¿ v/n] 5fPsf] 3/df a:5g\ eg] wf/fdfk{mt cfk"lt{ ul/Psf] vfg]kfgLdf kx'Fr x'g]sf] ;ª\Vof ## k|ltzt eGbf tn 5 . ;d[l4 xfl;n ug{ / zx/Ls/0f k|lqmofdf u'0f:t/ sfod ug{ r'gf}tLx¿ ljBdfg 5g\ -h:t}M u'0f:t/df ;'wf/ u/L x/]s 3/kl/jf/df wf/fdfk{mt vfg]kfgLsf] cfk"lt{ u/L k|b"if0f x6fpg] / vfg]kfgLsf] kx'Frdf /x]sf] leGgtf Go"g ug]{_ ;fy}, hg;ª\Vofsf] 7"nf] c+zdf cem}klg cfw'lgs ;/;kmfO{ / 9nlgsf;sf] Joj:yf x'g;s]sf] 5}g . pko'Qm 9nlgsf;sf] Joj:yfdf kx'Fr;lxt ;a} 3/kl/jf/x¿df cfw'lgs zf}rfno lgdf{0fsfo{sf] lj:tf/ ug]{ r'gf}tL /x]sf] 5 .

zx/L If]qdf ¿kfGt/0f x'g] :yfgLo ;d'bfox¿sf] cfsfª\Iff nfO{ b[li6ut ubf{ cfwf/e"t k"jf{wf/sf] ;]jfnfO{ ;j{JofkL jf sDtLdf klg bf]Aa/ agfpgsf nflu 7"nf] ;|f]tsf] cfjZostf k5{, / k|b]zsf] Psn ;|f]tn] dfq Tof] ;Dej 5}g . To;}sf/0f, zx/L ljsf;df lghL nufgLn] k|d'vtf kfpg]5 . ;fy}, k"jf{wf/sf] ljsf; ubf{ ckfËd}qL agfpg]tk{m klg kof{Kt Wofg lbO{g]5 . ;j{;'ne, e/kbf]{, lbuf] / cfw'lgs phf{df ;j{JofkL kx'Fr ;'lglZrt ug]{ sfo{n] ul/aL Go"gLs/0f, :jf:Yo, lzIff, vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO, /f]huf/L l;h{gf, cf}Bf]lusLs/0f / hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] k|efj lgoGq0f ug{df dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf lgjf{x ug]{5 .

n kf]v/f cGt/fli6«o ladfg:ynn sf]/nf, kf]v/f, lqa]0fL

nf]sdfu{sf] lgdf{0fn k[YjL nf]sdfu{sf] rf/ n]gdf

:t/ a[l4n l;4fy{ nf]sdfu{sf] rf/ n]gdf

:t/ a[l4n kf]/vf b'DsLjf; b|'tdfu{sf]

lgdf{0fn kf]v/f dxfgu/kflnsfdf l/Ë/f]8

lgdf{0fn kf]v/f dxfgu/kflnsf ;+u

hf]l8Psf ;]6nfO6 ;x/ h:t} ;'Snfu08sL, s':df, k'tlnahf/ / dWog]kfn larsf] ;8s ;DaGw la:tf/

n e"ldut kfgL / lnkm6 l;rfO{n s[lif k|zf}wg pBf]usf] :yfkgfn df]8n s[lif kmd{sf] ljsf;n Ps kflnsf Ps sf]N8?d

sfo{qmdn Ps kflnsf Ps :yfgLo pTkfbg

sfo{qmdn gbL lsgf/ / 6fx¿df l;rfO

la:tf/n kz'bfgf pBf]usf] :yfkgf /

;+~rfngn pGgt kz'kfngn u08sL ufO{ kmfd{

n k|b]z :tl/o cf}Bf]lus If]qsf] :yfkgf

n k|To]s kflnsfdf Ps pBf]u u|fdsf] :yfkgf

n @( j6f lgdf{0flwg / $% j6f cWoog/t laB't cfof]hgfx¿sf] lgdf{0f

n s[lif k|zf]]wg / vlgh pBf]ux¿sf] :yfkgf

n gjnk'/sf] wf]jfbLdf kmnfd sf/vfgfsf] :yfkgf

n :of+hf, tgx'+ / gjnk'/df l;d]G6 pBf]usf] :yfkgf

n u08sL laZj laBfnosf] :yfkgf

n u08sL k|flalws k|lti7fgsf] :yfkgf

n cGt/fli6«o:t/sf] v]ns'b /Ëzfnfsf] lgdf{0f

n u08sL la1fg tyf k|lalw k|lti7fgsf] :yfkgf

n dfWolds laBfnodf la1fg laifosf] k9fO la:tf/

k"jf{wf/-lbljn (_

s[lif / l;rfO{”-lbljn @_

phf{ / pBf]u-lbljn & / (_

lzIff / gjk|jt{g-lbljn #, $ / %_

/]vflrq !@M ¿kfGt/0fsf/L sfo{qmd÷cfof]hgfx¿



u08sL k|b]zn] &%( j8fx¿nfO{ :yfgLo txsf j[l4 ljGb'sf ¿kdf, *% kflnsf ;b/d'sfdx¿nfO{ gu/:t/Lo j[l4 s]Gbsf ¿kdf / !! lhNnf ;b/d'sfdx¿nfO{ lhNnf:t/Lo j[l4 s]Gb|sf ¿kdf ljsl;t ug]{5, / kf]v/fnfO{ k|fb]lzs /fhwfgL / k|b]z:t/Lo j[l4 s]Gb|sf ¿kdf ljsf; ug{]5 . oL k|of;x¿n] k|b]z leq ;Gt'lnt ljsf;sf] cg'udg u/L To;nfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg d2t ug]{5 . of] gjLg nIonfO{ xfl;n ug{ o;n] k"j{–klZrd / pQ/–blIf0f oftfoft dfu{x¿ cg'¿k cf7 j6f ljsf; cIf/]vfx¿sf] ljsf; ug]{5 . d'Vo ljsf; cIf(corridor)x¿ b]xfocg';f/ /x]sf 5g\M

n d'ª\lnË, 8'd|], kf]v/f, s'Zdf, afUn'ª, a'tL{afË ljsf; cIf .n kf]v/f, k'tnLahf/, jflnª, unfË, rfkfsf]6 ljsf; cIf . n sf]/nf, hf]d;f]d, a]gL, s':df, kf]v/f, ledfb, 8]9ufFp, b'DsLjf;, lqj]0fL ljsf; cIf . n c/dfbL, ;]tLa]gL, lddL{, ?Gb|ljbL, /fDbL, rfkfsf]6, u}+8fsf]6, sjf;f]tL, ;flnu|fd ljsf; cIf . n 8'd|], wf/fkfgL, 7f]r]F, ?OnfeGHofª ljsf; cIf . n a]lg3f6, cf?3f6, >Llb{jf;, ?OnfeGHofª ljsf; cIf . n kf]v/f dxfgu/kflnsf jl/kl/ l/ª/f]8 ljsf; cIf . n kf]v/f dxfgu/kflnsf jl/k/L :of6]nfO{6 zx/ h:t}M z'Snu08sL, k'tnLahf/, s'Zdf, dWo g]kfn ljsf;

cIf .

k"j{tof/L sfo{;lxt ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f lqmofsnfkx¿df k|b]zn] a9L Wofg s]lGb|t ug'{kg]{ cfjZostf /x]sf] 5 . hf]lvd ;dLIff;DaGwL :jt:k"mt{ lqmofsnfkx¿, / To;kl5 x'g] Go"gLs/0f lqmofsnfkx¿nfO{ pRr k|fyldstf k|bfg ul/g]5 . cltl/Qm ljQLo tyf dfgj;|f]t cfjZos x'g] cg'dfg ug{ g;lsg] ljkb\x¿sf nflu k|b]zn] cfktsfnLg of]hgf agfpg]5 . lbuf] ljsf;sf nIox¿sf] sfof{Gjog ubf{ ljkb\x¿sf] ;Daf]wg ul/g]5 / To;n] lbuf] ljsf;sf nIox¿sf] sfof{Gjog ljlwnfO{ cj/f]w l;h{gf ug]{5}g .

o;}u/L, ;xh} k|efj b]lvg] ljkb\sf] tTsfn cfudgsf cltl/Qm, lbuf] ljsf;sf nIox¿sf] sfof{Gjogdf hnjfo' kl/jt{gnfO{ Wofg lbg' TolQms} dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu, hnjfo' kl/jt{gn] cem uDeL/ agfPsf] ;'Vvfn] s[lif, hLljsf]kfh{g, vfg]kfgLdf kx'Fr, kl/jf/x¿sf] vfB ;'/Iff, dlxnf tyf afnaflnsf, ljz]ifu/L ;LdfGts[t ;d'bfosf / u|fdL0f If]qdf a;f]af; ug]{x¿sf] kf]if0fsf] cj:yfdfly bL3{sfnLg k|efj kfb{5 . To;}sf/0f, lbuf] ljsf;sf nIox¿sf] sfof{Gjog / ah]6 ljlgof]hg ubf{ hnjfo' kl/jt{g / o;sf k|efjx¿af/] kof{Kt of]hgf agfOg]5 . o;sf ;fy}, ljkb\x¿sf] nflu cfktsfnLg of]hgf klg tof/ 5 / h;sf nflu ljQLo tyf dfgj ;|f]tx¿ cfjZostf klg klxrfg ul/Psf 5g .

u08sL k|b]z 55

$=$ ;fe]mbf/L ;‹Lo ;/sf/ / k|b]zaLr ;fe]mbf/LM k|fb]lzs of]hgfsf] sfof{GjognfO{ k|f]T;fxg u/L lbuf] ljsf;sf nIox¿ xfl;n ug{ ;‹Lo ;xfotf j[l4 ug'{ dxTjk"0f{ 5 . k|lta4tf, ;|f]t pknAwtf / Ph]08fnfO{ cufl8 n}hfg] tTk/tfsf afjh'b Ifdtfsf ;Lldttfx¿n] lbljnx¿sf] k|flKtdf Jojwfg v8f gePsf] ;'lglZrt ug{ ;+3 ;sf/;Fusf] ;xsfo{nfO{ yk ;'b[9 agfOg]5 . To;}sf/0f lbljn th'{df / sfof{Gjog ;dfj]z ePsf] k|fb]lzs ljsf; /0fgLltdf ;‹Lo ;/sf/sf] ;xof]udf x'g] Ifdtf ljsf; sfo{qmd Pp6f dxTjk"0f{ c+zsf] ¿kdf /xg]5 . ;+:yfut, ef}lts ;fwg, ;"rgf k|ljlw / dfgj;+zfwg;DaGwL Ifdtfsf cefjx¿nfO{ ;Daf]wg ul/G5, ljlw / k|lqmofnfO{ ;‹ / k|b]zaLr ;'Jojl:yt ul/g]5 . ;‹ / k|b]zsf k|fyldstf k|fKt cfof]hgf / sfo{qmdx¿n] lbljnx¿nfO{ ;fsf/ kfg{ Pscsf{nfO{ kl/k"/0f ug]{ sfd ug]{5g\ .

k|b]z / :yfgLo ;/sf/aLr ;fe]mbf/LM gofF zf;sLo :j¿kcGtu{t lbuf] ljsf;sf nIox¿ xfl;n ug{ :yfgLo ;/sf/ / k|b]z ;/sf/ aLr :ki6 ;Gt'ng sfod ug'{ Hofb} dxTjk"0f{ x'g]5 . o;sf nflu k|b]z ;/sf/n] cfjZos ;dGjo / ;xsfo{ ug]{5 . :yflgo ;/sf/af6 klg ;dGjo / ;xsfo{sf] ck]Iff ul/G5 .

;fj{hlgs, lghL / hgtf -;d'bfox¿_ aLr ;fe]mbf/LM lbljnx¿df ljljw ;d"xsf kl/df0ffTds nIo tyf lqmofsnfkx¿ /x]sf 5g\ h;sf nflu 7"nf] wg/fzL cfjZos x'G5 . lbljnx¿ xfl;n ug{ o; k|b]znfO{ jflif{s ¿kdf ? @)$ ca{ cfjZos kg]{ cg'dfg ul/Psf] 5 . To;}sf/0f, u08sL k|b]zsf] ;/sf/n] lghL tyf ;fd'bflos If]q h:tf u}/;/sf/L ;fe]mbf/x¿nfO{ ;+nUg u/fP/ nufgLsf] kl/lwnfO{ lj:tf/ ug]{5 . o;sf] cy{ lbljnx¿sf] sfof{Gjog / cfly{s k|fof]hgsf] lhDd]jf/L ;fj{hlgs, lghL / hgtfaLrsf] lqkIfLo ;fe]mbf/Ldfly /xg]5 . oxfF ljz]ifu/L ;d'bfox¿sf nflu, ;fe]mbf/L eGgfn] ;|f]tsf] ;fe]mbf/L dfq geO{ sfof{Gjog / k|zf;g eGg] klg a'lemG5 .

cfly{s ¿kdf ;Ifd 3/kl/jf/x¿n] To;nfO{ uf]hL vr{eGbf aflx/sf] ¿kdf (Out of pocket expenditure) k|fof]hg ug{ ;S5g\ . u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf, ;xsf/L / ;fd'bflos If]qn] ;fd'bflos :t/df ;|f]t kl/rfngdfk{mt s]xL lbljnx¿sf] cfly{s k|fof]hg ug{ ;S5g\ . pgLx¿n] ;d'bfosf] g]t[Tjdf ;~rfng x'g] sfo{qmdx¿df /f]huf/L l;h{gf u/]/ x:tIf]k ug'{k5{, h:t}M 3/ lgdf{0f, ;fd'bflos s[lifhGo pTkfbgdfk{mt vfB ;'/Iff, ;fd'bflos :jf:Yo, ;fd'bflos ljQ, / ;fd'bflos tyf j}1flgs jg Joj:yfkg h:tf jftfj/0fLo ;'/Iff . o;sf ;fy} ;d'bfox¿sf] 7f]; g}lts :jfldTjn] kl/of]hgfsf] sfof{Gjogdf cfpg] Jojwfgx¿nfO{ sd ug{ d2t ug]{5 .

lghL If]qn] :jb]zL ahf/sf ;fy} j}b]lzs nufgLdfk{mt klg z]o/ / C0f kl/rfng ug{;S5 . ;fy}, lghL If]qn] lbljnx¿sf] k|flKtdf of]ubfg ug{;Sg] tl/sf eg]sf] pgLx¿n] nufgL ug]{ gd'gf Joj;fodf xf], h;nfO{ ljsf;sf nIox¿sf] ;Gbe{df ljutsf] k/f]ksf/L cEof;x¿eGbf pNn]vgLo kl/jt{gsf ¿kdf


x]l/g]5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu, lghL If]qn] d"No l;h{gf ug]{ lqmofsnfkx¿sf nflu cfGtl/s ;|f]t kl/rfng u/]/ ul/asf nflu ;xof]uL cfly{s j[l4nfO{ b'|ttf lbg sfd ug{;S5 . d"No yk x'g] -value addition_ lqmofsnfkdf nufgLn] /f]huf/L l;h{gf / pBd ljsf;nfO{ ;xof]u k'Ug;S5 . lghL If]qn] ko{6g;Fu ;DalGwt ;fdu|L / vfBhGo j:t'x¿sf] Jofkf/ Joj;fodf nfUg ;S5, h;af6 /f]huf/L / hLljsf]kfh{g k|f]T;flxt x'g hfG5 . ;fy}, o; If]qn] ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf gjLg ;dfwfgx¿ NofP/, ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf sjrsf nflu sfd u/]/, / lghL–;fj{hlgs ;fe]mbf/Ldfk{mt k"jf{wf/df nufgL u/]/ ;/sf/;Fu ;fe]mbf/L ug{;S5 . To;sf cltl/Qm pgLx¿ k|ToIf ¿kdf n3'ljQ;lxtsf] ljQLo ;]jfx¿df / afXo ljQLo ;|f]tsf] kl/rfngdf ;+nUg x'g;S5g\ . To;}n] Psftk{m lghL If]qn] /f]huf/L, hLljsf]kfh{g / cfwf/e"t ;]jf;'ljwfx¿df kx'Frdfk{mt lbuf] ljsf;nfO{ b'|t ult k|bfg ug{ ;xof]u ug{;S5 eg] csf]{tk{m o;n] nufgL leqfpg ;S5, ;Ifdtf xfl;n u/L sfof{Gjog k|lqmofsf] vr{ sd ug{;S5 . -/]vflrq !#_

/]vflrq !#M lbljnx¿df lghL If]q

d'No l;h{gf ug]{ lqmofsnfkx¿

nufgL

sfo{s'zntf

n ;fjh{lgs–lghL ;fe]mbf/Ln j}b]lzs nufgL

n /f]huf/Ln Hofnfdf ;dfgtfn pBd ljsf;

n pTkfbsTjdf j[l4n lbljnx¿sf sfof{Gjogsf] vr{ sd ug]{

u08sL k|b]z 57

$=% zflGt -lbljn !^_ ;d[l4 / v'zLsf] k"j{ zt{ zflGt xf], h;n] ;du|df dgf]j}1flgs / ljQLo ;'vsf] cfwf/ lgdf{0f u5{ . zflGt / dgf]j}1flgs ;'v u08sL k|b]zdf 3/kl/jf/sf] :t/af6 ;'? x'g'k5{ . of] lsgeg] cGo k|b]zx¿sf] t'ngfdf of] k|b]zdf n}lËs lx+;f -;fj{hlgs ePsf] / gePsf]_ sf 36gfx¿ sdL 5g\ .!$ k|b]zn] cfˆgf] of]hgfdf zflGt / c;n zf;gsf] d"NonfO{ ulx/f] ¿kdf k|ltlalDat u/]sf] 5 . of] lbljnx¿sf nflu ljz]if dxTjsf] 5 lsgeg] dfgjclwsf/, ;dfgtf / ;dtf, ;dfj]zLs/0f, P]Soj4tf, ax'ntf / hgtf / cfk"m a:g] jftfj/0fsf nflu ;Ddfgsf d"NodfGotf lagf c;n zf;g / zflGt k|Tofe"t ug{ ;lsFb}g .

Gofodf kx'Fr ;'wf/ ug]{ 7"nf] ;Defjgf 5, lsgeg] ;+ljwfgn] :yfgLo :t/sf ljleGg ljjfbx¿ ;dfwfg ug{ :yfgLo ;/sf/nfO{ cw{Goflos clwsf/ k|bfg u/]sf] 5 . gu/kflnsfsf] pkk|d'v / ufpkflnsfsf pkfWoIfn] Goflos ;ldltsf] ;+of]hssf] ¿kdf sfd u5{g\ . Goflos ;ldltx¿n] ;Ldf, kfgLsf] ljt/0f, afFsL Hofnf, 3/ef8f, afnLdf gf]S;fg / cGo w]/} ljifo;Fu ;DalGwt d'2fx¿ x]g]{, / ;dfwfg ug]{ u5{g\ . kx'Frdf sl7gfO{ jf hl6n ljlwsf sf/0f cf}krfl/s cbfntx¿af6 Gofo c;kmn eO/x]sf] cj:yfdf :yfgLo ;/sf/sf] xftdf Gofon] dlxnf, afnaflnsf / j[4j[4f lj?4 x'g] lx+;fnfO{ sd ug{;S5 . :yfgLo Gofo ;ldlt / lj:tfl/t ;d'bfosf] g]t[Tjdf ;~rfng eO/x]sf] d]nldnfk sfo{qmdaLrsf] ;xsfo{n] a[xt zflGt lgdf{0fsf k|of;x¿df of]ubfg k'¥ofpg] ck]Iff ul/Psf] 5 .

c;n zf;gn] kf/blz{tf, hjfkmb]lxtf / ;Ifdtfsf] dfu u5{ . ;fy}, cfodf c;dfgtf pRr /x]sf] cj:yfdf cfly{s j[l4n] ul/aL Go"gLs/0f ug{ kof{Kt d2t ub}{g . /fHosf gLlt tyf sfo{qmdx¿dfly 6f7faf7fx¿n] nuftf/ sAhf hdfPkl5 ;|f]t / cj;/sf ;fy} æcfjfhÆdf klg ul/asf] kx'Fr sd x'G5 / ljsf; k|lqmofaf6 alxis[t x'g k'Ub5g . To;}sf/0f lbljnx¿n] Gofo / zflGtdf kx'Fr / c;n zf;gdf a9L rf;f] b]vfPsf 5g\ . c;n zf;g / Gofo tyf zf;gdf ;d'bfox¿sf] ;+nUgtf ljgf k|b]zn] zflGt, / dfgj ljsf; tyf ul/aL Go"gLs/0fdf lbuf] k|ultsf] cfzf klg ug{ ;Sb}g . o; ;Gbe{df u08sL k|b]zn] ljB'tLo zf;g -O–ue{g]G;\_ nfO{ nfu" u/]/ zf;lso k|0ffnLnfO ;'b[9 ug]{ of]hgf agfO/x]sf] 5 .

!$ u08sL k|b]z k|f]kmfOn, k|b]z gLlt tyf of]hgf cfof]u, @)!*


tflnsf @M lbljn nIo cg';f/ cj;/ / r'gf}tLx¿

lbuf] ljsf; nIo cj;/x¿ r'gf}tLx¿

lbljn !

lbljn @

lbljn $

lbljn %

ljleGg If]qx¿aLr cGt/;DaGw :yfkgf ug]{, / ul/aL Go"gLs/0fnfO{ kl/0ffdsf ¿kdf nlIft ug]{ .

k|b]z, :yfgLo ;/sf/ / ;d'bfox¿aLr lqkIfLo ;DaGwdf yk sfd ug]{ cj;/ 5 .

h:t}M :yfgLo txdf sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug{ ;d'bfox¿ / u};;x¿nfO{ cfdGq0f ug]{ .

k|fb]lzs gLlt tyf of]hgfdf ax'If]qLo kf]if0f of]hgf bf];|f] .

k|fb]lzs txdf ax'If]qLo kf]if0f of]hgfsf] k|zf;g ;+oGq ;'b[9 ug]{ .

k|fb]lzs txdf ax'If]qLo kf]if0f of]hgf bf];|f] ;+:yfut ;+oq lqmofzLn ug]{ .

;a} ax'If]qLo kf]if0f of]hgf bf];|f]df cBfjlws ;"rgf Joj:yfkg k|0ffnL lqmofzLn ug]{ .

dfWolds lzIffdf kx'Fr ;'lglZrt ug]{, ;a} txdf u'0f:t/ a9fpg], ;Lkdf cfwfl/t lzIff k|0ffnL, ljBfno aLrd} 5f8\g] b/ sd ug]{ . lzIfs tflnd ;+:yf :yfkgf ug]{, tflndk|fKt / ;Ifd lzIfsx¿sf] pknAwtf ;'lglZrt ug]{ .

;fwf/0f lzIffnfO{ k|fljlws / Jofj;flosdf ¿kfGt/0f ug]{ .

!) hf]8 @ df /x]sfx¿nfO{ Jofj;flos tflnd ;+:yfx¿df Plss[t ug{ ;lsG5 .

;"rgf k|ljlwn] dlxnfsf] :jtGqtf / ;zQmLs/0fsf nflu gofF lIflth k|bfg u/]sf] 5 .

ul/a 3/kl/jf/sf] klxrfg ug]{ / nlIft sfo{qmd agfpg] .

dlxnf / afnaflnsf;lxt s'kf]lift JolQmx¿sf] klxrfg ug]{ .

ax'If]qLo kf]if0f sfo{qmdsf] kx'Fr ;d'bfo / :yfgLo :t/df Jofks agfpg] r'gf}tL /x]sf] 5 . k"j{ gjk/f;L, d':tfª, DofUbL, uf]vf{ / afUn'ª leqsf ufpF ;d'bfox¿ s]xL o:tf If]qx¿ x'g\ hxfF s'kf]if0fsf] cj:yf a9L Jofks /x]sf] ljZjf; ul/G5 .

d'Vo r'gf}tL kf7\oqmddf ljljwtf ;'lglZrt ug'{ / ;Lkx¿nfO{ cf}Bf]lus dfu;Fu d]n u/fpg' /x]sf] 5 .

lzIffdf ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] k|of]u a9fpg' / l;sfO{ Ps cj;/ xf] .

u08sL ljZjljBfno / u08sL k|fljlws k|lti7fg af6 bIf dfgj ;+zfwgsf] pTkfbg ug]{ .

;fF:s[lts tyf dgf]j}1flgs k|j[lQx¿n] dlxnf ;xeflutfdf qmflGtsf/L kl/jt{g ;Dej x'g glbg ;S5 .

dlxnfx¿n] v'nf ¿kdf kl/l:ylt lj?4 n8\g g;Sg] .

;du|df n}lËs cg'¿ktf sfod ul/Pklg, ;fd'bflos ljBfnox¿df cem} klg 5fqfx¿sf] egf{b/ 5fqsf] eGbf a9L 5 .

k|fljlws lzIffdf dlxnfx¿sf] egf{ b/ k'?ifx¿sf] t'ngfdf sd 5 .

tflnsf @M qmdzM

$=^ u08sL k|b]zsf nflu klxrfg ul/Psf nIo cg';f/sf cj;/ tyf r'gf}tLx¿ tn ;ªIfkLs/0f ul/P h:t} nIo cg';f/sf cj;/ / r'gf}tLx¿sf] emnsM

u08sL k|b]z 59


lbljn ^

lbljn &

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dd{t;Def/sf] cefjdf pk]lIft /x]sf] vfg]kfgL cfk"lt{ k|0ffnLnfO{ k'g:yf{lkt ug]{ .

;+3Lo vfg]kfgL cfk"lt{ tyf ;/;kmfO dGqfno cg';f/ v'nf lb;fd'Qm If]qsf] dfkb08 k"/f ul/;s]sf] k|b]zx¿dWo] Ps u08sL k|b]z xf] .

d:of{ª\bL, a'9Lu08sL / sfnLu08sL k|;f/0f nfOgsf] lgdf{0fn] hnljB't ljsf; / nufgLsf nflu 7"nf] cj;/ l;h{gf u5{ . ;}4flGts ¿kdf s'n hnljB't Ifdtf @) xhf/ d]ufjf6 dfkg ul/Psf] 5 .

j}b]lzs tyf :jb]zL nufgLstf{x¿af6 nufgLsf] 7"nf] ;Defjgf .

;fj{hlgs–lghL ;fe]mbf/Ln] hnfzoo'Qm 7"nf hnljB't ljsf;sf nflu nufgLsf cj;/x¿ k|f]T;flxt ug{;S5 .

ljZjn] ;jf/L ;fwgx¿sf nflu o"/f] lecfO{ pT;h{g dfkb08 3f]if0ff u/]sf] 5 / o;n] u08sL k|b]znfO{ jftfj/0fd}qL pkef]u gLlt cjnDag ug]{ kof{Kt cj;/ lbPsf] 5 .

/fhgLlts l:y/tf / nufgLd}qL jftfj/0fsf] lgdf{0f ug]{ k|lta4tf .

u}/cfjf;Lo g]kfnLx¿af6 nufgL .

phf{n] ;d[4 e"uf]nsf sf/0f k|b]zsf nflu /fhZj a9fpg] kof{Kt 7fpF 5 .

ljk|]if0fnfO{ pTkfbs If]qdf kl/rfng ug]{ cj;/x¿ .

k|b]zdf vfg]kfgL cfk"lt{ kl/of]hgfx¿nfO{ k'g:yf{lkt / lgoldt u/fpg :yfgLo gful/sx¿af6 cfly{s of]ubfg ;Íng ug]{ .

vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO ;a} tLg txsf] ;/sf/x¿sf] k|fyldstfsf] ;"rLdf /x]sf] 5 . o;n] tL nIox¿nfO{ xfl;n ug{ sfo{qmdx¿nfO{ k|fyldstf k|bfg ug]{ cj;/ k|bfg u5{ .

sl/j @%=^ k|ltzt 3/kl/jf/ vfgf ksfpgsf nflu PnkLhL Uof;sf] k|of]u u5{g\ . s'n ljB't pkef]udf sl/j )=)! k|ltzt oftfoftdf pkef]u x'G5 / xfn k|b]zn] ef/taf6 cfofltt OGwg;d]t k|of]u ub{5 .

ljB't pkef]usf] Jojxf/df kl/jt{g u/L ljB'tsf] k|of]unfO{ k|f]T;flxt ug'{ /x]sf] 5 .

u08sL k|b]zsf] cfly{s ljsf;sf nflu k|fb]lzs /fhZjsf] lbuf] / k|efjsf/L pkof]u .

pko'Qm /fhZj kl/rfng k|0ffnLsf] cefjdf :yfgLo / k|fb]lzs txaLr bf]xf]/f]kgfsf] ;Defjgf .

;‹Lo k|0ffnLsf] pko'Qm ;+of]hgdf j}b]lzs ;xfotfnfO{ k|efjsf/L ¿kdf kl/rfng ug'{ r'gf}tL /x]sf] 5 .

k|b]zsf] clåtLo e":yflgs -geospatial_ ljz]iftfn] ubf{ ljQ / ahf/df hgtfsf] lbuf] kx'Fr ;'lglZrt ug'{ r'gf}tLk"0f{ 5 .

o'jf ;d'bfosf nflu /f]huf/Lsf cj;/x¿ l;h{gf ug'{ / u'0f:t/Lo k"jf{wf/ ljsf;sf nflu ;|f]tx¿sf] Joj:yfkg ug'{ .

ljQLo ;+:yfx¿df nufgLof]Uo /sdsf] cefj .

;Lldt /fhZj kl/rfngn] cfjZos ;|f]t kl/rfngdf yk r'gf}tL v8f u/]sf] 5 .

b]zsf] a9\bf] Jofkf/ 3f6f k|b]zs} Jofkf/ 3f6fsf] Pp6f k|ltlaDj xf] . cfoft sd u/]/ k|b]zsf lgof{td'vL pBf]ux¿sf] k|j4{g ug'{ r'gf}tL /x]sf] 5 .

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!% s]xL d'Vo sfo{qmdx¿ /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]un] lbljn vr{ tyf ljQ k|ltj]bgdf vr{ cf+sng u/]sfaf6 lnOPsf x'g\ . o;n] k|b]z / ;‹Lo ;/sf/aLr x'g;Sg] kl/k"/s k|of;x¿nfO{ ;s]+t ug{ d2t ug]{5 .


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nueu ^! k|ltzt hg;ª\Vof gu/kflnsfdf df /x]sf] x'gfn] of]hgfj4 zx/ / j:tLljsf;sf nflu of] cj;/ xf] .

zx/Ls/0fn] a9L cj;/x¿sf] l;h{gf u5{ .

ef}uf]lns / h}ljs ljljwtf .

cGt/f{li6«o ljdfg:ynsf] lgdf{0fn] s[lifhGo pkhx¿sf] cGt/f{li6«o ahf/df lgof{t ;Dej agfpg d2t ug]{5 .

ahf/df kx'Fr, oftfoftdf ;xhtfn] s[lifdf 7"nf] cj;/ l;h{gf ug{;S5 .

d'VodGqL jftfj/0fd}qL s[lif sfo{qmd

s[lif / s[lif ko{6gdf a9\bf] cfs{if0f .

b]zsf] t'ngfdf u08sL k|b]z ul/aLsf] ;"rLdf tn ePklg k|b]zsf u|fdL0f If]qx¿df r/d ul/aL 5 .

/f]huf/Lsf nflu ;Ddfg k|j4{g\ ug]{ .

k|b]zsf ufpFx¿df ;8s kx'Fr r'gf}tLsf ¿kdf /x]sf] 5 .

sdhf]/ cg';Gwfg / k|df0fdf cfwfl/t k"jf{wf/ cfof]hgfx¿ . To:tf k|of;x¿nfO{ lbuf] agfpg cfjZos Ifdtfsf] cefj r'gf}tLsf ¿kdf /x]sf] 5 .

;8ssf] u'0f:t/df ;'wf/, 9n lgsf;sf] Joj:yf, lbuf] kmf]xf]/ Joj:yfkg, ztk|ltzt hgtfdf ljB'tsf] la:tf/ .

sl/j ^) k|ltzt j:tLx¿ zx/L ljz]iftf cg'¿k 5}gg\ .

a'tL{afË, afUn'ª / 8'd|], tgx'Fdf gofF zx/x¿sf] lgdf{0fsf nflu cy{sf] Joj:yfkg r'gf}tLsf ¿kdf /x]sf] 5 .

t/sf/L / wfgsf] pTkfbgn] dfq k|b]zsf] vfBfGg 3f6fsf] k"lt{ ub}{g .

Go"g pTkfbsTj / lbuf] hLljsf]kfh{gdf /x]sf r'gf}tLx¿n] cfk|jf;gnfO{ k|f]T;flxt u/]sf] 5, h;n] ubf{ pTkfbs If]qdf pBdLx¿sf] ;ª\Vof Go"g 5 .

o;n] k|b]zdf afFemf] / k|of]uxLg hUuffsf] cg'kftnfO{ yk a9fpg] sfd u/]sf] 5 .

s[lifnfO{ hLjgof]Uo Joj;fosf ¿kdf k'g:yf{lkt u/fpg' r'gf}tLk"0f{ /x]sf] 5 .

s''kf]lift ;d'bfox¿sf] jf:tljs cj:yfsf] cf+sng u/L ;Gt'lnt ef]hg ;'lglZrt ug'{ r'gf}tL /x]sf] 5 .

;|ft]M u08sL k|b]z l:yltkq, @)!(

$=& nIo cg'¿ksf] sfo{qmd, sfo{If]q tyf lhDd]jf/ lgsfox¿u08sL k|b]zn] cfˆgf] ;du| ljsf;sf nflu sfo{;"rLsf] klxrfg u/L k|fyldstf lgwf{/0f u/]sf] 5 . o;n] lbljnx¿nfO{ k|fb]lzs txdf :yfgLos/0f u/L cfˆgf] klxnf] k~raifL{o ljsf; of]hgf tof/ u/]sf] 5 . Ph]08f @)#) sf] :yfgLos/0fn] /fli6«o Ph]08fsf] k|flKtdf klg of]ubfg ug]{ ck]Iff ul/Psf] 5 . k|b]zsf] g]t[Tjdf ;~rfng x'g] sfo{qmdx¿sf] lgdf{0f ubf{ u08sL k|b]zn] dxTjsf+IfL /fli6«o of]hgfnfO{ cfTd;fy u/]sf] 5, / k|fb]lzs k|fyldstfnfO{ /fli6«o k|lta4tfdf ;dflxt u/]sf] 5 . tnsf] tflnsfdf dxTjk"0f{ efjL sfo{qmdx¿!% / To;sf nflu lhDd]jf/ lgsfox¿ ;+If]kdf k|:t't ul/Psf] 5M

u08sL k|b]z 61

nIo sfo{qmd If]q

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ul/a 3/kl/jf/ klxrfg ug]{ . ;LdfGts[t JolQmsf k|of;x¿ ;dflxt ug{;Sg] Joj;fhGo jftfj/0fsf] k|j4{g\ ug]{ . ;LdfGts[t JolQmx¿nfO{ :yfgLo ko6{g lqmofsnfkx¿df k|ToIf ¿kdf ;xefuL x'g k|f]T;flxt ug]{ / ko{6gsf] :yfgLo

cy{tGq;Fu kZr / cu| ;DaGw :yflkt ug]{ . pgLx¿sf k/Dk/fut ;Lkx¿ k|blz{t ug]{ / pgLx¿nfO{ /f]huf/Lsf nflu tflnd k|bfg ug]{ . ;/sf/åf/f k|jl4{t 3/cfjf; -xf]d:6]_ ko{6g / ul/aL Go"gLs/0faLrsf] ;DaGw xf] .

If]qdf cfwfl/t nlIft k"jf{wf/ / ;fdflhs kl/rfng lqmofsnfkx¿ . ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf nflu lgjf/0f / cg's"ng of]hgf, cGoyf To;n] ul/aLnfO{ hGd lbg;S5 . /f]huf/ JolQmsf] /f]huf/Lsf] cj:yf, / cfDbfgLsf] klxrfg ug]{ . ;Lkdf cfwfl/t /f]huf/L yfngL ug]{ . ;LdfGts[t JolQmx¿dfly nlIft n3'jLdf sfo{qmd .

:yfgLo If]qdf kof{Kt ;ª\Vofdf z}of /x]sf] c:ktfnx¿sf] Joj:yf ug]{ . x/]s j8fdf :jf:Yo rf}sL / k|;'lt s]Gb| . :jf:Yo, cfdf tyf lzz' :ofxf/ s]Gb|sf nflu kof{Kt ah]6 ljlgof]hg ug]{ . &% jif{dflysf gful/snfO{ lgMz'Ns :jf:Yo ;]jf . ;fj{hlgs / lghL :jf:Yo ;+:yfx¿aLr ;fe]mbf/L . :jf:Yo jLdfsf] kx'Fr lj:tf/ ug]{ . :jf:Yo k|0ffnL / ;]jf cfk"lt{ ;+oGqnfO{ ;'b[9 ug]{ .

s[lif pTkfbsTj a9fpg d2t ug{;Sg] sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug]{ . h:t}M lagf z'Ns ef8fdf lng] Joj:yf, h;cGtu{t s[ifsx¿n] s[lifsf nflu pks/0f / 6«ØS6/ ef8fdf lng ;S5g\, / To;nfO{ vl/b ug{ cfjZos x'Fb}g .

afnL ljlzi6Ls/0fsf nflu afnLsf] lglZrt ks]6 If]q, Ans, hf]g / ;'k/ hf]gsf] k|j4{g\ ug]{ . pRr pTkfbsTj ePsf] jLpljhg klxrfg ug]{ / jLpljhgsf] cfk"lt{df ;'wf/ Nofpg] . df6f] k/LIf0f / s[lifdf ljljwtf k|j4{g\ . s[ifsx¿sf nflu 3/b}nf] k|fljlws ;]jf . ;a}eGbf ;'ljwfaf6 al~rt ;d"xx¿sf nflu vfB / kf]if0f ;'/Iffdf ;'wf/ Nofpg] / vfB clwsf/sf] ;Ddfg ug]{ . s[lif lzIff k|0ffnLsf] ;'b[9Ls/0f . l;rfOFsf] lj:tf/ / ;'wf/ . dn cfk"lt{ tyf ljt/0f k|0ffnLdf ;'wf/ . s[lifsf nlu u|fdL0f ;8s ;~hfn lj:tf/ ug]{ . ;fgf tyf dWod s[lif–pBdx¿sf] k|j4{g\ . s[ifs / s[lif pBdx¿sf cfjZosx¿k|lt ;+j]bgzLn Joj:yfsf] ljs]Gb|Ls/0f / lj:tf/ . d'VodGqL hnjfo'd}qL s[lif sfo{qmddfk{mt kf]ifs / gub] afnLsf] k|j4{g\ . ljsl;t jLpljhg, afnL ljljwLs/0f / df6f] :jf:Yo sf8{sf] yfngL . lghL If]q / ;fd'bfox¿af6 nufgLsf nflu u'0f:t/Lo / pRr d"No jLplahgsf] klxrfg ug]{ . kmnkm'n ;ª\\sng tyf ljt/0f s]Gb|sf] :yfkgf . ;fd"lxs tyf Jofj;flos s[lifsf] k|j4{g\ . s[lif jLdf sfo{qmd . df]afOn kmf]g k|ljlwdfk{mt ahf/ ;"rgf ;Dk|]if0f / s[lifsf] ofGqLs/0fdf d2t ug]{ . s[lifsx¿sf] pTkfbg ljqmLsf nflu ahf/ s]Gb|sf] ;'b[9Ls/0f . t/sf/L / kmnkm'nsf nflu e08f/0f / zLt e08f/sf] Joj:yf . 5gf}6 ul/Psf gu/kflnsfx¿df cfw'lgs / ;'ljwf;DkGg kz'kfng / s'v'/fkfng s]Gb|x¿sf] :yfkgf ug]{ . /fHoåf/f ;~rflnt sfo{qmddfk{mt ljBfno hfg] afnaflnsfsf nflu u'0f:t/Lo b'w pknAw u/fpg] . gofF P]gx¿ th'{df ug]{, h:t} rSnfaGbL / s/f/ v]tL;DaGwL P]g .

tflnsf #M nIocg';f/sf sfo{qmd If]q

tflnsf #M qmdzM


nIo sfo{qmd If]q

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ahf/df ;Lksf] dfu / ljZjljBfnosf :gftsaLr ;DaGw :yflkt ug]{ . ;a} k"j{k|fylds / cfwf/e't lzIffsf lzIfsx¿sf] nflu Jofj;flos tyf Aofa:yfkg l;k ljsf; tflnd. ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f / ljBfno ;'/Iff sfo{qmd . o'jfx¿nfO{ v]ns'b / pRr k|fljlws lzIffdf k|j4{g\ ug]{ . ljBfno hfg k|f]T;flxt ug{ vfhf / ;zt{ cg'bfg k|bfg ug]{ . o'jf /f]huf/L k|j4{g\ ug{ k|fljlws tyf Jofj;flos ljBfnox¿sf] :yfkgf . ul/a tyf ;LdfGts[t ljBfyL{x¿sf nflu 5fqj[lQ sfo{qmd . lzIffdf u'0f:t/ lgoGq0f . dfkb08 / d"NodfGotfx¿sf] ljsf; . u08sL ljZjljBfnosf] :yfkgf ug]{ / u08sL k|fljlws ;+:yfgn] cf}Bf]uLs/0fsf nflu k|fljlws dfgj;|f]t pTkfbg ug]{ .

dlxnf, afnaflnsf, ckfª\utf ePsf JolQm / t];|f] lnËL dlxnf ;zQmLs/0f, sfg'gx¿ ;xL ljlwdfk{mt th'{df ug]{ . :yfgLo txsf kflnsfx¿n] yfngL u/]sf] dlxnf ;zQmLs/0f sfo{qmdx¿nfO{ k|fljlws ;xfotf k|bfg ug]{ . Jojxf/hGo e]befj pGd"ng ug]{ .

vfg]kfgLsf e/kbf]{ ;|f]tx¿sf] klxrfg ug]{, / To;sf] pko'Qm Joj:yfkg ;'lglZrt ug]{ . Ps 3/kl/jf/ Ps ;'/lIft vfg]kfgLsf] wf/f k|bfg ug]{ .

b'O{ jif{leq ;a} 3/kl/jf/nfO{ ljB'tdf kx'Fr ;'lglZrt ug]{ . s]Gb|, k|b]z / :yfgLo txaLr ;fe]mbf/L :yflkt ug]{ . e"ld Joj:yfkg, lgdf{0f ;fdu|L / åGå Joj:yfkgsf

nflu ;dGjo ug]{ . afof]Uof; / ljB'tLo phf{sf] k|of]u k|j4{g\ ug]{ . Ps :yfg Ps n3' hnljB't kl/of]hgfsf] k|j4{g\ ug]{ . ljB'tLo ;jf/L ;fwg / vfgf ksfpg] r'nf]sf] k|j4{g\ ug]{ . 7"nf hnfzoo'Qm hnljB't / ;f}o{ phf{ kl/of]hgf k|j4{g\ ug]{ .

>dk|wfg If]q h:t}M s[lif, lgdf{0f, pTkfbg / ko{6gdf /f]huf/Lsf] l;h{gf . ;fgf tyf dWod pBdsf] k|j4{g\ / ;fgf Joj;fosf] ljQ ;]jfx¿df kx'Fr a9fpg] . ;Lk ljsf; . /f]huf/ ;"rgf k|0ffnL . Affn>d pGd"ng . sfo{:yndf x'g] rf]6k6saf6 ;'/Iff . sfo{:yn ;'/Iff ;'lglZrt ug]{ .

;a} kflnsf ;b'd'sfdnfO{ k|b]z /fhwfgL;Fu sDtLdf klg b'O{ n]gsf] ;8sn] hf]8\g] . k|b]zsf] ;a} lgjf{rg If]qdf sDtLdf klg Pp6f pTkfbg ;8s lgdf{0f ug]{ . ckfËd}qL /0fgLlts ;8s lgdf{0f ug]{ . dd{t;Def/ / ;~rfng vr{sf nflu x/]s txn] !)Ü Joj:yf ug]{ .

>ldsx¿nfO{ Gofo;ª\ut / u}/ e]befjk"0f{ Hofnf /f]huf/Lsf nflu ;dfg cj;/df nufgL k|ultzLn s/ k|0ffnL

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u08sL k|b]z 63

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zx/L ;8s, gfnL / 9n lgdf{0f kfOkåf/f vfg]kfgLsf] cfk"lt{ / 9nsf] Joj:yf kmf]xf]/ ;Íng s]Gb|, a;kfs{, / cGo zx/L k"jf{wf/ ul/a, e"ldxLg, al~rt / ;LdfGts[t JolQmx¿sf nflu cfjf; ;fF:s[lts ;Dkbf / k'/ftTj s]Gb|x¿sf] k'glgdf{0f ljkb\ k"j{tof/Lsf] Joj:yf gd"gf :df6{ zx/x¿sf] :yfkgf v'nf :yfg, v]ns'b d}bfg / ;fj{hlgs pBfgsf] lgdf{0f

;a} pTkfbg If]qdf sRrf kbfy{sf] k|of]udf ;Ifdtf /;fog / kmf]xf]/sf] lahg]; Ph o'h'jn -BAU_df Joj:yfkg phf{ lskmfot k|s[lt;Fu ;'xfpFbf] hLjgz}nL

pTyfgzLntf / cg's"ng Ifdtfsf] ljsf; ;'wf/dfk{mt pT;h{gdf sdL hnjfo';DaGwL tYofÍsf] ;'b[9Ls/0f k"jf{wf/ kl/of]hgfx¿sf nflu hnjfo' k|lt/f]wL k|ljlw cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg, / tYofÍ Ifdtf ;'b[9 ug]{ .

jg ;+/If0f / hgtfnfO{ cfly{s nfesf] bf]xf]/f] /0fgLlt j}1flgs jg Joj:yfkg / h8La'6L s[lif . Ps JolQm Ps kmnkm'nsf] j[Ifsf] cjwf/0ff k|j4{g\ ug]{ . ;d'bfosf] g]t[Tjdf jg;|f]tsf] Joj:yfkg, /fHosf] :jfldTjdf /x]sf] hUufdf kmnkm'n v]tL . jg, tfn, hnfwf/, jGohGt', h}ljs ljljwtf / e"ldsf] ;+/If0f . k|lt:yfkg j[If/f]k0f /fli6«o tyf :yfgLo of]hgf / ljsf; k|lqmofdf kfl/l:ysLo k|0ffnL / h}ljsljljwtfdf dfGotfx¿sf] Plss/0f hnfwf/sf] ;+/If0f

:yfgLonfO{ dfgjclwsf/sf af/]df hgr]tgf Gofodf kx'Fr k'¥ofpg :yfgLo tx;Fu ;xsfo{ ;]jf cfk"lt{df ;'wf/ of]hgf, ah]6 tyf sfof{Gjogsf nflu Ifdtf ljsf; cfr/0fhGo lgi7f / ;]jf k|jfx k|efjsfl/tf ;j]{If0f cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg sf nflu /fli6«o k|f]kmfOnsf] ljsf; cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg k|0ffnLsf] ;'b[9Ls/0f

cfGtl/s /fhZo / ;|f]t kl/rfngsf] ;'b[9Ls/0f s/ / cGo /fhZj ;Íngsf nflu cfGtl/s Ifdtfdf ;'wf/ ug{ ;xof]u ug]{ j}b]lzs nufgLsf] kl/rfng ;fj{hlgs–lghL ;fe]mbf/Ldf ;+nUgtf / gLlt th'{dfdf ;xeflutf lbuf] ljsf; nIox¿sf] sfof{Gjog / cg'udg

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u08sL k|b]z 65

cg'udg tyf d"Nof°g


%=! kfFr kLsf] cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg ug{ k|fb]lzs tYofÍ k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; / ;'b[9Ls/0fM u08sL k|b]zn]] ;‹Lo lgsfo, k|fb]lzs ;+:yf / ufpFkflnsf ÷ gu/kflnsfx¿aLr pko'Qm ;dGjo ;+oGqnfO{ ;+:yfut ug]{ k|efjzfnL k|fb]lzs tYofÍLo k|0ffnLdf cfwfl/t 7f]; cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; ug]{5 . o;sf] p2]Zo lbljn cg'udg / /fHo zf;gsf nflu ;xL, ;fGble{s / ;fdlos tYofÍx¿sf] lgoldt cfk"lt{ ;'lglZrt ug'{ /x]sf] 5 . xfn, k|b]zn] lzIff, :jf:Yo / s[lifdf Joj:yfkg ;"rgf k|0ffnL, /fli6«o hLjg:t/ ;j]{If0f, hgu0fgf / ;‹Lo ;/sf/sf k|sfzgx¿h:tf ljBdfg ;|f]tx¿af6 tYofÍx¿ k|fKt ul//x]sf] 5 . oBlk, oL ;|f]tx¿n] k|b]z ;/sf/sf] 7f]; cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg k|0ffnLsf nflu cfjZos tYofÍ kl/k"lt{ ub}{gg\ .

k|b]z txdf Pp6f ;Ifd / lqmofzLn :yfoL tYofÍLo ;+:yf -lkP;cf]_ sf] :yfkgfsf nflu ;+oGqsf] ;+:yfut ug'{ dxTjk"0f{ 5 . k|fljlws ¿kdf /fli6«o tYofÍ sfof{noåf/f lgb]{lzt o; ;+:yfn] k|b]z ;/sf/sf nflu cu|0fL tYofÍ lgsfosf] sfd ug]{5 . ljBdfg g]kfn gd"gf ;j]{If0f -PgP;P;_ n] clwsf+z cflwsfl/s tYofÍx¿sf] pTkfbg u5{ h'g k|fljlws ¿kdf :yfgLo txsf ;"rsx¿df v08Ls/0f ug{ ;ls+b}g . hg;ª\Vof, s[lif / cfly{s u0fgfsf cltl/Qm cGo 7"nf:t/sf 3/kl/jf/ ;j]{If0f h:t}M g]kfn hLjg:t/ ;j]{If0f, g]kfn >dzlQm ;j]{If0f, ax';"rs Sn:6/ ;j]{If0f / g]kfn hg;flª\Vos tyf 3/kl/jf/ ;j]{If0fn] lhNnf:t/;Ddsf] k|fljlws ¿kdf ;xL cfFsngx¿ k|bfg ub}{gg\ . To;}sf/0f, k|fb]lzs tYofÍ sfof{non] /fli6«o tYofÍ sfof{no / cGo lgsfox¿;Fu ;dGjo u/L /fli6«o hgu0fgf / ;j]{If0fx¿af6 cg"sn u/L k|b]zsf] nflu cfjZos tYofÍ k"/f ug]{ x/;Dej k|of; ug]{5 . ;fy}, ;/sf/n] k|fb]lzs lgsfox¿df cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg÷Joj:yfkg ;"rgf k|0ffnL OsfO{ u7g ug]{5 . cfjZos k|fljlws tyf k|zf;lgs ;]jf s]Gb|sf nflu bIf tyf cg'ejL ;|f]tsf] kl/rfng cTofjZos x'G5 .

;]jf cfk"lt{ / sfo{qmd sfof{Gjogdf ;Íng ul/Psf] k|zf;lgs tYofÍ k|df0fdf cfwfl/t cg'udg / ;]jf cfk"lt{sf] k|efjsfl/tf ;dLIff ug{ k|of]u ul/g]5 . o;}u/L, k|fb]lzs tYofÍ sfof{nodf k|fb]lzs tYofÍ s]Gb| / eljiodf If]qLo:t/df ;+:yfx¿df cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg Plss[t u/fpg' TolQms} cfjZos 5 .

%=@ lbljn cg'udgsf ;fwgx¿ lbljnx¿sf] cg'udgsf nflu ;"rgfsf] d'Vo ;|f]tdf g]kfn hLjg:t/ ;j]{If0f -PgPnP;;_, g]kfn >dzlQm ;j]{If0f, g]kfn hg;flª\Vos :jf:Yo ;j]{If0f -Pg8LPrP;_, ax';"rs Sn:6/ ;j]{If0f -cfO{;LP;_, / hg;ª\Vof / s[lif u0fgf x'g\ . oL ;j]{If0fx¿ PsfTds zf;g k|0ffnLsf nflu ljsl;t ul/Psf x'g\ / xfn pgLx¿n] lbljn cg'udgsf nflu cfjZos k|b]z / kflnsf:t/Lo ;"rgf pknAw u/fpFb}gg\ . lbljn cg'udgsf nflu k|b]z / :yfgLo :t/sf] tYofÍ pTkfbg ug{sf nflu dfly pNn]lvt ;j]{If0fx¿sf] (sample size) gd'gfsf] cfsf/ a9fpg' Jojxfl/s x'G5 . zf;g Joj:yfdf ePsf] kl/jt{gkl5 k|b]zdf /x]sf] tYofÍsf] cefjnfO{ k"lt{ ug{ PsfTds /fHo k|0ffnLsf nflu lgdf{0f ul/Psf] ljBdfg /fli6«o tYofÍ ljsf; /0fgLltdf ;'wf/ ul/g] ck]Iff ul/Psf] 5 .

u08sL k|b]z 67

tflnsf $M k|:tfljt lbljn cg'udg ;fwgx¿

qm=;+= k|:tfljt ;j]{If0f cGt/fn cf}lrTo lhDd]jf/L

! /fli6«o hLjg:t/ dfkb08 ;j]{If0f

@ /fli6«o >dzlQm ;j]{If0f

# /fli6«o hg;flª\Vos / :jf:Yo ;j]{If0f

$ ax';"rs Sn:6/ ;j]{If0f

xfnsf] /fli6«o hLjg:t/ dfkb08 ;j]{If0fn] cfo, pkef]usf ;DaGwdf cg'dfgx¿ / k|fb]lzs :t/eGbf tn w]/} lbljn ;DalGwt ;"rsx¿ k|bfg ub}{g . s]Gb|Lo tYofÍ ljefunfO{ k|b]zsf] tYofÍ cfjZostf ;Daf]wg ug{ cfu|x ul/g]5 . of] ;j]{If0f lbljn !, lbljn@ / lbjn !) / !@ sf d'Vo ;"rsx¿ cg'udg ug{ dxTjk"0f{ x'g]5 .

/fli6«o >dz;QmL ;j]{If0fn] k|fb]lzs ;/sf/nfO{ cfjZos >dzlQm;DaGwL tYofÍ pknAw u/fpg]5 . ;fy}, u08sL ;/sf/n] lbljn cg'udgsf nflu afFsL ;"rgf ;Íng ug{ cfu|x ug]{5 . cNkj]/f]huf/L / j]/f]huf/L k|sf/sf ;"rsx¿n] o; ;j]{If0faf6 ;"rgf k|fKt ug]{5g\ . of] ;j]{If0fn] lbljn * nfO{ k|j4{g\ ug{ ;xof]u ug]{5 .

g]kfn hg;flª\Vos / :jf:Yo ;j]{If0f / ax';"rs Sn:6/ ;j]{If0fdf kof{Kt :ofDn ;fOh x'Fb}g . lbljn # cg'udg ug{sf nflu /fli6«o hg;flª\Vos / :jf:Yo ;j]{If0f / /fli6«o ax';"rs Sn:6/ ;j]{If0fsf ljz]iftfx¿ ;dfj]z u/]/ cfjZostf cg';f/sf] ;j]{If0f cfjZos x'G5 . of] ;j]{If0fn] cf+lzs ¿kdf lbljn $, %, ^ / & sf] k|ult, / k|b]z ;/sf/sf nflu lzIff, n}lËs ;dfgtf, vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO{, / phf{ sfo{qmd dfkg ug{ d2t ug]{5 . kflnsf:t/;Ddsf] e/kbf]{ cg'dfgx¿ lbg ;Sg] kof{Kt :ofDkn ;fOh;lxtsf] /fli6«o hg;flª\Vos / :jf:Yo ;j]{If0fn] k|b]zdf /x]sf] tYofÍsf] cefjnfO{ k"lt{ ug{;S5 .

k|fb]lzs :t/sf] vl08s[t tYofÍ ;lxt -o;n] lbljnx¿ !, @, #, $, %, ^, &, !) / !@ sf] cg'udg ug{ d2t ug]{5 . _

of] ;j]{If0f s]Gb|Lo tYofÍ ljefun] ug]{5 .

ljefunfO{ u08sL k|b]zn] ;xof]u ug]{5 .


ljefunfO{ u08sL k|b]zn] ;xof]u ug]{5 .

of] ;j]{If0f ;‹Lo ;/sf/sf] :jf:Yo tyf hg;ª\Vof dGqfnon] ug]{5 .

u08sL k|b]zsf] ;fdflhs ljsf; dGqfnon] ;xof]u pknAw u/fpg] 5 .


u08sL k|b]zsf] ;fdflhs ljsf; dGqfnon] ;xof]u pknAw u/fpg] 5 .

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tflnsf $M qmdzM

k|b]z ;/sf/n] lbljn cg'udgsf nflu / zf;g Joj:yfnfO{ alnof] agfpg ;xL / ;fGble{s tYofÍsf] lgoldt cfk"lt{ ;'lglZrt ug{ s]Gb|Lo tYofÍ ljefu / ;‹Lo ;/sf/sf cGo lgsfox¿sf] ;dGjodf k|b]z:t/Lo tYofÍx¿sf] pTkfbg ug]{5 . s]Gb|Lo tYofÍ ljefu ;j]{If0f / tYofÍ k|df0fLs/0fsf] s]Gb|ljGb'df /xg]5 . oBlk, ;DalGwt dGqfnodf ljBdfg :jf:Yo Joj:yfkg ;"rgf k|0ffnL, lzIff Joj:yfkg ;"rgf k|0ffnLsf] ;'b[9Ls/0f / lgi7f / ;]jf k|jfx k|efjsfl/tf ;j]{If0f, lg0f{o k|lqmofdf dlxnf / k'?if ;j]{If0f, dfgj;|f]t cf+sng, lbljn kl/0ffd cg'udg tyf ;j]{If0f -tflnsf $_ h:tf k|b]z:t/Lo ;j]{If0fdfk{mt cfˆgf] ;"rgf ljsf; ug]{5 .


qm=;+= k|:tfljt ;j]{If0f cGt/fn cf}lrTo lhDd]jf/L

^ hg;ª\Vof tyf s[lif u0fgf

! lgi7f / ;]jf k|jfx k|efjsfl/tf ;j]{If0f

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of] ;j]{If0fn] ax';+Vos lbljnx¿sf] cg'dug ug{ d2t ug]{5 .

of] ;j]{If0fn] zf;g Joj:yf / zflGt ;dfj]z /x]sf] lbljn !^ sf s]xL d'Vo ;"rsx¿sf] cg'udg ug]{5 .

of] ;j]{If0f n] ;fj{hlgs, lghL / u};;x¿sf] lg0f{o k|lqmofdf dlxnfx¿sf] x}l;otsf] cg'udg ug]{5 . ;fy}, o;n] lbljn % / lbljn !^sf w]/} ;"rsx¿sf] klg cg'udg u5{ .

of] ;j]{If0fn] lbljnx¿ $, * / !^ sf] cg'udg ug{ d2t ug]{5 .

of] ;j]{If0fn] u08sL k|b]zdf ;a} lbljn ;"rsx¿sf] cg'udgdf d2t ug]{5 .

hg;ª\Vof tyf :jf:Yo, kf]if0f, lzIff, afnaflsfnsf] ljBfno egf{b/, s[lif pTkfbg, ko{6s cfudg, oftfoft, ef}lts k"jf{wf/;DaGwL tYofÍ :jf:Yo Joj:yfkg ;"rgf k|0ffnL, lzIff Joj:yfkg ;"rgf k|0ffnL / ;jf/L ;fwg tyf pBf]u btf{sf] clen]v cflbaf6 ;Íng ul/g]5 .

of] ;j]{If0f ;‹Lo ;/sf/n] ug]{5 .

u08sL k|b]zsf] ;/sf/n] ;xof]u pkAw u/fpg] 5 .

u08sL k|b]z ;/sf/

u08sL k|b]z ;/sf/

u08sL k|b]zsf] gLlt tyf of]hgf cfof]u

u08sL k|b]zsf] gLlt tyf of]hgf cfof]u

u08sL k|b]zsf] ;fdflhs ljsf; dGqfno, e"ld;'wf/, s[lif tyf ;xsf/L dGqfno, pBf]u, ko{6g, jg tyf jftfj/0f dGqfno / ef}lts k"jf{wf/ dGqfnon] jflif{s ¿kdf ;]jf tYofÍsf] ;Íng ug]{5g\ .

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u08sL k|b]zsf] pBf]u, ko{6g, jg tyf jftfj/0f dGqfnon] ;xof]u pknAw u/fpg] 5 .

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lbuf] ljsf;sf nIox¿ - UNDP...2 cfwf/ tYof k|ltj]bg k|sfzs k|b]z gLlt tyf of]hgf cfof]u u08sL k|b]z...

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Transcript of lbuf] ljsf;sf nIox¿ - UNDP...2 cfwf/ tYof k|ltj]bg k|sfzs k|b]z gLlt tyf of]hgf cfof]u u08sL k|b]z...