Larry Allain Lowres
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FactorsAffec,ngHabitatQuality
inSmallScale
GrasslandPlan,ngs
LarryAllain
Na+onalWetlandsResearchCenter
Lafaye7e,Louisiana
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Purposes of small prairie plantings
Aesthetics Education Preservation of plant species and their genetic variation Attracting wildlife (animals)
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BREEDING BIRD SURVEY (FWS REGION 4) 1966-2000
Northern Bobwhite Loggerhead Shrike
Area and quality of grassland habitat is rapidly declining
Grassland animal species are declining faster than those of any other
habitat type.
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Grassland plantings at schools, businesses and homes can
contribute to prairie plant conservation but their value asanimal habitat varies.
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Factorseffec+nghabitatquality:Scale
Heterogeneity
CommunityStructure
Landscapeposi+on
DiversitySpeciesmakeup
Water
Nes+ngareas
Pes+cidelevels
AnimalHabitat
Animalgroups:
Rep+les
Amphibians
BirdsMammals
Insectsandotherinvertebrates
Casestudies:
Na+onalWetlandResearchCenterLafaye7eElementarySchool
WhiteLake
GueydanRestora+on
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FactorsEffec+ngHabitatQuality
>10000acres
severalsmallsinglelarge
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>10000acres
severalsmallsinglelarge
Random extinctions increases as area decreases More small locations provide more variation in environmental conditions Ecosystem function is often scale related (prairie chicken and bison)
FactorsEffec+ngHabitatQuality
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Homo/Heterogeneity
FactorsEffec+ngHabitatQuality
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FactorsEffec+ngHabitatQuality
Homo/Heterogeneity
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FactorsEffec+ngHabitatQuality
Homo/Heterogeneity
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Habitat variation providesmore opportunities for animals
FactorsEffec+ngHabitatQuality
Homo/Heterogeneity
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Landscapeposi+on
FactorsEffec+ng
HabitatQuality
Lafayette Middle SchoolMidland High School
Mermentau Elementary
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Landscapeposi+on
FactorsEffec+ng
HabitatQuality
Lafayette Middle SchoolMidland High School
Mermentau Elementary
Butterfly abundance and diversity wasnegatively correlated with developmentwithin a 1 km radius (Davros et al.2006).
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Landscapeposi+on
FactorsEffec+ng
HabitatQuality
Lafayette Middle SchoolMidland High School
Mermentau Elementary
Percent woody cover in the landscapewas an important variable explaining
species abundance (Davros et al. 2006).
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CommunityStructure
Density
FactorsEffec+ngHabitatQuality
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DensityHeight
FactorsEffec+ngHabitatQuality
CommunityStructure
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FactorsEffec+ngHabitatQuality
DensityHeightPlant architecture
CommunityStructure
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FactorsEffec+ngHabitatQuality
DensityHeightPlant architecture
Herbaceous/wood
CommunityStructure
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Plantspeciesrichness More plant species providemore opportunities foranimals
FactorsEffec+ngHabitatQuality
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Speciesguildsorfunc+onalgroups
Foliage (Larval host plants) Pollen-nectar (flower types and phenology) Legumes (nitrogen fixing) Warm/cool season forbs and grasses Vines/shrubs/sedges Deep/shallow rooted
FactorsEffec+ngHabitatQuality
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FactorsEffec+ngHabitatQuality
Water
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FactorsEffec+ngHabitatQuality
Nes+ngplaces
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FactorsEffec+ngHabitatQuality
Protec+onfrompredators
FactorsEffec+ngHabitatQuality
Protec+onfrompredators
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FactorsEffec+ngHabitatQuality
Freedomfrompes+cides
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FactorsEffec+ngAmphibians
Frogs and toads are foundnear water.
Water
Toads prefer patches of bare ground where
they can burrow.
Tree frogs like tall vertical structure where
they can climb.
Leopard frogs prefer
ephemeral ponds
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FactorsEffec+ngRep+les
Tall vegetation for cover
Prey - insects, frogs, small
mammals, and other snakes.
CommunityStructure
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White Lake
FactorsEffec+ngBirds
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FactorsEffec+ngBirds
National Wetland Research Center
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National Wetland Research Center
FactorsEffec+ngBirds
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Ag fields, old fields and other grasslands with no trees- morning dove, Northernbobwhite, savannah sparrow, sedge wren, eastern kingbird, scissortail flycatcher , easternmeadowlarks, redwing blackbirds, swamp sparrow, Le Contes sparrow, dickcissel
FactorsEffec+ngBirds
Landscapeposi+on
Savanna or grassland with woody brush dickcissels, northern bobwhite,eastern kingbird, eastern bluebird, cedar waxwings, Indigo buntings
Grassland areas near forest Northern bobwhite, common nighthawk, cardinal,blue jay, American robins
Wooded suburburban gardens Ruby throated hummingbird, redheadedwoodpecker, blue jay, American robins, brown thrashers, European starlings, cardinals,Indigo buntings, house sparrows
Forests Downey woodpecker, tufted titmouse, red-eyed vireo, prothonotary warbler,yellow-rumped warbler
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Red-winged Blackbird
FactorsEffec+ngBirds
Landscapeposi+on
Gueydan Restoration
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Scale/Landscapeposi+on
Gueydan Restoration
Savannah Sparrow
Le Contes Sparrow
Sedge Wren
Swamp Sparrow
Eastern Meadowlark
*
*
* Priority SpeciesDickcissel
FactorsEffec+ngBirds
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FactorsEffec+ngBirds
Scale/Landscapeposi+on
Gueydan Restoration
Raptors
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Le Contes Sparrow *Savannah Sparrow *
%p
resence
%p
resence
Sedge Wren * Swamp Sparrow
%p
resenc
e
%p
resenc
e
Community Structure (Density)
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low medium high
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National Wetlands Research Center
Loggerhead Shrike
FactorsEffec+ngBirds
Landscapeposi+on
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This also serves as an adaptation to eatingthe toxic lubber grasshopper. The toxinsdegrade in 12 days and can then be eaten.
FactorsEffec+ngBirds
Lubber grasshopper
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Killdeer
FactorsEffec+ngBirds
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FactorsEffec+ngBirds
Common Night hawkCenter for Ecological and Environmental Technology
Eastern Bluebird
Mocking bird
Scale/Landscapeposi+on
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Common Raccoon
Nine Banded Armadillo
Found in woodlands, savannas, and forest edges.
Eats mostly insects but also consumes fruits,mushrooms, eggs of ground nesting birds. Root inthe ground and can do substantial damage to smallprairie plantings.
Can be found in nearly all habitat but most abundantnear water. Often travel in drainages. Nests in treehollows or old animal burrows in the ground.Omnivorous and opportunistic.
FactorsEffec+ngMammals
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Cottontail Rabbit
Lives in forests, forest edges, and grasslands. Nests inslanted holes in ground. Nocturnal. Eat forbs andgrasses in warm weather and twigs and tree bark inwinter. Dont need a water source. An upland species
unlike the Swamp Rabbit.
Opossum
Lives in forests or forest edges near water. Nest inabandoned burrows, brush piles, hollow logs and underbuildings. Eat invertebrates, fruits, eggs, and smallvertebrates. Also scavenge carrion.
FactorsEffec+ngMammals
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Hispid Cotton Rat
Common in grassy areas. Eat primarily seeds andplant parts but also consume invertebrates, smallvertebrates, and bird eggs. Nest in balls of leaves inburrows or in dense vegetation.
Marsh Rat
Common in grassland bordering water and are goodswimmers. Eat seeds and plant parts, insects, snails,and other animal material. Nest in round balls ofleaves in dense vegetation.
FactorsEffec+ngMammals
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FactorsEffec+ngMammals
Least shrew
Common in upland grasslands. Nests in burrows, fallenlogs, or refuse. Eats earthworms, spiders, centipedes,slugs, snails and a variety of plant material. Eaten byowls, hawks, snakes and skunks.
Striped skunk
Found in open habitat and urban areas. Opportunisticomnivorous predators that eat invertebrates, smallmammals, birds and eggs, fruits and other vegetablematter. Often nest under buildings.
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Coyote
Common in both forests and grasslands. Eat insects,rodents, rabbits, birds, domestic poultry, numerous fruits(including watermelons) and grasses. Also scavenge
carrion. Nest in a variety of places.
Other mammals: Southern short-tailed shrew, least shrew, eastern mole, Bairdspocket gopher, fulvous harvest mouse, eastern harvest mouse, field mouse,cotton mouse, wood rat, red fox, gray fox, long tailed weasel, mink, prairie vole
FactorsEffec+ngMammals
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FactorsEffec+ngInsects
Most abundant Most diverse group of living things Available for education purposes Provide essential ecosystem services
Insects most important animals in small plantings?
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Essential ecosystem services:
Food Population control and habitat structure Predation Pollination Soil biota Decomposers Unknown ecosystem services
FactorsEffec+ngInsects
Insects most important animals in small plantings?
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Insectsfoodforotherclassesofanimals
Producers
Primary Consumer
Tertiary Consumer
Quarternary Consumer
Secondary Consumer
1 Kg
10 Kg
100 Kg
1000 Kg
10,000 Kg
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Producers
Primary Consumer
Tertiary Consumer
Quarternary Consumer
Secondary Consumer
1 Kg
10 Kg
100 Kg
1000 Kg
10,000 Kg
Decomposers areoften ignored
Insectsfoodforotherclassesofanimals
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Insectscontrolhabitatstructure
Gulf Fritillary
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Insecticides that kill Baccharisbeetles may be contributing toan invasion of Baccharis in
ranch lands.
Baccharis beetle larvae helpcontrol Baccharis in CoastalPrairie
Insectscontrolhabitatstructure
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Insectscontrolpopula+ons
Lady beetle eating aphids
Assassin bug eating fly
Stick mantid eating love bug
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American Bird Grasshopper
Differential grasshopperMajor crop pest in Midwest
Red-legged Grasshoppermost commonly inSoutheastern US
Major food source for overwintering neotropical migrants
Insectscontrolpopula+ons
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Insectspollinateplants
Why care about pollinators?
Value of insect-pollinate crops in US = $18 - $27 billion Plants with showy flowers are insect pollinated (goldenrod/ragweed) No pollinators no seeds
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Plant a diversity of insect pollinated plants
FactorsEffec+ngInsects
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FloweringPhenology(LouisianaCoastalPrairie)
FactorsEffec+ngInsects
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Plant species in clusters(Heterogeneous)
FactorsEffec+ngInsects
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Provide water
FactorsEffec+ngInsects
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Provideaplacetonest Deadwood
Bareground
Constructednes+ngsites
Shelter(windbreak)
Mostbeesonlymoveashortdistancefrom
theirnes+ngspot
FactorsEffec+ngInsects
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Avoid pesticides
Crea+ngHabitatForInsects
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FactorsEffec+ngHabitatQuality
Conclusions
Keep ecological principles in mind when designing a planting Make attracting insects a priority Ensure no insecticides are used in and around Educate those exposed to plantings about the importance of
bugs, rats, and weedy looking prairies
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FactorsEffec+ngHabitatQuality
Conclusions
Keep ecological principles in mind when designing a planting Make attracting insects a priority Ensure no insecticides are used in and around Educate those exposed to plantings about the importance of
bugs, rats, and weedy looking prairies
If you build it they will come
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Examples of plants with long bloom period
Gaillardia aestivalis
Liatris pychnostachya
Silphium gracile
Chamaecrista fasciculata
Solidago sp.
Ruellia humilis
Asclepias viridis Hyptis alata
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Examples of super attractant plants
Gaillardia aestivalis
Liatris pychnostachya
Silphium gracile
Solidago sp.
Eryngium yuccifolium
Monarda fistulosa
Symphyotrichum praealtum