Landscape glossary English Chinese: definitions 景...

© Department of Landscape, 2010

Landscape glossary English‐Chinese: definitions 景观术语表(英汉对照)：释义 Note: this document is related to the ‘Landscape glossary English‐Chinese’. Some words in that glossary are self explanatory and do not necessarily require a definition. This document concentrates on words, which are specific to or have a specific meaning related to the topic of landscape architecture. The definitions are from the Oxford English Dictionary (OED), Klaus‐Jürgen Evert, The Encyclopedic Dictionary of Landscape and Urban Planning: Multilingual Reference in English, Spanish, French and German (Springer, 2001) (LEX), Michael Symes, A Glossary of Garden History (Shire, 2006) (Symes), English Heritage, Conservation Principles, Policies and Guidance for the Successful Management of the Historic Environment (EH), European Landscape Convention (2000), other internet sources like Wikipedia and when not specified the Collins Concise Dictionary. 注：本文件是“景观术语表（英汉对照）”的相关性解释。术语表中的部分

词义已由字面表达，无须解释。本文件着重解释景观设计学领域中特有的或

有独特含义的词汇。释义参考《牛津英语词典》（OED)、Klaus-Jürgen

Evert的《景观及城市规划百科词典：英、西班牙、法、德四语参考》

(Springer, 2001)（LEX)，Michael Symes的《园林史术语表》(Shire,

2006) (Symes)，“英格兰遗产”组织的《成功管理历史环境的保护原理、

政策和指导》(EH)，《欧洲景观协议》（2000），以及其它网络资源（比如

维基百科全书），如无注明，则出自《科林斯简明词典》。 Landscape types and forms 景观类型及形式 Landscape: a ‘landscape’ means an area, as perceived by people, whose character is the result of the action and interaction of natural and/or human factors. (European Landscape Convention, 2000) 景观：一个“景观”是指人所能看见的一个区域，其特征是自然以及/或者

人类因素作用与合作的结果。(欧洲景观协议，2000) Type: That by which something is symbolized or figured (OED) 类型：类型可以用来象征或图示某物（OED)

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http://www.amazon.co.uk/s/ref=ntt_athr_dp_sr_1?_encoding=UTF8&search-alias=books-uk&field-author=Klaus-J%C3%BCrgen%20Evert




Landscape type [s]: (LE 1986, 499) typical character of a landscape resulting from relatively homogeneous combinations of landform and landcover according to its ecology, geomorphology, history and socio‐economic background (LEX) 景观类型：（LE 1986，499 页）由在生态、地理形态、历史、社会经济背景

等方面相对同质的地形和地表覆盖物结合而成的一种景观的典型特征（LEX） Form: Shape, arrangement of parts (OED) 形式：形状，各部分的布局（OED) Natural Environment 自然环境 Natural: Existing in, determined by, conforming to, or based on nature (OED) 自然的：存在于自然中、由自然决定、遵从自然、或者基于自然的（OED) Environment: The conditions under which any person or thing lives or is developed; the sum‐total of influences which modify and determine the development of life or character.(OED) 环境：任何人或者物得以在其中生存和发展的境况；能够改变和决定生命发

展或者生命特征的影响因素总合。(OED) Rural: Of, pertaining to, or characteristic of the country or country life as opposed to the town.(OED) 乡村的：乡村的或乡村生活的，与其相关的，或者具有其特点的。与

城镇相对。(OED) Countryside: a district, region, or tract of country having a kind of natural unity (OED); nearly unaltered farmland divided by inherited landscape elements, such as woodlots, hedgerows, or individual trees (LEX) 乡村：指乡下的具有某种自然的统一属性的地区、区域或者地带

（OED)；几乎不变的农场，由恒定的景观元素划分，比如林地、树篱

带或者单独的树木等（LEX) Wetland: An area of land that is usually saturated with water, often a marsh or swamp (OED)

湿地：一片涵有水体的土地，常为浅滩或沼泽（OED) Derelict land: A piece of property [land] abandoned by the owner or guardian (OED) 弃置地：被所有者或监管者遗弃的一片地产（土地）(OED)

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Reclamation land: restoration for cultivation of land which has been destroyed by man using land management measures and soil amelioration (LEX) 再利用土地/再造地：已经被人类破坏、但通过土地管理手段和土壤

改良而重新用作农垦的土地(LEX) National park: Large outstanding beautiful area of natural landscape or near‐natural cultural landscape, which is protected by sometimes strict and all encompassing nature conservation laws. (more detailed in LEX 3968, p.432) 国家公园：大面积的、非常优美的自然景观或类自然的文化景观区

域。这些区域均受到自然保护法保护，有时十分严格。(详见 LEX 3968, p.432) Nature reserve: clearly defined area or parts of a landscape in which nature is either completely protected in its entirety or partially protected where individual components are concerned. An area is so designated in the public interest or because of scientific, ecological, historical or cultural reasons or, in Europe, due to its landscape beauty or special characteristics. (LEX) 自然保护区：明确划定的区域或景观中的一部分，其中自然作为一个

整体受到保护，或者部分自然要素受到保护。一个区域被划定为保护

区，可能是因为公众对它的兴趣（亦即公众价值），也可能是因为它

所具有的科学、生态、历史或文化价值等等。在欧洲，还可能因为其

风景优美或独具特色而受保护。 Field: 原野 Woodland: land covered with woods or dense growths of trees and shrubs 林地：被树林覆盖或者长有浓密的乔木及灌木的土地。

Historic Landscapes: referring to the past 历史景观：专指过去 Estate: a large piece of landed property 地产：一大片以土地形式存在的财产

Ancient woodland: `an area that has continuously been woodland for at least three hundred years 古林地：一片连续作为林地至少有 300 年历史的区域

Deer park: a large park for keeping deer, normally belonging to the aristocracy

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鹿苑：用来养鹿的大型苑园，通常属于贵族 Pleasure garden: a garden designed for public entertainment, accessible upon payment of a fee, e.g. Ranelagh, London (between late seventeenth and late nineteenth centuries) 游乐园：为公众娱乐而设计的园子。收费入场，比如伦敦的

Ranelagh 公园（17 世纪晚期及 19 世纪晚期之间） Pleasure ground: a term associated with eighteenth century designed landscapes, defining the garden area within a landscape park, containing shrubberies, flower gardens, statuary and park buildings 游乐场：源于 18 世纪的设计景观术语。指在一个风景式园林

中划出的一个园区，其中包括灌木林，观赏花园，雕塑和园

林建筑等 Tree belt: a narrow strip of vegetation defining the edge of a property 树带：用于确定某一地产边界的植物窄带 Grove: a stand of trees, normally within a defined formal area, planted in quincunx, in squares or an irregular pattern 小树林：一小丛树木，通常位于划定的规则形区域，以五点

形、正方形或不规则形式种植 Wilderness: a designed grove or wood intersected by paths 野趣林：经过设计的有小路贯穿的小树林或树林 Clump: circular or irregularly shaped tree or shrub planting 树丛：以圆形或不规则平面形式种植的一丛乔木或灌木

Platoon: rectangular block of tree planting along a linear arrangement 树阵：按照线形排列、种植成矩形的树林

Avenue: two or more parallel rows of trees 林荫道：两行或者多行平行种植的树列

Cultural landscape/man‐made landscape: 1. landscape area which has been largely or completely transformed from its natural state by actions of man. Generic term covering agricultural landscape, industrial landscape, urban landscape, near‐natural landscape; 2. geographical area […] associated with a historic event, activity, or person or exhibiting other cultural or aesthetic values (LEX, more details 3319, p.358)

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文化景观/人工景观：1.其自然状态的大部分或者全部已被人类行为转化了的

景观区域。农业景观、工业景观、城市景观、类自然景观的通称；2. 与历史

事件、活动或者人物相关，或者体现其他文化或美学价值的地理区域（LEX,

详见第 3319 条，358 页） Built Environment: Constructed/planned environment 建成环境：已建造/规划的环境

Town: a densely populated urban area, typically smaller than a city and larger than a village 城镇：人口密集的市区，通常小于城市而大于村庄。

City: any large town or populous place 城市：任何大尺度的城镇或人口聚居区。

Urban: relating to, or constituting a city or town 市镇的：与城市或城镇相关的，或者是其组成部分的。

New Town: a town conceived according to a new ideology, e.g. post war New Towns in Great Britain 新城镇：由一个新思想体系促成的城镇，比如英国的战后新城镇

Suburb: a residential district situated on the outskirts of a city or town 城郊住宅区：位于城市或城镇边缘的居住区

Garden cities: a planned town of limited size surrounded by a rural belt 田园城市：由乡村带环绕的尺度受控制的规划城镇。

Urban villages 村庄化城市；多功能邻里单元

Residential areas: areas suitable for or allocated for residence 居住区：适用于或指定用于居住的区域 Business parks: large tract of land that has been planned, developed and operated as an integrated facility for several different industrial uses with emphasis on coordinated circulation, parking, utilities, aesthetics and high proportion of well designed open space; cf.IBDD 1981 (LEX) An area designed to accommodate a number of related enterprises 商业园：一大片作为一个整体环境而规划、建造和运营，但可容纳若

干不同产业用途的土地，注重提供协调的交通、停车、服务设施、审

美需求，以及高比例的经过良好设计的开敞空间； cf.IBDD 1981 (LEX) 一个经过设计的、供给若干相关企业驻扎的区域 Industrial parks: see above

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工业园：见上 Marina: elaborate docking facility for yachts and other pleasure boats 游艇停泊港：供游艇或其他休闲船只使用的精致的停泊环境（译者

注：常有娱乐设施、旅馆等）

Urban space: ensemble of elements defining the spatial structure of a town.

市镇空间：清楚显示出一个城镇空间结构的各种元素的集合

Spaces between buildings: 建筑间空间 Open spaces: area or plot of ground predominantly free of buildings in an urban region, which is sometimes protected from development by government action to provide for outdoor recreation, or, in Europe, to preserve prime agricultural land, wooded areas, exceptional views, land and water features, and to channel urban growth; GE 1977 (LEX) 开敞空间：指某一市镇范围内基本无建筑的区域或场地，有

时是受政府保护用作户外休闲而不允许被开发。在欧洲，也

指受保护的基本农业用地、林地、罕见的景色、陆地或水体

特征，并以此为界引导城市增长； GE 1977 (LEX) Green spaces: generic term covering primarily planted public and private open spaces in urban areas (LEX) 绿地：市区内主要由植物覆盖的公共或者私有开敞空间的通

称

Parks: a large area of land preserved in a natural state for recreational use by the public; a piece of open land in a town with public amenities 公园：供公众休闲的、其自然状态受保护的一大片土地；在

城镇中具有公共休闲设施的一片开阔土地

Playing field: an area of land allocated for sports activities 运动场：一片指定用于体育活动的场地

Allotments: a small piece of land rented by an individual for cultivation

租赁菜园：一小片租赁给私人用以耕种的土地

Gardens: an area of land usually planted with grass, trees, flowerbeds, etc. adjoining a house – an area of land used for the

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cultivation of ornamental plants, herbs, fruit, vegetables, trees, etc. – such an area of land that is open to the public, sometimes part of a park: botanical garden 园林/花园：一片通常种植花草树木或者花床等等的土地，与

建筑相连；一片用于种植观赏植物、草药、水果、蔬菜、树

木等等的土地；一片向公众开放的土地，有时是公园的一部

分，如植物园 Urban fringe: periphery of a built‐up area 市镇边缘区：一片建成区域的外围

Car park/Parking: an area or building reserved to parking cars 停车场/库：划定用于停车的区域或建筑

Square: an open area in a town sometimes including the surrounding buildings, which may form a square urban open space, either paved , unpaved or predominantly planted which may be enhanced with slab paving patterns, water features, sculptures (LEX) 广场：城镇中的开敞空间，有时也包括围合成一块方

形开敞空间的周围建筑物。可以有或者没有硬质铺

地，也可能主要由植物覆盖。这些开敞空间可以用铺

地图案、水体、雕塑等来提升其特质（LEX)

Plaza: word adapted from Italian denoting a formally‐designed town square 广场：源于意大利语，用于表示一个规则式设计的市

镇广场

Crescent: a crescent shaped street 半月形街：月牙儿形状的街道

Public park: a defined area of predominantly planted land accessible to the public 公园：一片有指定区域的、主要由植物覆盖的土地，

向公众开放

Communal parks and gardens: an area of land managed (and often designed) by an assembly of local people 社区公园和花园：由一个社区内的人管理（通常也由

他们设计）及使用的一片地

Private gardens: an area of land occupied by the residents of an adjoining property

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私家花园：由私人拥有并与其住宅相连的一片地

Nature garden: a defined area of land that is managed to appear natural 自然园：一片有指定区域的、意在表现其天然状态的

土地。

Kitchen garden: a garden where vegetables and sometimes also fruit are grown 厨园：用于种植蔬菜、有时也包括水果的园子

Underground car park: a car park below ground level, either with a green roof or below a building 地下停车场：低于地坪标高的停车场，或者是在一片

绿地之下，或者在建筑物之下

Multi‐storey car park: a building for parking cars on several floors

多层停车库：一个多层的、用于停车的建筑。 Village: a small group of houses in a country area, larger than a

hamlet, usually with a church 村庄：一小群坐落于乡村地区的房舍集合，比小村庄要大，

通常设有教堂。

Village green: Traditionally referring to an area of commonly owned grassland in the centre of an agricultural settlement, used for grazing and community events. They often contained a source of water or a pond for watering stock. 村中绿地：传统上指集体共有的、位于农耕聚居区中

心的一片草地，用于放牧以及社区集会。通常有水源

或池塘供牲畜饮用。

Hamlet: a small village without its own church 小村庄：没有自己教堂的小型村庄

Burial ground/graveyard/cemetery: a place, not attached to a church, where the dead are buried 墓地/墓园/公墓：不与教堂相连的埋葬死人的场所 Churchyard: The grounds surrounding or nearby a church, used for burial 教堂墓地：在教堂周围或附近的用于埋葬死人的场地

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Natural burial ground: burial in a natural setting with the intention not to use markers for individual graves 天然墓地：埋葬在自然环境中、并刻意不使用个体识

别标记的埋葬场所。 Memorial ground: area of land set aside for urn burial, i.e. burial of ashes after cremation 悼念地：专门用来埋葬骨灰瓮（火化后的骨灰）的一

片地

Circulation system/network: whole road and path network in a defined area (LEX) 交通循环系统/网络：某一界定区域内的所有道路和步行道网络（LEX)

Vehicular: Of or pertaining to, associated or connected with, a (wheeled) vehicle (OED) 车行的：具有、涉及或与（轮式）车辆相关的(OED) Pedestrian: On foot, going or walking on foot; performed on foot; of or relating to walking. 人行的：徒步的、用脚行进或走路的；表现为步行；步行或

与步行相关的。

Mixed /shared surfaces; paving surfaces shared by pedestrians and vehicles, with each having similar rights

混合/共享路面：人车共用、优先权相当的铺装路面

Motorway: a main road for fast moving traffic, having separate carriageways for vehicles travelling in opposite directions 高速公路：一条提供快速交通的主要道路，其中反向

行驶的车辆有分开的独立车道。

Highway: a public road that all may use

公路：所有人都能使用的公共道路

By‐pass: a main road built to avoid a city or other congested area 绕城路：一条用于绕过城市或者交通阻塞区的主要道

路

Road: an open way, usually surfaced with tarmac or concrete, providing passage from one place to an other

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道路：一条用来连接两地的露天路径，其表面通常铺

设沥青或水泥 Street: a public road that is usually lined with buildings, esp. in town 街道：（尤指城镇之中的）公共道路，通常两旁有建

筑

Alley: a narrow passage, esp. one between or behind buildings 胡同/小巷：一条狭窄的通道，尤其指被建筑物所夹，

或者在建筑物之后 Walk: a path (traditionally of grass, gravel or sand) within a garden [open space] and intended for walking on […] (Symes) 散步道：花园中或开敞空间中专门用于散步的路径

（传统上用草、石子或沙砾铺设）[…] (Symes) Lane: a narrow road or way between buildings, hedges, fences, etc. 小道：位于建筑、灌木带、围栏等之间的窄路或通道

Path: a road or way 径：一条道路或路

Way: a means or line of passage, such as a path or track 路：一种通行方式或一条通行线，例如一条径或一条

道 cycle path: path dedicated to bicycles 自行车道：供自行车专用的小径

footpath: path dedicated to pedestrians 步行道：供步行专用的小径

bridge: built structure providing an elevated crossing (of water, road, land, etc.) 桥：提供从上方跨越（水体、道路、土地等）的构筑

物

Ring road; a main road that bypasses a town or a town centre

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环路：绕开城镇或城镇中心的主要道路

High street: the main street of a town, usually where the principal shops are situated 大街：一个市镇的主要街道，好的商店通常

坐落其中

Main street: see high street

主街：见大街

Residential street: road within a housing area 居住区街道：居住建筑区中的道路

Boulevard: a wide usually tree lined road in a city 林荫大道：城市中的宽广大道，通常植有行道

树

Cul‐de‐sac/dead end: a road with one end blocked off 死胡同/尽端路：一端被封死的道路

Close: generally a confined U‐shaped road surrounded by residential accommodation 围合院路：通常指由居住建筑围合成的一条狭

窄的 U 形道路

Pavement: a hard‐surfaced path for pedestrians alongside and a little higher than a road 人行道：有硬质铺地、沿道路设置并略高于道

路的供人行走的路径

Landscape concepts and styles: 景观概念和风格

Landscape design= landscape architecture: the integration of people and the outdoor environment in a manner beneficial to both (Booth, 1983) 景观设计＝景观设计学：整合人类及室外环境，以使双方共同受益（Booth, 1993） Context: any relationship between a place and other places, relevant to the values of that place (EH) 文脉：影响到某一场所价值的该场所与其它场所间的任何关系（EH)

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Concept: a general notion or idea, esp. in the context of marketing and design (OED) 概念：一个大致的想法或主意，尤其在营销和设计方面（OED) Style: A particular mode or form of skilled construction, execution, or production; the manner in which a work of art is executed, regarded as characteristic of the individual artist, or of his time and place; one of the modes recognized in a particular art as suitable for the production of beautiful or skilful work. A definite type of architecture, distinguished by special characteristics of structure or ornamentation.(OED) 风格：一种成熟的建造、实施者生产的特定模式或形式；一件艺术作品的表

现方式，能够代表某一位艺术家风格、或者这位艺术家所处时代或者地方特

征的艺术作平的形式；在某一艺术门类中被认为是能够产生美或者成熟作品

的一种模式。

在结构或装饰方面独具风格的一种建筑式样。（OED)

Formal: Regular, linear, geometrical in design. Formality is most closely associated with the traditional French, Italian and Dutch styles.(Symes) 规则式的：设计上有规律的、线状的、几何形式的。规则式设计主要指传统

的法国、意大利和荷兰风格的设计（Symes)

Informal: irregular in design, with flowing lines 不规则式的：设计上无规律的、具有流动线条的 Picturesque: the arrangement of a garden so as to make it resemble a picture; a romantic style of gardening, aiming at irregular and rugged beauty.(OED) It is also used to denote a park layout in the style as promoted Richard Payne Knight, in his poem The Landscape (1794) 如画式的：使园林看起来像画儿一样的布置方式；一种浪漫主义的造

园风格，追求非规则式的粗犷美。（OED）该词也用来表示理查德.佩恩.莱特在他的诗“景观”中（1794）提出的一种公园布局风格

Arcadian: Belonging to Arcadia; ideally rural or rustic 田园牧歌式的：阿卡迪亚的；理想的或者原始的

General 通用

Historic Landscape: term traditionally applied to historic private country estates, but now also applied to include a range of historic parks and gardens, including public parks. 历史景观：传统上指有历史价值的私有乡村地产，但此术语现也涵盖一系列

历史苑囿、园林以及公园

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Conservation: 保护

Landscape conservation: the process of managing change to a landscape in ways that will best sustain its values, while recognizing opportunities to reveal or reinforce those values for present and future generations (EH) 景观保护：经营使一个景观朝有利于延续其价值的方向变

化的过程，同时需要把握住能体现或增强这些价值的机会，

既为今人也为后代着想（EH）

Landscape protection/ landscape preservation[s]: Retention of existing landscape conditions, e.g. historic landscapes by comprehensive protective measures to safeguard natural, near‐natural or man‐made landscapes, or parts thereof, for adherence to the aims of nature conservation and landscape management (LEX) 景观保卫/景观保存：保持景观现状，比如就历史景观而言，通过综

合的保护性措施以护卫其自然、类自然或人造景观或者景观中的一部

分,以确保达到自然保护和景观管理的目的（LEX)

Restoration: returning a place to a former state or condition, on the basis of compelling evidence without conjecture(EH) 修复：基于确凿的考证而非臆断来还原某个场所之前的情形或状况 (EH) Reconstruction: 重建

Renewal: Comprehensive dismantling and replacement of an element of a place, in the case of structures normally reincorporating sound units 更新：广泛的拆除和替换某场所的元素，对结构来讲通常是再加入合

理的部件

Repair: Work beyond the scope of maintenance, to remedy defects caused by decay, damage or use, including minor adaptation to achieve a sustainable outcome, but not involving restoration or alteration (EH) 修缮：指超过“维护”尺度的工作，用以补救由于衰败、破坏或使用

而引起的损坏，包括为达到延长寿命而作的细微调整，但不包括修复

或变更 (EH) Alteration: work intended to change the function or appearance of a place (EH) 变更：意在改变某场所功能或外观的工作 (EH)

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Intervention: Any action which has a physical effect on a place (EH) 介入：任何对某场所有物质影响的活动 (EH) Designation: The recognition of particular heritage value(s) of a significant place by giving it formal status under law or policy intended to sustain those values (EH) 法定保护区：通过法律或法规赋予某一重要场所一个正规地位，作为

对其特殊遗产价值的认可，使这些价值得以长存 (EH) Historic environment: All aspects of the environment resulting from the interaction between people and places through time, including all surviving physical remains of past human activity, whether visible or buried, and deliberately planted or managed flora (EH) 历史环境：人与场所长时期相互作用而产生的某一环境的所有方面，

包括先前人类活动产生的所有物质存留（无论是可见的还是掩埋地下

的），以及有意种植或经营的植物群落。（EU）

Place: Any part of the historic environment, of any scale, that has a distinctive identity perceived by people (EH) {of any scale: means to the ‘part’ or the ‘historic environ’?} 场所：历史环境的任何一部分，无论大小，其独有特征能被人感知。

Value: An aspect of worth or importance, here attached by people to qualities of places (EH) 价值：财产或重要性的一个方面，这里指由人决定的场所质量 (EH)

Value, aesthetic: Value deriving from the ways in which people draw sensory and intellectual stimulation from a place (EH) 美学价值：能够激发起人对一个场所的感官或智能体验的价值（EH） Value, communal: Value deriving from the meanings of a place for the people who relate to it, or for whom it figures in their collective experience or memory (EH) 社群价值：该价值源于某场所对其相关人群的意义，或对于具有共同经历或

记忆的人们的意义（EH） Value, evidential: Value deriving from the potential of a place to yield evidence about past human activity (EH) 实证价值：某场所潜在的能够证明过去人类行为的价值（EH） Value, historical: Value deriving from the ways in which past people, events and aspects of life can be connected through a place to the present (EH) 历史价值：此价值体现在通过某一场所而将过去的人、事件、生活方式与现

在建立起联系（EH）

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Value‐based judgement: An assessment that reflects the values of the person or group making the assessment (EH) 价值基准判断：反应评估人或集团的价值标准的评估 (EH)

Significance [of a place]: The sum of the cultural and natural heritage values of a place, often set out in a statement of significance (EH) （场所的）重要性：某场所的文化和自然遗产价值的总述，通常在重要性报

告中陈述（EH）

Urban 城市的

Urban sprawl: Haphazard spreading of urban development: linear development along main arteries, or outlying pockets of development 城市扩张：城市发展中杂乱无章的扩展：比如沿交通干线的线性发

展，或远郊口袋式的发展。

Urban renewal: sum of renewal measures for the improvement of living conditions in deteriorated housing district (LD 1988 [9],58) 城市更新：对于衰退的居住区进行提升生活条件的更新方法的总称。 Urban regeneration: see above 城市再生：同上 Responsive environment: an environment that takes account of people’s needs, especially used in the context of urban design 回应环境：考虑到人的需求的环境,尤其用于城市设计的语境 Pattern language: 模式语言

Urban villages: an urban planning and design concept that envisages mixed use medium density developments that provide emphasis on community provided for by a well designed public realm, with footways and squares 村庄化城市/多功能邻里单元：一种城市规划和设计理念，重点在于

发展社区，提倡中等密度与混合功能，有包括步行道和广场的设计良

好的公共区域

Sociologic of space:

15


空间社会学

Place theory: 场所理论

Zoning: to divide into zones, as for different use, jurisdiction, activities, etc.(LEX) 分区：按照不同用途、控制权、活动等来划分区域（LEX)

Mixed uses: urban development zone comprising housing as well as commercial facilities and light industry, which do not essentially conflict with its residential use (LEX) 混合用地：包括居住、商业设施和轻工业的城市发展区域，

其中的工商业不与居住功能发生明显冲突。(LEX) Grids: 网格

Loops: 回路

Node: 结点

Focus point/focal point: unifying feature in a landscape (LEX) 视觉焦点/视觉中心：统一某一景观的特色事务 (LEX) Landmarks: Typical and widely recognized landscape features or man‐made structure which serves as an orientation point and conspicuous guide (LEX) 地标：典型并且能被广众识别的景观或人工构筑物，

可以用来确定所处方位或者引导方向 (LEX) Line: A stroke or mark, long in proportion to its breadth, traced with a pen, a tool, etc. upon a surface; 线：用钢笔或其他工具在某表面描绘的一种笔迹或标

示，长度大于宽度。 Point: A location in space. The centre or central spot of something, A place considered in terms of spatial position; a specific location or spot. (OED) 点：空间中的一处。某物的中心或中点，从空间角度

来看的一个场所；一个特殊的位置或地点（OED)

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Axis: A main line of motion, growth, extension, direction.(OED)

轴线：移动、生长、延展、方向的主线

Block: build up area as defined by rectilinear circulation pattern 街区：用直线型交通模式定义的建成区

Cul‐de‐sac: a dead‐end street with a single access point 死胡同：具有单一出入口的尽端街道

Rural: 乡村的 Open cast mining: surface excavation of minerals 露天矿场：从地表开挖的矿场

Slash and burn farming: Designating a method of shifting cultivation in which vegetation is cut down in an area of virgin or rejuvenated forest, allowed to dry, and then burned off before seeds are planted (OED) 砍伐焚烧耕作：一种开垦耕地的模式，指把一块原始或再生

林地中的植被砍倒，晾干，再焚烧，之后播种（OED) Rough grazing: uncultivated land used for grazing; an area of such land (OED) 自然牧场：用于放牧的未开垦的土地；有这样土地的一片区

域（OED) Pasture: A piece of grassy land used for or suitable for the grazing of animals, esp. cattle or sheep; pastureland.(OED) 牧场：一片用作牧养、或者适于牧养动物（尤指牛、羊）的

草地；放牧场（OED)

Moor: uncultivated ground covered with heather; a heath. (OED) 旷野：长满石楠（一种矮灌木）的未经开垦的地面；荒野

（OED)

Heath: Open uncultivated ground; an extensive tract of waste land; a wilderness; now chiefly applied to a bare, more or less flat, tract of land, naturally clothed with low herbage and dwarf shrubs, esp. with the shrubby plants known as heath, heather or ling.(OED)

17


荒野：露天的未经开垦的地面；大片的废弃地；一片野地；

现主要指贫瘠的、较平坦的大片地带，覆盖有自然生长的低

矮草本和矮灌木，尤以石楠或石楠属灌木植物为多见。

（OED）

Ridge and furrow: A raised or rounded strip of arable land, usually one of a series (with intermediate open furrows) into which a field is divided by ploughing in a special manner.(OED) 垄和沟：“垄”是指隆起的或（断面呈）圆形的一窄

条耕地，通常用特殊的耕犁方式创造一系列的垄（垄

间有开敞式的沟）来划分某片土地 (OED)

Enclosure: The action of enclosing. a. spec. The action of surrounding or marking off (land) with a fence or boundary; the action of thus converting pieces of common land into private property (OED) 圈地：圈围土地的行为。a.[专指]用栅栏围合或以标

识界定（土地）的行为；用此行为将公共土地转化为

私有财产（OED) Hedgerow: row of bushes forming a hedge, with the trees, etc. growing in it; a line of hedge.(OED) 灌木篱：一排由灌木形成的树篱，其中也可能长有树

木；一条树篱（OED)

Field boundary: a hedge or wall defining the edge of a field 用地界限：一条界定用地边界的树篱或墙

Housing 住宅

Home zones: A residential area in which a variety of traffic‐calming measures are employed to create a safer environment for pedestrians. Cf. WOONERF n.(OED) 行人安全区：采用多种降低车速的手段来为行人创造更安全环境的住

宅区。见 Woonerf（OED） Garden 园林 Rock garden: a garden consisting of rocks and rock‐plants(OED)

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岩石园：由岩石和岩石植物构成的花园

Rain garden: A rain garden is a planted depression that allows rainwater runoff from impervious urban areas like roofs, driveways, walkways, and compacted lawn areas the opportunity to be absorbed. This reduces rain runoff by allowing stormwater to soak into the ground (as opposed to flowing into storm drains and surface waters which causes erosion, water pollution, flooding, and diminished groundwater). Rain gardens can cut down on the amount of pollution reaching creeks and streams by up to 30% (Wikipedia) 雨园：雨园是种有植物的低洼地带，用以吸收从不可渗透的

城市区域（如屋顶、车道、步道和密实草坪）汇集的雨水。

通过将暴雨产生的雨水渗入地下可以减少雨水径流（否则，

雨水将流入雨水管和地表水体，从而引起侵蚀、水污染、洪

水，以及地下水的减少）。雨园可减少多达 30%的对河流溪渠

的污染（维基百科）

Roof garden/green roof: a garden, or collection of plants in large pots, etc., on the (flat) roof of a house or other building; freq. applied to a place for eating or entertainment situated on the roof of a building(OED) 屋顶花园/绿色屋顶：位于住宅或其他建筑的（平）屋顶上的

花园或大盆栽植物的组合；经常指建筑物屋顶上用于餐饮或

娱乐的场所（OED)

Green wall/Vertical garden/living wall: A green wall is a wall generally as part of a building that is partially or completely covered with vegetation. They are also referred to as living walls, bio walls, or vertical gardens 绿墙/垂直花园/活墙：绿墙是指部分或者全部被植物覆盖的

一面墙（这面墙通常是建筑物的一部分）。也被称作活墙、

生物墙，或者垂直花园。

Nature garden: garden purporting to emulate natural vegetation, or the appearance of a natural plant community 自然园：意在模仿天然植被、或者某一自然植物群落表征的

园林

Wild garden: a group of hardy plants, exotic or native, in an informal setting, designed to look as natural as possible 野趣园：在自然式大环境中的一片耐寒植物（无论是本土的

或者外来的），设计得看上去尽可能接近天然

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Intensive/extensive roof gardens: Green roofs can be categorized as"semi‐intensive", intensive, or extensive, depending on the depth of planting medium and the amount of maintenance they need. Traditional rroof gardens, which require a reasonable depth of soil to grow large plants or conventional lawns, are considered "intensive" because they are labour‐intensive, requiring irrigation, feeding and other maintenance. Intensive roofs are more park‐like with easy access and may include anything from kitchen herbs to shrubs and small trees.[5] "Extensive" green roofs, by contrast, are designed to be virtually self‐sustaining and should require only a minimum of maintenance, perhaps a once‐yearly weeding or an application of slow‐release fertiliser to boost growth. (Wikipedia) 高密型/低密型屋顶花园：根据种植介质的深度和所需

维护量，屋顶花园可分类为“半高密型”、高密型和

低密型。传统的屋顶花园需要一定深度的土壤以种植

大型植物或传统草坪，可称之为“高密型”，因为它

们是劳动密集型的，需要灌溉、施肥和其他维护。高

密型屋顶花园更像是公园，易于出入，包括可能从厨

房药草、灌木到小树的任何植物。相反，“低密型”

绿色屋顶在设计上几乎是自给自足的，只需要低限

度的维护，比如一年一次的除野草，或施用缓释肥以

促进植物生长。（维基百科）

Playground 游戏场

Adventure playground: a playground where children are provided with miscellaneous equipment, often waste material, from which they may contrive their own amusement (OED) 探险游戏场：通常用废弃材料制成各种各样设施的儿童游戏场，儿童

可以在其中创造他们自己的玩法（OED)

Natural playground: “Natural playgrounds" are play environments that blend natural materials, features, and indigenous vegetation with creative landforms to create purposely complex interplays of natural, environmental objects in ways that challenge and fascinate children and teach them about the wonders and intricacies of the natural world while they play within it. (Wikipedia) 自然式游戏场：“自然式游戏场”是混合了自然材料、小品、本土植

物以及创造性地形的游戏环境，它有意创造与自然和环境物品互动的

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roof_garden

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_roof#cite_note-Seattle.2C_2007-4


复杂游戏，以此挑战和吸引儿童，并在游戏中教他们认识自然世界的

神奇和丰富性（维基百科） Ecology/planting 生态学/种植 Planting in squares; in parallel rows 方形栽法；各排平行 Planting in quincunx; in staggered rows, like the five of a dice 五点形栽法：各排错开，就像骰子上的“五点”形 Irregular planting; no tree plants in the same line 不规则式栽法：任何（三棵）树都不种在一条直线上

Biodiversity: diversity of plant and animal life, as represented by the number of extant species.(OED) 生物多样性：植物和动物的多样性，由现存物种的数目所体现（OED)

Biotope: The smallest subdivision of a habitat, characterized by a high degree of uniformity in its environmental conditions and in its plant and animal life.(OED) 群落环境：栖息地的小单元，特征表现在环境条件以及动植物种类

上的高度一致性。(OED) Forest gardening: nowadays generally understood as vegetable cultivation under light tree cover, but in the early eighteenth century it referred to ‘extensive gardening’, i.e. tree planting in regular and irregular patterns in parkland 森林园艺：现今通常理解为在稀疏树林里的蔬菜种植。但是

在 18 世纪早期，它指的是“大规模园艺”，即在开阔的园地

以规则式或不规则式排列种植树木。 Prairie Gardening: area of grassland with tallgrass species, inspired by North American ecotypes 草原式园艺：由高草物种构成的草地，其设计受到北美生态

形式的启发。

Naturalistic: in a natural manner 自然主义的：以一种自然的方式

Open water habitats: 开阔水体栖息地

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Still or open water: ponds and lakes 静止或开阔水体：池塘和湖泊

Moving water: streams, rivers, ditches, canals 流水：小溪，河流，沟渠，运河

Wetland habitats:

湿地栖息地

Peat forming habitats: bogs (acidic water), fens (alkaline water)

泥炭栖息地：泥塘（酸性的），沼池（碱性水）

Mineral soil habitats: marsh‐ low lying wetland subject to periodic flooding dominated by grassy vegetation; either salt or fresh water

矿质土壤栖息地：沼泽，主要由草本植物覆盖的低洼湿地，有季节性洪泛，

可能是咸水，也可能是淡水

Swamp: low lying wetland subject to periodic flooding and dominated by woody vegetation, i.e. trees and shrubs 乔灌沼：主要由木本植物（即乔木和灌木）覆盖的低洼湿地，有季节性洪泛

Carr: wet woodland, usually dominated by alder (Alnus glutinosa) and willow (Salix) 树沼：湿地树林，其主导植物通常是赤杨(Alnus glutinosa)和柳树 (Salix)

Marginal plants: plants which colonise the wet soil at the water’s edge, often spreading into the water and back onto waterlogged land 水缘植物：在水体边缘的湿土中生长的植物，常常延伸至水中和浸水

的岸边

Emergent aquatics: plants which grow around the margins of a waterbody to a depth of around 1‐5 meters. They help to stabilize banks and provide shelter in shallow water for fish and other pond animals 挺水植物：生长在水体边缘、位于水深约 1-5 米处的植物。它们帮助

稳固水岸，在浅水区还可为鱼和其他池塘动物遮荫

Floating‐leaved rooted aquatics: waterplants with floating leaves which provide shade and a micro habitat for pond animals, as well as submerged leaves which oxygenate the water 浮水植物：叶面平浮水面的水生植物，为池塘动物创造荫凉场所和微

型栖息地，同时水下叶片为水给氧。

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Submerged aquatics: plants which oxygenate the water and provide food and habitat for pond animals 水下植物：为水给氧的植物，并为池中动物提供食物和栖息地。

Meadow: A piece of land permanently covered with grass to be mown for use as hay; (gen.) a grassy field or other area of grassland, esp. one used for pasture. Also (regional): a tract of low well‐watered ground, esp. near a river (cf. WATER‐MEADOW n.).(OED) 草地/牧场：一片主要由草覆盖的土地，修剪下来的草

用作饲料；（通常）一片长满草的土地或其他草地，

尤指用作放牧的土地。另（部分地区）：一片低洼

的、灌溉良好的土地，尤指河畔附近（见：水边草

地)。(OED)

Permaculture: The development or maintenance of an artificial ecosystem intended to be self‐sustaining and to satisfy the living requirements of its inhabitants, esp. by the use of renewable resources. (OED) 永续栽培：建设或维护一个人工生态系统（尤其是利

用可再生资源），使其能够自给自足，并且能满足在

其中栖息物种的生存需求。（OED)

Mosaiculture: carpet‐bedding; a bed in which dwarf foliage‐plants of different colours are arranged so as to form a pattern like that of a carpet (OED) 马赛克栽培：地毯式植物床；用各种颜色的矮种观叶

植物组合出一种类似地毯图案的植物床（OED） Landscape Survey/site inventory/factual information 景观调查/场地考察/实地信息

Inventory of existing landscape conditions in a specific area, identified by on‐site inspection or aerial photographs for delineation on a map (LEX) 对某一特定区域现存景观状况的详细记录，通过现场察看或者航拍，把得到

的信息绘制在地图上。 Physical environment: of, relating to, or resembling material things or nature 物理环境：物质的或自然的环境，或是与其相关或类似的环境

Field survey: general term for a site inventory to collect and record information 田野调查：对旨在收集并记录信息的场地考察的通称

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Topographic survey: exact measurement of metes and bounds, contours, dimensions and positions of plots, structures, roads, paths and landscape conditions on a tract of land for their delineation on a topographic map 地形测绘：准确测量一片土地的边界和范围、等高线、尺寸，以及建

筑群、构筑物、道路、步道等的位置以及景观状态，以便绘制于地形

测绘图上 Visual landscape assessment: Aesthetic evaluation of a landscape’s visual impact – visual (impact) assessment [s] of a landscape (LEX) 视觉景观评估：对某一景观的视觉影响的美学评估——某景观的视觉

（影响）评估 (LEX)

Landscape character: a distinct and recognisable pattern of elements that occur consistently in a particular type of landscape. Particular combinations of geology, landform, soils, vegetation, land use, field patterns and human settlement create character

景观特征：在某一特定类型景观中一直存在的一种可识别的元素模式。由地

理、地形、土壤、植被、土地用途、田野形态和人居环境的特有组合而形成

的特征。

Landscape Character Assessment: The process of identifying and describing variation in the character of landscape and using this information to assist in managing change in the landscape. Seeks to identify and explain the unique combination of elements and features that make landscapes distinctive

景观特征评估：鉴别并描述景观特征变化的程序，并用这些信息来辅助管理

景观变化。力求鉴别并解释某一景观的特色是怎样通过各元素和特征的独特

组合而形成的

Setting: The surroundings in which a place is experienced, its local context, embracing present and past relationships to the adjacent landscape 周围环境：某场所所处的周围环境，其当地的文脉—包括与相邻景观在过去

和现在的关系

Social environment: 社会环境 Statutory obligations/designation[s]: 法定责任/法定保护区

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Authorisation by Acts of parliament […], bye‐laws or legally binding plans and compliance by local communities (LEX) 由国会法案授权[…]、由地方法规确定或具有法律效力的规划

Conservation area: group of buildings, streets, squares or other areas of special architectural or historical interest, the character of which it is desirable to preserve or enhance. Civic Amenity Act 1967 (LEX) 保护区：其特征希望被保存或增强的一组建筑、街道、广场，或者其

它有特殊建筑价值或历史价值的区域。市民福利法 1967（LEX)

Scheduled ancient monument; schedule kept since 1882 of monuments whose preservation is given priority over other land uses, currently administered by English Heritage. Scheduling provides legal protection specifically for archaeological sites. Monument covers a whole range of archaeological sites, not always visible above the ground. 登录古迹：始于 1882 年的一份历史遗迹登记表，保存这些遗迹优先

于对它们所占有土地的其它用途的考虑，目前受“英格兰遗产”组织

管理。该表对古迹—尤其是考古场地提供法律保护。古迹包括所有类

型的考古场地，不仅仅是地表可见的。

Registered garden: a national record of the historic parks and gardens which make such a rich and varied contribution to our landscape. This record, known as the Register of Parks and Gardens of special historic interest in England and now containing nearly 1450 sites, was established, and is maintained by, English Heritage since the 1980s. 注册园林：一份对为英国景观做出丰富与多样贡献的历史园林和花园

的全国性记录。这份记录叫做“英格兰历史园林和花园注册表”，它

由“英格兰遗产”组织在二十世纪八十年代设立并维持至今，现已包

括近 1450 处苑园。

Listed building: Listing is an identification stage where buildings are marked and celebrated as having exceptional architectural or historic special interest, before any planning stage which may decide a building's future. It provides legal protection, but is not a preservation order intended to prevent change. 登录建筑：“登录”是标识并祝贺一座建筑的优秀建筑价值或特殊历

史价值的一个鉴定阶段，先于对这些建筑物的未来作规划的阶段。它

提供法律保障，但不是意在阻止变化的保存性指令。

Right to roam: the legal right of access on foot to mountain, moor, heath land, down land and registered common land in England and Wales, provided by The Countryside and Rights of Way Act 2000.

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漫游权：法律赋予的徒步进出山区、荒野、旷野、低地、以

及在英格兰和威尔士注册的公地的权利。由“乡村和通道权

法（2000 年）”规定。

Public right of way: a highway over which the public have a right of access along a linear route 法定公共通道：法律赋予的公众可以沿某线性路径出入的通

道 Public footpath: right of way on foot only 公共步行道：专供步行的法定公共通道 Bridleway: right of way is on foot, on horseback or on a bicycle 骑马专用道：供步行、骑马或自行车专用的法定公共通道 Byway: right of way for vehicles and all other kinds of users 公用小路：机动车以及任何使用者均可使用的法定公共通道

Tree preservation order (TPO): order made by a local planning authority in accordance with Town and Country planning legislation for the preservation of individual trees, groups of trees or areas of woodland in the interest of amenity; cf TCPA 1971, ptIV (LEX) 树木保护指令（TPO）: 该指令由地方规划部门根据城镇和乡

村规划法而制订，用以保护有助于营造舒适生活的独树、树

丛或林地。见 TCPA 1971, ptIV (LEX) Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONB): a precious landscape with such a distinctive character and natural beauty, which is so outstanding that it is in the nation's interest to safeguard it. There are currently some forty AONB’s in Great Britain 杰出自然风景区：一个特征独特、风景优美的珍贵景观，因

为它的杰出而受到国家级保护。英国目前有大约 40 处杰出自

然风景区

National Parks provide a legal framework in order to conserve and enhance the natural beauty, wildlife and cultural heritage of some of the most valued landscape regions, which aim to promote opportunities for the public understanding and enjoyment of the special qualities of the Parks

国家公园：国家公园提供了一个法律框架，以保护并提升那

些有价值的景观区域的自然美、野生生命和文化遗产，旨

在增进公众了解并享受这些公园独特魅力的机会。

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Access Land: a new right for people to walk over areas of open countryside and registered common land in Wales and England introduced in the Countryside and Rights of Way (CROW) Act 2000 Countryside Act 1949 通行地：一项让人们可步行于开敞乡村、以及英格兰及威尔

士的注册公地之上的新权利，由“乡村和通道权法（2000

年）”和“乡村法（1949 年）”规定。 Landscape analysis / site assessment 景观分析/场地评估 Study of various elements of a landscape […] within the scope of landscape planning: includes a survey and assessment of their spatial arrangement and interaction as well as their actual use, proposed changes in use and associated measures to be undertaken (LEX) 在景观规划范围内[…]研究某景观的各项要素：包括调查与评估这些要素的

空间安排与相互作用、实际使用及预期的使用变更、以及即将采取的相关措

施 (LEX)

Site potential: 场地潜力

Site conditions: necessary requirements for location and implementation of large‐scale projects (LEX) 场地状况：选址并实施大型项目的必要需求 Visual analysis: observation of obvious features and their condition, normally without the aid of any instruments 视觉分析：对明显事物以及它们的状况的观察，通常不借助

任何工具。 Typology: The study of classes with common characteristics; classification, esp. of human products, behaviour, characteristics, etc., according to type; the comparative analysis of structural or other characteristics; a classification or analysis of this kind.(OED) 类型学：对具有共同特征的分类的研究；分类（尤指根据类

型对人类产品、行为、特征等的分类）；对结构或其他特征

的比较分析；对该种类的分类或分析(OED) Typological analysis: 类型学分析

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Morphology: Shape, form, external structure or arrangement, esp. as an object of study or classification. Also: a particular shape, form, or external structure, esp. of (a part of) an organism, landform, etc.(OED) 形态学：（尤指研究或分类对象的）形状、形式、外部结构

或布局，也指某有机体或地形（或其一部分）等等的特殊形

状、形式或外部结构。 Morphological analysis: 形态学分析 Typomorphology: a way to study the creation and transformation of urban environments, based on the town plan, with its streets, plots and buildings; pattern of building forms and pattern of land use 类型形态学：一种基于城市规划，结合街道、街区和建筑的

研究城市环境生成和转化的方法；建筑形式模式和土地使用

模式。 Experiences

体验 Perception of spaces: 空间感知

Sense of place: is often associated with local identity and comprises that senses of what is special about a particular environment and makes it psychologically comfortable. 场所感：通常与当地认同感有关，而且包括对于某一特定环

境的某种独特感觉，以及心理上的舒适感。 Experiential qualities: emotional and spiritual associations with a particular environment, particularly relating to dependence and survival 体验质量：与某一特定环境在情感上或精神上的联系，尤其

指有依赖性的和牵涉到生存的。 Narrative qualities: involving personal stories or legends 叙事质量：关于个人故事或传说 Genius loci: the pervading spirit of a place that determines its character 场所精神：充满某场所中的一种精神，这种精神造就了这个

场所的特征。

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Landscape design: 景观设计：

Project brief: client’s or sponsor’s general expression of needs to be fulfilled by a planner or competing planners (LEX) 项目概要：客户或赞助人的要求的总体表达，此要求需要由规划师

或参与竞争的规划师们来实现。 Design brief: A concise problem statement developed by a student or teacher that identifies what the student will do and what the successful solution will achieve. 设计概要：由学生或教师完成的一份简要的问题陈述，明确学生要做

哪些事情，以及一个成功的解决方案应该满足哪些条件 Concept: 概念： Rationale: A reasoned exposition of principles; an explanation or statement of reasons; (also) an (attempted) justification for something. Also: a set of reasoned rules or directions (obs.). The fundamental underlying reason for or rational basis of a thing. 基本原理：对原理的充分解释；对缘由的一个解释或者陈述；（也

指）对某事物（尝试做出）的理由解释。也指：一套充分的规则或导

则。某个事物隐含的基本原理或理性基础 Core strategy: 核心战略： Strategies: In (theoretical) circumstances of competition or conflict, as in the theory of games, decision theory, business administration, etc., a plan for successful action based on the rationality and interdependence of the moves of the opposing participants (OED) 战略：“战略”是指在有竞争或冲突的（理论）环境下（就像在博弈

论、决定论、经营管理学等理论设置的环境那样）一份实现成功行动

的规划，这份规划是理性的，并且与对方参与者的行动分不开

（OED）

Design principles:

设计原则：

Design principles 设计原则 Qualities of balance, layout, measurement, colour, scale, and projection 平衡、布局、尺寸、颜色、规模和表达的质量

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Design process 设计步骤 A planning and decision‐making process that produces a solution (bced.gov.bc.ca) 达成某种解决方案的一个规划和决策过程。(见 bced.gov.bc.ca) Narratives; A narrative is a story that is created in a constructive format (as a work of writing, speech, poetry, prose, pictures, song, motion pictures, theatre or dance) that describes a sequence of fictional or non‐fictional events. (wikipedia) 叙事：叙事是一个故事，这个故事是按照一定的结构形式而创造的

（这些格式可以是文学作品，讲演，诗词，散文，图画，歌曲，电

影，歌剧或舞蹈），表述一系列虚构或非虚构的事件。（维基百科） Statement of intent: A document that identifies, for the medium term, the main features of intentions regarding strategy, capability and performance 意向书：阐明关于策略、能力和行动的意向要旨的一份中期文件 Aims and objectives: 目的和目标： Approaches: 手段，方法： Vision: 前景：

Design strategies 设计策略 Management strategy 管理策略

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Landscape glossary English Chinese: definitions 景...

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