11111

hqY$epf `¨\L$_p° cp•Np°rgL$,hqY$epf `¨\L$_p° cp•Np°rgL$,hqY$epf `¨\L$_p° cp•Np°rgL$,hqY$epf `¨\L$_p° cp•Np°rgL$,hqY$epf `¨\L$_p° cp•Np°rgL$,A•r[lprkL$ A_° kp¨ıL©$r[L$A•r[lprkL$ A_° kp¨ıL©$r[L$A•r[lprkL$ A_° kp¨ıL©$r[L$A•r[lprkL$ A_° kp¨ıL©$r[L$A•r[lprkL$ A_° kp¨ıL©$r[L$

k¨]$cÆk¨]$cÆk¨]$cÆk¨]$cÆk¨]$cÆ

2

‚L$fZ-1‚L$fZ-1‚L$fZ-1‚L$fZ-1‚L$fZ-1

hqY$epf `¨\L$_p° cp•Np°rgL$, A•r[lprkL$ A_°hqY$epf `¨\L$_p° cp•Np°rgL$, A•r[lprkL$ A_°hqY$epf `¨\L$_p° cp•Np°rgL$, A•r[lprkL$ A_°hqY$epf `¨\L$_p° cp•Np°rgL$, A•r[lprkL$ A_°hqY$epf `¨\L$_p° cp•Np°rgL$, A•r[lprkL$ A_°

kp¨ıL©$r[L$ k¨]$cÆkp¨ıL©$r[L$ k¨]$cÆkp¨ıL©$r[L$ k¨]$cÆkp¨ıL©$r[L$ k¨]$cÆkp¨ıL©$r[L$ k¨]$cÆ

‚ı[ph_p‚ı[ph_p‚ı[ph_p‚ı[ph_p‚ı[ph_p :

‚ı[y[ ip°^r_b¨^_p° rhje "hqY$epf `¨\L$_y¨ k¨[ kprl–e : ip°^ A_°

ıhp›epe' lp°hp\u "hqY$epf ‚]°$i' dpf¨y¨ L$peÆn°” b_° R>°. A_° Ap ‚]°$i_y¨ k¨[

kprl–e ip°^u ‚L$pidp¨ gphhy¨ A° dpfy¨ n°”L$peÆ (Field work) R>°. Apd,

dpfp k¨ip°^__p° rhı[pf hqY$epf ‚]°$i `|f[p° kurd[ lp°hp\u kp• ‚\d[p° Ap

‚]°$i_u Ap°mM d°mhu A_° [°_u cp•Np°rgL$[p\u `qfrQ[ \hy M|b S>Í$fu R>°.

hqY$epf `¨\L$_p° cp•Np°rgL$ k¨]$cÆhqY$epf `¨\L$_p° cp•Np°rgL$ k¨]$cÆhqY$epf `¨\L$_p° cp•Np°rgL$ k¨]$cÆhqY$epf `¨\L$_p° cp•Np°rgL$ k¨]$cÆhqY$epf `¨\L$_p° cp•Np°rgL$ k¨]$cÆ :

hqY$epf `¨\L$_p° cp•Np°rgL$ k¨]$cÆ ≈°BA° A° `l°gp¨ NyS>fp[_p _L$ipdp¨

hqY$epf ¨\L$_y ı\p_ ºep¨ Aph°gy R>° A° ≈°BA°-

`pV$Z rS>Îgp_p kdu [pgyL$pdp D—f° Aph°g b_pk_]$u_p L$pW$p\u dpX$u_°

]$rnZ° Aph°g `¨Qpkf Npd ky^u_p°, `|hÆdp¨ fp°X$p-dp¨L$p-lpfuS>\u dp¨X$u_°

`rd_° fp^_`yf [\p L$√R>_p _p_p fZ ky^u_p° L$p¨W$p_p° ‚]°$i A°V$g° "hqY$epf

‚]°$i'.

lpg_p `pV$Z rS>Îgp_p kdu [pgyL$p_p° kdN∞ cpN [°dS> lpfuS>

[pgyL$p_p¨ \p°X$p¨L$ Npdp°_p° rhı[pf "hqY$epf' [fuL°$ Ap°mMpe R>°.

Óu kp°dpcpB `V°$g hqY$epf ‚]°$i_u Ap°mM Ap`[p¨ S>Zph° R>° L°$,

""A°L$ bpSy>A° L$√R>_y¨ rhipm fZ A_° bu∆ bpSy>A° NyS>fp[_u fkpmc|rd :

h√Q° hqY$epf _pd_p° fZL$p¨W$p_p° ‚]°$i. Qp`p°–L$V$ h¨i_p fp≈Ap°_u A° c|rd.

¨Qpkf A°_y `pV$_Nf.''1

hqY$epf ‚]°$i_p gp°L$kprl–eL$pf A°hp L$rhfpS>Óu gpcy]$p_ hu. NY$hu.

hqY$epf ‚]°$i_u Ap°mM Ap ‚dpZ° Ap ° R>° - ""`Qpkf\u D—f [fa fp^_ yf

ky^u [°dS> L$√R>_p fZL$p¨W°$ h√R>fpS> b°V$\u `|hÆdp¨ _p¨Zp ky^u [°dS> Í$`°Z-

3

kfıh[u-b_pk_p r”c°V°$ dm[p° ‚]°$i S>°_° hqY$epf [fuL°$ Ap°mMhpdp¨ Aph°

R>°.''2

hqY$epf `\L$ `l°gp "h^w `\L$' [fuL°$ Ap°mMp[p° l[p°. A°hu gp°L$hpeL$p

R>°. "hqY$epf' iÂ]$ Alv_p gp°L$p°_p hV$, hQ_ A_° Mdufu-Mydpfu_p° r_]£$i L$f° R>°.

V|¨$L$dp¨, kdu\u D—f° b_pk _]$u\u dp¨X$u_° ]$rnZ° Í$`°Z _]$u_p L$p¨W$p

ky^u_p°, `rÚd° L$√R>_p _p_p fZ\u `|hÆdp¨ lpfuS> ky^u_p° rhı[pf hqY$epf

‚]°$i R>°.

Ap hqY$epf ‚]° $i_u S>du_ kd[m d°]$p_ ‚]° $i S>°hu R> °. S> °dp¨

M°[ugpeL$ am÷z` S>du_ `Z R>°, [p° fZ_p° Mpfpihpmp° MyÎgp° d°]$p_u ‚]°$i

`Z R>°. S>° rb_M°[u gpeL$ A_° h°fp_ R>°. Ap fZ ‚]°$idp¨ ANqfep L$p°d duWy$

`L$h° R>°. `l°gp¨ Ap ‚]°$idp¨ npf_y¨ ‚dpZ h^y l[y¨. S>°\u npfhpmu MyÎgu

S>du_ D`f dpV$u_p¨ hpkZp° Np°W$hu_° kyfp°Mpf A°L$W$p° L$fhp_p° Ïehkpe `Z A°L$

kde° Alv L$fhpdp¨ Aph[p°. lpgdp¨ fZ‚]°$idp¨ duW$p D¤p°N rhL$pk `pÁep° R>°.

_hpbu ipk_dp¨ DƒS>X$ S>du__° am÷z` b_phhp [°dS> npfhpmu S>du__°

ky^pfhp_p l°[y\u lX$L$pep bphm_y¨ hph°[f L$fhpdp¨ ApÏey¨ l[y¨. Ap bphm_y¨

kpd∞pƒe lpgdp¨ `Z Ap rhı[pfdp¨ M|b ≈°hp dm° R>°. k|L$u S>du_dp¨ `Z

l¨d°ip gugpR>Ád fl°[p Ap bphm S>du_ ky^pfL$ R>°.

cp•Np°rgL$ a°fapfp°_° L$pfZ° ]$qfep° hqY$epf\u ]|$f Nep° –epf° ApMp°e ¨\L$

fZ b_u Nep° A_° L$√R>_y¨ _p_y¨ fZ [fuL°$ Ap°mMpep°. hqY$epf ‚]°$idp¨\u

dyøe–h° ”Z _]$uAp° `kpf \pe R>°. b_pk-Í$`°Z A_° kfıh[u. kfıh[u

Alvep "Ly$hpqfL$p' A°hp lzgpdZp _pd\u Ap°mMpe R>°. Ap _]$u ]$qfepdp¨ _rl

`Z fZdp¨ kdpB ≈e R>°. gy‡[ kfıh[u _]$u `l°gp¨ hqY$epfdp¨ \B_° hl°[u.

Ap _]$uAp° D`fp¨[ A_°L$ _p_p-dp°V$p `pZu_p hp°L$fp `kpf \pe R>°.

Ap ‚]°$i_u Apbp°lhp k|L$u A_° rhjd R>°. Alv D_pmpdp kM[ Nfdu

`X°$ R>°. riepmpdp¨ W$¨X$u_y¨ ‚dpZ M|b lp°e R>°. Qp°dpkpdp¨ hfkp]$_y¨ ‚dpZ

Alvep Ar_rÚ[ R>°. ºepf°L$ Alvep h^y hfkp]$ `X°$ R>°, [p° ºepf°L$ kph

_rlh[ L°$ AÎ` ‚dpZdp¨ `X°$ R>°. hfkp]$_u Ar_rÚ[[p_° L$pfZ° ºepf°L$ Ap

rhı[pfdp ]y$ÛL$pm_u `qfsı\r[ `Z Ecu \pe R>°. Alvep S>Ng_y ‚dpZ M|b

4

S> Ap°Ry> R>°. dp°V$p h©np° [p° ]|$f-]|$f ky u _S>f L$fp° [p° ºepL$-ºepL$ S> ≈°hp dm°.

A°L$]$d MyÎgp° rhı[pf, bphmp°_u NuQ TpX$uAp° S> _S>f° `X°$ A°hp° Ap ‚]°$i.

Ap ‚]°$i L$√R>_p _p_p fZ_° AX$u_° Aph°gp° lp°hp\u Ap ‚]°$i_u S>du_dp¨

npf_y ‚dpZ M|b R>°.

hqY$epf ¨\L$dp¨ g°hp[p `pL$p°dp¨ bpS>fu, L$`pk, OJ, QZp, ∆fy A_°

[°gurbep¨ dyøe R>°. Ap D`fp¨[ _]$uhpmp f°[pm cpNdp¨ M°X|$[p° L$W$p°m [°dS>

ipL$cp∆_y `Z hph°[f L$f° R>°. Alv_u M°[ugpeL$ S>du_ b° cpNdp¨ hl¢Qpe°gu

R>° : (1) _]$u_p L$p`hpmu f°[pm S>du_ [\p (2) L$pm°[f (L$pmu S>du_). S>°

M|b S> QuL$Zu lp°hp\u [°_u r_[pf isº[ kpfu lp°e R>°. Ap S>du_dp¨ ≈°

Qp°dpkpdp¨ hfkp]$_y ‚dpZ kpfy lp°e [p° frh`pL$ (riepmy pL$) S>°hp L°$, OJ,

QZp hN°f° Qplπhp (rb_r`e[) \pe R>°. Alvep¨ d|R>pmp `pL$p° (OJ-hN°f°)

dbgM `pL°$ R>°. Alv_u M°[u Qp°dpkp Apr^_ R>°. tkQpB_u kNhX$p° _rlh[

R>°. h^y S>du_ ^fph[p M°X|$[p° `pk° `p°[p_u S>du_dp¨ r`e[ dpV°$ bp°f_u

kNhX$p° R>°. `pZu_u Alv M|b [¨Nu A_ychpe R>°. S>du_ npfhpmu lp°hp\u

tkQpB L°$ `uhp_p bp°fh°gp°dp¨\u `Z Mpfy¨ `pZu _uL$m° R>°. `uhp dpV°$ duWy

`pZu dm[y _\u. Alvep¨ S>¨Ng_y ‚dpZ M|b S> Ap°Ry>¨ R>°.

Ap ‚]°$i b_pk _]$u_p L$p¨W$p_p° ‚]°$i lp°hp\u Ap ‚]°$i A_° [°_p gp°L$p°_°

D≈Nf L$f[u A°L$ L$l°h[ R>° -

""b_pk° `pL° $ _f b¨L$X$p, ap¨aX$p `Z ]° $l° kp¨L$X$p.''""b_pk° `pL° $ _f b¨L$X$p, ap¨aX$p `Z ]° $l° kp¨L$X$p.''""b_pk° `pL° $ _f b¨L$X$p, ap¨aX$p `Z ]° $l° kp¨L$X$p.''""b_pk° `pL° $ _f b¨L$X$p, ap¨aX$p `Z ]° $l° kp¨L$X$p.''""b_pk° `pL° $ _f b¨L$X$p, ap¨aX$p `Z ]° $l° kp¨L$X$p.''

Ap hqY$epf ‚]°$i_u ]$rnZ-`rÚd° L$√R>_y¨ _p_y¨ fZ Aph°gy¨ R>°. Ap

fZ_p° L°$V$gp°L$ rhı[pf "OyX$Mf AÊepfŒe' dpV°$ Apfrn[ L$fhpdp Aph°gp° R>°. Ap

hqY$epf ‚]°$idp¨ _ugNpe, fp°T, OyX$Mf S>°hp¨ hfie ‚pZuAp° M|b S> ‚dpZdp¨

≈°hp dm° R>°.

hqY$epf `¨\L$_p° A•r[lprkL$ k¨]$cÆ :

hqY$epf `¨\L$_p° Br[lpk cÏe A_° ≈S>hÎedp_ R>°. NyS>fp[_p A_°L$

‚]°$ip°, ‚p¨[p°, rhı[pfp° A_° `¨\L$p° `p°[`p°[p_p° cÏe Br[lpk k¨Ofu_° b°W$p

R>°.[°d hqY$epf `¨\L$ `Z `p°[p_p° ApNhp° Br[lpk k¨Ofu_° b°W$p° R>°. hu[°gp

5

L$pm kde_u OZu OV$_pAp°, ‚k¨Np°_p° [° d|L$ kpnu R>°. dpfp k¨ip°^__y¨

L$peÆn°” "hqY$epf ‚]°$i' lp°hp\u Ap ‚]°$i_p° Br[lpk ≈Zhp° S>Í$fu R>°. ApMpe

NyS>fp[ ‚]°$i_p° Br[lpk ≈° Np•fhh¨[p° lp°e [p°, hqY$epf ¨\L$ [°dp¨\u L$B fu[°

bpL$p[ flu iL°$ ! NyS>fp[_p cÏe Br[lpkdp¨ [°_u f¨Nb°f¨Nu gp°L$k¨ıL©$r[,

L$gphpfkp°, fpS>L$ue QX$[u-`X$[u, `f¨ fpAp°, fur[-qfhp≈°, ]$p_-k°hp-^dÆ-

dp_h[p-`fp°`L$pf_u `f¨`fp, k¨[p°-dl¨[p°, –epN-brg]$p_, _°L$u-V°$L$u A_°

i|fhuf[p\u cf`|f OZu b^u hp[p° k¨Ofpe°gu R>°, [°d hqY$epf `¨\L$ `Z

`p°[p_u QX$[u-`X$[u A_° ≈lp°S>gpgu_p° kpnu f¸p° R>°. NS> NS> R>p[u ag°

A°hp° Np•fhh¨[p° cÏe Br[lpk Ap ‚]°$i ^fph° R>°. L°$V$gpe L$pm-kde_p

‚hplp°_p°, QX$[u-`X$[u_p° d|L$ kpnu Ap ‚]°$i kde°-kde° h y _° h y [°S>h¨[p°

\ep° R>°. k¨[p°-dl¨[p°, cº[p°, fpS>huAp°, L$rhAp°, ]$p_hufp°, i|fhufp°, k[uAp°

A_° blpfhV$uepAp°\u cfQL$ Ap "hqY$epf `\L$' Mf°Mf dlp_ A_° cp¡eipmu

R>°. Ap ‚]°$i_u ^f[u_p `yŒe ‚[p`\u [°_° `yŒeipmu A°hp dlp_ Ah[pfu

˜u- yfyjp° d˛ep¨. Ap ¨\L$_y A•r[lprkL$ dl“h, fpS>L$ue QX$[u-`X$[u, Alv

b_°gp A•r[lprkL$ b_php°- OV$_pAp°_p° rQ[pf ≈°hp° ≈°BA°. Ap `¨\L$_p

Br[lpk_° `|f°`|fp° ≈Œep rkhpe, dpŒep rkhpe dpfy¨ ApNm_y¨ k¨ip°^_ L$peÆ

A |fy S> gpN°. ©õ$c|rd rh_p [°_y L$g°hf OX$hp_y L$peÆ h y L$qW$_ lp°e R>°. Ap\u

Ap`Z° hqY$epf `¨\L$_p Br[lpk_° ≈ZuA°-

hqY$epf ¨\L$_u Ap°mM R>°L$ dlpcpf[L$pgu_ kdedp¨\u `Z dmu Aph°

R>°. A° kde° Ap ‚]°$i "^dpÆfŒe n°”' [fuL°$ Ap°mMp[p°. Ap ^dpÆfŒe dp¨

h°]$p¨[_p `fd D`pkL$ dpLÆfiX°$e F>rj_p° ApÓd Aph°g l[p°.

dlpcpf[L$pgu_ kde bp]$ hqY$epf `¨\L$_u A°L$ ApNhu Ap°mM Ecu

\pe R> °, A°L$ kdedp¨ cf`|f ≈lp°S>gpgu ^fph_pf `¨Qpkf fpƒe_u

ı\p`_p\u. A°L$ kde° ApMp NyS>fp[_u A•r[lprkL$ fpS>^p_u flu Ne°g

`pV$Z_u ı\p`_p h_fpS> QphX$pA° L$f°gu. Ap h_fpS> QphX$p_u S>fidc|rd

hqY$epf ¨\L$, ¨Qpkf [°_y h[_. [°_p° S>fid dp°V$u Q¨]y$f Npd\u `rÚd° Aph°g

hNX$pdp¨ \e°g L°$ ƒep¨ lpg k¨[Óu lufp`yfu bp`y_p° ApÓd Aph°gp° R>°. [°_p

S>fid_u ep]$dp¨ –ep¨ [°_u L|$m]°$hu Óu Qpdy¨X$p dp[p∆_y¨ d¨q]$f b¨^ph°gy¨. lpgdp¨

k[Óu lufp yfu bp y_p ApÓddp Aph°g dpØ QpdyX$p_y dp°Vy$ dq]$f [°_p° yfphp° R>°.

6

rlfi]y$ fp≈Ap°_u fp≈iplu bp]$ Ap ‚]°$i _hpbu ipk_ _uQ° Aphu ≈e

R>°. `pg_`yf A°S>fiku_p fp^_`yf ıV°$V$_p _hpb kpl°b_u lL|$d[ Ap ApMpe

rhı[pf D`f l[u. [° kde_p fp^_ yf ıV°$V$_p _hpbu ipk_dp d©–ey]$X$_u k≈

`pd°gp Ny_°Npfp°_° ap¨ku Ap`hp dpV°$_u S>¡ep lpg_p hqY$epf ¨\L$_p h°X$ Npd°

l[u. S>°_p L$pfZ° lpgdp¨ `Z c|g°Q|L°$ L$p°B Ap Npd_y _pd bp°g[y _\u. b^p

[°_° "kpdp Npd' L$lu_° bp°gph° R>°.

hqY$epf `¨\L$_u L¨$Ly$hfZu cp°dL$pdp¨ hfpZp Npd Aph°gy¨ R>°. dpdX$uep

QpfZ_u q]$L$fu dp¨ Mp°qX$epf fpS>ı\p_\u _uL$mu kp•fpÙ≤$ S>[p¨ h√Q° Ap hfpZp

Npd° D[pfp° L$f°g. ApMpe hqY$epf [°dS> ApS>ybpSy>_p A_° ]|$f]|$f_p rhı[pf_p

gp°L$p°_u ÓŸp_y-Apı\p_y L°$fi÷ dpØ Mp°qX$epf R>°. S>°_u kyhpk ApMpe hqY$epfdp¨

a°gpe°gu R>°.

Alv Ap`Z° hqY$epf ¨\L$_p Br[lpk D`f A°L$ DX$[u _S>f a°fhu. Ap

D`fp¨[, Ap `¨\L$_° A_°L$ k¨[p°-dl¨[p°, cº[p°, ]$p[pAp°, i|fhufp° A_°

k[uAp°A° DS>mp° b_pÏep° R>°. lh° hqY$epf `¨\L$_p A•r[lprkL$ A_° kp¨ıL©$r[L$

Br[lpk_u rhN[° dprl[u ≈°BA°-

dlpcpf[L$pgu_ kdedp¨ Ap hqY$epf `¨\L$ ^dpÆfŒe n°” [fuL° $

Ap°mMp[p° l[p°. lpg_p kdu [pgyL$p_p gp°V ° $f Npd° Óu gp°l°f

(gp°V°$f)dlp]°$h_y ‚pQu_ d¨q]$f Aph°gy R>°. –ep¨ ce¨L$f NuQ S>¨Ng l[y. ^p°mp

q]$hk° Alv L$p°B_° ip° hp° dyÌL°$g `X°$ [°hu bphmuep_u AX$pbuX$ TpX$u l[u. Ap

`rh” n°”dp¨ A_°L$ k¨[-kp yAp°, dy_uAp° `p°[p_p ApÓddp¨ flu [`_u |Zu

^Mph[p, ‚cy ıdfZ L$f[p A_° Ap ı\m_u `rh”[pdp¨ h^pfp° L$f[p. Ap

ı\m rhjeL$ L°$V$guL$ ]¨$[L$\pAp° `Z dm° R>°.

""A°L$ ]¨$[L$\p ‚dpZ° h°]$pfi[_p `fd D`pkL$ Óu dpLÆ$fiX°$e F>rj_p°

ApÓd `Z Ap d¨q]$f_p ı\m `pk° S> l[p°. S>°_° gB_° `p¨X$hp° Ap ı\m°

fp°L$pep l[p. cp°S>__u h°mp \B –epf° ^dÆfp≈_° r_ed l[p° L°$ - cp°mp_p\_p

rihgvN_u `|S>_-AQÆ_ rhr^ L$fu_° S> cp°S>_ L$fhy¨. lh° Ap rhL$V$ S>¨Ngdp¨

Aphy ı\m ºep¨ ip° hy! cudk°__p D]$fdp¨ l_ydp_∆ L|$]$[p dpf[p l[p. A°V$g°

A°Z° S>¨Ngdp¨ A°L$ h©n _uQ° dpV$u_u gp°V$u K^u hpmu_° rihgvN b_pÏey. A_°

7

^dÆfp≈_° b[pÏey¨. [°dZ° rihtgN dp_u `|S>_rhr^ `[phu. b^pA° cp°S>_

gu^y¨ `R>u cud-ASy>Æ_ ƒep¨ gp°V$u l[u –ep¨ Nep A_° cud° gp°V$u dp\° N]$p

dpfu –ep¨ [p° [°dp¨\u ]|$^_u ^pfp hl°hp gpNu. [° apV$u Ap¨M° cp°mp_p\_u

isº[_° _du f¸p°. Mfu ÓŸp\u dp_hu A°L$ `’\f_° `|S>° R>°, [p° ‚cy [°_u

ÓŸp V$L$phu fpM° R>°. `pX$hp°_p r_hpk_p Ahi°jÍ$ ° Ap S>¡epA° `pQ Ly$X$p° dp•Sy>]$

R>°.''3 lpg S>° gp°l°f dlp]°$h R>° [° `p¨X$hp° ‹pfp ı\pr`[ R>°.

Óu gp°l°f dlp]°$h∆_p° `p•fprZL$ Br[lpk Ap ‚dpZ° R>° :

""Ap ^dpÆfŒen°”dp¨ dpLÆ$fiX°$e F>rj_p° ApÓd l[p°. [°dS> Ap AfŒedp¨

gp°lLy$V$ (fº[pn)_pd° A°L$ dlpbmhp_ A_° ]y$Ù$ Akyf r_hpk L$f[p° l[p°. bu≈

Akyfp°_u S>°d S> [° `Z [` ‹pfp Óu i¨L$f cNhp__y¨ hf]$p_ d°mhu r_cÆe

bfiep° l[p°. Ap\u, hM[p°hM[ [° F>rjAp°_u eopq]$, ^prdÆL$ qæ$epAp°dp¨

D`÷h L$f[p° l[p°. Ap Akyf_p ”pk\u L$¨V$pmu_° dlrjÆ dpLÆ$fiX°$e F>rjA° [`ıep

Ap]$fu. Aep°›ep_p fp≈ fpdQ¨÷_° ‚kfi_ L$epÆ.cNhp_ fpd-rhÛZyA° Akyf

kp\° eyŸ Apf¨Êey¨. cp°S>_ kde \[p¨ b¨_°A° eyŸ b¨^ L$eyØ A_° `p°[`p°[p_p

BÙ$]°$h_p `|≈L$peÆdp¨ dî \ep. gp°lpkyf° `p°[p_p gp°lp (gp°Y$p_p°) ]¨$X$ fpMu

[°dp¨ rih_y¨ Apfp^_ L$eyØ A_° rih_u `|≈ L$fhp gp¡ep°. rhÛœ `Z rih_u

`|≈ L$fhp gp¡ep. rhÛœ_° rih_u `|≈ L$f[p¨ r_lpmu_° gp°lpkyf ‚kfi_ \ep°.

A_° rhÛZy_° hf]$p_ dp¨Nhp S>ZpÏey¨. A° kde° rhÛœA° [°_p d©–ey_y¨ hf]p_

dp¨¡ey¨, A°V$g° ‚kfi_ rQ—° fpnk° [°_p° ıhuL$pf L$ep£. [° kde° rih ‚NV$ \ep

A_° gp°lpkyf `f ∞kfi_ \ep. gp°lpkyf_p gp°l]¨$X$\u Ap fu[° Óu i¨L$f cNhp_

AprhÆcph `pÁep [°\u Ap ı\m gp°l°f dlp]°$h [fuL°$ ‚rkŸ \ey. Ap `rh”

gp°l°f dlp]°$h_y dlp–Áe "dpLÆ$fiX°$e yfpZ' dp¨ Ap °gy R>°.''4

A°L$ A•r[lprkL$ fpS>^p_u [fuL°$ `¨Qpkf `Z `p°[p_p° cÏe Br[lpk

k¨Ofu_° b°Wy¨$ R>°. Ap `¨Qpkf fpƒe\u S> NyS>fp[_p cÏe fpS>L$ue Br[lpk_u

[hpfuM iÍ$ \pe R>°.

Apr\ÆL$ A_° Ïep`pqfL$ ◊rÙ$A° `pV$Z kpX$p `p¨Qkp° hjÆ ky^u NyS>fp[_y¨

`pV$_Nf A_° cpf[hjÆ_y¨ kp¨ıL©$r[L$ A_° kd©Ÿ[d _Nf f¸y¨ l[y¨. Ap `pV$Z

_Nf_u ı\p`_p h_fpS> QphX$pA° L$fu l[u. Ap h_fpS> QphX$p_u S>fidc|rd

8

hqY$epf `¨\L$ R>°. Ap hqY$epf `¨\L$dp¨ Aph°g `¨Qpkf Npd° [°_p r`[p fpS>e

L$f[p l[p. `pV$Z_u ı\p`_p_u fº[ V$`L$[u L$lp_u_p d|mdp¨ A•r[lprkL$ fpƒe

`¨Qpkf R>°. Alv\u S> NyS>fp[_p QphX$p fp≈Ap°_u k—p_p° ]$p°f iÍ$ \pe R>°.

Aphu A•r[lprkL$ fpS>^p_u `¨Qpkf_u A•r[lprkL$ dprl[u _uQ° ‚dpZ° R>° :

""^peyØ r_ip_ [pL°$, [d° L$lp° [° `p¨]$Xy¨$ hv¨^u _pM° A°hp A° [uf¨]$pS>

gp°L$p°. A°d_° rbfy]$ Ap‡ey Qp`p°–L$V$. A° Ly$m_p fp≈Ap°A° A° dp_h¨[p rbfy]$_°

`p°[p_u AV$L$ b_phu_° _pd_u `pR>m ≈°X$Èy. L$pmbm° Qp`p°–L$V$dp¨\u A° QphX$p

L$l°hpep. Qp`p°–L$V$ h¨i_p fp≈Ap°_u A° c|rd. ¨Qpkf A°_y `pV$_Nf.

A° hp[_° ApS>° [°fkp° L$f[p¨ h^y hjp£ hu[u Nep¨. `¨Qpkf_u Np]$uA°

S>e riMfu _pd° fp≈ ipk_ L$f[p° l[p°. `|hÆ≈°_u `°W°$ bpZrh¤pdp¨ `pf¨N[

A_° byqŸ_p° brmep°. A°_° A°L$ fpZu, Í$`Í$`_p A¨bpf S>°hu, A°_y¨ _pd

Í$ ky]$fu. [°_p ]$fbpfdp¨ L$rh i¨L$f bpfp°V$ k¨ıL©$[ [\p ‚pL©$[ cpjp_p° ¨qX$[ A_°

]° $icº[ l[p°. L$ÎepZu _Nfu (L$_p°S>)_p fp≈ cyhX$_p k°_p`r[Ap°A°

Apk`pk_p ‚]°$ip° ∆–ep. [°dp¨ Apby_u ]$rnZ° NyS>Æf]°$i bpL$u l[p°. Ap

]$frdep_ cyhX$_p ]$fbpfdp¨ i¨L$f bpfp°V°$ S>eriMfu [\p NyS>fp[_u ‚i¨kp L$f[p

L$¸y¨ L° $ : "÷Ïekpf `pfkdrZ, ErhÆkpf NyS>fp[' A\pÆ[π `]$p\p£dp¨ Ó°õ$

`pfkdrZ A_° `©’hu `f Ó°õ$ NyS>fp[ R>°. Ap kp¨cmu_° cyhX°$ [°_p kf]$pfp°_°

NyS>Æf ]°$i ∆[hp dp°L$Îep. `f¨[y S>eriMfu_p kpmp kyf`pg° [°_p gÌL$f_°

lfpÏey. [°\u cyhX°$ `p°[° k•fie gB ¨Qpkf O°fu gu y. b¨_° k•fiep° h√Q° M|Mpf

S>¨N M°gpep°. cyhX$_u k°_pA° qL$Îgp° [p°X$Èp°, A°V$g° S>e riMfuA° [°_u NcÆh[u

fpZu Í$`ky¨]$fu_° kyf`pg kp\° kgpd[ ı\m° dp°L$gu ]$u^u. [° `R>u eyŸdp¨

S>eriMfu hufNr[ `pÁep°. cyhX°$ [°_u blp]y$fu_u L$]$ L$fu_°, NyS>Æf°$i dlp]°$h_p°

‚pkp]$ b¨^pÏep°. h_dp¨ r_hpk L$f[u fpZu Í$`ky¨]$fuA° (B.k. 696) `y”_°

S>fid Ap‡ep°. A°L$ S>•_ dyr_ iugNyZk|qfA° A°_p¨ gnZp° ≈°B [°_y¨ _pd

h_fpS> `pX$Èy¨. [° ApW$ hjÆ_p° \ep° –epf\u S> `fpæ$du nr”e_p NyZ [°_pdp¨

S>Zphp gp¡ep. ‚pf¨cdp¨ h_fpS> cug_p R>p°L$fpAp°_° A°L$W$p L$fu, V$p°mu S>dphu

_° Mp[f `pX$u, _pZp c°Np L$f[p°. A°L$ q]$hk L$pL$f Npddp A°L$ h° pfu_p Ofdp

Qp°fu L$f[p¨, [°_u crN_u Óu]° $hu_° `p°[p_u ^dÆ_u bl°_ dp_hp_p° ep°N

kp¨`X$Èp°. A°L$hpf S>¨Ngdp¨ Qp¨`p _pd_p huf hrZL$_p° `qfQe \ep°. [°_u

9

^_yrhƤp\u h_fpS> ‚cprh[ \ep°. A°L$ S|>_p Qp°L$u]$pf_p L$l°hp\u [°Z° AZrlg

cfhpX$_° rd” b_pÏep°. L$_p°S>_p ipkL°$ [°_u ]$uL$fu dÎlZ]°$hu_° NyS>Æf]°$i_u

AphL$ ]$l°S>dp¨ Ap`°gu. [° DOfphu_° Ly¨$hfu_p dpZkp° NpX$p¨ cfu L$_p°S> S>hp

_uL$˛ep. A°d_u `pk° Qp°huk gpM kp°_p_p rkΩ$p A_° Qpfkp° KQu ≈[_p

Op°X$p l[p. fı[pdp h_fpS>° gpN kp^u Vy$L$X$u `f lÎgp° L$ep£. A_° khÆ ÷Ïe g|V$u

gu^y¨. Ap ÷Ïe h_fpS>_° gÌL$f A_° i˜ kf¨≈d dpV°$ M|b D`ep°Nu \B

`X$Èy¨. fp≈_p ce\u A°L$ hjÆ Ny‡[ f¸p°. A_yL|$m k¨≈°Np° gpN[p¨ h_fpS>°

gpMpfpd Npd `pk°, kfıh[u _]$u_p L$p¨W°$ `p°[p_p rd” AZrlg cfhpX°$ `k¨]$

L$f°gp ı\m° B.k. 746 dp¨ _Nf hkphu [°_y¨ _pd AZrlg`yf `pV$Z fpøey¨.

–ep fpS>^p_u fpMu. [°Z° ^dÆcrN_u Óu]°$hu `pk° fpS>r[gL$ L$fphu, fpƒeprcj°L$

L$fpÏep°.''5

hqY$epf `¨\L$dp¨ Aph°g hfpZp Npd `Z dpØ Mp°qX$epf_p° cÏe

Br[lpk kOfu_° b°Wy$ R>°. A•r[lprkL$ A_° ^prdÆL$ A°d b_° ◊rÙ$A° hfpZp Npd_y

M|b S> dl“h R>°.

hqY$epf `¨\L$_p gp°L$kprl–eL$pf Óu gpcy]$p_ NY$hu Mp°qX$epf dp[p∆_y¨

dplp–Áe fS|> L$f[p¨ S>Zph° R>° L°$-

""ApBÓu Mp°qX$epf° dpdX$ _pd_p QpfZ_p O°f Ah[pf ^pfZ L$f°g.

B.k. 800 \u 900 _p kdedp¨ fpS>ı\p_, S>°kgd°f `pk°_p QpmL$ _°l\u

ApBÓu Mp°X$g _uL$mu. NyS>fp[ [°dS> kp•fpÙ≤$ S>[p¨ hfpZp_u c|rddp¨ Aphu_°

D[pfp° L$f°g. QpfZp° d|m dpg^pfu kdpS>_p. \p°X$p q]$hkp° hfpZp fp°L$pB

ApBÓu Mp°X$g° kp•fpÙ≤$ [fa ‚epZ L$f°g. `p°[p_p cpB n°”`pg dp°fMuep_y `Z

hfpZpdp¨ ı\p`_ L$f°g. B.k. 1200 \u 1300 _p Afkpdp¨ ApBÓu ]|$^m

_°l_p a_X$p ipMp_p cp°m Np°hpm _pd_p QpfZ Npep°_p dp°V$p dpg^pfu l[p.

]|$^m _°l\u hfpZp_p rkdpX°$ Npep° Qfph[p_° dp[p∆ ApBÓu Mp°qX$epf_p

`fd cº[ l[p. cp°mp Np°hpm QpfZ M|b cp°mp Np°hpm [fuL°$ ‚rkŸ \ep.

Ap\u hfpZp_u Óu Mp°qX$epf_° cp°mp Np°hpm_p c°muephpmu L$l°hpdp¨ Aph° R>°.

ApBÓu Mp°X$g_p A]π$c|[ `fQp\u cp°mp Np°hpm QpfZ° hfpZp_u c|rddp¨ _°l

_pMu, ApBÓu_u D`pk_p L$f°g. B.k. 1365 Apkp° ky]$-8 _° frhhpf° ApB

10

hÍ$X$u_u lpS>fudp cp°m Np°hpm QpfZ° A°L$ dq]$f bp›ey. S>° dq]$fdp Np°M [°dS>

n°”`pm ]$p]$p_u d|r[Æ_u ı\p`_p L$f°g. ApB hÍ$X$u_u hfpZpdp¨ lpS>fu lp°hp\u

QpfZ° Ap _°l_y¨ _pd hfhX$u L°$ [°dS> hÍ$X$u _°l (QpfZ _°i) [fuL°$ _pd

Ap`hpdp¨ ApÏey. "hf A°V$g° hf]$p_, "Zp' A°V$g° Ap`hy, A°hp° A\Æ \pe R>°.

ƒep¨ lpgdp¨ hfpZpdp¨ ApBÓu Mp°qX$epf bufpS>dp_ R>°. ApBÓu Mp°X$g_p

dlp_ `fQp\u hqY$epf dygL$_p AY$pf° hZÆ_p ‚≈S>_p° D`f dp[p∆_p° A°hp°

lΩ$ R>° L°$ - L$p°B`Z kdpS>dp¨ S>°_° Of° ‚\d q]$L$fp_p° S>fid \pe A°V$g° [°_°

khpdZ_u [ghV$ (kp¨_u) Np°mudp¨ d|L$u, kp\° _prme°f gB `Qpk\u kp°

dpZkp°_p k¨O kp\° ‚\d q]$L$fp_u bp^p (dp_[p) L$fhp hfpZp Aph° R>°. ≈_

≈°X$u lp°e A°hy hp[phfZ gpN° R>°. A_° bpBAp° dp[p∆_p Nu[p° Np[p¨-Np[p¨,

kp\° ”p¨bpmy Y$p°g hNpX$[p dpØ Mp°qX$epf d¨q]$fdp¨ ≈”p L$fhp Aph° R>°. Aphu

hjp£ S|>_u `f¨`fp ApS> `Z Qpgy R>°. dlpky]$ ApW$d A°V$g° ApBÓu Mp°X$uepf

S>fidS>e¨r[ lp°B dlpky]$-buS>\u dlpky]$-`|_d ky^u dp[p∆_p° dp°V$p° d°mp°

cfpe R>°. gpMp° ÓŸpmyAp° dp[p∆_p¨ ]$iÆ_p\£ Aph° R>°.OZu b^u S>¡epA°

dp[p∆_p¨ ı\p_L$p° R>°, `f¨[y Ap d¨q]$f_u A]π$c|[ `f¨ fp ApNhy ı\p_ ^fph°

R>°. ]$f°L$ ^dÆ_p gp°L$p° Ap dp[p∆dp¨ Apı\p ^fph° R>°. ApBÓu Mp°qX$epf

dp[p∆_y¨ S|>_y¨ d¨q]$f k¨h¨[ 1365, Apkp°ky]$-8, frhhpf° b_°g [° d¨q]$f_p

Np°M, |≈ [°dS> d|r[Æ e\ph[ fpMu D`f _rh_ d¨q]$f_y r_dpÆZ L$f°g R>°.''6

hqY$epf ¨\L$dp¨ Aph°g i¨M°f Npd S>•_ ^dÆ_y yfp[_ ı\m R>°. Alv

`pÆ_p\ cNhp__y S|>_y dq]$f Aph°gy R>°. Ap ı\m S>•_^dÆ_u Apı\p_y L°$fi÷ R>°.

Alvep NyS>fp[, kdN∞ cpf[ [\p A_°L$ ]°$i-`f]°$i_p S>•_ gp°L$p° `pÆ_p\

cNhp__p ]$iÆ_° Aph° R>°. i¨M°f_p S>•_ ]°$fpkfp°_u øepr[ Qpf°L$p°f ]|$f]|$f ky u

a°gpe°gu R>°. \p°X$pL$ hjp£ ANpD Ap d¨q]$f D`fp¨[ 108 d¨q]$fp°_u Ó°Zuhpmy¨

rhipm, cÏepr[cÏe A°hy 108 `pÚÆ_p\ ]°$fpkf bp¨ hpdp¨ ApÏey R>°.

h√R>fpS> b°V$ (L$√R>_y _p_y fZ) dp¨ gp°L$]°$h hpR>X$]$p]$p_u S>¡ep Aph°gu

R>°. kp¶]$eÆ A_° ÓŸp\u kcf A°hu S>¡ep lpgdp¨ `pV$Z rS>Îgp_p kdu

[pgyL$p_u `rÚd° Aph°g L$√R>_p _p_p fZdp Aph°g h√R>fpS> b°V$dp ^dÆ_u ^≈

kdp_ ≈N©[ R>°. Ap S>¡ep Apd[p° L$√R>_p _p_p fZ_u h√Q° Aph°g R>° `f¨[y

[°_p° Br[lpk hqY$epf ¨\L$ kp\° ≈°X$pe°gp° R>°. Ap q]$Ïe S>¡epdp¨ k°hp, –epN

11

A_° kd ÆZ_u kfhpZu hl°[u ≈°B iL$pe R>°. Alv hpR>X$]$p]$p_p ]$iÆ_° Aph[p

]$iÆ_p\wAp°_p d__° ip¨r[ dm° R>°. khÆ k¨[p`p° Alv kdpB S>B_° A°L$

q]$Ïe[p_p°, cÏe[p_p° A_ych L$fph° R>°. A°hp Ap gp°L$]°$h[p hpR>X$p]$p]$p_u S>¡ep

hjp£\u gp°L$p°_° ^dÆ, ]$p_, yŒe, L$dÆ, dp_h[p, k°hp, `fp° L$pf_p° fpl Qv^[u

flu R>°.

""Ap hp[ ArNepfdu k]$u_u Apk`pk_u R>°. h√R>fpS> kp°g¨L$u d|m [p°

L$pgfu (b`°Qfp∆) Npd_p h[_u, [°d_y¨ dp°kpm hqY$epf `¨\L$dp¨ Aph°g

gp°gpX$p Npd° dpdp_° L$p°B k¨[p_ _ lp°hp\u dpdp_p L$l°hp\u A_° cpcu_p

L$X$hp h°Z° h√R>fpS>° hqY$epfdp¨ gp°gpX$p Npd° Aphhp_y¨ _Ω$u L$eyØ. [°d_y¨ L$pd

Npep° Qfphhu A_° [°d_u k°hp L$fhu. \p°X$p kdebp]$ [°d_y kN`Z Ly$hf Npd°

L$fhpdp¨ ApÏey¨. gp°gpX$p\u Ly¨$hf dyL$pd° ≈_ gB_° h√R>fpS> `fZhp Aph°gp.

g¡_d¨X$`dp¨ ”u≈° a °fp ° afhp_u [•epfu \[u l[u –ep¨ [p ° fpX$ `X$u.

"^p°X$p°......^p°X$p°.....^p°X$p°.. Ly¨$hf Npd_y¨ Npep°_y¨ ^Z gy¨V$pfpAp° hpmu_° gB

≈e R>°.' ƒep¨ OX$uL$ `l°gp¨ ApMpe g¡_d¨X$`dp¨ Ap_¨]$ d¨Nm A_° g¡__p°

D–kpl l[p° A°_u S>¡epA° kp• ı[Â^ \B Nep. lplpL$pf dQu Nep°. `Z

"Npep°_y¨ ^Z' Aphy¨ kp¨cm[p¨ [p° Np• k°hL$ A°hp huf h√R>fpS>_p¨ Í$hpX$p¨ Ecp¨

\B Nep¨. hfhpmp [p°X$u, _hh | |_pbp_p° lp\ [fR>p°X$u_° huf h√R>fpS> MyÎgu

[ghpf° f[_ Op°X$u D`f `gpZ L$fu_° Npep°_° g|¨V$pfpAp°_u Q|¨Npgdp¨\u R>p°X$phhp

A°L$]$d ]$p°V$ d|L$u. ApS> h√R>fpS>_° i|fp[_ QX$Èy¨ l[y¨. A°L$g° lp\° h√R>fpS>°

[ghpf_u fdTV$ bp°gphu. L¶$L$_p¨ dp\p¨ hpY$Èp¨_° bQ°gp g|¨V$pfpAp°_° cNpX$Èp.

^Z_° `pRy>¨ hpmu gpÏep. A°d_p° S>eS>eL$pf \hp gp¡ep°. afu\u g¡__u A |fu

rhr^ iÍ$ L$fu. h√R>fpS> ”u≈ d¨Nma°fp_u [•epfu L$f° –ep¨ [p° Ly¨$hf Npd_u

rh^hp QpfZ bpB ]°$hgbp(ApB ]°$hgbp) _p° L$fyZ k|f k¨cmpZp° : -"l°

h√R>fpS>! [° cpf° i|fhuf[p ]$pMhu. ApMp Npd_u Npep° `pR>u Aphu `Z S>°_p

]|$ \u ]$uhp° \pe A°hu dpfu h°NX$ Npe `pR>u Aphu _\u. Ap h°NX$_p ]$iÆ_ \pe

`R>u S> dpf° Afi_-S>m Apfp°Nhp_p _°d R>°. dpfu Npe_° lh° L$p°Z `pR>u

hpmi°? i|fhuf h√R>fpS> ApV$gy kpcm[p [p° f[_ Op°X$u `f khpf \B_° _uL$mu

`X$Èp°. A°L$g° lp\° g|¨V$pfpAp° kpd° TT|Áep°. L°$V$gpe_p Y$ud Y$pmu ]$u^p. huf

hpR>X$p° ApS>° fZd°]$p_dp¨ ]y$Ìd_p°_u kpd° ^vNpZ° QX$Èp° R>°. g|V$pfpAp° Q°[u Nep

12

cpNhp gp¡ep. A°L$ g|¨V$pfpA° `pR>m Aphu_° Op L$ep£. dı[L$ `X$Èy¨_° dp\p

rh_p_p A°L$gp ^X°$ S>bf]$ı[ ^vNpœ¨ Ap]$eyØ. A°L$g° lp\° L°$V$gpe_° dpepØ. dp\y

h√R>fpS> b°V$\u ]|$f `X$Èy¨ l[y¨. ƒepf° ^X$ lpgdp¨ h√R>fpS> b°V$dp¨ Aph°g

hpR>X$p]$p]$p_u kdpr^_u S>¡epA° Aphu_° `X$Èy¨. bQ°gp g¨|V$pfpAp° h°NX$Npe_°

d|L$u_° cp¡ep. S>° S>¡epA° A°d_y ^X$ `X$Èy –ep¨ [°d_u kdpr^ Ap °g. A°d_u

`pR>m _hh^| `|_pbp, ApB ]°$hgbp, f[_ Op°X$u, L|$[fp° A_° Y$p°gu A° `Z

∆h¨[ kdpr^ gu^°g. k[u ]°$hgbpA° dp°[uep L|$[fp_° ApiuhpÆ]$ Ap‡ep L°$ -

"Ap ı\p_L$ D`f lX$L$pey¨ L|$[fy¨ L$fX$°g L$p°B`Z ∆h Aphi° A°_y¨ T°f Q|kpB

S>i°.' `p°[p_p lp\° fZ_u Mpfu f°[udp¨ hufX$p° Npmu_° S>° N¨Np∆_y duWy$ `pZu

]°$hgbpA° hl°[y¨ L$f°gy¨ A° Ad©[S>m Qpf° q]$ipdp¨ R>p¨V$u ]°$hgbpA° A_° k[u

|_pbpA° c°mp \e°gp fpS> |[p° A_° gp°L$kdy]$pe_° ApiuhpÆ]$ Ap‡ep L°$ - "Ap

`p[pm N¨Np L$ped hl°[u fl°i°. Ap AM¨X$ Tfp° Npep°_° [fku _lv fpM° A_°

Ap `pZu_y¨ QfZpd©[ fp°Nuep¨_p fp°N A_° ]y$:Muep¨_p ]y:M ]|$f L$fi°. Ap

S>¡epA° duW$p `pZu_u kfhpZu ApS>°e Qpgy R>°.'7

ApS>°e `Z fZdp¨ (hpR>X$pb°V$dp¨) [°d_u i|fhuf[p_u eiNp\pAp° Np[p°

`prmep° Ecp° R>°. A_°L$ ]y$:Muep¨Ap°_p° Apifp° bfiep° R>°. h°fp_ Mpfp fZdp¨

hk[p ANqfepAp°_p° rhkpdp°-Apifp° bfiep° R>°. hpR>X$p]$p]$p ApS>°e ApMp

hqY$epfdp¨ [°dS> ApSy>bpSy>_p ‚]°$ip°dp¨ gp°L$]°$h [fuL°$ |≈e R>°.

hqY$epf ¨\L$dp¨ _hpbu ipk_ `Z OZp kde ky u f y R>°. NyS>fp[dp¨

ƒepf° hX$p°]$fp\u dp¨X$u_° D—f NyS>fp[_p dl°kpZp, `pV$Z ky u NpeL$hpX$ ipk_

l[y¨ –epf° D—f NyS>fp[dp¨ b_pkL$p¨W$p rS>Îgp_p cpcf, `pg_`yf, L$p¨L$f°S>,

hph, \fp]$ A_° `pV$Z rS>Îgp_p fp^_ yf, hpfplu, kp¨[g yf A_° kdu [°dS>

kyf°fi÷_Nf rS>Îgp_p ]$kpX$p, `pV$X$u_p Npdp° ky^u `pg_`yf A_° fp^_`yf_p

_hpbp°_y ipk_ l[y. Ap `pg_ yf A°S>fikudp¨ `pg_ yf A_° fp^_ yf A° b¨_°

`l°gp hNÆ_p¨ k¨ı\p_p° R>°. fp^_ yf k¨ı\p__u ]$rnZ° Aph°g hqY$epf ¨\L$ D`f

`Z fp^_`yf_p _hpbp° ipk_ L$f[p l[p.

""fp^_`yf k¨ı\p__p° rhı[pf ≈°BA° [p° fp^_`yf ıhı\p__u D—f°

cpcf, [°fhpX$p, |hÆdp¨ L$p¨L$f°S> A_° NpeL$hpX$ kfL$pf_p° `pV$Z dygL$. ]$rnZdp¨

13

hZp°]$,]$kpX$p A_° TvTyhpX$p, `rÚd° L$√R>_y _p_y fZ A_° hpfplu [pgyL$p° Aph°gp

R>°. fp^_`yf fpƒe_p Npdp°_° fp^_`yf, kdu, dyS`yf, bZp°^Z A_° h°X$

_pd_p `p¨Q dlpgp°dp¨ hl¢Qu _pMhpdp¨ ApÏep R>°. Ap ‚]°$idp¨ k¨h¨[ 1956

(B.k. 1899)_p° ce¨L$f ]y$ÛL$pm A_° [° `R>u_p¨ L$pW$p¨ hfkp°_° gu^° Y$p°f-

dpZkp°_u k¨øep OV$u NB R>°. A_° A°\u M°[u_u sı\r[ A°V$gu b^u ]y$bÆm \B

NB R>° L°$ Ap fpƒe_p gp°L$p°_° L$W$Z hfkp°_u ce¨L$f Akfdp¨\u dyº[ \hp_° OZp¨

hfk gpNi°.

fp^_`yf fpƒe_p _hpb kpl°b dl¨d]$ i°fMp_∆_y¨ 25 du a°b∞yApfu

1915 _p fp°S> d©–ey \ey. –epf `l°gp d°fu h° f kpl°b° 27 du _h°Ábf 1911

_p fp°S> _hpb S>gpgyÿu_Mp_ bpbu_° fpƒe_p° k¨ |ZÆ L$pfcpf kp¢ u ]$u^p°. Ap

iyc ‚k¨N_u ep]$dp¨ k¨h¨[ 1956-1957-1958 _p¨ ”Z hjÆ ky^u_u, [\p [°

ky p¨[_u rhOp°V$u, hS>° A_° h°fp_u DOfpZu S>° M°X|$[p° `pk° bpL$u l[u [° [dpd

dpa L$fhpdp¨ Aphu.''8

Apd, _hpb kpl°b S>gpgyÿu_Mp_∆ bpbuA° M°X|$[p° dpV°$, M°[u_p

D–L$jÆ dpV°$, S>du_ ky^pfZp dpV°$_p A_°L$ ‚e–_p° L$f°gp ≈°hp dm° R>°. [p°

rinZ dpV°$ ipmpAp° A_° ıL$p°gfiu` hN°f° kNhX$p° `Z Ecu L$fu. gp°L$p°_u

kyMpL$pfu dpV°$_p ‚epkp° _° L$pfZ° A°L$ kyipkL$ A_° ‚≈rl[°√Ry> _hpb fpS>hu

[fuL°$ [° l¨d°ip ep]$ fl°i°.

Ap D`fp[ hqY$epf_u cp°dL$pdp i°fuA°-i°fuA°, Npd°-Npd°, hNX°$-hNX°$

[°_p° Br[lpk k¨N∞lpe°gp° `X$Èp° R>°. OZp b^p `pmuepAp° A_° ı\p_L$p° [°_p

cÏe Br[lpk_u kpnu |f° R>°. L°$V$gpe huf yfyjp°, k[p°, cº[p°, blpfhqV$epAp°,

]$p_hufp°, L$rhAp°A° A_° [°d_p brg]$p_p°A° Ap c|rd_p Br[lpk_° Np•fhipmu

b_pÏep° R> °. L° $V $gue A•r[lprkL$ OV$_pAp°-b_php° Ap ^f[u_u dpV$udp¨

^fbpe°gp `X$Èp R>°. S>° A°_p Br[lpk_p kpnu R>°. Aphp dl“h_p A•r[lpkuL$

ı\m A_° dlp_ Ïesº[Ap° rhi° ≈°BA° [p° - Ly¨$hfNpd_p hNX$pdp¨ Aph°g

r_gL¨$W$ dlp]°$h_y¨ d¨q]$f, Np°[fL$p Npd° Aph°g Np•[dF>rj_u S>¡ep, hpO°g

Npddp¨ Aph°g h°fp_p\_u S>¡ep, hfpZp Npd_p cº[ L$rh L$p_, fpaz_p

dZufpd, hqY$epf_u k[uAp°dp¨ ApB kpebp dpØ, i°ZbpB, `|_pbp,

14

]°$hgbp, kcpBdpØ, L$pdbpB A_° gpgbpB, hfpZp_u ≈_p¨ dpØ, cu_p dpØ,

ApB rlfg, ApB gp^u, ApB fpdbpB, ApB fpS>g dpØ hN°f° R>°. Aphu

S>N]¨$bp D`pkL$ ApBAp°A° `f¨ fp dyS>b _°L$u-V°$L$u_u kp\° k¨ıL©$r[ fnZ A_°

Od¨X$u Alπdu, ]y$fpQpfu A°hp ipkL$p°_u kpd° `p°[p_p Ap–dbrg]$p_p° Ap`u_°

dp_h^dÆ_° V$L$phu fpMhp `p°[p_p¨ ∆h_ kdq`Æ[ L$fu_° hqY$epf c|rd_° DS>mu

b_phu R>°. A_° A°_p Br[lpk_° Np•fh |ZÆ b_pÏep° R>°. A°hu S>N]$bp ApBAp°_p

∆h_ Qqf”p°_p eip°Np_ ApS>° `Z Ap c|rd_p gp°L$p° c|gu iL$[p _\u.

hqY$epf `¨\L$_p° kp¨ıL©$r[L$ k¨]$cÆ :

hqY$epf `¨\L$_p° kp¨ıL©$r[L$ k¨]$cÆ M|b bmhp_ R>°. L°$dL°$, Alv_p°

kp¨ıL©$r[L$ hpfkp° kpfu fu[° S>mhpB f¸p° R>°. Alv_p A•r[lprkL$ ı\mp°,

^dÆı\p_p° hN°f° Alv_u gp°L$k¨ıL©$r[_u Ap^pfiugp f¸p¨ R>°. Ap gp°L$ k¨ıL©$r[A°

kde_p hl°Zdp¨ [°_u kpd° Ecp \e°gp A_°L$ `X$L$pfp°, AX$QZp° [°dS>

ceı\p_p°_p° kpd_p° L$f[u-L$f[u ApS> ky^u AX$uMd fu[° `p°[p_y¨ Ası[“h

≈mhu fpøey R>°. A°V$gy S> _rl, `f¨[y [°_p\u [°_y kp¶]$eÆ h y Mugu EW$Èy R>°.

ApS> [°_u dlp_[p R>°. Aphu Ap dlp_, cÏe A_° cp[uNm gp°L$k¨ıL©$r[

A°V$g° "hqY$epfu gp°L$kıL©$r[' Ap hqY$epf `\L$_u gp°L$kıL©$r[ rhriÙ$ A_° A_fie

A°V$gp dpV°$ R>° L°$ [°_u gp°L$bp°gu, fu[qfhp≈°, `l°fh°i, Mp_`p_, gp°L$_©–e,

D–khd°mpAp°dp¨ h•rh›e ≈°hp dm° R>°. hqY$epf ¨\L$_u gp°L$k¨ıL©$r[ ¨Qf¨Nu R>°.

¨Qf¨Nu A°V$gp dpV°$ L°$ [°_° kp•fpÙ≤$, L$√R>, Qp°fpX$-S>[p°X$p°, `pV$ZhpX$p°, dpfhpX$

[°dS> Qy¨hpm S>°hp ‚]°$ip°_p° rkdpX$p° gpN° R>°. Ap `p¨Q°e ‚]°$ip°_u k¨ıL©$r[_u

Akf Ap hqY$epf `¨\L$ `f `X°$gu R>°. `p¨Q°e ‚]°$ip°_u bp°gu, fu[-cp[,

`l°fh°i, Mp_`p_ hN°f°_u \p°X$u OZu Akf Ap k¨ıL©r[ `f `X°$gu ≈°hp dm°

R>°. Ap hqY$epf ¨\L$_u gp°L$k¨ıL©$r[_° k¨[p°, dl¨[p°, i|fhufp°, cº[p°, ]$p_huf,

S>r[-kr[, L$rhAp° A_° Alv_u Mdufh¨[u A_° `yŒeipmu ‚≈A° dlp_

b_phu R>°. Alv_p gp°L$∆h_dp¨ [°_u k¨ıL©$r[_y ]$iÆ_ AhÌe \pe R>°.

hqY$epf ¨\L$_p kpdprS>L$ k¨]$c£ Alv_y gp°L$∆h_ ≈°hy `Z Alv S>Í$fu

R>°. Ap\u, Ap`Z° ‚\d Ap ¨\L$_p k‡[f¨Nu kdpS>∆h__° ≈°BA°-

15

hqY$epf `\L_y kdpS>∆h_ A_°L$ rhrh^[pAp° A_° rhriÙ$[pAp°\u cf°gy

R>°. Ap ‚]°$idp¨ A_°L$ kdpS>_p gp°L$p° hkhpV$ L$f° R>°. ]$f°L$kdpS>_° `p°[p_u

ApNhu Ap°mM R>°. Alv hkhpV$ L$f[p kdp≈°dp¨ W$pL$p°f, lfuS>_, Qp•^fu,

_pX$p°]$p, fbpfu, cfhpX$, NY$hu, kp y, dp°Qu, ky\pf, _pB, gylpf ( ¨Qpg),

]$i_pd Np°ıhpdu, b∞p˚Z, ]$fbpf, dykgdp_, aL$uf, S>•_, ‚≈`r[, ]$f∆,

Aprlf, fphm, c¨Nu, ]°$hu`|S>L$, r_fpÓu[ W$pL$p°f [°dS> Afie r_fpÓu[

kdp≈°, ANfuep, hp]$u-d]$pfu, dg, Op¨Qu hN°f° kdp≈°_p° kdph°i \pe R>°.

Ap ‚]°$idp¨ kp•\u h y hı[u ^fph[p° kdpS> W$pL$p°f kdpS> R>°. hqY$epf

‚]°$i_p ]$f°L$ Npdp°dp¨ Ap kdpS>_p gp°L$p° hkhpV$ L$f° R>°. [°Ap°_p° dyøe Ïehkpe

M°[u-dS|>fu A_° `iy pg_ R>°. [°Ap° M|b dl°_[y A_° MX$[g lp°e R>°. [°Ap°_u

`pk° M°[u_u S>du_ M|b R>°. [°Ap° g¡_ S>°hp ‚k¨Np° M|b ^pd^|d\u DS>h°

R>°. d©–ey bp]$_p ‚k¨Np° S>°hp L°$ b`p°fp° (b°kœ¨) [\p bpfdy¨ kdpS>_p fu[-

qfhpS> ‚dpZ° L$fhpdp¨ Aph° R>°. Ap ‚≈ D–khr‚e R>°. A°\u [°d_° gî,

d°mp A_° [l°hpfp°_p° cpf° D–kpl A_° ip°M lp°e R>°. Ap gp°L$p° g¡_, d°mp,

[l°hpf, ‚k¨Np°dp¨ cp[uNm L$`X$p¨, Of°Zp¨ `l°f° R>°, A—f gNph° R>°. ˜uAp°

dl¢]$u dyL$ph° R>°, R|>¨]$Zp `Z R|>¨]$ph° R>°.

Ap ‚]°$idp¨ _pX$p°]$p `V°$g kdpS>_p gp°L$p° `Z hkhpV$ L$f° R>°. hqY$epf

‚]°$i_p ]$rnZ cpNdp¨ Aph°g Npdp°dp¨ [°Ap° hkhpV$ L$f° R>°. [°d_p° dyøe

Ïehkpe M°[u A_° `iy pg_ R>°. [°d_u `pk° M°[u gpeL$ S>du__y ‚dpZ M|b

R>°. [°Ap°_p¨ dL$p_p° `pL$p¨-^pbp¨hpmp A_° a_wQf [°dS> cp•r[L$ kyM- kNhX$p°

dpV°$_p kp^_p°\u k`fi_ lp°e R>°. Ap kdpS>_p gp°L$p° ^dÆdp h y ÓŸp ^fph° R>°.

]°$hd¨q]$fp°dp¨ ≈e R>°, lp°d-lh_ L°$ hpı[y`|S>_ L$fph° R>°, ^prdÆL$ L$\pAp° L$fph°

R>°, [p° [ygku rhhpl L°$ W$pL$p°f cNhp_ (ÓuL©$ÛZ)_° Of° [°X$u gphu `p°[p_u ÓŸp

A_° csº[_° dS>b|[ b_ph° R>°. h∞[ A_° A_yõ$p_p°dp¨ dp__pfu Ap ‚≈ A°L¨$]$f°

ıhcph° ip¨[ A_° kfm R>°. [°Ap° q]$L$fu L°$ q]$L$fp_p° g¡_‚k¨N M|b ^pd |d\u

DS>h° R>°. ]$uL$fu_° g¡_ [°dS> ∆epœ¨ (L$fuephf)S>°hp ‚k¨N° [°Ap° [°_° M|b

kp°_p_p¨ Of°Zp¨ A_° fp°L$X$ fL$d Ap`° R>°. [°Ap°dp¨ A°L$[p A_° k¨` M|b ≈°hp

dm° R>°.

16

hqY$epf ‚]°$i_p D—f cpNdp¨ Aph°g NpdX$pAp°dp¨ Qp•^fu (Ap¨S>Zp)

kdpS>_p gp°L$p° hkhpV$ L$f° R>°. [°d_p° dyøe Ïehkpe M°[u A_° `iy pg_ R>°.

[°Ap°_u `pk° S>du_ kpfp ‚dpZdp¨ R>°. `p°[p_u S>du_dp¨ tkQpB_u kNhX$

dpV°$ [°Ap° `p°[p_p V$Èybh°g ^fph° R>°. D–khr‚e A_° dp°∆gu Ap ‚≈dp¨ k¨

A_° A°L$[p kpfu S>mhpB R>°.

hqY$epf ‚]°$i_p ]$f°L$ Npddp¨ ]$i_pd Np°ıhpdu kdpS>_p gp°L$p° hkhpV$

L$f° R>°. Ap kdpS>_p gp°L$p°_u k¨øep `Z kpfp ‚dpZdp¨ R>°. [°Ap°_p° dyøe

Ïehkpe cNhp_ rih_u k°hp `|≈ R>°. Ap kdpS>dp¨ g¡_ A_° dfZ bp]$_p

‚k¨Np° M|b ^pd^|d\u DS>hhpdp¨ Aph° R>°. dfZ bp]$ b`p°fp° A_° bpfdp_p

q]$hk° L$fhpdp¨ Aph[u dpm`pV$-i¨MY$p°mrhr^ A_° c¨X$pfp° Ap kdpS>_u ApNhu

rhi°j[p R>°. bpfdp q]$hk° d©[L$_p Of° A°L$ b¨ Ap°fX$p_u A¨]$f L$fhpdp¨ Aph[u

dpm`pV$ A_° i¨MY$p°m rhr^ [°_p ≈ZL$pf A_ych rh‹p_ hX$ug ‹pfp L$fhpdp¨

Aph° R>° A°_u kp\° kp\° ApMu fp[ Of_u Ap°kfu L°$ Ap¨NZpdp¨ cS>_p° Nhpe

R>°. c¨X$pfp ‚k¨N° `p°[p_p [°dS> Afie d¨X$mp°_° (e\pisº[ ‚dpZ°) Apd¨”Z

Ap`hpdp¨ Aph° R>°. Aph°g dl°dp_p°_° c¨X$pfp_u ep]$Í$ ° e\pisº[ dyS>b S>° -

[° Of-`qfhpf ‹pfp ÎlpZu (c°V$) Ap`hpdp Aph° R>°. S>°dp ”pbp_p L°$ ıV$ug_p

hpkZ, fp°L$X$ Í$r`ep_u c°V$ Ap`hpdp¨ Aph° R>°. kdpr^ Ap`[u hM[_p¨ rhrh^

d¨”p°√Qpf A_° rhr^ `Z Ap kdpS>_u ApNhu Ap°mM A_° rhi°j[p R>°. ^dÆ

kp\° k¨L$mpe°gp° Ap kdpS> [dpd kdpS>_p gp°L$p° dpV°$ ÓŸp A_° csº[cph_p°

a°gphp° L$f_pf ‚°fL$]$p[p f¸p° R>°. Ap kdpS>° A_°L$ k¨[p° Ap‡ep R>°. Ap kdpS>

k¨[p°_p° kdpS> R>°. cNhy, cc|[u A_° Í$÷pn A° ”Z [°d_u Ap°mM R>°.

Ap hqY$epf ‚]°$idp¨ ]$fbpf (nr”e) kdpS>_p gp°L$p° `Z hkhpV$ L$f°

R>°. [°Ap°_p° dyøe Ïehkpe M°[u A_° `iy`pg_ R>°. _°L$u-V°$L$u A_° Mydpfu\u

R>gL$p[p° Ap kdpS> Ap ‚]°$idp¨ `p°[p_y¨ A°L$ A_p°My¨ [°S> a°gph° R>°. ^dÆ

kıL$pfp°\u cf°gp° Ap kdpS> A_° A°_p gp°L$p°_u _k°_kdp ÓŸp A_° csº[ ]$p°X$u

f¸p R>°. Ap kdpS> `fp°`L$pf L$pS>° brg]$p_ Ap`[p¨ MQL$pep° _\u. k°hp,

]$p_-`yŒe S>°hp NyZp°_u kp\° kp\° kdpS>fnL$, kdpS> rl[°√Ry> Ap ‚≈ Ap

‚]°$i_u A°L$ ApNhu Ap°mM R>°. cp[uNm `l°fh°i, Of°Zp A_° A_p°Mp fur[-

17

qfhpS>\u `p°[p_u ApNhu Ap°mM Ecu L$f_pf Ap kdpS>_y Alv_p Br[lpkdp¨

M|b dp°Vy$ ep°N]$p_ f y R>°.

Ap ‚]°$idp¨ lqfS>_, dp°Qu, ky\pf, ]$f∆, ‚≈`r[, NY$hu, ¨Qpg,

fbpfu, cfhpX$ S>°hu opr[Ap° `Z hkhpV$ L$f° R>°. Ap ]$f°L$ kdpS>_p gp°L$p°

`p°[p_p° `f¨ fpN[ Ïehkpe L$fu_° `p°[p_y NyS>fp_ Qgph° R>°. Ap [dpd kdpS>

`p°[-`p°[p_p ApNhp fur[-qfhpS>, `l°fh°i, bp°gu, Of°Zp_u rhrh^[p_° L$pfZ°

A°L$bu≈\u AgN `X°$ R>°. Ap [dpd ‚≈ b^p S> ‚k¨Np°_° ^pd^|d\u DS>h°

R>°. hqY$epf ‚]°$i_u A°L$ ApNhu Ap°mM Aphu _p_u-_p_u opr[Ap° R>°.

hqY$epf ‚]°$idp¨ S>•_ gp°L$p° `Z hkhpV$ L$f° R>°. [°Ap°_u k¨øep M|b

_rlh[ R>°. [°Ap°_p° dyøe Ïehkpe h°`pf_p° R>°. i¨M°f Npd° Aph°g `yfp[_

`pÆ_p\ cNhp__y ]°$fpkf [°Ap°_y [u\Æı\p_ A_° ÓŸp_y L°$fi÷ R>°. `p°[p_p ip¨[

A_° kfm ıhcph\u Ap°mMp[u Ap ‚≈ AtlkL$ A_° ^prdÆL$ csº[cphhpmu

lp°e R>°. ]$p_, `yŒe, k°hp_p rldpe[u A°hp Ap kdpS>° kdpS>k°hp A_°

kdpS>D–\p__p¨ L$pep£ Qpgy S> fpøep¨ R>°.

Ap ‚]°$idp¨ dykgdp_ gp°L$p° `Z hkhpV$ L$f° R>°. A°dp¨e `Z AgN

AgN kdpS>-AV$L$_p gp°L$p°_u rhrh^[p, `l°fh°i-bp°gu_u rhrh^[p A°L$

ApNhu Ap°mM Ecu L$f° R>°. [°Ap°_p° dyøe Ïehkpe M°[u A_° `iy pg_ R>°.

Ap D`fp¨[ [°Ap° dS|>fu A_° R|>V$L$ ¨ p L$fu_° `p°[p_y NyS>fp_ Qgph° R>°.

Ap D`fp¨[ cpf[-`pqL$ı[p__p cpNgp hM[° –ep¨\u ı\mp¨[f L$fu_°

Aph°g r_fpÓu[ gp°L$p° `Z Ap ‚]°$idp hkhpV$ L$f° R>°. [°dp kp•\u h y r_fpÓu[

W$pL$p°f kdpS>_p gp°L$p°_p° kdph°i \pe R>°. Ap gp°L$p° Alv_p gp°L$p° kp\° ]|$^dp¨

kpL$f_u S>°d cmu Nep R>°. kp• lmudmu_° k¨ \u A°L$ \B_° fl° R>°. Ap ‚≈

`p°[p_u ApNhu k¨ıL©$r[ A_° gp°L$∆h_ ^fph° R>°. `l°fh°i, bp°gu, Of°Zp¨,

fu[-qfhpS> dp h•rh›e ≈°hp dm° R>°. [°Ap°_u dyøe Ap°mM [°d_p° `l°fh°i A_°

bp°gu R>°. [°Ap° M°[u-dS|>fu A_° `iy pg_ ‹pfp `p°[p_y NyS>fp_ Qgph° R>°.

Apd, Ap ‚]°$idp¨ OZp b^p kdp≈° hkhpV$ L$f° R>°. b^p S> kdp≈°

A°L$bu≈ kp\° lmudmu_° k¨ \u fl° R>°. Alv_p ]$f°L$ kdpS>_° `p°[p_u ApNhu

kıL©$r[ R>°, `f`fp R>°, fu[-qfhp≈° R>° A_° ApNhu Ap°mM R>°. Alv_y kdpS>∆h_

18

kyMu A_° kd©Ÿ R>°, kp]y$ A_° kfm R>°. Alv_u kdpS> Ïehı\p `Z kpfu R>°.

hV$, hQ_ A_° Ïehlpf Alv_p kdpS>∆h__u ApNhu Ap°mM R>°.

hqY$epf ¨\L$_y gp°L$∆h_ :

hqY$epf `\L$_y gp°L$∆h_ A_p°My R>°. hqY$epf `\L$_p ^bL$[p gp°L$∆h_dp

–ep_u fl°Zu-L$fZu, `p°jpL$, bp°gu, fur[-qfhp≈°, D–kh-d°mpAp°, dpfie[pAp°

[°dS> `f¨`fp_y¨ M|b dl“h R>°. hqY$epf ‚]°$idp¨ A_°L$ kdpS>_p gp°L$p° hkhpV$

L$f[p lp°hp\u A°d_p fur[-qfhp≈°dp¨, D–kh-‚k¨Np°dp¨, fl°Zu-L$fZu, cpjp,

`l°fh°i hN°f°dp rhrh^[p ≈°hp dm° R>°. lmudmu_° fl°_pfu Ap ‚≈ c°]$cph _°

A°L$bpSy>A° d|L$u fpMu_° k¨`\u fl° R>°. bu≈_p ]y$:M° ]y$:Mu fl°_pfu Ap ‚≈

kpdprS>L$, Ly$]$f[u Apa[ L°$ k¨L$V$ [°dS> Apr\ÆL$ [L$gua Aphu `X°$ –epf° A°L$

Np°”_p b^p gp°L$p° c°Np \B_° Ap`r—_p° kpd_p° L$f° R>°. \B iL°$ A°V$gu

A°L$bu≈_° d]$]$ L$fhp Alv_p gp°L$p° lfld°i [–`f lp°e R>°. Alv [°d_u A°L$[p_p

]$iÆ_ \pe R>°. b¨ y“h-cpBQpfp_u cph_p Alv_p gp°L$p°dp¨ rhi°j ≈°hp dm° R°.

Npddp¨ Nd° [° Ïesº[_° –ep¨ kpfp-_fkp ‚k¨Np°dp¨ klcpNu b_u, [°_° `p°[p_u

S>hpb]$pfu kd∆_° klep°N Ap`° R>°. Alvep¨ ı”uAp°_° dp__u _S>f° ≈°hpdp¨

Aph° R>°. Alv _p_p-dp°V$p gp°L$p° h√Q°_p k¨b¨^p° dp_-kfidp_ A_° depÆ]$p\u

S>mhpe R>°.

hqY$epf `¨\L$_p [dpd kdp≈°_u Ly$Vy¨$b Ïehı\pdp¨ k¨eyº[ Ly$Vy¨$b ‚\p

Qpg° R>°. Ly$Vy ¨ $b_p r`[p hX$p NZpe R>°. r`[p_p d©–ey `R>u Ly$Vy ¨ $b_u [dpd

S>hpb]$pfu ƒe°õ$ y” `f Aphu `X°$ R>°. Alv_p gp°L$p° `l°gp¨ Npf-dpV$u_p ]°$iu

_rmep¨hpmp¨ L$pQp Ofdp¨ fl°[p. lpgdp¨ Ap yr_L$ kdedp¨ D—fp°—f rhL$pk \[p¨

HV$, rkd°fiV$-æ$p ¢qæ$V$ _p ^pbphpmp¨ `pL$p ¨ dL$p_p°_u k¨øep h^u flu R>°.

A¨[qfepm Npdp°dp¨ gp°L$p° lpgdp¨ `Z L$pQp¨ dpV$u_p¨ Ofp°dp¨, TpX$-`p¨]$X$p-X$pmu-

X$pMfpdp\u b_ph°g T| X$u S>°hp R>p`fpdp L°$ Y$pmuepdp fl° R>°. L$pQp Ofp°_° hpf-

[l°hpf° Npf-dpV$u\u gv`u_°, Q|_p° gNphu_° [•epf L$fhpdp¨ Aph° R>°. [°_u A¨]$f

R>pZ\u gv`Z L$fhpdp¨ Aph° R>°. S|>_p¨ L$pQp¨ Ofp°dp¨ L$p°[fZuhpmp `V$pfp,

`pZuepfy, lp\O¨V$u, _L$kuhpmy L$bpV$, bpfu-bpfZp¨, [p¨bp-r`—m_p¨ hpkZp°

Of_u ip°cp h^pf° A° fu[° Np°W$hhpdp¨ Aph° R>°. lpgdp¨ V°$º_p°gp°∆_p rhL$pk_p

19

L$pfZ° dp_hu_u cp•r[L$ kyMkNhX$p°hpmp¨ A_°L$ kp^_p° dm° R>°. S>°hp¨ L°$ V$u.hu.,

OfOV$u, ‰uS>, OqX$epm, r[≈°fu, V°$bg, Myfiu, V$u`p°B, bpfu-bpfZp_° `X$]$p,

kX$pk, bp\Í$d, gpBV$ `Mp°, Bı”u, luV$f, ap°_, L$Á‡e|V$f, dp°bpBg, X$ui-

Q°_g, dp°V$f kpBL$g, dp°V$fL$pf hN°f° D`ep°Nu hı[yAp°-kyrh^pAp° [°Ap°_p¨

Ofp°dp¨ ≈°hp dm° R>°.

Ap hqY$epf `¨\L$_p gp°L$p°_p° `l°fh°i ≈°BA° [p°-`yfyjp°dp¨ tl]y$ `yfyjp°

^p°[u-`l°fZ, Y$uhV$p°-`l°fZ L°$ b¨X$u A_° dp\° apmuey¨ bp¨^° R>°. ƒepf°

dykgdp_ `yfyjp° g¢Op° A_° `l°fZ, dp\° V$p°`u L°$ Í$dpg bp¨^° R>°. ƒepf°

˜uAp°dp¨ tl]y$ ı”uAp° kpX$gp°, O°fhpmp° OpOfp°, L$b≈°, L$p`Xy¨$, Ap°Y$Zu hN°f°

`l°f° R>°. ƒepf° dysıgd ı”uAp° b|fMp°, `¨≈bu hN°f° `l°f° R>°. `l°fh°i_u

bpb[dp¨ ]$f°L$ kdpS>-A°L$bu≈\u AgN [fu Aph° R>°. `l°fh°i `l°fhp_u

fu[cp[dp¨ [°dS> f¨N_u `k¨]$Nu bpb[dp¨ \p°X$p Oœ¨ ]$f°L$ kdpS> h√Q° A¨[f R>°

S>. S>°d L°$, fbpfu-cfhpX$ kdpS>_p ı”u- yfyjp°_p `l°fh°idp¨ ka°]$ L°$ gpg-

gugp° L$gf, ]$i_pd Np°ıhpdu kdpS>_p ı”u-`yfyjp°_p `p°jpL$dp¨ cNhp L$gf_°

‚p^pfie A`pe R>°. A° S> A°d_u Ap°mM R>°. lpg_p Ap yr_L$ kdedp Aph°gp

`qfh[Æ_p°_° L$pfZ° ]$f°L$ kdpS>_p gp°L$p°_p `l°fh°i_u S>° dymc|[ Ap°mMpZ l[u

[° c|gp[u ≈e R>° A_° [°_u S>¡epA° Ap V°$º_p°gp°∆ - a°i__p eyNdp¨ ]$f°L$

kdpS>_p eyhp_ ˜u- yfyjp°, R>p°L$fp-R>p°L$fuAp° °fiV$-iVÆ$, ∆fik °fiV$, V$uiVÆ$ hN°f°

`l°fhp gp¡ep R>°.

Alv_p gp°L$p°_p¨ Apc|jZp° `Z Ap`œ¨ ›ep_ M¢√ep rh_p fl°[p¨ _\u.

Alv_p yfyjp° hvV$u, ]$p°fp, gL$u S>°hp kp°_p Qp]$u_p Apc|jZp° `l°f° R>°. fbpfu-

cfhpX$ kdpS>_p yfyjp°_p lp\dp¨ Qp¨]$u_p¨ L$X$p¨, `Ndp¨ L$X$p¨, L°$X°$ L¨$]$p°fp°(Qp¨]$u_p°)

[p° W$pL$p°f kdpS>_p `yfyjp° L$p_dp¨ W$p¨kuep¨ (kp°_p_p¨), dfiuey¨ hN°f° Apc|jZp°

`l°°f° R>°. ƒepf° ı”uAp° A°d_p ifuf_p rhrh^ A¨Np° `f L$X$gp¨, L$p¨rbey¨,

kp°efp, QyX$gp, byÀ$u, b¨NX$u (kp°_p_u, lp\ ]$p¨[_u L°$ L$pQ_u), hvV$u,

`Blpf, dNdpmp, L$X$uAp°, Ap°d, gp°L° $V$, Tp¨Tfu hN°f° kp°_p-Qp¨]$u_p

Apc|jZp° `l°f° R>°.

20

Alv_p gp°L$p°_p° dyøe Aplpf bpS>fu_p fp°V$gp, OJ_u fp°V$gu, ipL$,

L$Y$u, ]|$^-R>pi hN°f° R>°. khpf_p cp°S>_ _° [°Ap° "rifpdZ' L$l° R>°. ƒepf°

kp¨S>_p cp°S>__° "hpmy¨' L$l° R>°. Ap D`fp¨[ Alv_p gp°L$p° M°[u_u kp\°

`iy`pg__p° Ïehkpe L$f[p lp°hp\u `p°[p_p Npe L°$ c¢k_y¨ ]|$^, hgp°Zp\u

hgp°h°gu [p∆ R>pi, dpMZ, ]$lv A_° Ou_p° D`ep°N `p°[p_p Aplpfdp L$f° R>°.

Alv_p gp°L$p ° `p°[p_° –ep¨ Aph°gp L° $ `X$p°idp¨ L° $ Ly $V y ¨ $bdp¨ Aph°gp

dl°dp_p°_° ljÆ\u AphL$pf° R>°. Alv dl°dp_p°_y¨ ıhpN[ "Qp' \u L$fhpdp¨ Aph°

R>°. Alv_p gp°L$p° dl°dp_p°_° kpfu dl°dp_Nr[ L$fphhp dfuduV°$ R>°. Aph°g

dl°dp__° cp°S>_dp¨ Qp°øMp Ou _p° iufp°, ipL$, ]$pmcp[, fp°V$gu Ap`hpdp¨

Aph° R>°. Aph°g dl°dp__° `X$p°iuAp° [\p Ly$Vy$buS>_p° [°d_p Of° gB S>B_° Qp-

`pZu L$fph° R>°. dl°dp__u rh]$pe hM[° [°d_° Tp¨ p ky u, Npd_p Np¢]$fp ky u

L°$ dyøe fp°X$-fı[p ky^u d|L$hp ≈e R>°. Apr[’e k–L$pf_u Aphu AZdp°g

`f¨ fp ApS>°e Ap ¨\L$dp¨ ≈°hp dm° R>°. Alv Aph°g dl°dp_p°, Alv_p gp°L$p°

dpV°$ cNhp_\u L¨$B L$d _\u. "dp¢O°fu dl°dp_ Nr[ L$fhu lp°e [p° hqY$epfdp¨

≈h'- A°hu gp°L$p°sº[ `l°gp¨ M|b ‚Qrg[ l[u. Ly$Vy¨$b A_° Npddp¨ k¨` A_°

A°L$[p_p¨ ]$iÆ_ Aphp kde° AQ|L$ \pe S>. Alv_p gp°L$p° `p°[p_° Of° Aph[p

gp°L$p°_° AphL$pfhp "ApAp°`fp' A_° `f[ S>[p lp°e –epf° "≈°`fp' L$l° R>°.

ı”uAp° `Z A°L$bu≈_p Mbf A¨[f `|R>° R>°. Alv kp¨S>° hpmy-`pZu L$fu_°

Npd_u q]$L$fuAp° Npd_p Qp°L$dp¨ L°$ i°fuAp°dp¨ Dc°g bm]$NpX$p D`f kp\° c°Nu

b°ku_° hp[p° L$f° R>°, Nu[p° Npe R>°. Ap `\L$dp "hp[p° L$fhu' dpV°$ "`fk L$fhu'

iÂ]$ h`fpe R>°.

Ïek__u hp[ L$fuA° [p°- Qp, buX$u, [dpLy$, AauZ A_° ^p°gfp¨

(`p°iX$p°X$p) Alv Of L$fu Ne°g R>°. Npddp¨ kpfp-_fkp ‚k¨Np°dp¨ Alv Llzbp°

(L$kybp°) L$fhp_u ‚\p R>°. L$p°B`Z Ïesº[_p Of° g¡_ L°$ lp°d-lh_ S>°hp iyc

‚k¨N° [°dS> d©–ey S>°hp L$fyZ ‚k¨Ndp¨ b`p°fp_p q]$hk° L°$ bpfdp_p q]$hk° L$kybp°

`uhp_u ‚\p R>°. S>°dp¨ AauZ_u L$p¨L$fu L°$ [°_p° fk `pZudp¨ `gpmu_° Aph°g

gp°L$p°_° Ap`hpdp Aph° R>°. `p°iX$p°X$p A_° Qp-L$p°au `Z Ap L$kybpdp AQ|L$ lp°e

S>. L$ky¨bp° dp” kpfp-dpW$p ‚k¨Np°dp¨ S> _rl `f¨[y Npddp¨ L$p°B`Z Ïesº[_°

21

bu∆ Ïesº[\u d_c°]$ L°$ fukpdZp¨ lp°e [p° kdpS>_p, Npd_p ApN°hp_p° L°$

bu≈ gp°L$p° [°Ap°_° kd≈hu, c°Np b°kpX$u_° L$ky¨bp° `pB_°, Qp-`pZu L$fphu_°

d_pdZp¨ L$fph° R>°. Alv k¨` A_° A°L$[p fl° [°_y¨ Mpk ›ep_ fpMhpdp¨ Aph°

R>°. Ap ¨\L$dp¨ `p°iX$p°X$p A_° AauZ_p b¨ pZuAp° M|b R>°.

Alv_p gp°L$p° q]$hpmu, rihfp”u, lp°mu, ^|m°V$u, D—fpeZ, ri[mp

kp[d, Np°Ly$m ApW$d, fpd_hdu, NZ°i Q[y\w, _hfp”u S>°hp [l°hpfp°_u

^pd^|d\u DS>hZu L$f° R>°. Ap D`fp¨[ cp]$fhp drl_pdp¨ ≈°NZudpØ L°$ Afie

Npd]°$huAp°_u Npd D`f L©$ p fl° [° dpV°$ D≈Zu_p° D–kh `Z M|b ^pd |d\u

DS>hhpdp¨ Aph° R>°. Ap q]$hk° kp¨S>_p kde° ApMp Npd_u ˜uAp° A°L$ukp\°

Of\u blpf _uL$mu, Npd\u ]y$f Aph°g MfhpX$, hpX$pAp°dp¨ S>B_°, –ep¨ Of°\u

ky¨X$gpdp¨ gph°gp L$pQp ku^pdp¨\u fkp°B b_ph° R>°. fkp°Bdp¨ gpX$hp, ipL$,

fp°V$gu, ]$pm-cp[ hN°f° b_ph° R>°. fkp°B b_phu_° kp• gp°L$p° ‚\d gpX$hp_y |

kpdp`N° ≈°NZudpØ L°$ Npd]°$huAp°_° QX$phhpdp¨ Aph° R>°. –epfbp]$ kp• gp°L$p°

S>dhp_y iÍ$ L$f° R>°. S>dhp_y `[u Nep `R>u, h °g cp°S>_ –ep¨ Aph°g fphm,

c¨Nu gp°L$p°_° Ap`u ]°$hpdp¨ Aph° R>°. Of° L¨$B gB S>hpdp¨ Aph[y _\u. –epfbp]$

]$f°L$ ˜uAp° A°L$ukp\° Npddp¨ `f[ Aph° R>°. Ap D≈Zu_p ‚k¨N\u A•ºe A_°

k¨ , cpBQpfp_u cph_p h y ‚NpY$ b_° R>°.

Alv_p gp°L$p°_p° A_° A°dp¨e Mpk L$fu_° bl°_-]$uL$fuAp° A_° ı”uAp°_p

DÎgpk- Ap_¨]$_p° dp°V$p° [l°hpf A°V$g° iu[mp-kp[d A_° Np°Ly$m ApW$d Aph°

A°V$g° ”Z-Qpf q]$' ANpD\u S> Npd_u b°_-q]$L$fuAp° `p°[`p°[p_p kpkfudp\u

L$p_yX$p° fdhp dpV°$ r`efdp¨ Aph° R>°. ApMp Npd_u bl°_-q]$L$fuAp° kp[d-

ApW$d A°d b° q]$hk [p° ºepf°L$ ”Z-Qpf q]$hk ky^u kp¨S>_p kde° Npd_p

Qp°L$dp¨ c°Nu dmu_°, fpk_u S>°d Y$p°g_p [pg° "L$p_yX$p_p¨ Nu[p°' Npe R>°. S>°_°

Alvep "L$p_yX$p° fdhp°' L$l° R>°. Ap ‚k¨N_u iÍ$Ap[ ApW$d_p q]$hk° b`p°f°

Npd_u bl°_-q]$L$fuAp° hpN[p Y$p°g kp\° c°Nu dmu_° Nu[p° Np[u-Np[u Npd

[mph° ≈e R>°, –epf° \pe R>°. [mph°\u L$p_yX$p_u A_° fp^p∆_u d|r[Æ b_phhp

dpV°$_u L$pmu dpV$u_° `pZu\u `gpmu_°, [•epf L$fu_°, Nu[p° Np[u-Np[u ˜uAp°

Npddp¨ fpd∆-d¨q]$f° `f[ Aph° R>°. –epfbp]$ [°Ap° Npd_p Qp°L$dp¨ Np°m

22

h[yÆmpL$pf fpk_p S>°d L$p_yX$p_p Nu[p° Npe R>°, fd° R>°. Ap L$p_yX$p_p¨ Nu[p°

Y$p°g_p [pg°, D–kplu-Dd¨Nu ı”uAp°_p L$pdZNpfp L¨$W°$\u hqY$epfu bp°gbp°gu_p

gl°L$p kp\° `N_u W°$L$ A_° afhp_u Nr[\u A°hu fu[° fS|> \pe R>° L°$ OZucf

Ap`Z° ≈°[p S> flu S>BA°. ApW$d_p bu≈ q]$hk° A°V$g° L°$ _p°d_p q]$hk°

fpd∆ dq]$f°\u dpV$udp\u b_ph°g L$p_yX$p° A_° fp^p∆_p hmpdZp L$fhpdp Aph°

R>°. Npd_u bl°_-q]$L$fuAp° L$p_yX$p_° A_° fp^p∆_u d|r[Æ_° dp\p D`f KQL$u_°

L$p_yX$p_p¨ Nu[p° Np[u-Np[u hpN[p Y$p°g kp\° [mph° S>B `pZudp¨ `^fph° R>°.

L$p_yX$p_p¨ hmpdZp¨ hM[° Npd_p L$p°B Ïesº[_° B√R>p \pe [p° L$p_yX$p_° fp°L$u_°

`p°[p_p Of° gB ≈e R>°. Apd, h√Q°\u L$p_yX$p_° hpmu_° Of° gB ≈e [°_°

"L$p_yX$p° hp˛ep°' A°d L$l°hpdp¨ Aph° R>°. S>° Ïesº[ L$p_yX$p_° hpmu_° `p°[p_p Of°

gB ≈e R>° A°_° –ep¨ S>dZhpf Np°W$hhpdp¨ Aph° R>°. Ap S>dZhpfdp¨ Npd_u

[dpd kdpS>_u Ly ¨ $hpkuAp°_°(bl°_-q]$L$fuAp°_°)S>dpX$hpdp¨ Aph° R>° A_°

e\pisº[ ‚dpZ° ]$p_-]$rnZp Ap`hpdp¨ Aph° R>°.

Ap hqY$epf `¨\L$dp¨ g¡_ S>°hp ‚k¨Np° M|b ^pd^|d\u DS>hpe R>°.

g¡_ D`fp¨[ dp°kpmy¨, dpd°fy, Tuepœ¨, lp°d-lh_, hpı[y`|S>_, dp[p∆_p°

_hfpr”_p° dp¨X$hp°, fd°g, Np°ıhpdu kdpS>dp¨ L$fhpdp¨ Aph[p° c¨X$pfp° hN°f° S>°hp

‚kNp° M|b S> D–kpl |hÆL$ ^pd |d\u DS>hpe R>°. Alv_p gp°L$p° `p°[p_p y” L°$

y”u_p¨ g¡_ `p°[p_p S> kdpS>dp¨ L$f° R>°. gp°lu_p k¨b¨ p° ^fph[p Np°”dp¨ y”

L°$ `y”u_p¨ g¡_ L$fhpdp¨ Aph[p¨ _\u. kN`Z kde° hf`n [fa\u L$fiep_°

kp°_p-Qp¨]$u_p ]$pNu_p QY$phhpdp¨ Aph° R>°. g¡_ S>°hp ‚k¨N° kpd-kpd°

h°hpB`n° `l°fpdZu L$fhpdp¨ Aph° R>°. Ap D`fp¨[ Aph°g dl°dp_, q]$L$fu-

S>dpB, aB-ahp, cpZuep hN°f°_° `Z `l°fpdZu L$fhpdp¨ Aph° R>°. g¡_

‚k¨Ndp¨ Aph_pf k¨b¨^uAp°, dl°dp_p° L$fiep dpV°$, hf dpV°$ Sy>]$u Sy>]$u c°V$-

kp°Np]$p° gB_° Aph° R>°. Ap D`fp¨[ Ofdp¨ L$p°B`Z kpdprS>L$ ‚k¨N Aph° –epf°

`l°fpdZu L°$ Ap°Y$pdZp¨ L$fhpdp¨ Aph° R>°. Npddp¨ L$p°B`Z Ïesº[ rbdpf lp°e

–epf° gp°L$p° [°d_p Mbf A[f |R>hp ≈e R>°. [° kde° `Z Alv_p gp°L$p° hl°hpf

L$fhp_y¨ Q|L$[p _\u. [° kde° Mbf L$pY$h_p r_rd—° fp°L$X$ fL$d, L°$ L$p`X$_y¨

bp°gpdœ¨ Ap ° R>°. d©–ey bp]$ b`p°fp S>°hp ‚k¨N° S>°-[° kdpS>_p [dpd gp°L$p°

Aph° R>° A_° "L$p`X$p' [fuL°$ "cp[u' [fuL°$ fp°L$X$ fL$d Ap ° R>°. Apd, ∆h__p

23

[dpd ‚k¨Np°dp¨ Ap ‚]°$i_p gp°L$p°_p° hV$-hl°hpf Mf°Mf _p¢ _ue R>°. Ap hV$-

hl°hpf hqY$epf ¨\L$_u A°L$ ApNhu Ap°mM b_u fl° R>°.

hqY$epf `¨\L$_u gp°L$`f¨`fp :

hqY$epf ¨\L$_u gp°L$`f¨ fp ApS>°e `Z AL$b¨ flu R>°. Alv_u L°$V$guL$

gp°L$`f¨ fpAp° ≈°BA° [p° :

Alv_p L°$V$gpe Npdp°dp¨ cp]$fhp drl_pdp¨ [\p bu≈ L$p°B q]$hk° L°$

kde° dp[p∆_u (Npd ]°$hu_u) D≈Zu _uL$m° R>°. Npd_p ky\pf° b_ph°gp

dp[p∆_p gpL$X$p_p f\_° Npddp¨ a°fhu_° Npd_u ‚]$rnZp L$fphu_° dp[p∆_p

ı\p_L°$ ]$p°fu_° gB S>hpdp Aph° R>°. Ap ApMue rhr^ Npd_p `f`qf[ c|hpAp°

L$f° R>°. Ap f\ Npd_p Tp¨`° Aph° –epf° NpdV$p°X$p_y¨ [p°fZ bp¨^hpdp¨ Aph° R>°.

Npd Tp¨ p\u f\ ApMpe Npd_u ‚]$rnZp L$f° R>°. Npd_p L$p°B lfuS>_-Qdpf

‹pfp lp\hZpV$_p° ky[f_p° ]$p°fp° Npd_u Qpf°L$p°f af[° hvV$pmhpdp¨ Aph° R>°. Ap

]$p°fp° bp^hp `pR>m_u dpfie[p A°hu R>° L°$ - Ap ]$p°fp° ≈°NZudpØ_u L°$ bu≈ L$p°B

Npd ]°$hu_u ApZ h[pÆhu bp¨^°g lp°hp\u Npddp¨ fp°NQpmp°, Ap`r— _ Aph°.

f\ ApMp Npd_u ‚]$rnZp af° –epfbp]$ f\_° dp[p_p dY$ (d¨q]$f) ky u gB

S>B_° –ep¨ d|L$hpdp¨ Aph° R>°. ƒep¨ dp[p∆_° ^|`-r_h°^ ^fpÏep bp]$ c|hpAp°

A_° gp°L$p° `pkp Aph° R>°. Ap rhr^dp c|hpAp° ‹pfp OZu b^u rhr^Ap° L$fhpdp

Aph° R> °. Ap dp[p∆_p f\_p° q]$hk lp°hp\u Ap dp[p∆_p Npd D`f

Apiwhp]$ D[f°, dp[p∆ L©$`p L$f°- kp≈[p≈ fpM°- Dfi_r[ Lf° A_° dp_dp¨

dp[p∆_° qfThhp A° q]$hk° ApMp Npd_p gp°L$p° Npd blpf hpX$pAp°dp¨ L°$

MfhpX$dp¨ S>B_° fp¨ u _° Mpe R>°.

Apkp° ky]$-ApW$d A_° _p°d-Ap b° q]$hk° _hfpr”dp¨ [dpd kdpS>_p

gp°L$p° L°$ S>°Ap° Sy>]$p fl° R>° [° [dpd Ly$Vy¨$bp° `p°[p_u Ly$m]°$hu dp[p∆_u `Îgu

dp[p_p dY°$ cf° R>°. blpfNpd ¨ p\£ hk°gp gp°L$p° `Z klLy$Vy$b Ap q]$hkp°dp¨

AQ|L$ `^pfu_° dp[p_u `Îgu cfu_° `p°[p_u `f¨`fp_° ≈mhhp_u ^fie[p

A_ych° R>°.

Ap `¨\L$_u A°L$ DS>mu `f¨`fp A° R>° L°$, _hfpr”_p q]$hkp°dp¨ Alv_p

gp°L$p° `p°[p_u dp[p∆ ‚–e°_u A`pf ÓŸpcph_° L$pfZ° dp[p_p dY°$ k[[ _h

24

q]$hk ky^u Ou _p° AM¨X$ ]$uhp° Qpgy fpMhpdp¨ Aph° R>°. [p° L°$V$gpL$ gp°L$p°

dp[p∆_u L©$`p d°mhhp A\hp `p°[p_y¨ ^peyØ L$pd kam \[p¨ dp[p∆_p° dp¨X$hp°

_pMu_° `p°[p_u dp_N[ L$fhpdp¨ Aph° R>°, [p° dp[p∆_u fd°g `Z L$fhpdp¨

Aph° R>°. k[[ _h q]$hk ky u dp[p∆_° | -q]$hp° L$fu_° fuThhpdp¨ Aph° R>°.

_h° q]$hk fp”° c|hpAp° ^|Z° R>° A_° Ly$Vy¨$b_u dyÌL°$guAp° ]|$f \pe A°hu dp[p_°

rh_hZu Í$`° bp^p `Z Ap`° R>°. _hdp q]$hk° `|ZpÆlr[_p cpNÍ$`° dp[p∆_p¨

ag°L$p¨ QX$phhpdp¨ Aph° R>°. Ap ag°L$p¨ QX$phhp_u rhr^ hpN[p Y$p°g kp\° [dpd

c|hpAp° |Z[p lp°e A_° kp\° Of° L°$ L°$Vy$b_u bl°_-q]$L$fuAp°, hlzAp°, bpmL$p°,

hX$ugp°, eyhp_p° b^p S> Npd_p Tp ° Aphu_° NpdV$p°X°$ L$f° R>°. Ap `f`fp ApS>°e

`Z Alv ≈°hp dm° R>°.

Alv Ap `¨\L$dp¨ cfp[p D–kh-d°mpAp°dp¨ Alv_p gp°L$p° `f¨`fpN[

NpdW$u `l°fh°i, ]$pNu_p `l°fu_° Aph° R>°. Ap d°mpAp°dp¨ gp°L$p° `f¨`qf[

gp°L$hp¤p° hNpX°$ R>°, gp°L$_©–e L$f° R>° A_° gp°L$Nu[p° `Z Npe R>°. Alv `f¨ fp\u

bp°gp[u hqY$epfu bp°gu blp°mp ‚dpZdp¨ bp°gpe R>°. `f¨`fp ‚dpZ° [dpd

[l°hpfp°, h∞[p°, [ur\Ap° A_° D–khp° DS>hhpdp¨ Aph° R>°.

rhrh^ dpfie[pAp° A_° A¨^ÓŸp :

rhrh^ dpfie[pAp° A_° A¨^ÓŸpAp° `Z Ap `¨\L$dp¨ rinZ_y¨ ‚dpZ

Ap°Ry>¨ lp°hp\u rhi°j ≈°hp dm° R>°. S>°hu L°$..

blpfNpd S>[u hM[° Tp¨ pdp¨ L$p°B ı”u dpV$u gB_°, gpL$X$p¨ gB_° kpd°

dm°, L$p°B rh^hp ı”u kpd° dm° [p° A`iyL$_ \pe A°hu dpfie[p R>°.

L$p°B iyc L$peÆ dpV°$ blpf Npd S>[u hM[° ivL$ Aph°, rbgpX$u ApX$u

D[f°, L$p°B `|R>° L°$ ºep¨ ≈Ap° R>p°? [p° A`iyL$_ \ep NZpe R>°. `Z

S>[u hM[° kpd° L$p°B Npe dm°, `pZu_y b°Xy$ cf°g L$p°B Npd_u bl°_-

q]$L$fu dm° L° $, kpd° L$p °B kp^y-k¨[_p ]$iÆ_ \pe L° $ [°d_p iyc

ApiuÆhQ_ dm° [p°, L$fhp S>B fl°g iyc L$peÆ kam fu[° `pf `X$i° S>

A°hu dpfie[p `Z Alv R>°.

25

blpfNpd S>[u hM[° A`iyL$_ \pe [p° gp°L$p° \p°X$uL$hpf b°ku_°, Of°

`pR>p hmu_°, `pZu `u_° `R>u S> blpf ≈e R>°. [\p S>_pf_° ºep¨

≈Ap° R>p°? _° b]$g° i[L$pd ≈Ap° R>p°? A°d `|R>hpdp¨ Aph° [p°

A`iyL$_ _ \pe - A°hu dpfie[p R>°.

hmu, Ap ‚]°$i _]$uAp°, hp°L$mp\u O°fpe°gp° lp°hp\u A°L$ dpfie[p A°hu

`Z R>° L°$, Qp°dpkpdp¨ _]$udp¨ `|f_y¨ `pZu Aph° A_° `pZu EcfpB_°

M°[fp°dp¨ a°gphp gpN° [p° [° `R>u hfkp]$ `X$hp_p° b¨ \B ≈e. DOpX$

_uL$m° S>. A°hu dpfie[p `Z Alv_p gp°L$p°dp¨ fl°gu R>°.

Qp°dpkpdp¨ h^y `X$[p hfkp]$\u Npd[mph R>gp°R>g cfpB ≈e A_°

[mph [|V$hp_p° ce lp°e [p° [mph_° h^phhp\u ([mph_p `pZu_°

hpN[p Y$p°g Npd_u bl°_-q]$L$fuAp°, ˜uAp° ‹pfp `|S>_ L$fhp\u)

[mph_y¨ `pZu Ecfp[y _\u L°$ [mph [|V$hp_p° ce fl°[p° _\u A°hu

dpfie[p R>°.

Alv_u ‚≈dp¨ L$p°B_° [ph Aph°, rbdpf `X°$ [p° ]$p°fp-^pNp-[phuS>

bp¨ hp\u, dp_[p-bp^p fpMhp\u kp≈ \B S>hpe R>°. A°hu dpfie[p

Alv rhi°j ≈°hp dm° R>°, L°$dL°$ Alv rinZ_y ‚dpZ blz _\u.

d©[ dp[p-r`[p_y¨ ÓpŸ L$fhp\u dp[©]$p°j-r`[©]$p°jdp¨\u dysº[ dm° R>°

A°hu dpfie[p Alv ≈°hp dm° R>°.

Q¨÷_u ApSy>bpSy> S>m ]°$Mpe (hp]$mp¨ O°fp¨, c|fp¨ ]°$Mpe) [p° l∆e° `Z

hfkp]$_p k¨≈°Np° R>° A°hu dpfie[p R>°.

Ap D`fp¨[ Ap `¨\L$dp¨ fl°W$pZ k¨b¨^u, `p°ipL$ k¨b¨^u, Mp_-`p_

k¨b¨^u, _hp k¨b¨^ k¨b¨^u, F>[y k¨b¨^u, hpf, [ur\, drl_p, hjÆ k¨b¨^u

M°[u, Ïehkpe k¨b¨ u A_°L$ dpfie[pAp° A_° A¨ ÓŸpAp° ≈°hp dm° R>°.

Ap hqY$epf `¨\L$_y¨ gp°L$∆h_ A_° gp°L$`f¨`fp h•rh›e\u cf`|f R>°.

Alv_y gp°L$∆h_ ∆h¨[ R>°. [°_p° øepg Alv hk[p Sy>]$pSy>]$p kdp≈°_p gp°L$p°_p

`l°fh°i, bp°gu, fl°ZuL$fZu, D–kh-d°mpAp°, rhr^-rh^p_p°, gp°L $

dpfie[pAp°dp¨ ≈°hp dm° R>°. Alv_p kdp≈° ^dÆ fpeZ R>°. `p°[p_p kdpS>_p

fur[-qfhpS> ‚dpZ° Qpghphpmp R>°. Alv_p gp°L$p°_y ∆h_ kp]y$ A_° kfm R>°.

26

Mdufu A_° Mydpfu [°d_p¨ gp°ludp¨ hZpB Ne°g R>°. _°L$u-V$L$u A_° k√QpB

[°d_u Ap°mM R>°. hV$-hQ_ A_° rhh°L$ [°d_u Aaf[p R>°. Aphp ^bL$[p,

DR>m[p gp°L$∆h__° Ap b^y¨e h^y_° h^y Q°[_h¨[y b_ph° R>°. Ap gp°L$∆h_dp¨

gp°L$p°_u ÓŸp_°, rhpk_° h y dS>b|[ b_phhpdp¨ Alv_p L°$V$gpe k¨[p°-dl¨[p°A°

k°hp, `fp°`L$pf L$fu_° ^dÆ_u ^≈ afL$phu_° dlp_ L$pep£ \L$u Ad|Îe apmp°

Ap‡ep° R>°. dpNÆ c|g°gpAp°_° kpQp° dpNÆ b[pÏep° R>°, ^dÆ fpeZ b_pÏep R>°.

A°hp c°M^pfu k¨[p°-dl¨[p°A° Ap hqY$epf ¨\L$_° DS>mp° b_pÏep° R>°. Ap cÏe

A_° cp[uNm gp°L$k¨ıL©$r[_° dlp_ b_phu R>°, A°hp k[π yfyjp°_° h¨]$_..

Alv_u gp°L$k¨ıL©$r[dp¨ `p•fprZL$ A_° ^prdÆL$ ı\mp° dl“h_y¨ ı\p_

^fph° R>°. Alv gp°L$d°mpAp° A_° gp°L$p°–khp° ^pd^|d\u DS>hpe R>°. ∆h__p¨

]$f°L$ `pkp_° Aphfu g°[p gp°L$Nu[p° Nhpe R>°. Alv_y gp°L$∆h_ ∆h[ R>°, ^bL$[y

R>°. Aphp ∆h¨[ A_° qæ$epiug gp°L$∆h_ kp\° gp°L$k¨ıL©$r[_p¨ ]$iÆ_ eyNp°eyNp°\u

gp°L$d°mpAp° L$fph[p f¸p R>°. gp°L$d°mpAp° ∆hp[p gp°L$∆h__p° Afukp° R>°. [°dp¨

gp°L$∆h__y¨, gp°L$k¨ıL©$r[_y¨ ‚r[tbb ≈°hp dm° R>°. gp°L$∆h__p° kpQp° ^bL$pf

Aphp gp°L$d°mpAp°dp¨ AQ|L$ kp¨cmhp dm° R>°. Ap gp°Ld°mpAp°_y¨ hp[phfZ

d_dp°lL$ lp°e R>°. f¨Nb°f¨Nu `qfh°i, Y$p°g-ifZpB A_° X$bgp¨ (]°$iu hp¤)_p°

d |f-k|qfgp° AhpS> f°gp°[p lp°e, kp\° ‚p]°$riL$ [m`]$u gp°L$bp°gudp¨ gp°L$Nu[p°

Nhp[p¨ lp°e, kp\° gp°L$_©–e L°$ fpk-Nfbp_u fdTV$ ≈du lp°e, S>°-[° ı\m L°$

]°$hu-]°$h[p ‚–e° A`pf ÓŸpcph fpMu DdV°$gp° dp_h dl°fpdZ, Apbpg-h©Ÿ,

kp• L$p°B d_p°fS>_ L$f[p lp°e, Ap_]$-DÎgpkdp fpQ[p lp°e [° gp°L$d°mp°. Aphp

gp°L$d°mpAp°_u hp[p° S> L¨$BL$ Sy>]$u lp°e R>°. Ap gp°L$d°mpAp° dp” gp°L$kdpS>_y¨

rQ”]$iÆ_ L$fphu_° AV$L$u S>[p _\u `f¨[y gp°L$p°_° _hp Ap]$iÆ, DÎgpk Ap`u_°

∆h_ ∆hhp_u kpQu ‚°fZp `Z Ap`[p f¸p R>°. A° fu[° gp°L$d°mpAp° kpQp

`\]$iÆL$ b_u fl° R>°. Ap gp°L$d°mpAp°dp¨ kp• L$p°Bdp¨ eyhp_u_p° [fhfpV$ A_°

dp°f_p° \_N_pV$ ≈°hp dm° R>°.

Aphp°, Ap`Z° Alv hqY$epf `¨\L$_p Aphp S> ^prdÆL$ ı\mp° A_°

A•r[lprkL$ ı\mp°, [°_y gp°L$∆h_dp¨ ı\p_ A_° [° S>¡epA° cfp[p gp°L$d°mpAp°

A_° [°_p Br[lpk rhi° rhN[° ≈°BA° -

27

hqY$epf `¨\L$_p gp°L$d°mp :

hqY$epf `¨\L$dp¨ OZu b^u S>¡epA° gp°L$d°mpAp° cfpe R> °. Ap

gp°L$d°mpAp° Mpk L$fu_° ]°$hu-]°$h[p Apfp›e ]°$h_p kpr_›edp¨ S> cfpe R>°. [°_y

L$pfZ gp°L$p°_u S>°-[° ]°$hu-]°$h[p ‚–e°_u A`pf ÓŸp-Apı\p R>°. Ap D`fp¨[

ilu]$-i|fhuf_p `pmuep_p ı\p_L°$ `Z gp°L$d°mpAp° cfpe R>°. Alv Ap`Z°

Aphp ^prdÆL$ A_° A•r[lprkL$ ı\p_p° A_° –ep¨ cfp[p gp°L$d°mpp° rhi° ≈°Biy :

ApBÓu Mp°qX$epf dpØ _p° d°mp° :ApBÓu Mp°qX$epf dpØ _p° d°mp° :ApBÓu Mp°qX$epf dpØ _p° d°mp° :ApBÓu Mp°qX$epf dpØ _p° d°mp° :ApBÓu Mp°qX$epf dpØ _p° d°mp° :

ApBÓu Mp°qX$epf dpØ _p° d°mp° A° hqY$epf `¨\L$dp¨ cfp[p° kp•\u dp°V$p°

d°mp° R>°. hqY$epf `¨\L$_u L¨$Ly$hfZu cp°dL$pdp¨ hfpZp Npd Aph°gy¨ R>°. hfpZp

Npd_u cpNp°m°, [mph_° L$pW°$ dpØ Mp°qX$epf_p l≈fp° hjÆ\u b°kZp R>°. ApS>° Ap

S|>_p¨ d¨q]$f D`f _hu_ cÏe A_° rhipm L$gp–dL$ d¨q]$f b_phhpdp¨ ApÏey R>°.

dpØ Mp°qX$epf_p° S>fid dlpky]$-ApW$d_p fp°S> dpdX$uep QpfZ_° –ep¨ \e°g.

fpS>ı\p_\u kp•fpÙ≤$ S>[u hM[° dpØ Mp°qX$epf° hfpZp dyL$pd° D[pfp° L$f°g. ApBÓu

Mp°X$g_p A]π$c|[ `fQp\u cp°mp Np°hpm° hfpZpdp¨ _°l _pMu, ApBÓu_u

D`pk_p L$f°g. B.k. 1365 Apkp° ky]$-8 _° frhhpf° cp°m Np°hpm QpfZ° A°L$

d¨q]$f bp¨›ey¨. S>°dp¨ Np°M [°dS> n°”`pm ]$p]$p_u d|r[Æ_u ı\p`_p L$f°g. dpØ

Mp°qX$epf_u S>fidS>e¨r[_u DS>hZu_p cpNÍ$`° Alv hjp£\u dlpky]$-buS>\u

dlpky]$-`|_d ky^u hqY$epf ‚]°$i_p° dp°V$pdp¨ dp°V$p° A_° kp•\u gp¨bp° Qpg_pfp°

cp[uNm gp°L$d°mp° cfpe R>°. dpØ Mp°qX$epf ‚–e°_u A`pf ÓŸp_u kyhpk

ApMpe hqY$epfdp¨ a°gpe°gu R>°. hqY$epf `¨\L$_p [\p ApSy>bpSy>_p b^pe

‚]°$ip°_p AY$pf°hZÆ_p gp°L$p° dpØ Mp°qX$epf ‚–e° A`pf ÓŸpcph ^fph° R>°. dpØ

Mp°qX$epf° A_°L$ ]y$rMep¨Ap°_p¨ ]y$:M ]|$f L$epÆ R>°. A_°L$ gp°L$p°_p hp¨rTep d°Zp¨

cpNu_° [°d_° Of° `pfZp¨ TygpÏep¨ R>°. dpØ ‚–e°_u A`pf ÓŸp-csº[cph\u

]|$f]|$f\u dpØ _u dp_[p |fu L$fhp gp°L$p° Alv Aph° R>°. dpØ Mp°qX$epf_° [g A_°

Np°m L°$ MpX$-kpL$f_p° ‚kp]$ QY$phhpdp Aph° R>°. S>°_° "kp_u' ([ghV$) L$l° R>°.

S>°_° Of° ‚\d Mp°mp_p° q]$L$fp° S>fid°, A°V$g° "khpdZ kp_u'_p° ‚kp]$ ıV$ug L°$

[p¨bp-r`—m_u Np°mudp¨ cfu [°_u D`f L$`Xy¨$ bp¨^u D`f _prme°f d|L$u k¨O

kp\° dpØ _u bp^p L$fhp Aph° R>°. ApMpe hqY$epf ‚]°$i_p gp°L$p° D`f dpØ _p°

28

lΩ$ R>°. _h `frZ[ eyNg ]¨$`r[_p R>°X$p R>°X$u `Z Alv R>p°X$hpdp¨ Aph° R>°. dpØ

Mp°qX$epf° A_°L$ ]y$:rMep_p ]|$f L$epÆ R>°. `p°[p_p ]y$:M ]|$f \e° dpØ L©$ p\u AY$pf°e

hfZ_p gp°L$p° ]|$f]|$f\u dpØ _u dp_[p L$fhp Alv Aph° R>°. dpØ Mp°qX$epf_p ]$iÆ_

L$fu ^fie \pe R>°.

dpØ Mp°qX$epf_p kpr_›edp¨ dlpky]$-buS>\u dlp ky]$ `|_d ky^u

hqY$epf ‚]°$i_p° kp•\u dp°V$p° A_° kp•\u gp¨bp° Qpg_pfp° A°hp° cp[uNm gp°Ld°mp°

cfpe R>°. Ap gp°L$d°mp° `¨]$f q]$hk ky^u cfpe R>°. Ap gp°L$d°mpdp¨ AY$pf°e

hfZ_p gp°L$p° Aph° R>°. hqY$epf D`fp¨[ Mpfp° pV$, Qyhpm, Qp°fpX$, `pV$ZhpX$p°,

S>[p°X$p°, L$pL$f°S>, dl°kpZp, KTp hN°f° ‚]°$i_p gp°L$p° Ap gp°L$d°mpdp DdV$u `X°$

R>°. Ap gp°L$d°mpdp¨ gpMp° gp°L$p° dpØ Mp°qX$epf_p ]$iÆ_ L$fu_° ^fie \pe R>°. Ap

A_°L$ ‚]°$ip°_p gp°L$p°_p° d°mphmp° \hp\u Alv Aph°g ]$f°L$ gp°L$p°_p `l°fh°i,

Of°Zp¨ hN°f°dp¨ h•rh›e lp°hp\u Ap gp°L$d°mp° cp[uNm A_° f¨Nb°f¨Nu gpN° R>°.

Qp•]$- ¨]$f q]$hk Qpg_pfp Ap gp°L$d°mpdp¨ ApW$d_p q]$hk° l•e°-l•ey ]$mpe A°hp°

cfQL$ dp_huAp°_p° dl°fpdZ DdV°$ R>°. Alv i°fX$u_y¨ h°QpZ M|b \pe R>°.

gp°L$d°mp° dpZhp Aph_pfp ApSy>bpSy>_p¨ Npdp°_p L°$V$gpL$ gp°L$p° [p° lp\dp¨ X$bgy

(]°$iuhp¤) hNpX$[p `Z _S>f° `X°$ R>°. [p° ºep¨L$ ]°$iu Y$p°g_p [pg° gp°L$_©–e

fd[p eyhp_p° L° $ fpk-Nfbp L°$ lvQ g°[u ˜uAp° _S>f° `X°$ S>. ˜uAp°_p

L$pdZNpfp L¨$W°$\u _uL$m[p¨ gp°L$Nu[p°_u A°L$ `R>u A°L$ A°d A°L$^pfu hl°[u

AıMrg[ ^pfp Ap d°°mp_y¨ ApL$jÆZ R>°. Ap gp°L$d°mp°dp¨ d_p°f¨S>__p kp^_p°,

kfL$k, QL$X$p°mp°, dp°[Ly$hp°, _pı[p_u ]y$L$p_p°, fdL$X$p¨_u ]y$L$p_p°, ›ep_pL$jÆL$ lp°e

R>°. hqY$epfu gp°L$k¨ıL©$r[_p¨ ]$iÆ_ Ap gp°L$d°mp°dp¨ rhi°j \pe R>°.

Óu gp°l°f dlp]°$h_p° d°mp°Óu gp°l°f dlp]°$h_p° d°mp°Óu gp°l°f dlp]°$h_p° d°mp°Óu gp°l°f dlp]°$h_p° d°mp°Óu gp°l°f dlp]°$h_p° d°mp° : : : : :

Óu gp°l°f dlp]°$h_p° d°mp° hqY$epf ¨\L$_p gp°V°$f Npd° cfpe R>°. Ap

gp°V°$f Npd `Z `p°[p_p° Agpe]$p° Br[lpk k¨Ofu_° b°Wy$ R>°. Ap gp°V°$f Npd°

dlpcpf[L$pgu_ kdedp¨ dpLÆ$fiX°$eF>rj_p° ApÓd l[p° A_° ApMp°e `¨\L$

^dpÆfŒe n°” [fuL°$ Ap°mMp[p° l[p°. `p¨X$hp° Aop[hpk ]$fÁep_ Ap gp°V°$f

Npd_p ı\m° ApÏep l[p. S>°_p `yfphp Í$`° lpgdp¨ gp°lpkyf fpnk_p gp°Y$p_p

]¨$X$dp¨\u ‚p]y$cpÆh `pd°gp gp°l°f dlp]°$h_y¨ rihgvN [\p `p¨QL¨y$X$p° dp•Sy>]$ R>°.

29

^prdÆL$ fu[° Ap ı\m_y rhi°j dl“h A°V$gp dpV°$ R>° L°$, Ap yŒe `rh” A_°

ÓŸp[u\Æ A_°L$ ‚L$pf_u hpk_pAp° A_° L$pd_pAp° |f_pfy R>°. AhNr[ `pd°g ˜u

A_° yfyj A°d b_° Ap n°”dp dyº[ \pe R>°. dp[©ÓpŸ dpV°$ S>°d rkŸ yf Ó°õ$ R>°

[°d r`[©ÓpŸ dpV°$ L$piu Ó°õ$ R>°. `f[y gp°V°$f [p° dp[©-r`[© A°d b_° [ ÆZ-ÓpŸ

dpV°$_y A°L$dp” ı\m R>°. Alv Aph°gp `rh” Ly$X$dp ı_p_ L$f_pf dp°n_p Ar^L$pfu

b_° R>°.L$p°B`Z cpBbl°__° dp_qkL$-ipfuqfL$ fp°N lp°e A\hp c|[, ‚°[ L°$

r`ipQ_p hmNpX$\u r`X$p[p° lp°e [p° `Z ]$p]$p_u bp^p fpMhp\u [°_° Qp°Ω$k

Apfpd \B ≈e R>°.

Ap ı\m° apNZ h]$-Adpk [\p cp]$fhp h]$-Adpk° dp°V$p° d°mp°

cfpe R>°. ]|$f]|$f\u d°mp° dpZhp dpV°$ gp°L$p° Aph° R>°. f¨Nb°f¨Nu `l°fh°i,

Apc|jZp°_p° iZNpf Ap d°mp_° h^y f¨Nu_ b_ph° R>°. hqY$epfu gp°L$kdpS>_p°

Akg d|X$-rd≈S> Ap gp°L$d°mp°dp ≈°hp dm° R>°. Ap gp°L$d°mp°_y hp[phfZ M|b

dp°lL$ gpN° R>°. Ap d°mp° Mf°Mf dpZhp S>°hp° R>°.

hpR>X$p]$p]p_p° d°mp° :hpR>X$p]$p]p_p° d°mp° :hpR>X$p]$p]p_p° d°mp° :hpR>X$p]$p]p_p° d°mp° :hpR>X$p]$p]p_p° d°mp° :

hpR>X$p]$p]$p_p° d°mp° hqY$epf `¨\L$_u ]$rnZ° Aph°g L$√R>_p _p_p fZdp¨

hpR>X$pb°V$ `f cfpe R>°. Óu hpR>X$]$p]$p_u ky¨]$f A_° ÓŸp\u kcf A°hu S>¡ep

ApS>°e AgM_p Ap°V$gp kdu hqY$epf ¨\L$_p fZ_u A¨]$f h√R>fpS> b°V$ D`f

Aph°gu R>°. fZdp¨ Aph°gp° A_° hqY$epf `¨\L$_u _°L$u V°$L$u_u hp[p°\u ip°c[p°

h√R>fpS> b°V$ L°$ ƒep¨ kp°g¨L$u h¨i_p fpS> |[ huf h√R>fpS>_y Npep°_p fnZ L$pS>°

^X$ `X$Èy¨ l[y¨. Ap ı\p_L$ AapV$ fZ_u h√Q°, Tp¨Thp_p S>m_p¨ cep_L$

◊Ìep°_u h√Q° Aph°gy R>°. MpfhpAp°_p° A° rhkpdp° R>°, MpfhpAp°_p° kr^epfp° R>°.

A°d_° d_[p° A°L$ S> ]°$h A°V$g° gp°L$ ]°$h hpR>X$p° ]$p]$p°.

ANuepfdu k]$u_u Ap hp[ R>°. d|m L$pgfu Npd_p h[_u A_° dpdp_p

Npd gp°gpX$p dyL$pd° fl°[p h√R>fpS> kp°g¨L$u_y¨ h°rhipm Ly¨$hf Npd° `y_pbp kp\°

L$fhpdp¨ Aph°gy. [°Ap° ≈_ gB_° Ly$hf dyL$pd° `fZhp Aph°g. h√R>fpS> kp°g¨L$u

Qpgy g¡_a°fp A |fp d|L$u_° h°NX$ Npe_° bQphhp S>[p¨ ilu]$ \B Nep. Np•fnp

L$pS>° huf h√R>fpS>° `p°[p_u ≈[_y brg]$p_ Ap`u ]$u y. [°d_y dı[L$ fZdp A_°

^X$ lpg_p h√R>fpS> b°V$dp¨ `X°$g. [°d_u kp\° `y_pbp [\p QpfZ ]°$hgbpA°

30

`Z ]°$l –ep¡ep°. ^vNpZp kde° i|fp[_ QX$ph_pf Y$p°gu A_° dp°[uep L|$[fpA°

`Z ]°$l_p° –epN L$ep£. Ap h√R>fpS> b°V$dp¨ Óu huf h√R>fpS>, |_pbp, QpfZ

]°$hgbp, Y$p°gu A_° dp°[uep L|$[fp_u kdpr^ Aph°gu R>°. L$|[fp_u kdpr^ ApNm

L$p_ dp¨X$p° [p° glπglπ_p° AhpS> k¨cmpe R>°. Ap dlp_ A_° `yŒec|rd_°

hqY$epf_p gp°L$p° ÓŸp_u _S>f° Sy>A° R>°. h√R>fpS> kp°g¨L$u (hpR>X$p° ]$p]$p°) ApS>°e

ApMp hqY$epfdp¨ ]° $h \B_° `|≈e R>°. A°d_u L$ur[Æ L$√R>_° kp•fpÙ≤$ ky^u

a°gpB R>°.

Ap S>¡ep Mf°Mf Qd–L$pqfL$ R>°. Ap S>¡ep fZ_u h√Q° Aph°gu lp°hp

R>[p¨ Alvep¨ duWy¨$ `pZu Ap`d°m° S>du_dp¨\u DR>mu_° blpf Aph° R>°. Ap

S>¡epdp L$p°B_° lX$L$pey L|$[fy L$fX$Èy lp°e A_° Alv Aph° [p° [°_° Ap`d°m° S> dV$u

≈e R>°. hpR>X$p]$p]$p_u Ap S>¡epdp¨ ]|$f-]|$f\u L$√R>, L$pqW$ephpX$, hqY$epf,

Mpfp° pV$, Qyhpm, d°hpk, L$p¨L$f°S>, S>[p°X$p, Qp°fpX$ A_° D—f NyS>fp[_p [dpd

rhı[pfp°dp¨\u gp°L$p° bp^p-dp_[p |ZÆ L$fhp, ]$iÆ_ L$fhp Aph° R>°. Alv dp°V$u

Np•ipmp R>°. Ap Np•ipmpdp¨ M|b dp°V$p ‚dpZdp¨ Npep° A_° hpR>fX$p¨ kpQhhpdp¨

Aph° R>°. Mpfp fZ_u h√Q° `Z Ap Npep°_° gugp° OpkQpfp°, _pdu-A_pdu

]$p_hufp° [fa\u Arhf[ dm[p° fl° R>°.

Ap S>¡epA° Q•” ky]$-buS>\u ApW$d ky^u hqY$epf_p° cÏe A_°

cp[uNm d°mp° cfpe R>°. [dpd gp°L$p°_u ÓŸp ]$p]$p ‚–e° lp°B Alv kp• Aph°

R>°. f¨Nb°f¨Nu `l°fh°i, Of°Zp¨ A_° fpk-gp°L$_©–e A° rhi°j ApL$jÆZ R>°. bu≈

d°mpAp°_u S>°d Alv QL$X$p°m L°$ kfOk L°$ d_p°f¨S>__p kp^_p° lp°[p¨ _\u. Alv

[p° ]$p]$p° hpR>X$p° S> d_p°f¨S>_-ÓŸp_y¨ L°$fi÷ R>°. Ap d°mp° Afie d°mpAp°_u S>°d

Op¢OpV$hpmp° _rl `Z ip¨[ R>°. Alv_y ip¨[ hp[phfZ Ap gp°L$d°mp_° h y dp°lL$

b_ph° R>°. ip¨[ hp[phfZ, ^ud° ud° d¨]$ [p° ºepf°L$ kykhpV$p dpf[p° `h_, ]|$f

]|$f ky u MyÎgp° a°gpe°gp° AapV$ fZ‚]°$i. A_° A° fZdp¨ ]°$Mp[p¨ ]$qfep_p¨ `pZu

S>°hp d©NS>m Ap d°mp_u ky]$f[pdp h^pfp° L$f° R>°. Qp]$_u AS>hpmu fp[°, fZ_u

_ufh ip¨r[ h√Q°, ]$p]$p hpR>X$p_u csº[-ÓŸpdp¨ gu_ \B rhlf[p gp°L$p°,

gp°L$X$pefp_u fN L$k|bg hp[p° A_° cS>_p°_u fdTV$ hN°f°_y Aphy dp°lL$ hp[phfZ

d_p°lf A_° ArhıdfZue b_u fl° R>°. Mf°Mf, Ap M|Îgp fZ_y A]π$c|[ kp¶]$eÆ

Ly$]$f[° Ap °gu AZdp°g c°V$ R>°.

31

Óu _ugL¨ $W$ dlp]° $h_p° d°mp° :Óu _ugL¨ $W$ dlp]° $h_p° d°mp° :Óu _ugL¨ $W$ dlp]° $h_p° d°mp° :Óu _ugL¨ $W$ dlp]° $h_p° d°mp° :Óu _ugL¨ $W$ dlp]° $h_p° d°mp° :

Óu _ugL¨$W$ dlp]°$h_p° d°mp° fpaz, Ly¨ $hf, _p_u Q¨]|$f, [pfp_Nf A_°

kybp yfp- Ap `pQ°e Npd_u kud h√Q°, Ly$hpqfL$p _]$u_p L$pW°$ Aph°g Óu _ugL$W$

dlp]°$h_p d¨q]$f° cfpe R>°. Ap d¨q]$f M|b ‚prQ_ R>°. Ap `p•fprZL$ d¨q]$f

A•r[lprkL$ dl“h ^fph° R>°. d¨q]$f _p_y¨ `Z rihgvN_u cÏe[p Ap`Z_°

hpf¨hpf ]$iÆ_ L$fhp ‚°f° A°hu R>°. Ap dlp]°$h_y rihgvN ‚cpk `pV$Zdp¨ Aph°g

kp°d_p\ dlp]°$h_p¨ rihgvN S>°hy ¨ dp°Vy ¨ $ R>°. Aphy¨ dp°Vy ¨ $ rihgvN ApMpe

rhı[pfdp¨ ºep¨e ≈°hp dm° _rl. Ap d¨q]$f `Z `p°[p_p° cÏe Br[lpk k¨Ofu_°

b°Wy$ R>°. A°L$ ]$[L$\p dyS>b ""fpaz Npd_p QpfZ_u A°L$ Npe fp°S> hNX$pdp Qfhp

S>[u. Of° `f[ af° –epf° Of_p gp°L$p° Sy>A° [p° ApQmdp ]|$ lp°e S> _rl. [°Ap°

dp_hp gp¡ep L°$ L$p°B Npe_° ]$p°l° R>°. Ap OV$_p ]$ffp°S> b_hp gpNu. A°L$ q]$hk

Of_p [°dS> Npd_p gp°L$p° Npe_u `pR>m `pR>m S>B_° [`pk L$f° R>°. –ep¨ S>B_°

Sy>A° R>° [p° Ap Npe Qfhp ≈e R>° –ep¨ A°L$ S> S>¡epA° Ecu fl°[u A_° A°

kde° Ap`d°m° S> [°_p Ap¨Qmdp¨\u ]|$^_u ^pf S>du_ `f `X$[u. ANpD `Z

Npe ]$ffp°S> Ap ı\m° S> Ecu fl°[u A_° Ap`d°m° S> ]|$^_u ^pfp R|>V$[u.

Alv Aph°gp [dpd°° Ap ◊Ìe ≈°ey. [° b^p_° \ey L°$, Alv A°hy iy R>° L°$ Npe

]$ffp°S> Alv Aphu_° Ecu fl° _° ]|$ _u ^pf \pe R>°. Ap S>¡epA° b^pA° c°Np

dmu_° Mp°]$L$pd L$eyØ. Mp°]$L$pd ]$fÁep_ A°dp¨\u A°L$ dp°Vy$ rihgvN dmu ApÏey.

S>° rihgvN_u [° S> S>¡epA° ı\p`_p L$fu d¨q]$f b_pÏey.''99999

r_gL¨$W$ dlp]° $h∆_p° Br[lpk [°_u cÏe[p A_° ky ¨]$f[pdp¨ h^pfp°

L$f° A°hp° R>°. r_gL¨$W$ dlp]°$h_p Br[lpk rhje A°L$ ]¨$[L$\p dm° R>°. S>° Ap

‚dpZ° R>° :

""L$p°V°$f(L$√R>)_p A°L$ dlp–dp kp°d_p\ ]$p]$p_p ]$iÆ_ L$fhp dpV°$

kp°d_p\ S>hp _uL$˛ep. Qpg[p¨-Qpg[p¨ kp¨S> `X$u –ep¨ h√Q° Ap `rh” S>¡ep

≈°B. hNX$p h√Q° Ly$hpfuL$p _]$u A_° –ep¨_y hp[phfZ d_p°fÁe ≈°B [°Ap° Alv

fp[ fp°L$pep. [° fp”uA° [°d_° "`p°[p_p ApeyÛe_p° A¨[ lh° _∆L$ R>°' A°d

gpN[p¨ A°dZ° cNhp_ kp°d_p\_y¨ ıdfZ Qpgy¨ L$eyØ. kp\° kp\° A°d_° \ey¨ L°$

"`p°[p_y¨ d©–ey _∆L$ lp°hp\u kp°d_p\_u ep”p A^|fu fl°i°'- Apd, d©–ey_p°

32

k¨]°$ip° dmhp\u ApMu fp[ cNhp_ kp°d_p\_y¨ ıdfZ L$f[p f¸p. dp°X$u fp”°

cNhp_ rih∆A° ‚kfi_ \B_° [° dlp–dp_° ]$iÆ_ ]$u^p. dlp–dpA° cNhp_

i¨L$f_p¨ ]$iÆ_ L$epØ. dlp–dp D`f ‚kfi_ \[p¨ cNhp_ rih° dlp–dp_° L$¸y¨ :

""dlp–dp, lz¨ [dpfp D`f ‚kfi_ \ep° Ry>¨. [dpf° S>° ≈°BA° [° dpNp°.''

dlp–dpA° L¨$B _ dp¨¡ey¨. cNhp_° afu\u dlp–dp_° L¨$BL$ dp¨Nhp L$¸y¨, –epf°

cNhp__p cph_° ≈°B_° dlp–dpA° cNhp__° L$¸y¨ L°$, ""l° cp°mp_p\, ApNm

L$rmeyN Aphi°. Alv_p gp°L$p° kp°d_p\_p ]$iÆ_ L$fhp –ep¨ ]|$f Aphu _rl iL°$.

Ap\u [dpfu Alv ı\p`_p \pe [°d B√Ry>¨ Ry>¨. cNhp_ kp°d_p\ "[\pı[y'

L$lu A¨[Æ›ep_ \ep.''1010101010

Ly$]$f[u kp¶]$eÆ\u cf`yf A°hp Ap r_gL¨$W$ dlp]°$h_p d¨q]$f° ÓphZ h]$-

Adpk_p q]$hk° d°mp° cfpe R>°. d¨q]$f_y¨ dyM DNdZu q]$ipdp¨ R>°. A_° A°S>

DNdZu q]$ipA°\u Aph[u Ly¨$hpqfL$p _]$u d¨q]$f_u X$pbu bpSy>dp¨ \B, d¨q]$f_u

`pR>m \B_° ‚]$rinp L$f[u lp°e [°d d¨q]$f_p ]$fhp≈ kpd° DNdZu q]$ipA°

hlu S>dZu bpSy>A°\u `pR>u hmu_° k`pÆL$pf fu[° Ap\dZu q]$ipA° hlu ≈e

R>°. Ap d¨q]$f_u k`pÆL$pf° ‚]$rnZp af[u Ly¨$hpqfL$p _]$u ≈Z° cNhp_ rih_°

dmhp Ap[yf _ lp°e A°d Qp°dpkpdp¨ DR>m[u -L|$]$[u Aph° R>° _° `pR>m\u

ApNm Aphu_° `pR>u TX$`c°f L$p°B kp` `pR>p° afu ≈e A°d rih_p ]$iÆ_\u

^fie b_°gu Ap Ly$hpqfL$p TX$ c°f fZdp kdphp ]$p°X$u ≈e R>°. Ap Ly$hpqfL$p _]$u

Ap d¨q]$f_u ip°cpdp¨ M|b Arch©qŸ L$f° R>°. Ap d¨q]$f hNX$pdp¨, ‚L©$r—_p

kpr_›edp¨ Aph°g lp°hp\u, Alv_u ip¨r[, Alv_p hp[phfZ_° Aplπgp]$L$

b_ph° R>°.

ÓphZ h]$-Adpk_p q]$hk° cfp[p d°mpdp¨ ApSy>bpSy>_p [°dS> ]|$f]|$f_p

gp°L$p° cNhp_ cp°mp_p\_p ]$iÆ_ L$fhp Alv Aph° R>°. fNb°fNu h˜pc|jZp° kp\°

rhlf[p° dp_h kdy]$pe, lp°d-lh__u Aplzr[_u kyN¨^ A_° d¨”p°√Qpfp°,

_mu_p° MmMm[p° r__p]$ A_° D–kpl-Dd¨Ndp¨ [fbp°m dp_huAp°_p °

dl°fpdZ- Ap d°mp_u ky]$f[pdp¨ h^pfp° L$f° R>°. Ap S>¡ep hNX$p h√Q° Aph°gu

lp°hp\u Alv QL$X$p°m, kfOk L°$ d_p°fS>__p kp^_p°, fdL$X$p_u ]y$L$p_p° L°$ _pı[p_u

]y$L$p_p° blz ≈°hp dm° _rl. Alv [p° ]$p]$p cp°mp_p\_p ]$iÆ_p\£ S> gp°L$p° M¢QpB_°

Aph° R>° _° L$BL$ L©$ p `pÁep_p° d°mÏep_p° Ap_¨]$ gB_° `pR>p af° R>°.

33

Óu cud_p\ dlp]° $h_p° d°mp° :Óu cud_p\ dlp]° $h_p° d°mp° :Óu cud_p\ dlp]° $h_p° d°mp° :Óu cud_p\ dlp]° $h_p° d°mp° :Óu cud_p\ dlp]° $h_p° d°mp° :

Óu cud_p\ dlp]°$h_p° d°mp° hqY$epf `¨\L$_p NpS>]$u_`yfp Npd° cfpe

R>°. NpS>]$u_`yfp Npd_p `p]$fdp¨ Aph°g Npd [mph_u `pm `f Óu cud_p\

]$p]$p_y hjp£ yfpœ¨ d¨q]$f Aph°gy R>°. Ap d¨q]$f `p¨X$hp° hM[_y lp°hp_y d_pe R>°.

cud_p\ ]$p]$p_p QfZ° S>° L$p°B ]y$:Muepfp gp°L$p° Aph° R>° [°_p ]y$:M ]|$f \B ≈e

R>°. Ap dlp]°$h∆ Qd–L$pqfL$ R>°. Ap\u Alv_p [°dS> ApSy>bpSy>_p rhı[pf_p

gp°L$p°_p rhpk A_° ÓŸp_y¨ L°$fi÷ bfiep R>°. d__p d_p°f\ `|ZÆ L$f_pf Óu

cud_p\ ]$p]$p_p¨ ]$iÆ_ L$fhp gp°L$p° ]|$f]|$f\u Aph° R>°. Ap S>¡epA° ÓphZh]$-

Adpk_p q]$hk° d°mp° cfpe R>°. ApSy>bpSy>_p NpdX$pAp°dp¨\u [\p ]|$f]|$f\u gp°L$p°

]$p]$p_p ]$iÆ_p\£° [°dS> Ap d°mp° dpZhp Alv Aph° R>°. Ap d°mpdp¨ AY$pf°e

hfZ_p gp°L$p° Aph° R>°.

d_p°f¨S>__p Ap°R>p kp^_p° h√Q°, AM|V$ ÓŸp fpM_pf dp_h dl°fpdZ,

NpdW$u `l°fh°i A_° bpSy>_y¨ Npd [mph Ap gp°L$d°mp_° h^y k¨Nu_ b_ph° R>°.

Apbpg-h©Ÿ kp• L$p°B Ap d°mpdp¨ Aph° R>° A_° cud_p\ ]$p]$p_p¨ ]$iÆ_ L$fu_°

^fie b_° R>°.

Np°Np dlpfpS>_p° d°mp° :Np°Np dlpfpS>_p° d°mp° :Np°Np dlpfpS>_p° d°mp° :Np°Np dlpfpS>_p° d°mp° :Np°Np dlpfpS>_p° d°mp° :

hqY$epf `¨\L$_p dp”p°V$p Np°Np cfpe R>°. dp”p°V$p Npd° Np°Np dlpfpS>_y¨

hjp£ S|>_y ‚prQ_ d¨q]$f Aph°gy R>°. Ap S>¡ep Qd–L$pqfL$ R>°. Ap Np°Np dlpfpS>

rhi° A°L$ ]¨$[L$\p dmu Aph° R>°. S>° Ap ‚dpZ° R>°-

""dp”p°V$p_p Qp•lpZLy$mdp¨ [°d_p° S>fid \e°g. Qp•lpZ Ly$Vy$b_p Of° S>fid

^pfZ L$f°g lp°hp\u Np°Np dlpfpS> [°d_p Of° S> lf[p-af[p. Ofdp¨ L$p°BL$

Np°Np dlpfpS>_° "d°'œ¨ dpeyØ lp°hp\u Np°Np dlpfpS> lpg_p [°d_p d¨q]$f_u

S>¡epA° Aphu_° kdpB Ne°g.'' Alv Np°Np dlpfpS>_u d_yÛeLy$mdp¨ ‚pZu

ıhÍ$`° S>fid ^pfZ L$fhp_u OV$_p. Alv_y¨ A•r[lprkL$ dl“h h^pfu Ap`° R>°.

Ap S>¡epdp¨ Óu Np°Np dlpfpS>_y M|b S> kpQ R>°. T°fu S>_phf L$fX°$g S>° gp°L$p°

–ep Aph° R>° [°_° dV$u ≈e R>°. Npd_p [°dS> ApSy>bpSy>_p Npdp°_p gp°L$p°_u Np°Np

dlpfpS> ‚–e° M|bS> ÓŸp A_° Apı\p lp°hp\u [°d_y¨ dl“h q]$_-‚r[q]$_

34

h^[y¨ ≈e R>°. Alv Np°NpdlpfpS>_y¨ dp°Vy¨$ d¨q]$f Aph°gy¨ R>°. Alv _pN`p¨Qd_p°

dp °V $p ° d°mp° cfpe R> °. Ap d°mpdp¨ `Z Afie d°mp_u S> °d hqY$epf_u

gp°L$k¨ıL©$r[_p¨ ]$iÆ_ \pe R>°.

Np°^pZip`uf_p° d°mp° :Np°^pZip`uf_p° d°mp° :Np°^pZip`uf_p° d°mp° :Np°^pZip`uf_p° d°mp° :Np°^pZip`uf_p° d°mp° :

Np° pZip`uf_p° d°mp° hqY$epf ¨\L$_p Np° pZp Npd° cfpe R>°. Np° pZp

Npd_p Tp¨ pdp¨ Np° pZip`uf_u S>¡ep Aph°gu R>°. Ap S>¡epA° `Z hqY$epf_p°

`f¨ fpN[ A°hp° gp°L$d°mp° cfpe R>°. gp°L$p°_u ÓŸp_y L°$fi÷ Ap `uf R>°. f¨Nb°f¨Nu

`p°ipL$, gp°L$bp°gu\u ip°c[p° Ap cp[uNm gp°L$d°mp° Ap ]$p]$_p kpr_›edp¨

cfpe R>°. Ap S> Npddp¨ Aph°g ]$ipdp¨_p d¨q]$f° `Z d°mp° cfpe R>°.

hqY$epf_p gp°L$p°_u Apı\p_y L°$fi÷ Ap ]$p]$p Np° Zip`uf R>°.

Ap D`fp¨[ hqY$epf ‚]°$idp¨ Aph°g f[_`yfp Npd _∆L$ Í$`°Z _]$u_p

L$p¨W°$ Aph°g ]$ipdpØ _p d¨q]$f° cfp[p° d°mp°, lpfuS>dp¨ ]$ipdpØ_p° d°mp°, [°dS>

L°$V$gpL$ Npdp°dp Aphp _p_p d°mpAp° `Z cfpe R>°. hqY$epf `\L$_p gp°L$d°mpAp°

[p° Mpk L$fu_° S>° [° ]°$hu-]°$h[p_p ı\p_L°$ L°$ `prmep_p ı\m° rhi°j cfpe R>°.

Ap gp°L$d°mpAp° hqY$epf ¨\L$_u gp°L$k¨ıL©$r[_p kpQp¨ ]$iÆ_ L$fphu Ap ° R>°. Ap

d°mpAp° hqY$epf_u gp°L$k¨ıL©$r[_p kpQp¨ hplL$p° R>°. S>° gp°L$p°_° Ap_¨]$, DÎgpk_u

kp\°-kp\° ∆h_ ∆hhp_u ‚°fZp `Z Ap`[p fl° R>°. Ap gp°L$d°mpAp°_u

cÏe[p, dp°lL$[p_° dpZhp dpV°$ Í$bÍ$ S> S>hy¨ `X°$.

Apd, hqY$epf ¨\L$_° `p°[p_u A°L$ ApNhu Ap°mM R>°. [°_y A•r[lprkL$

dl“h, –ep¨_p° Br[lpk, –ep¨_p gp°L$d°mp, gp°L$bp°gu, `l°fh°i, Mp_-`p_,

fl°Zu-L$l°Zu, hV$-Ïehlpf A_° cÏe gp°L$k¨ıL©$r[ Mf°Mf dlp_ R>°. Ap

hqY$epf_u gp°L$ k¨ıL© $r[dp¨ A_°L$ k¨[p°-dl¨[p°, huf, `uf, S>[u-k[u,

blpfhqV$ep, L$rh, i|fhufp° A_° ]$p_hufp° \B Nep R>°. Ap b^pe° Ap hqY$epf

`¨\L$_° `p°[p_u A°L$ ApNhu Ap°mM Ap`hpdp¨ dl“h_u c|rdL$p cS>hu R>°.

hqY$epf_p A° [dpd dlp_ Ap–dp_° h¨]$_.....

35

`p]$V$u``p]$V$u``p]$V$u``p]$V$u``p]$V$u`

1. "rh¤p\w hpQ_dpmp'"rh¤p\w hpQ_dpmp'"rh¤p\w hpQ_dpmp'"rh¤p\w hpQ_dpmp'"rh¤p\w hpQ_dpmp' : Ó°Zu R>Ã$u, g°ML$ : kp°dpcpB `V°$g, ©.4-104

2. gp°L$ kprl–eL$pf : gpcy]$p_ hu. NY$hu kp\°_u Í$bÍ$ dygpL$p[dp¨ dm°g Ïepøep.

3. "Óu gp°l°f dplp–Áe' "Óu gp°l°f dplp–Áe' "Óu gp°l°f dplp–Áe' "Óu gp°l°f dplp–Áe' "Óu gp°l°f dplp–Áe' (`ysı[L$p) ‚L$piL$ : gp°l°f dlp]°$h V≤$ıV$, `©.-2

4. "Óu gp °l °f dplp–Áe.'"Óu gp °l °f dplp–Áe.'"Óu gp °l °f dplp–Áe.'"Óu gp °l °f dplp–Áe.'"Óu gp °l °f dplp–Áe.' dl¨[ cphrNqf∆ gˇdZrNqf∆, gp°l°f

(gp°V°$f), ©. 1, 2

5. "rh¤p\w hpQ_dpmp'"rh¤p\w hpQ_dpmp'"rh¤p\w hpQ_dpmp'"rh¤p\w hpQ_dpmp'"rh¤p\w hpQ_dpmp' : Ó°Zu R>Ã$u, ©. 2 \u 21

6. "Mp°qX$epf dp[p∆ dlp–Áe'"Mp°qX$epf dp[p∆ dlp–Áe'"Mp°qX$epf dp[p∆ dlp–Áe'"Mp°qX$epf dp[p∆ dlp–Áe'"Mp°qX$epf dp[p∆ dlp–Áe' (g°M) k¨`p]$L$ : gpcy]$p_ hu. NY$hu

7. "huf h–kfpS> kp °g ¨L $ u'"huf h–kfpS> kp °g ¨L $ u'"huf h–kfpS> kp °g ¨L $ u'"huf h–kfpS> kp °g ¨L $ u'"huf h–kfpS> kp °g ¨L $ u', kip°^_g°M : k¨`p]$L$ : r_f¨S>_ fpƒeNyfy,

‚L$piL$ : Óu h√R>fpS>b°V$, L$√R>_y _p_y fZ, ©. 9 \u 23.

8. "`pg_`yf A°S>fiku X$uf°ºV$fu',"`pg_`yf A°S>fiku X$uf°ºV$fu',"`pg_`yf A°S>fiku X$uf°ºV$fu',"`pg_`yf A°S>fiku X$uf°ºV$fu',"`pg_`yf A°S>fiku X$uf°ºV$fu', hp°Îeyd-4, afpdfp°T kp°fpb∆ dpıV$f, `©.

22 \u 29

9. Í$bÍ$ dygpL$p[ : S>°k¨NcpB ]°$hpcpB `V°$g, fpaz.

10. Í$bÍ$ dygpL$p[ : ]$fbpf S>hp_k¨N, Ly$hf.