koiel aUrjw dw swDnAmrIkw c 1890 c aUrjw leI l`kVI dI QW koiely ny m`l leI[ 1982 c koielw bwl ky pwxI dI BwP nwl ibjlI pYdw krn vwlIAW c`kIAW c`lIAW[ cwrlz pwrs~ns ny 1884 c izAwdw inpun BwP nwl c`lx vwliAW c~kIAW bxweIAW[ 1920 c pIisAw koielw G~t hvw nwl izAwdw blx l~igAw[ 1940 c vwvrolw B`TIAW ivc G`tIAw koielw jldw nwly G~t suAwh bxdI[ A~j k~l koiely dIAw Kwnw dw kUVw jlw ky aUrjw pYdw kIqI jwdI hY, nwly kUVw Gtdw hY]

qyl dI Koj qy inkwlnw1901 tYkss c sipMfltwp nw dw bVw v~fw qyl dw KUh l~iBAw[ 1951 q~k kwrW c koiely dI QW ptrOl jlx l~igAw[ rswiex ivigAwn ny inkly qyl nUM Al~g Al~g ihisAW c inKwirAw[ SurU c grm kr ky BwP nwl Ark k~iFAw, iPr G~t hvw dy dbw c, iPr kYtwilst pwA ky[ qyl k~Fx leI ivigAwn ny hIirAW dIAW vrimAW dIAW nokW, vrmy shwiek gwrw, slyt ctwnw co BwP qy rswinkW nUM imlw ky qyl inkwilAw[ izAwdw qyl k~Fx leI prYSr ADIn qrl kwrbn-fweIAOksweIf qy pwnI vriqAw]

nUAklIar aUrjw1942 pihlw naUklIAr rIAYktr POj leI bixAw[ 1951 prDwn ewzInAwvr AYtmI qwkq SwqI vwsqy nwl naUklIAr aUrjw ibjlI Gr bxy[ AsiQr AYlImYts ibjlI GrW dw bwlx bxy[ ryfIAo AYkitv srIey nwp qol nwl Gtdy hn, bly hoey srIey dubwrw soDy jwdy hn, AYtmI kUVw swBxw, vwqwvrn dw bcw, hvw c ies qwkq dw G~t qo G~t burw Asr swrw rsYxk ivigAwnw dI dyx hn]

aUrjw dy hor nvy swDnzmIn qNo inklI grmI Xw pwnI dI qwkq qoN ibjlI 1% hI bxdI hY pr ies dI mwlI mh~qqw qy vrqoM idno idn vD rhI hY[ ivigAwn ny bxwey grmI, Dup dI roSnI vwly solr pYnl, hvw nwl ibjlI bxwx vwly G~t vzn vwly p~Ky, sImYt, lohy dIAW c~kIAW jo pwxI nwl c~l ky ibjlI bxwaudIAW qy ijAwdw icr c~ldIAW]

1. aUrjw qy AwvwjweI

1.1. aUrjw dy swDn

cwrlz pwrs~ns

pwrs~ns dI BwP c`kI (1907)

1. aUrjw qy AwvwjweI1.2. jmW hox vwlI cukvIN aUrjw dy swDn

iek vwr brqoN vwlIAW bYtrIAW1700-vI sdI dy AKIr c AlsYfro voltw ny aUrjw jmW krn vwlI bYtrI bxweI[ ivigAwn ny ies nUM vDIAw bxw idqw[ 1890 c kwrbn-izMk sukI bYtrI bxI jo igly lklYcI nwloN bhuq cMgI sI[ A~j BI ieh sYl roSnI dyx vwlI bYtrI c pYdy hn[ 1949 c bxI AYlklweIn pyst vwlI bYtrI, jo izAwdw c~ldI qy CotI hY[ ieh bYtrI kYmry qy cukvIAw XukqIAW c vrqIAW jwx l~gIAW[ hux bYtrIAW c cWdI-AwksweIf, pwrw-AwksweIf jW ilQIAm hY].

rIcwrj hox vwlI bYtrIAW1859 c isky-iqjwb vwlI bYtrI kwrKwny c bnI jo ibjlI jmW krdI sI[ 1881 ieh hor vI cMgI bxweI geI, ieh bYtrI A~j BI kwrW, tr~kW c l~gdI hY[ 1899 c pihlI vwr inkl-kYfmIAm rIcwrj hox vwlI bYtrI ivkx l~gI[ A~j ilQIAm-Awien bYtrI sYl Pon, lYptOp kmpUtr c hY, Bwvy ieh 1980 c nwkwmX rhI sI]

kwrbn-izMk sukI bYtrI

rIcwrj hox vwlI bYtrIAW

1. aUrjw qy AwvwjweI

1.3. pul qy sVkW dw swmwn

p~kw sImYt1950 c v~fy p~Dr qy AmrIkw dIAW lMbI imAwd vwlIAW p~kIAW sVkW qy pulW ny sUby joV idqy[ 1824 c portlYf sImYt ny p~ky sImYt c srIAw lOx dw pytYt hwsl kIqw[ 1877 c PrWs dy joisP monIAr ny ivc rswiexW pweIAW ijnw nwl lNYtr c G~t KwlI glIAW rihdIAW, sImYt qy lohw Awid hOlI sukdw qy ieh hor p~kw juVdw[ sImYt dI imAwd bVy Kws bxwx dy qrIky qy inrBr hY[ imlweIAW rswiexW ies dw sugVnw G~tdw qy imAwd vDdI hY] [

luu~ksVkW bxwx leI lu~k ssqI qy cMgI hY[ 1595 c kudrqI lu~k dI Koj hoeI, 1902 c kol-twr imlw ky ies dIAW sVkW bnx l~gIAW[ qyl swP krn c bcKuc Tos Xw A~D-Tos ibtUmn ny kudrqI lu~k dI QW sVkW bnwx leI m~lI[ hux bxwey pOlImrW nUM imlw ky ies dI imAwd bDweI qy ies nUM hor vI cMgw bxwieAw[ supr-pyv lu~k izAwdw Bwr qy sKq mOsm BI sihdI hY]

DwqW qy imSrx-DwqWPOlwd Kws kr iemwrqW, pul ies dy G~t vzn, SkqI, imAwd, ssqw, Bucwl vgYrw c sur~iKk kwrn hn[ nvyN iksm dw POlwd jo 1990 c bixAw izAwdw mjbUq qy G~t Burdw hY[ nvyN qrIky nwl ies qy AlmInIAm Xw ijsq cVw ky pulW c l~gx vwly POlwd dI imAwd 30 swl hor v~D hY]

c~ldy r`Kx qy TIk krn dy qrIky sVkW dw lMmy smy q~k, hr mOsm c TIk rihxw zrUrI hY[ sVkW dy smwn qy TIk krn dIAW KojW ny hor sVkW dw bxwx dI loV leI smW vDwieAw[ p~ky sImYt, lu~k qy Polwd nUM sIl krky sVkW dI imAwd vDweI[ hor rswiexW qy pOlImrW ny lu~k dIAW sVkW nUM cMgw bxw idqw[ ijvyN stweIrIn-butwfweIn-stweIrIn nwl sVkW c G~t lIhW qy qyVW pYdIAW hn]

1. aUrjw qy AwvwjweI 1.4. ptrOl-rswiexk bwlx

bwlx + rswiexWpihly G~tIAw ptrOl nwl ieMjn ijAwdw K~Vkw krdy[ 1921 c ptrOl ivc tYtrw-eYQl-lYf (4-Alkohl-iskw) imlwx nwl ieMjn G~t K~Vkw krdy[ 1926 c ptrOl dw cMgw hoxw AOktyn p~Dr nwl nwipAw jwx l~gw[ 1970 c isky dw imSrx vwqwvrn dw iDAwn kwrn bMd kIqw igAw[ hux kuJ rswiexw qy AYlkohl, eIQr nwl iejn dw K~Vkw qy Gsw GtwieAw jwdw hY[ TMfy ielwikAW ivc ptrOl c mYQyn imlwieAw jwdw hY qW ik br& kwrn ptrOl nw ruky]

qyl co ptrOl bxwieAw1913 c inkwly qyl nUM grm kr ky Bwrw qyl qy ptrOl Qrml krYikMg nwl bxwey[ aucy qwpmwn nwl keI Axcwhy pdwrQ BI bx jWdy, 1928 c G~t hvw dy dbw nwl G~t qwpmwn nwl qyl inKwrn l~gy[ 1936 c XujIn hOfry ny kYtwilitk krYikg l~BI jo 1937 c vpwirk p~Dr qy ApnweI geI, qy ptrOl inKwrn dw ieh qrIkw prc~lq ho igAw]

kYtwilitk knvrtrz1975 c kwrbn-mOnoAwksweIf qy AxbilAw ptrOl DUey c G~t krn leI do BwgW vwly kYtwilitk knvrtlz bxy[ iPr ies ivc qIsrw Bwg lgwieAw ijs ny nweItrojn-AwksweIf GtwieAw[ ies ivc plYtInm Dwq dI shwieqw nwl ieh swry bl jwdy hn[ nweItrojn-AwksweIf nwtrojn qy AwksIjn gYsW c, kwrbn-mOnoAwksweIf kwrbn-fweIAwksweif gYs c, AxbilAw ptrOl pwxI qy kwrbn-fweIAwksweIf bx ky DUey c inkl jWdy hn]

iqn Bwg kYtwilitk knvrtr

qyl inKwrn

1. aUrjw qy AwvwjweI1.5. kwrW

iePwjq, shUlq qy suhxy ifzweInw leI nvIn mwl 21vI sdI dIAW kwrW SurU c bxIAW kwrW nwloN iePwzq, shUlq qy Skl c nhI imldIAW[ izAwdw roSnI vwlIAW AglIAW lweItW ny rwq dw sPr nUM sOKw kr idqw hY[ DwqW ciVAw lohy dI imAwd izAwdw hY[ TMfw krn vwly rswiex bMd Gyry c Gumdy hn[ ihPwzqI SIsw 1914 c bixAW[ KwspOlImr vwlw G~t vzndwr qy sUrz dIAW hwnIkwrk ikrnW qy bwhr dw rOlw rokdw hY[ mzbUq ihPwzqI pytIAW 1960 c qy bcwA vwly gubwry 1996 lwauxy lwzmI hn]

plwsitk dy purzy qy BwgRrswiex ny lohy dI QW plwsitk nwl kwrW dW vzn GtwieAw qy cMgw kMm vDwieAw[ dunIAW dI dUjI jMg bwd bxwey pOlImr jo sKq qy mOsmI qbdIlIAW sihdy hn vrqy jwx l~gy[ 1970 c qyl dI Gwt ny G~t vzn vwly BwgW dI zrUrq pyS kIqI[ bOfI dw iek~Tw FlweI nwl bxOxW, plwsitk dy bMpr, pOlIproplIn jo XU vI ikrnW rokdI qy rMg BI p~kw rihdw, Kws qrW dy rMg, pwxW qy joV lwx vwlIAw gUdW rswiex ny idqIAW]

pOlIpropolIn dI for

twier ivigAwn1800 ku c rbV dy ruK dI rbV jo ik grmI c nrm qy srdI c iqV jWdI[ 1939 c AmrIkn KojI cwrlz gufeIAr ny rbV c gMDk imlw ik ies nuM sKq bxwieAw[ A~j BI kuJ rswiexW imlw ky aus dw hI qrIkw vriqAw jWdw hY[ 1945 c bnwvtI rbV ivkx l~gI[ ijvNy rbV dI loV vDI, rbV dy tYrW c tIaUbW peIAW, bnwvtI Xw Awm forW nwl tYr G~t Gsx vwly qy mzbUq bxyN, iPr ibn tIaubW qoN twier bxyN]

1. aUrjw qy AwvwjweI

1.6. eyAronwitks

grm hvw dy gubwry1873 qoN jd AwdmI phlI vwr A~g dI lwt nwl grm hvw dy gubwry c auifAw, grm hvw dy gubwirAw dIAW KojW byh~d hn[ grm hvw dI QW hweIfyrojn nwl gubwrw kwbU krnw sOKw sI[ AmrIkw c Ajyhy gubwirAW dy 5000 pweIlt hn[ rswiexkW ny grmI sYhx vwlI nweIln qy qrl propyn dI gubwry clOx leI vrqxI SurU kIqI]

hIlIAmBwvyN ihfnbrg (1937) hweIdrojn dy gubwry sKq FWcy dy sn, hweIdrojn Kqry jnk hY[ 1905 c kYnss c do ivigAwnkW nUM hIlIAm dy KUh l~By, hIlIAm v~fI mwqrw c hY[ dunIAW dI pYhlI jMg c hIlIAm bhuq mwqrw c inkwlI qy vrqI[ dunIAW dI dUsrI jMg c hIlIAm dy bilpW ny pYdl qy smudrI POjW dI r~iKAw kIqI[ 1950 hIlIAm ny rwkt bnx dI vYlifg c shwieqw kIqI, qy ies nwl rwkt dw bwlx iejn ivc D~ikAw]

rwkt dy bwlxrwktW dI prIKx 1920 c hoeI, sMcwr sYtylweIt 1950 ku cwVy gey, 1980 ku c spys Stl, Koj ivigAwnkW dI hrwn krn vwlw kwrnwmw hY[ spys Xwqrw zmIn dI iKc qo D~k ky bwhr jwx dI sPlqw qy inrBr hY[ 1926 c pYihlw rwkt ptrOl qy AOksIjn bwl ky ciVAw[ aus qoN bwd qrl qy Tos bwlx vrqy gey[ spys Stl c qrl hweIdrojn dw bwlx hY, pr aupr cVn leI almInIAm qy AmonIAm-pr-kloryt vriqAw jWdw hY]

jhwj qy rwkt bxwx dw smwnjhwz l~kVI qy k~pVy qoN bxny SurU hoeyy, ivigAwnk soDy hoeY mwl ijs nwl fIzweIn dIAW zrUrqW pUrIAW hoeIAW[ AlmInIAm qy tweItynIAm dw imSrx jo mzbUq, hlkw, aucw qwpmwn sihx qy nw-Burn vwlw hI jhwj bnwx c lgdy hn[ rwktW dIAW sKq hwlwq c clx krky AwpxIAW zrUrqW hn[ Kws iksm dIAW tweIlW jo bhuq aucw qwpmwn sih skx 1980 bxweIAW geIAW[ pYihlW ienw leI zrkonIAm dI vrqoN dI koiSS kIqI, AwKr c ryqy qo inkly qMdW qoN bxIAW tweIlW kwmXwb rhIAW]

ihfnbrg durGtnw (1937)