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COLLABORATIVE KNOWLEDGE MAP FOR DISASTERMANAGEMENT COLLECTIONS

著者Author(s) Parmanto, Bambang

掲載誌・巻号・ページCitat ion 神戸大学都市安全研究センター研究報告,13:113-133

刊行日Issue date 2009-03

資源タイプResource Type Departmental Bullet in Paper / 紀要論文

版区分Resource Version publisher

権利Rights

DOI

URL http://www.lib.kobe-u.ac.jp/handle_kernel/81001958

Create Date: 2018-05-17

神戸大学都市安全研究センター研究報告,第13号,平成21年 3 月

― ��� ―

ColbborativeKnowledgeMapfわrDisasterManagementCollections

BambangParmanto,UniversltyOfPittsburghandRobeUniverslty

1.Introduction

lnpreparlngOrrespondingtodisasterevents,profTessionalswhoworkindisaster

managementusuallysearchfわrcasesfromthepastthatcloselymatchedwiththecurrenteventas

arefTerence.Findingandretrievingdocumentsfromthepasteventshavebeendifficulteven

whendatabasescontainingdigitallibrarycollectionsofthepasteventsareavailable.Thereare

manychallengesthatweneedtoaddressifwewanttomakethedisastercollectionsmore

reusableforresearchersandprofessionalswhoworkindisastermanagement.Thefirstchallenge

isthefactthatdisastercollectionsarescatteredinvariousinstitutionsaroundtheworld.

Numerousorganizationsinvolvedinthedisastermanagementlocatedinnumerouscountries

aroundtheworldmaintaindisastercollections,o洗ennotf♭rthemosteffTectiveuseandf♭r

indeterminateamountoftime.Disastercollections,consistlngOrdataandvarioustypesof

documents,areisolatedinthesesilosandinaccessibletooutsideresearchersandindividualswho

workindisastermanagement.

Thesecondchallengeisthemultilingualnatureorthecollections.Disastersknowno

languageandpoliticalboundaries.Forexample,theGreatSumatraTsunamidisasterof26

December2004affTectedmostcountriesintheIndianOceanfromIndonesiatoMadagascar.

Documentsintensornationallanguagesandevenmorelocaldialectsorlanguageshavebeen

producedfTromthisevent.ThethirdproblemistheheterogeneltyOfthecollections,especially

heterogeneltylnSemanticandtypesofcollections.Disastermanagementismultifacetedinits

natureanditsrangeofimpactandhencerequlreSmultidisciplinaryapproach.ProfTessionalswho

workindisasterpreparednessandresponsearedrawnfromsuchdiversebackgroundsas

sociology,englneerlng,healthsciences,andpublicadministration.Findingcommongroundwith

respecttothelanguagethatisusedtodenneandarticulatethedisasterfieldhasbeenachallenge

(Britton,1999).AvastmajorityofthedisastercollectionsarethesoICalled"greycollections":

― ��� ―

collectionsthatarenotfわrmallypublished(Lehman皮Webster,2004a).Thesecollections

includepamphlets,disastereducationmaterials,1nStitutionalreports,personalplCtureS,etC.

PeoplerememberpastdisasterfrompICtureSandfilmsthatarenotformallypublished.

Withoutproperinfわrmationmanagement,Weriskloslngtheinvaluablelessonslearned

fromthiscatastrophiceventandfromtherecoveryeffortsfromthepastdisaster.Thereuseof

infわrmationthatisscatteredinvariousorganizationsallovertheworldisveryImportant.Since

disasterdataandinfわrmationareownedbyvariousorganizationsallovertheworld,single

repositorylSnotanOPt10n.However,aunifiedadvancedmetadatathatallowmoreefficient

organizationandaccesstothedisasterdataandinfわrmationisneeded.Therefわre,theoptlmal

solutionwouldbefTederatedrepositorieswithcollaborativeadvancedmetadata.

Thegoalofthepaperistoproposethedevelopmentofacollaborative,unified,and

advancedmetadatafわrdisastercollectionsintheworld,especiallyinAsia.Theadvanced

metadatawillbecalled"knowledgemap"inthispaper.Theknowledgemapwillbeusedby

collaboratlngCOuntriesandinstitutionstomanagetheirowncollectionsandtoexchange

infわrmationbetweentheinstitutions.TheknowledgemapISCOnCePtualizedasaunifiedviewof

thefederativecollectionswiththegoalofmakingthecollectionsaccessibletousers.The

advancedmetadatawillhavethefollowingrequirements:Capableofrepresentlngunified

knowledgeofdisastermanagementfield,canbeusedtoimprovetheprecisionandrecallofthe

disastercollectioninfわrmationretrieval,Caneasilysupportmultilingualaccessandcollections,

canbridgemultidisciplinaryviewofthefield,CanbeusedinafTederatedenvironments,andtake

advantageoftheadvancesinInternettechnologies.

AnewstandardandasetoftechnologiescalledTopicMap(Pepper,2002)haverecently

beendevelopedandadoptedasanISO(InternationalStandardizationOrganization)standard.

TopicMapmeetsalltherequlrementSf♭rthecollaborativemetadataandknowledge

managementfわrdisastermanagementasdiscussedinthepreviousparagraph.Thispaperwill

fTocusonthepotentialofTopicMapfTorthedevelopmentofcollaborativeknowledgemapfわr

disastermanagement.Inadditiontomakingdisastercollectionreusableandfindable,Topic

M叩 mayalsoleadtoimprovementofourknowledgeindisasterinthesamewaytaxonomywas

usedtoimproveourknowledgeofthedomain(Kreps,1989;Quarantelli,1987).Knowledgemap

― ��� ―

issomethingthatcollectsthekeyconceptsinthedisastermanagementfieldandtiesitall

together,

2.DisasterCycle:InformationM anagementPerspective

Thefieldofdisastermanagementusuallydividesthetimeframeintofourphases:

mltlgation,preparedness,response,andrecovery.Thesefわurphasessometimesarealsodivided

intofわursimplephases:befわre,during,anda洗er.Thegoaloftheeffortbeforethedisasteristo

reduceoravoidlossesfromhazards,whilethegoalofeffortsduringdisasteristoassureprompt

assistancetotheaffTectedcommunlty,anda洗erthedisasterthegoalistoachieverapidand

effectiverecovery.Themltlgationandpreparednessphasescorrespondtothephasebefわrethe

disaster,theresponsephasecorrespondstoduring,andrecoverycorrespondstothephaseafter

thedisaster.TheMitigationPhaseisconcernedwithminimlZlngtheeffTectsofpossibledisasters

bymandatingpolicies(suchasbuildingcodesandzoning),conductingvulnerabilityanalyses

andpubliceducation.ThePreparednessPhaseconsistsofplannlngOnhowtorespondtoa

disaster,includingemergencyexerciseandtralnlng;andearlywarnlngSystem.TheResponse

phasedealswiththeaRermathofthedisasterandincludessuchactivitiesassearchandrescue,

andemergencyrelief.ThefinalphaseofRecoveryInvolvestheeffortsofretumlngthe

communltytOnormal,includingtemporaryhouslngandmedicalcare.

Duringpre-crisisphases,researchersandprofessionalsconductingdisastermltlgationand

preparednesscanlearnfromdisastersinthepastorfromsimilardisastersinotherregions.For

example,infわrmationsuchashazardanalysis,buildingcodes,andpubliceducationmaterialscan

bereused.Previousdisasterscouldalsoprovideinfわrmationwhichmethodsdidanddidnot

work.Plannlngmethodinoneplaceorfromthepastcouldbeadoptedormodifiedtosuit

disasterpreparedness.DuringcrlSIS,infわrmationexchangebetweenorganizationsinvolvedin

theresponseandreliefeffTortsismandatorytoensuretheeffectivenessoftheeffTorts.

Inthepostcrisisphases,collectinglessonslearnedfromthedisastershouldtakeplace.

Fromthelessonslearnedfromthecrisis,methodsortoolsthatarenolongervalidcanbe

adjusted.ThefわcusoftheproposedknowledgemapISinorganizlnglessonslearnedfromthe

pastdisasters,emphasizinginfわrmationreuseandinfわrmationexchange.Thelongtermgoalis

― ��� ―

toprovideinfわrmationthatiscurrentandtopassontheknowledgegainedfromthepastdisasters

fTorbetterpre-Crisismltlgationandpreparednessefbrts,andbetterreliefandresponseeffTorts.

PhasesinadisasterarealsorefTerredtoasdisastercycle.Fromtheinformation

managementperspective,disastercycleposesaunlqueChallenge.Unlikeothercyclethat

repeatedlyhappensinthesameplace,manytypesofdisaster(earthquake,tsunami,typhoon)

rarelyhappensrepeatedlyexactlyinthesameplace.Diverseinfわrmationandknowledgeare

widelydistributedandownedbyvariousorganizationslocatedindiffTerentcountries.Therefわre,

thelessonslearnedfromadisasterinoneplacemightgetlossbeforeotherplacesintheworld

couldleanfromthem.

AnothercharacteristicofdisastercycleisthelongtlmeSpananduncertaintybetween

pre-disasterphases(mitigationandpreparedness)andthedisaster.Formanytypesofdisaster,

weneverknowwhenadisasterwillstrike.Theperiodofuncertaintyisthenfわllowedbyfrantic

activitiesduringthedisasterresponsephase.Duringthisphase,allinfわrmationneededfわrrelief

activitieshastobeavailableinaninstant.

3.ReviewofRelatedWork

Twoareasarerelevanttothiswork:greycollectionofdisasterarchive,anddisaster

metadataandontology.Recentworkinthesetwoareaswillbediscussed,aswellasthe

relationshipbetweentheproposedknowledgemapwiththeserelatedworks.

3.1GreyCollectionofDisasterArchive

ThemaJOrltyOfdisastercoHectioncanbecategorizedasthesoICalled"greyliterature".

Greyliteratureiscommonlydefinedasanydocumentarymaterialthatisnotcommercially

publishedandistyplCallycomposedoftechnicalreports,workingpapers,businessdocuments,

andconferenceproceedings(Mathews,2004).Inthecaseofdisastercollection,typical

collectionsincludeone-pagedocument(suchaspamphlet),reports,newspaper,magazines,

reports,proJeCtdeliverables,spatialdigitaldatasets,data-setsderivedfromfieldwork,tralnlng

anddisseminationmaterials,andimagesorvideos.

Disastercollectionsareo洗enlocatedinvariousorganizationsallovertheworld.Manyof

thesearestoredinthewebsiteorcomputeroftheseorganizations.Oneofthechallengesisthe

― ��� ―

longevltyOfthecollectionisusuallynotasstableasthecollectionsmaintainedbylibrariesor

universities.Forexample,Oncethedisasterrecoveryandreconstructionworkiscompleted,the

maintenanceandsupportofthedisastercollectiongraduallyfade.Thesecollectionsarealsonot

maintainedfわrpromotlnginfわrmationsharingbetweenresearchers,Communlty,and

profTessionalsworkingindisastermanagement.

Sincedisasterinfわrmationanddatausuallyarealreadybeencollectedbyinstitutionsand

havebeenidentifiedbysubjectexpertorqualifiedlibrariansasrelevanttotheirwork,

identificationandacqulSlt10nusuallyarenotthegreatestchallengeasisthecasewithgrey

literature.Therefわre,thetermcollectionwillbeusedtorefTertomaterialsthathavebeen

identifiedasuseful.However,editorialcontrolandmetadatawillstillbeachallengeinthis

federatedenvironment.

ArelatedworkinthisareaisthedevelopmentofTsunamiDigitalLibrary(TDL)atthe

UniversityofOregon(LehmanandWebster,2007).Theyconductedsurveyandinterviewof

expertswithinthetsunamicommunity(LehmanandWebster,2007)andfわundthatthe

communltylSaSlgnificantportionofthematerialsrequiredanddesiredbytheinterdisciplinary

tsunamicommunltylSgreyandthesearenotadequatelyhoused,maintained,ororganizedby

existlngPartnerSites.Thestudyalsofわundthattheinfわrmationretrievalresults什omthecurrent

digitallibrarieshavebeenpoor.

3.2DisasterMetadataandOntology

ThestudyofdisasterrequlreSmultidisciplinaryapproachdotoitsmultifacetednatureand

rangeofimpacts.Thenumberofinstitutionsandcountriesinvolvedinthedisastermanagement

alsoaddtothediversltyOftheapproachtodisaster.TheresultisnotonlyintheheterogeneltyOf

theinfわrmationsystemsusedfわrmanaglnginfわrmation,butalsointheheterogeneltyOfthe

semantic.Peopleinthedomainhavenotfわundcommongroundwithrespecttothelanguagethat

isusedtodefineandarticulatethefield(Britton,1999).Thisproblemimpedesmany

interdisciplinarydevelopments,andcausesconfusionanddistancingbetweentheresearchersand

thepractitioners.TherehavebeenanumberofeffTortsthataddresstheneedf♭runified

conceptualdescrlPt10nOfthefield.Theeffortsrangefromasimpletaxonomytoformalontology.

― ��� ―

OntologylSanexplicitspecificationallowstheconceptsandrelationshipsinthemodeltobe

sharedbetweenpeople,awayf♭racommunltytOagreeOnCOmmOntermsf♭rcapturlngmeanlng

orrepresentingknowledgeinsomedomain(Uschold皮Gruninger,2004).Thegoalofthese

effortsissemanticinteroperabilityamongheterogeneousinformationsystems.

CurrenteffTortintaxonomicandontologlCalapproachestodisastershaveconcentrated

almostexclusivelyontheResponsePhase,dealingwiththeimmediatea氏ermathofan

emergencyIncludingthemobilizationofreliefagencies,thedeliveryofaidandtheprovisionof

emergencymedicalcare(Halliday,2007).Theworkindisasterontologycanbedividedintotwo

sources:USgovernmentagenciesthattrytomakeinfわrmationsystemsusedindisaster

managementtalktoeachother,andacademicexercisefromanumberofuniversltyresearch

groups.AnexamplefromthefirstgroupistheexistlngStandardsaretheCommonAlertlng

Protocol(CAP)andtheEmergencyDataExchangeLanguage(EDXL).Thestandardfわcusesthe

communicationbetweenemergencyresponseinfわrmationsystems,especiallywithintheUS

govemmentalinstitutions.Thereisalsolimitedevidenceastoitssuccessfuladopt10n

implementationandapplicationsinrecentemergencies(DiMaio,2007).Thesecondgroup

focusesonthedevelopmentofmoregeneraldisastermanagementontologywiththegoalof

achievlnglnterOperabilitybetweenvariousinfわrmationsystemsusedinthedisastermanagement

(Sotoodeh&Kruchten,2008;Joshieta1.,2007).Theeffortsindisasterontologyareprimarily

devotedtoachievesemanticinteroperabilitybetweeninfわrmationsystemsusedindisaster

management.TheseontologleS,aSabridgebetweenheterogeneousdatasourcesandinfわrmation

systems,areusedtosupportinfわrmationbrokeringandmediation.Thereisnoevidencethatthe

worksindisasterontologyhasbeenusefulbeyondacademicexerciseforontologydevelopment.

ItislikelythattheontologylStooCOmPlicatedandtooinnexibletobeusefulorproductive.

Minimalworkhasbeendoneinthedevelopmentofontologywiththegoalofincreaslng

thefindabilityandorganlZlngCOllectionsfromthepastdisasters.However,thebodyof

knowledgeaccumulatedfromtheeffTortindisasterontologydevelopmentcanbeusedinthe

developmentofDisasterKnowledgeMapasproposedinthisp叩er.

4.KnowledgeMapofDisasterManagement

4.1KnowledgeManagementofDisasterCollections

― ��� ―

Thepu叩OSeOfaKnowledgeManagement(KM)indisastermanagementistosupport

decisionmakingbasedoninformationandexperienceintheregionandfrompastdisasters.

KnowledgeanddatafTromthepastdisastersareinvaluableresourcesfわrmltlgatlng,PreParlng,

andrespondingtofuturedisasters.Whenworkingonanyphaseofdisaster,professionalsusually

searchforcasesthatbestmatchthecurrenteventfromthehistoricalcasedatabasesasa

reference.Thegoaloftheproposedadvancedmetadataistosupport"resourcediscovery"or

infわrmationretrievalofthecollectionsrelevanttodisastermanagement(especiallycollections

frompastdisasters),aswellastosupportthemanagementofthecontentsofnewacquisition.

lnthispaperwewillusethetermcollectiontorefTertoallobjectsthatneedtobe

organized.ThecollectionsconsistofdiscretepleCeSOfobjectthatwillbecalleddocument.The

termdocumentwillbeusednotinthetraditionalsenseortheword.Documentcanbeinthefわrm

orpaper,book,image,video,sound,numericaldata,andmap.Thedisastercollectionsconsistof

varioustypesordocumentsrelevanttodisastermanagement.

4.2Metadata,Taxonomy,andEndl0f-the-bookIndex

ThemostcommonmethodforaidinginfわrmationretrievalfromtherepositorylSuSlng

metadata.AnexampleofmetadatafordisastercollectionoftheGreatHanshin-Awaji

EarthquakeDisasterMaterialCollection(EDMC)atRobeUniversitycontainsthefわllowing

items:title,author,publisher,size,place,Callnumber,typeofmaterial/collection,and

publicationdate.Aswecansee,thestandardtraditionalmetadatacontainsmostlyadministrative

infわrmation.Thereisnotmuchinfわrmationaboutthecontentofthecollectionsthatcanhelp

userretrieveadocumentaccurately.Theonlywayfわrtheuserstosearchthecollectionis

throughmatchingthewordwiththetitle,authorname,orpublicationdate.Traditionalmetadata

doesnothelptheusersinjudgingthecontentsofthecollectionsbeyondthetitle.Somemay

includeabstract,butthatmeanstheusersneedtoreadtheabstractonebyonetodecidewhich

onesarerelevant.Traditionalmetadatausuallyleadstoimprecisesearchandpoorinfわrmation

retrievalaccuracy.

Inadditiontothestandardmetadata,anothertoolthatiscommonlyusedtoaidretrievalis

controlledvocabularyortaxonomy.Taxonomyinthisproposalisreferredoasasubject-based

classificationthatarrangesthetermsinthesubjectcontrolledvocabularyIntoaStatichierarchy.

― ��0 ―

Forexample,theRobeUniverslty'SEDMCcontainssimpletaxonomyconsistlngOfl6items:

earthquakedisaster,law,economy,publicadministration,flreService/disasterprevention,citizen

lives,socialwelfare,education,earthquakeenglneering/groundvibration,medicalcare,civil

englneering/architecture,industry/physicaldistribution,traffic/harbor,

infわrmation/communications,art/culturalheritage,andliterature(personalstory,literarywork,

etc.).Whilestandardmetadataonlylinksthemetadataitemstothecollection(object),taxonomy

arrangesthecollectionintoahierarchy.TaxonomylSnotpartOrthemetadata,althoughitcanbe

usedinmetadata.ThebenefitofaddingmoredescrlPt10ntOthetraditionalmetadataisricher

descrlPt10nOfthecollectionwiththeultimateobjectiveofmoreprecisesearchandretrieval.

Anothermethodthathasbeenusedtoimprovethefindabilityofdocumentsina

collectionistheuseoffull-textindex.Insteadofhavingaccessonlytotitleorabstractjull-text

indexprovidesaccesstothewholecontentsthroughthewordsbeingindexedfromthecontents.

Theproblemwithinvertedindexisthatallwordsinthecontents,WiththeexceptlOnSOfstop

words(suchwordasand,or,andis),areindexedandareconsideredequallyimportantconcepts

inthedocument.RetrievalfTromfu111teXtindexedcollectionsyieldshighnoise(lowprecision)

sincealldocumentscontalnlngwordsthatmatchthesearchwordwillberetrieved.

Amorecleverwaytoachievlnghighprecisionoftheretrievalistheuseback-in-thebook

index.Theindexattheendofthebookisconstructedtorepresenttheknowledgeoftheentire

book.Endofbookindexisinfactamapoftheknowledgecontainedinabook:itcontainsthe

essenceandonlysalienttoplCSOfthebook.Endofbookindexprovidesmuchbetterprecision

forretrievalthanthefull-textindex.However,endofbookindexisonlyusefulforretrievlng

sectionsofabook,notacollectionsofthousandsbooksandothermaterials.

4.3DisasterKnowledgeMapUsingTopicMap

AnewstandardandasetoftechnologleSCalledTopicMapusessimilarmethodasthe

backofbookindex,butinamuchmorepowerRllway.Thisnewstandardhasbeenadoptedby

ISOandnumeroustechnologleStOimplementthestandardhavebeendevelopedinthepastfew

years.ThisnewtechnologylSagoodfitforknowledgemanagementofdisastercollections,fora

numberofreasons,prlmarilybecauseit:

― ��� ―

･ canbeusedtodevelopaknowledgemap,anadvancedversionofthebackofthebook

indexthatrepresentstheessenceofthedisastermanagementfield.

･ elegantlyhandlesmultilingualknowledgemapandmultilingualcollections.ThetopIC

mapISSeparatefromthecollection,bothofthemcouldbemultilingual

･ elegantlyhandlesmultimodaldocuments,fromimagestoJOurnalpapers.

･ CanrepresentcomplexknowledgerepresentationsthroughtoplCS,hierarchy,and

associations,handlesdiffTerentviewofusers.

･ CanaccommodatediffTerentviewsofmultidisciplinaryapproachtodisastermanagement.

ThefbllowlnglSabriefillustrationonhowtoplCmapCanbeusedtodevelopknowledge

managementordisastercollections.SincetheideaoftoplCmapCanbetracedbacktotheback-

of-the-bookindex,ltiseasiertoillustratehowitworksuslngexamplesoftheendbookindex.

Figure1illustratestheindexfわrahypotheticalbookontsunami.

Earthquake 12,34,35.231

Tektonik ll,2323

Volcanic 12,23.

Explosion 45,65.

Tsunami 121,

seealsoEarthquake

Hanshin-Awaji 12,23,34,445

Figure1.Asnippetofback-of-the-bookindexofahypotheticalbookontsunami.

― ��� ―

Themaincomponentsoftheback-of-thebookarenamesoftopics(earthquake,tsunami,

etc)andreferencetooccurrencesofthosetopics.Forexample,topic"earthquake"occursin

pages12,34,35,and231.1nadditiontoahierarchyortopics(earthquake:tectonicand

volcanic),anindexmayalsoincludeassociationsuchastheuseofsee,andseealso.Theuseof

seereferencesmakestheindexcapableofhandlingsynonymsormultipleentriesofnamesfor

thesametoplCOrconcept.Anindexmayalsousetypographicalconventiontodistinguish

diffTerenttypesoftopICSOroccurrences.Forexample,"Hanshin-Awaji"iswritteninboldto

showthatitisanameofadisasterevent,insteadofconcepts.Theoccurrenceinpage230ftoplC

volcaniciswrittenasredanditalictodistinguishthatthetoplC"VOIcanic"islinkedtoanm叩On

page23,insteadoftheword"volcanic"onpage23.

TopicmapISanadvancedcomputerizedversionofback10f-the-bookindex.Themain

constituentsofTopicMap(TM)arealsoTopics,Occurrences,andAssociations.Similartothe

index,TopicinTMrepresentssubjectsorconceptsofthedomainoftheTM.ThediffTerenceis

thatthesubjectinTMcoverstheentirecollections,insteadofjustonebook.Occurrenceisa

linkbetweentoplCSandthedocumentsinthecollection,similartopagenumberintheendbook

index.AtoplCCanbelinkedtomorethanonedocuments,andviceversa.

Figure2isasimpleillustrationofaTopicMapinadisastermanagement.Weborrow

thesameexampleofFigure1,partsofthetoplCSinourdisasterknowledgemapcontainstoplC

conceptsof"earthquake"thathassubtopicof"volcanic","tectonic",and"explosion."Italso

containstoplCCOnCePtSOf"tsunami"and"HansinAwaji."ThediffTerenceisthatthisconcept

willpointtoadocument(map,journalp叩er,etC)intherealdigitallibrarycollection.lnourcase,

WechoosetorepresentdocumenttypeasanOccurrence:occurrenceorjoumalpaperwilllinkall

Journalp叩erSrelevanttoeallhquaketothetoplCconceptearthquake.Occurrencewillprovide

morethanjustasimplelinksinceOccurrenceitselfcanbeahierarchyoranetworkofconcepts.

Forexample,anoccurrenceofperiodicalscanhesuboccurenceormagazine,Journalpaper,

newspaper.Wecanuseoccurrence"periodicals"toretrievedocumentrelevanttothetopICWe

choosethatareavailableinallfわrmatsunder"periodical"(magazine,journalpaper,and

newspaper).

OnecomponentthatmakesTopicMapverysophisticatedisthepowerofAssociatL'on.

Unlikelimitedassociationavailableintheindex(simplehierarchy,see,andseealso),

― ��� ―

AssociationinTopicMaplSagr叩hthatcanlinkanytoplCtOanotherwithanassociationthat

canbedefinedbythedesigner.Inotherwords,TMisextensible:TM istoendbookindexthe

wayXMListoHMTLInourexampletheAssociationbetweentsunamiandearthquakeis

deflnedas"causedby"(tsunamiiscausedbyanearthquake).Onetopiccanalsohavemultiple

supertopic(parenttopic).Forexample,theCityofKobecanbepartofahierarchyof

administrativeunitinJapan(Japan- HyogoPrefecture- CityofKobe),butcanalsobepartof

atectonicplatehierarchyof(Eurasianplate-Niigata-RobeZone- CityofKobe).TM

technologleSWOuldallowustodevelopanadvancedknowledgem叩thatrepresentstheessence

andallsalienceconceptsindisastermanagement.

AssociationisusedextensivelyinTopicstofわrmanetworkofconnectedconcepts.As

TMisextensible,AssociationcanalsobeusedfわrOccurrence.Forexample,ifweuselanguage

orthedocumentasoccurrence,Wecanhaveahierarchyorlanguageandassociationof

languages.Wecanalsousetypesofdocument(map,books,periodicals,etc)inamorecomplex

association.Forexample,reportswithextensiveuseofmapcanbecategorizedasbothmapand

report･

COLLECTIONS

- -p -A+ 0

-----0

m ヰ姦 ⊇

･OCCURENC毘

-Jnun]礼pBP_er_I._

vol占aniTL-- 丁~-----∀柑e9----___

TOPICS

Earthquak･e一一-一 一･一Tektomic I､＼

l __ ＼

ExpI'osi･01, Cals如/

EilTstmami

Hansin-AwaJA

Figure2.SimpleillustrationoftoplCmapfわrdisastermanagement

― ��� ―

Topicm叩teChnologyallowstheuseofscopeinTopic,Occurrence,andAssociation.

Scopeissimilartothesaurusintraditionallibrary,onlymuchmorepowerful.Theuseofscope

canenableustodealwithdifferentterminologiesusedbyvariousdisciplinesindisaster

management.Forexample,highintensltytrOplCalstormiscalled"typhoon"inEastAsiareglOn

(Japan,Taiwan,toIndonesia)whileitiscalled"cyclone"inAustralia,andisreferredtoas

HhurricaneHintheAmericas.

ThebenefitofusingTopicMapapproachfordevelopingknowledgemapisthatitleads

tomorerichlydescrlPtlVeClassificationandmetadatasystemsthananyofthetraditional

approaches.Richclassificationandmetadatasystemswillleadtoinformationretrievalwithhigh

recallandprecision.Itwouldalsoallowf♭rthedevelopmentofnavlgationsystemsdrivenbythe

knowledgemaptobemuchricherandmorenexiblethanasimpletree-basednavlgation.

4.4TopicandTopicClassesofDisasterCollection

Knowledgemapfわrdisastermanagementwillbedevelopedbyconductlngextensive

interviewswithresearchersanddisastermanagementexperts.DeveloplngtOplCmapisakinto

developlngadvancedbackl0f-the-bookindexthatreflectsknowledgestructureofthedisaster

managementfield.DiffTerentunderstandingofconceptsbetweenvariousdisciplinescanbe

accommodatedinknowledgem叩,somethingthatcannotbedoneinanendbookindex.The

followlnglSabriefinitialthoughtonpotentialtopICClassesindisastermanagement.ThetopIC

classesindisastermanagementmayIncludethefbllowlngltemS:

･ Disastertaxonomy:naturaldisaster,humansystemfailure,connict-baseddisaster.

Naturaldisaster:earthquake,tsunami,mood,etc.Thistaxonomycanbedevelopedtothe

detailedlevelofspecificfieldsinthedisastermanagement.Wecancombineprevious

work(Green&McGinnis,2002;Kreps,1989,etc)andinterdisciplinaryinputfrom

variousexperttodevelopthetaxonomy.

･ Spatialorgeographicallocationthatwillallowinfわrmationretrievalbasedonlocation,

eitherlatitude-longitude,orbasedonspatialtaxonomysuchasadministrativehierarchy,

tectonicrelationships,etc.

･ TimedimensioninDisastermanagementcycle:Mitigation,preparedness,response,

recovery(reconstruction).Morennegrainedtimingcanalsobedevelopedtoallow

infbrmationretrievalbasedonthedisastercycletime.

― ��� ―

･ Bigdisasterevent.Manycollectionsanddataarerelatedtobigdisastereventssuchas

HurricaneKatrinaand9/11terroristattackintheUSA,Ilanshin-AwajiEarthquakein

Japan,SumatraTsunamidisasterinSouthandSoutheastAsia.

･ Finegrainedconceptsindisastermanagement,butmoregeneralthancurrentworkon

ontologyofdisastermanagement.Again,acombinationorcurrentworkondisaster

ontologyandinputfromdisastermanagementexpertscanbeusedforthedevelopmentof

theseconcepts.

･ Traditionalmetadata:time,title,author,subject,abstract,etc.

4.5MultilingualApproach

ThemultilingualrequlrementSf♭rthedisastermanagementcollectionshavetwo

dimensions:

･ Theknowledgemap(topicmap)needtobemultilingual,thinkofhavingadvancedback-

of-the-bookmultilingualindex

･ Thecollection(documents)canbeinmultiplelanguages.

Theknowledgem叩 needstobemultilingualirrespectiveorthelanguageofthe

documentsinthecollections.Thisknowledgemapcanbeusedasashareresourcebymany

organizationslocatedinvariouscountries.Usingthisapproach,auserwillbeabletosearchthe

collectionuslngthesearchlanguageoftheuserbutwillretrieverelevantdocumentinany

languages.

InordertosupportthemultilingualrequlrementS,tOplCClassesneedtobetranslatedin

variouslanguages.ThiscanbehandledeasilyinTopicMap.ThefbllowlnglSanexampleofan

entryintheTopicclassinthreelanguages(English,Japanese,andIndonesian/Malaysian):

― ��� ―

TermsthatareunlquetOaparticularlanguagecanalsobeaccommodatedintheTopic

Class.Thatis,thetoplCmapOfeachlanguageisnotlimitedtoone-t0-Onetranslationofthe

basictopicmap.Forexample,theconceptofearthquake-disaster(震災)thatisuniqueto

J叩aneSeCanbeassociatedwithoneortwoconceptsinotherlanguages.

InadditiontothemultilingualtoplCClass,themultilingualtranslationcanbeonthe

OccurrenceandAssociation.ForexamplethetypeofdocumentinOccurrence(journalpaper,

map,etc)canbetranslatedintomultiplelanguages:

Map 地図Peta

Thelanguageoftheorlglnaldocumentsthatneedtobeaccommodatedcanbefairly

complex.Thisisimportantfわrgreyliteraturesuchasone-pagedocumentsinlocallanguagesthat

areusedduringdisasters.Manycountrieshavelocallanguagesinadditiontothenational

language.China,India,andIndonesiahavetensorhundredsoflocallanguages.Thiscanbe

implementedusingOccurrenceinTopicMap.ThelanguageintheOccurrenceidentifieswhat

languageistheorlglnaldocument.Languageintheoccurrencecanbeimplementedasa

hierarchysimilartotheTopicClass.

5.CollaborativeApproachtotheDevelopmentorKnowledgeM ap

Thedevelopmentofknowledgemapfordisastermanagementcollectionswillbea

collaborativeem)rtbetweenthedevelopmentteam(librarian,informationscientist)and

prospectiveusers,especiallydisastermanagementexpertsfromvariousdisciplines.The

followlnglSalistofprinciplesandactivitiesinthedevelopmentofknowledgemap:

･ Noreinventlngthewheel.Thereisabodyofknowledgefrompreviouseffortsthatcanbe

usedinthedevelopmentofknowledgemapsuchastaxonomies,metadata,vocabularies,

andontology.AmongthefirststepsinthedevelopmenteffTortistocollectrelevant

previousworksinknowledgemanagementofdisastercollectionthatcanbeusedasthe

basisfわrknowledgemap.

― ��� ―

･ Decidewhoaretheusersofthedisastercollectionandtheusers.Weneedtoidentifywho

aretheprlmaryusersthatinclude:researchers,professionals,andreliefagencies.Thisis

importantsincetheknowledgemapwillbeadigestoftheusers'collectiveknowledgein

disastermanagement.

･ Conductrequirementanalysisontheusers(researchers,professionals,reliefagencies,...)

･ DeveloptopICmapbasedontheusers'inputs:Topic,Association,andOccurrence.

･ EvaluateandtestthetoplCmap

･ Linkingthetopicmapwithrealcollections(suchasRobeUniversity'sEDMC)

Thedevelopmentofmultilingualknowledgemapandthedevelopmentofoccurrencelink

betweentheknowledgemapandtherealdocumentsinthecollectionrequlreSlgnificant

resources.WecanadoptcollaborativemethodsthathavebeensuccessfullyusedintheInternet

environment,suchasthephenomenalsuccessofWikipediaasanactiveandexpanding

dictionary.Thismethodcanbeusedbothinthedevelopmentofmultilingualknowledgemapand

theuseofknowledgemaplnrealdisastercollections.ThefbllowlnglSalistorbriefstepsthat

canbeused:

･ Developabasetopicmapinonelanguage(fTorexample,English)

･TranslateandexpandthetermstootherlanguagesuslngaWikipediacollaborative

method.

･AnnotationandoccurrencelinksaredoneusingWikipediaapproach(usingvolunteers

fromvariouscountriesandorganizationstodotheannotation).

6.1mtegrationorKnowledgeMapwithKobeUniversity'sEDMC

Asstatedinprevioussections,havingaslngleaslngleunifledrepositoryfordisaster

managementcollectionsisnotrealisticsincethecollectionsareownedandmanagedbyvarious

organizationsaroundtheworld.Amoreoptlmalapproachwouldbeaunifiedadvancedmetadata

intheformofknowledgemapthatisimplementedinafTederatedenvironment.Theproposed

knowledgemapisdesignedtosupportfTederatedinfわrmationretrievalsystemsusedbyvarious

― ��� ―

institutionsinmanycountries.Agoodexampleonhowtoimplementitwouldbetointegrateit

withRobeUniversity'sEarthquakeDisasterMaterialsCollection(EDMC).

6.1RobeUniversity'SEDMC

KobeUniversltylibraryhascollected48,060documentsrelatedtodisastermanagement,

especiallythetopicofHanshin-Awajiearthquake.AsofJune,2008,4,688(4462titles)have

beendigitizedandincludedintheGreatHanshin-AwajiEarthquakeDisasterMaterials

Collection(http://www.lib.kobe-U.ac.jp/eqb/).Non-Japanesematerialsaccountfor1043

documents(652titles).Thefわrmatincludesbooks,journals(mostlyperiodicalssuchas

magazines),newspapers,pamphlets,Piers,photos,maps,movingimages,audio,computer

resources,dissertations,andotherinternetresources(SeeTable1f♭rthedetailbreakdownofthe

totaldocumentsandthenumberofdocumentsthathavebeendigitizedfわreachfわrmat

categories).

Typesor Notdigitized Digitized Total %digitized

Collection (mumberordocuments) (numberordocuments)

1 Book 6,331 429 6,760 6.3

2 Jouma1 12,209 17 12,226 0.1

3 Newspaper 12,954 214 13,168 1.6

4 Pamphlet 5,349 938 6,287 14.9

5 Onepagedocument 5,876 3,053 8,929 34.2

6 Picture 87 21 108 19.4

7 Map 132 4 136 2.98 Movie 252 ll 263 4.2

9 Soundrecord 84 2 86 2.3

10 Computerresource 81 2 83 2.4

ll Ph.Dthesis 0 0 0

12 WWW 7 7 14 50.0

Table1.NumberordocumentsinRobeUniverslty'scollectionandthepercentageofdigitizedversionthathasbeenincludedintheonlineEDMCsystem.

― ��� ―

Table1showsthatonlysmallpercentageofthedisastercollectionhasbeendigitized.

Thepercentageofdigitizeddocumentisslgnificantonlyfわrone-pagedocument,pamphlet,and

plCtureS.Oneseriousissueondigitizationthatneedstobeaddressediscopyright.Thecopyright

lawdoesnotallowRobeUniversltytOdigitizethematerialsandmakeitavailablefわrpublic.

ThisissueneedstobefurtherinvestlgatedastowhatthelimitofthecopyrightlawinJapanand

intheworldingeneral.Thereareanumberofpotentialsolutionsthatneedtobeexplored,

including:

･ MakethedigitizedfわrmavailableonlyfromKobeUniversltycomputers,Similartothe

electronicJOurnalsubscript10nSfrommajorPublisher.Itisnotclearifthissolutionis

allowedundercopyrightlaw

･ Usethedigitizefわrmonlyfわrdevelopingadvancedmetadata(suchasknowledgemap).

Inotherwords,thedigitaldocumentisonlyusedinternallyfわraidinguserretrieval,but

notavailabletotheusers.Thisismorelikelyallowablesincethedigitalfわrmcannotbe

accessedbyusers,althoughtheusefulnessofthisapproachisstillnotclear.

400350300250200150100500 l007

■

■

Figure4.Numberofcitationsof"Hanshin-Awaji"keyword,inGoogleScholar

ThenumberofdocumentsinthecollectionsisexpectedtocontinuouslylnCreaSedinthe

yearstocome.Approximately60documentsareaddedtothecollectioneverymonth.Using

GoogleScholartogaugethetrendofcitationsrelatedtoHanshin-Awaji,asearchusing

― ��0 ―

"Hanshin-Awaji''wasperfわrmedandtheresultsareshowninFigure4.TheresultisdiffTerent

thanpreviousstudyonMt.Helenacitation(Yeheta1.,2007)thatfわundthecitationpeakedinthe

firstthreeyears,followedbyrapiddeclineinthesubsequentyears.TheHanshin-Awajicitation

seemstobegolngStronga洗ertenyears,almostatthesamelevelasthefirstthreeyears.

AnewgenerationofEDMCretrievalsystemiscurrentlybeingdevelopedbyAriki

LaboratoryatKobeUniversity.Figure4illustratesthenewEDMCfull-textretrievalcapabilities.

Thefull-textindexisconstructedusingOCRapproachduetothefactthatthedigitized

documents,althoughinPDFfわrmat,areactuallylmageSnotreadablebyanyso氏ware.Thenew

systemusesfull-textindexthatwouldallowuserstoretrievedocumentsuslngkeywordsfrom

thedocumentcontents,1nSteadofbeinglimitedtothecurrentmetadatasuchastitleorauthor.

Thisnewapproachwillincreasetherecalloftheretrieval:itretrievesrelevantdocumentsthat

otherwisearenotretrievablewhentheretrievaltermisnotinthemetadata.However,as

discussedinsection4.2,full-textindexmayleadtohighnoiseandlowprecision.

Thefu11-textsystemthathasbeendevelopedbyArikiLaboratorycanbeveryusefulfor

thedevelopmentofadvancedmetadatasuchastheproposedknowledgemap.ThefuHtext

systemcanbeusedfわrautomatedmetadatageneration.Theproposedknowledgemapmetadata

canbepopulated(linkingthetopictodocument)usingacombinationofautomatedmethodand

manualcheckingtoimprovethequalityofthemap.

― ��� ―

Figure3.NewEDMCretrievalsystem(Sako皮Ariki,2008)

AnissuethatcameupduringdiscussionbetweenRUCSSandRobeUniversityLibrary

staffisthatsomeoftheJapanesekeywordswillbemeanlnglessiftranslatedintoEnglish

becausetheyareunlquetOJapanesesituation.Asdiscussedinsection4.5,thissituationcanbe

accommodatedintheproposedknowledgemapsincethetranslationm叩plngWillnotbesimple

one-tO-one.

6.2Recommendations

Theoverallgoalistodevelopaunirledadvancedmetadatafordisastermanagement

whileatthesametimeimprovlngEDMCsystematKobeUniversity.Theunifiedadvanced

metadatawillbeusedbycollaboratlnglnStitutionsaroundtheworldandKobe'SEDMCwillbe

thepioneerinadoptlngtheadvancedmetadatainanexistlnginfわrmationretrievalsystem.The

followlnglSalistofsuggestedstepstoachievetheoverallgoal:

･ DevelopknowledgemapfわrimprovingEDMC.ThedevelopmentofknowledgemapIS

inlinewiththeproposaltoJapaneseFoundationon"NewApproachtoDisaster

ManagementandRiskReduction".Iffunded,atleastpreliminaryworkonthis

developmentcanbedoneaspartoftheJapanFoundationproject.

･ Moresubstantialfundingwillbeneededtodevelopthisknowledgemap.Alarger

collaborativeproposalneedtobesubmittedtofundingagenciesbasedontheinitialwork

describedabove.

･ Addressimportantissuessuchascopyrightissuesfわrdigitization,whoshouldbedoing

digitization,etc.Sincedigitizationitselfisaslgnificantundertaking,perhapsitisbetterto

beconductedbyKobeLibraryInsteadofRUCSS.

･ Startcollaborationwithothercountries.AproposaltotheWorldBank'sSouth-to-South

programincludesadevelopmentofSumatra-Andamantsunamicollections.Sincethis

proposalwillacollaborativeeffTortsbetweensixcountries(Malaysia,Indonesia,Sri

Lanka,India,andThailand),itisanidealplacefわrcollaboration.

･ IntegratetheknowledgemapwithEDMCretrievalsystemanduseEDMCsystemto

evaluatethequalityoftheknowledgemap.Thisapproachwillimprovethequalityofthe

knowledgemapandtheretrievalperfわrmanceorEDMCsystem.

― ��� ―

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― ��� ―

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