Kerja Khusus Add Math

7/28/2019 Kerja Khusus Add Math

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Objectives

The aims of carrying out this project work are:

To apply and adapt a variety of problem-solving strategies to solve problems

To improve thinking skills

To promote effective mathematical communication

To develop mathematical knowledge through problem-solving in a way that increases

students interest & confidence

To use language of mathematics to express mathematical ideas precisely

To provide learning environment that stimulates and enhances effective learning.

To develop positive attitude towards mathematics


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IntroductionA Brief History of Statistics By the 18th century, the term "statistics" designated the systematic collection of

demographicand economic data by states. In the early 19th century, the meaning of "statistics"

broadened,then including the discipline concerned with the collection, summary, and analysis of data.Today

statistics is widely employed in government, business, and all the sciences. Electroniccomputers have

expedited statistical computation, and have allowed statisticians to develop"computer-intensive" methods.

The term "mathematical statistics" designates the mathematicaltheories of probability and statistical inference,

which are used in statistical practice. The relationbetween statistics and probability theory developed rather

late, however. In the 19th century,statistics increasingly used probability theory, whose initial results were

found in the17th and18th centuries, particularly in the analysis of games of chance (gambling). By 1800,

astronomyused probability models and statistical theories, particularly the method of least squares, whichwas

invented by Legendre and Gauss. Early probability theory and statistics was systematizedand extended by

Laplace; following Laplace, probability and statistics have been in continual development. In the19th

century, social scientists used statistical reasoning and probability models to advance the new sciences of

experimental psychology and sociology; physical scientists used statistical reasoning and probability models

to advance the new sciences of thermodynamics and statistical mechanics. The development of statistical

reasoning was closely associated with the development of inductive logic and the scientific method. Statistics

is not afield of mathematics but an autonomous mathematical science, like computer science oroperations

research. Unlike mathematics, statistics had its origins in public administration and maintains a special

concern with demography and economics. Being concerned with the scientific method and inductive logic,

statistical theory has close association with the philosophyof science; with its emphasis on learning from data

and making best predictions, statistics has great overlap with the decision science and microeconomics. With

its concerns with data,statistics has overlap with information science and computer science.


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Statistics Today

During the 20th century, the creation of precise instruments for agricultural research, publichealth concerns

(epidemiology, biostatistics, etc.), industrial quality control, and economic and social purposes

(unemployment rate, econometric, etc.) necessitated substantial advances in statistical practices. Today the

use of statistics has broadened far beyond its origins. Individual send organizations use statistics to understand

data and make informed decisions throughout the natural and social sciences, medicine, business, and other

areas. Statistics is generally regarded not as a subfield of mathematics but rather as a distinct, albeit allied,

field. Many universities maintain separate mathematics and statistics departments. Statistics is also taught in

departments as diverse as psychology, education, and public health.Price IndexA price index

(plural: price indices or priceindexes}

is a normalized average (typically weighted average) of prices for a given class of goods or services in a

given region, during a given interval of time. It is a statistic designed to help to compare how these prices,

taken as awhole, differ between time periods or geographical locations.Price indices have several potential

uses. For particularly broad indices, the index can be said tomeasure the economy's price level or a cost of

living. More narrow price indices can help producers with business plans and pricing. Sometimes, they can

be useful in helping to guide investment.Some notable price indices include:

Consumer price index

Producer price index

GDP deflator


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History of Early Price Indices

No clear consensus has emerged on who created the first price index. The earliest reportedresearch in this

area came from Welshman Rice Vaughan who examined price level change inhis1675 book A

Discourse of Coin and Coinage

. Vaughan wanted to separate the inflationaryimpact of the influx of precious metals brought by Spain from

the New World from the effectdue to currency debasement. Vaughan compared labor statutes from his own

time to similarstatutes dating back to Edward III. These statutes set wages for certain tasks and provided a

goodrecord of the change in wage levels. Vaughan reasoned that the market for basic labor did notfluctuate

much with time and that a basic laborers salary would probably buy the same amount of goods in different

time periods, so that a laborer's salary acted as a basket of goods. Vaughan'sanalysis indicated that price levels

in England had risen six to eightfold over the preceding century While Vaughan can be considered a

forerunner of price index research, his analysis did not actually involve calculating an index. In 1707

Englishman William Fleetwood created perhaps the first true price index. An Oxford student asked

Fleetwood to help show how prices had changed. The student stood to lose his fellowship since a fifteenth

century stipulation barred students with annual incomes over five pounds from receiving a fellowship.

Fleetwood,who already had an interest in price change, had collected a large amount of price data going back

hundreds of years. Fleetwood proposed an index consisting of averaged price relatives and used his methods

to show that the value of five pounds had changed greatly over the course of 260years. He argued on behalf

of the Oxford students and published his findings anonymously in a volume entitled

Chronicon Preciosu


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Reflection1.While you were doing this project, what have you learned?

Throughout the project while I was conducting it, I have learned many things. I havecome to realize the

importance of mathematics in daily life

apart from the regularcalculations of simple numbers. Moreover, I have learnt to be more patient and not

togive up easily. These are the positive attitudes one should have to be able to dosomething successfully.

Besides, I learned how to cooperate with friends. My friendsand I discussed about the project and we shared

ideas amongst ourselves. Thisdiscussion has made me more confident when doing something.

2.List out several moral values that you practice when doing this project.

I have practiced several moral values while carrying out this project work such asself-discipline. I have tried

my very best to complete this project work withoutprocrastinating and hence, managed to hand it in on time.

This project had taught meto responsible on the works that are given to me to be completed. Nevertheless, I

washardworking when doing this project and had spent most of my time solving all thecalculations patiently.

Besides, I have also practiced teamwork with my fellowfriends by sharing ideas and information throughout

the process of doing this projectwork. By practicing all these moral values, I have succeeded in completing

thisproject work of Additional Mathematics.


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Additional mathematics poemWhen I know you for the first time

,I feel so star struck,

I feel curious about you,

Obsessed to know all about you,

And I even stalk you,

Day and Night,

I am always thinking about you and I realized,

This is what people call falling in LOVE

You are so clingy and addictive,

You make me turns to you 24-hours a day,

Telling me little by little about The Knower of All Know,

I feel so grateful

That He has given me the chance to get to know you

Additional Mathematics

I LOVE

`


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Kerja Khusus Add Math

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