Skeletal System

Kathy Sheriff, RN, BSN Applications of Therapeutic Services

Functions

Framework and Support Protection Blood Cell Production or

Hematopoiesis Mineral (Calcium and

Phosphorus)and Growth Factor Storage

Movement *Sound Transduction Triglyceride Storage *Detoxification

Cartilage

CHARACTERISTICS

Hyaline—frosted glass

Elastic—stretchy

Fibrocartilage—highly compressible, strong

EXAMPLES

Ends of bones, ribs—sternum, nose, and larynx

Ear and epiglottis

Knee and vertebrae

206 (270) Bones: Axial and Appendicular

Long axis Skull Vertebral Column

(7,12,5) Rib cage (12-

7/3/2) Three main

functions: Protection Support Carrying body parts

Upper and lower limbs

Girdles Two functions:

Locomotion Interact with the

environment

Other characteristics

Classified as organs because contain different tissues

Bone markings—look at bones closely, bumps, holes, and ridges

Two types: Projections and Depressions or Cavities

http://quizlet.com/2915545/bio-210-unit-2-bone-markings-flash-cards/

crest (ex iliac crest)

(projections that are sites of muscle and ligament attachment)

narrow ridge or bone; usually prominent

trochanter (the only examples are on the femur)

(projections that are sites of muscle and ligament attachment) very large, blunt,

irregularly shaped process

epicondyle (ex medial epicondyle of the

femur)

(projections that are sites of muscle and ligament attachment) raised area

on or above a condyle

foramen (ex infraorbital foramen)

(depressions and opening s for

passage of blood vessels and nerves) round or oval opening through a

bone

sinus (ex sinus in the frontal portion of skull)

bone cavity, filled with air and lined with mucous membrane

Structure of Long Bone

Shaft--Diaphysis

Bone ends—Epiphyses Epiphyseal Line

Membrane—Endosteum and Periosteum

Red and Yellow Marrow

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Bone Formation and Growth

Skeleton begins as cartilage Ossification

Childhood and adolescence Early adulthood thru middle age After age 35

Anterior pituitary and growth hormone

Dwarfism Giantism Acromegaly

Bone Remodeling

Osteoblasts Osteoclasts Continuous cycle Regulated by parathyroid hormone,

calcium-regulating hormones, sex hormones—estrogen and adrogen, vitamin D

20% replaced annually

Joints

Ball and Socket –shoulder and hip Saddle—thumb Hinge—knee, elbow, knuckle Pivot—atlas and axis Gliding—ankle, vertebrae Ellipsoid—wrist

Pathophysiology

Vitamin D-calcium absorption

Deficiency= Rickets Osteomalacia

Vitamin C-collagen formation (foundation of connective tissue)

Deficiency=Scurvy

Fractures

Bone Fracture Repair

Hematoma Formation

Soft Callus Formation

Hard Callus Formation

Fractures