Katalin Tuba, Ferenc Lakatos - Poplar
Transcript of Katalin Tuba, Ferenc Lakatos - Poplar
Herbivore association of different poplar species, hybrids and clones
Katalin Tuba, Ferenc Lakatos
University of West‐Hungary, Institute of Silviculture and Forest Protection,
9400 Sopron, Hungary
Goals
HypothesesI. The establishment and development of arthropod
associations are influenced by the genotype of the host tree (here poplars), partly through phenotypic characters such as budburst and leaf size.
II. Changes within and between growing seasons have significant influence on herbivore communities of poplars.
III. The provenance of the host influences the establishment and development of arthropod associations too.
To determine the factors influencing arthropod associations developing on young poplar trees.
Material and method
• Altogether 20 Populus taxa from 6 locations– Aigeiros
• P. deltoides: 1 (GB)• P. nigra: 11 (BE: 1, HU: 5, IT: 4, PL: 1)• P. deltoides x P. deltoides: 1 (BE)• P. deltoides x P. nigra: 3 (DE: 1, HU: 2)
– Aigeiros x Tacamachaca• P. maximowiczii x P. nigra: 1 (PL)
– Tacamachaca• P. trichocarpa: 3 (BE, GB, DE)
Relationship among the host plants based on 7 microsatellite locus
P. nigra hybrids
P. nigra
P. trichocarpa
P. deltoides
6 different locations
Germany
Hungary
Belgium
Great Britain
Italy
Poland
Material and method1. Number of trees: 20 trees/plot, 6 repetitions = 120 trees2. Experiment site: common-garden (nursery)3. Planting: 21. May 2009 4. Data collection:
– 2009: 4 times, July – October– 2010-2011: 5 times, May – October
5. Sampling: 15 leaves/tree, up to 3 m hight, randomly6. Damage caused by insects, ‘functional groups’:
A. chewers,B. skeletonisers,C. leaf miners,D. rollers,E. gall makers,F. sap suckers.
7. Measurements: leaf surface damage (A, B), density (C, D, E), scale of Banks (F).
8. Statistics: Correlation & cluster analysis, two way ANOVA
Material and method
Results
Results
• Damage caused by the chewers did not show any correlation with geographic origin.
• The level of chewing damage reflects the genetic relations.
Chewers
Chewers & hosts: 5 clusters
1. cluster
2. cluster
3. cluster
4. cluster
5. cluster
6. cluster
P. trichocarpa
P. deltoides
Muhle
P. nigra ’Italica’
P. nigra 1
PG51 Clone 4
P. nigra 4
S 9‐2V 24
P. nigra 5
P. nigra ♀
P. nigra ’Poli’
GhoyPannónia
Koltay
P. nigra 8
PW5Robusta
Kórnik
PG52 Clone 6
Results
• Damage caused by the chewers did not show any correlation with geographic origin.
• The level of chewing damage reflects the genetic relations.
• Chewing damage showed significant correlation with– budburst at spring time,
– leaf size from May ‐ September.
Chewers
Chewers
Years May June August September October
(p=0.05)
2009 leaf size ‐ ‐ 0.7404 0.4982 0.1544
bud burst ‐0.4110 ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐2010
leaf size 0.6316 0.7504 0.8451 0.6105 0.4902
bud burst ‐0.5756 ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐2011
leaf size 0.4887 0.6481 0.5098 0.5549 0.2556
Correlation between leaf surface damage of chewers andA. leaf size, B. bud burst
Skeletonisers
• There was no clear differentiation between Populus taxa based on skeletonising damage.
• The extension of skeletonising damage did not show any correlation with geographic origin.
• No clear differentiation on bud burst and leaf size.
Skeletonisers & hosts: 5 clusters
Skeletonisers
May June August September OctoberYears
p=0.05
2009 leaf size ‐ ‐ ‐0.1887 ‐0.5035 ‐0.1439
bud burst 0.0287 ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐2010
leaf size ‐0.1850 ‐0.5278 ‐0.6150 ‐0.0632 ‐0.1534
bud burst 0.5820
2011leaf size ‐0.3227 ‐0.4962 ‐0.4325 ‐0.4947 ‐0.1023
Correlation between leaf surface damage of skeletonisers andA.leaf size,B. bud burst
Leaf miners• Different Populus species had different miner species composition
with different species abundance.
• Geographic differentiation among the Populus nigra clones was identified. The southern types were significantly different from the other Populus nigra clones.
Leaf miners & hosts: 5 cluster
Leaf miners
May June August September OctoberYears
p=0.05bud burst ‐0.0484 ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐
2010leaf size ‐0.3399 ‐0.4083 ‐0.4102 ‐0.1824 ‐0.1063
bud burst ‐0.2120
2011leaf size ‐0.2642 ‐0.1537 ‐0.2548 ‐0.1335 ‐0.0501
Correlation between number of mines andA. leaf size, B. bud burst
Leaf rollers
• The degree of roller damage was closely related to leaf size, especially for Byctiscus populi.
• No correlation found for the bud burst.
Leaf rollers
Roll of B. populi Roll of B. betulae TotalYears
P. nigra and P. deltoides, p=0.052010 0.5912 0.7851 0.75112011 0.6189 0.7130 0.7449
P. nigra clones, p=0.05
2010 0.6864 0.4779 0.72492011 0.6409 0.4633 0.6756
Hybrids, p=0.052010 ‐0.2721 ‐0.6146 ‐0.41412011 ‐0,4903 ‐0,4683 ‐0.4836
P. trichocarpa, p=0.052010 ‐0.9853 ‐0.6323 ‐0.96552011 ‐0.6323 ‐0.7985 ‐0.9928
Correlation between number of rolls & leaf size
Leaf rollers & hosts: 4 clusters
Gall makers• The genetic relationship among the hosts played an important role in the
occurrence of gall makers. The most significant relations were indicated by the presence of Thecabius affinis.
Galls are caused by Thecabius affinis fundatrice and fundatrigeniae
Galls are caused by Parathecabius lysimachiae fundatrice and fundatrigeniae
Gall maker species
Gall maker aphids’ occurences
Pemphigus spp.
Thecabius affinis
Parathecabius lysimachiae
Sap suckers• There were aphids only on P. nigra.
Tree Diagram for 20 VariablesUnweighted pair-group average
Euclidean distances
10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Linkage Distance
P. deltoidesS 9-2
P. trichocarpaV 24
MuhleP. nigra 'Poli' (male)
GhoyP. nigra 'Italica'
P. nigra 8PG 52 clone 6
P. nigra 4P. nigra (female)
P. nigra 5P. nigra 1
PW 5PG 51 clone 4
KórnikPannónia
KoltayRobusta
Chaitophorus leucomelas’ occurence
Summary
Functional groups Genotype Leaf size Bud burst
Provenance
Chewers ++ ++++ ++++ ++Skeletoniser ++ + +Leaf miners +++ +++
B. populi +++ + +++RollersB. betulae +++ + ++
Gall makers ++++ ++Sap suckers (Aphids) ++++
++++ significant correlation, +++ strong correlation, ++ moderate correlation, + weak correlation.
SummaryI. On the poplar trees the arthropod
associations were influenced by the followingfactors (with decreasing significance):
1. genotype,
2. leaf size,
3. budburst,
4. period of the year,
5. year,
6. provenence.
SummaryI. k
II. The type and rate of damage was influenced by the genotype during the first three‐quarter of the growing season significantly, and it is less important beyond that.
III. The provenance of the hosts influences also the establishment and development of arthropod associations.
• These results may help in the selection of Populus taxa for breeding, and determination of the breeding lines.
• Poplars as founder species have an important role in restoration conservation. This work can provide useful information to elaborate the afforestation and restoration plans on sensitive habitats.
• Our results are also important for poplar plantations and agroforestry. If they are used correctly the resistant and the resilient ability of the plantations can be strengthened. These outcomes support improvement of self‐regulation at reforestations, and the creating the basis of the self‐regulation at plantations.
• Considering the breeding and climate change it is also important to understand the mutual adaptation of the non‐native host plant and indigenous insect associations in detail. Different origins should be compared in common garden long‐term experiments.
Further thoughts
Thanks for your attention!
Question?