Karyomorphological Studies in Cymbidium and its Allied ......Karyomorphological Studies in Cymbidium...

Karyomorphological Studies in Cymbidium

and its Allied Genera, Orchidaceae

Mikio Aoyama

Reprinted from Bulletin of The Hiroshima Botanical Garden

No. ll, pp. 1-121

Hiroshima, Japan

March, 1989

Karyomorphological Studies in Cymbidium

and its Allied Genera, Orchidaceae

Mikio Aoyama

ラン科シンビジウム属とその近縁属の核形態学的研究*

青　山　幹男**

Introduction

Cymbidium, the Orchidaceae, which consists of approximately 50 species (Seth and

Cribb 1981), is widely distributed in East to Southeast Asia from Japan, Korea, China to

the Himalayas and down to Indonesia and Australia.

This genus is important as one of the cultivated orchids: Some terrestrial species naturaレ

Iy occurred in East Asia have been cultivated for many years and have been called "oriental

orchids", while some semiepiphytic species in Southeast Asia have been sources of many

ornamental orchids. According to Sander's lists of orchid hybrids (1987), a large number of

interspecific hybrids within the genus has been produced by artificial hybridization for horti-

cultural purposes. These hybridization results suggest that most of the species of the genus

are closely related genetically to each other. However, some species have failed to synthe-

size any interspecific hybrid. Intergeneric hybrids between Cymbidium and its allied genera

are extremely rare; only a few intergeneric hybrids have recently been reported (cf. Tanaka

et al. 1987). Thus, genetical relationships between these species of Cymbidium and between

Cymbidium and its allied genera involved interspecific and intergeneric artificial cross-

failure have not yet been clarified.

Chromosome numbers of most of the species of Cymbidium have been reported pre-

viously (Hoffmann 1929, Mehlquist 1952, Wimber 1957, Tanaka 1965, Vij and Shekhar

1987, etc.). However, morphological study of somatic chromosomes has been poorly made

m these reports.

In the present paper 30 species in Cymbidiwn and 28 species and one hybrid in 19

genera allied to Cymbidium are karyomorphologically dealt with in order to elucidate inter-

relationships and speciation.

A dissertatioli submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of

Science of the Hiroshima University.

Contribution from the Hiroshima Botanical Garden No. 40.

* *　Bureau of Economic Affairs, Hiroshima City

Bulletin of the Hiroshima Botanical Garden, No. ll : 1-121, 1989

2 MIKIO AOYAMA

Materials and Methods

Thirty species in Cymbidium and 28 species and one hybrid in 19 genera allied to Cym-bidium studied are listed in Table 1. These plant materials were cultivated in the HiroshimaBotanical Garden, Hiroshima City, Japan. Taxonomic treatments of the species of Cymbi-dium followed mostly Seth and Cribb (1981) and partly Maekawa (1971), while those of theallied genera followed mostly Bechtel et al. (1980) and some Holttum (1964), Hawkes(1965), Maekawa (1971), Garay and Sweet (1974), Lin (1977), De La Bathie (1981), Ste-wart et al. (1982) and Valmayor (1984). Systematic arrangement of the genus Cymbidiumfollowed Seth and Cribb (1981), and that of the allied genera followed Dressier and Dodson(1960).

Somatic chromosomes were observed in meristematic cells of root tips in the taxa stu-died except for rhizome tips in a saprophytic taxon. Somatic chromosomes were stained andobserved by the aceto-orcein squash method of Tanaka (1959) with slight modification:Growing root and rhizome tips were cut into small pieces 1- 2 mm long and immersed in0.002M 8-hydroxyquinoline for five hours at 18°C. Then, they were fixed in 45% acetic acidfor ten minutes at 5°C. The fixed materials were hydrolyzed in 2:1 mixture of IN hydroch-loric acid and 45% acetic acid for a minute at 60°C, and were stained in 1% aceto-orcein bythe usual squash method.

Meiotic chromosomes were observed in pollen mother cells. Young anthers were fixedin 3:1 mixture of 99% ethanol and gracial acetic acid for an hour at 5°C. They were then

stained in 1% aceto-orcein and squashed.Chromosomes at resting stage were studied morphologically by their condensed figures.

They were classified into the types defined and proposed by Tanaka (1971, 1980). Duringthe course of investigation, the spherical or rod-shaped condensed bodies over 1 [im dia-meter were counted and expressed as chromocentric bodies. The chromosomes in the over-all set at mitotic metaphase in each taxon were arranged in descending order in length andthe numbers, 1, 2, 3, etc. represent the chromosomes, graded from longest to shortest.Lengths of the long and short arms of each chromosome were measured. Arm ratio wascalculated by long arm length / short arm length, and expressed by the value of arm ratio of1.0 to 1.7 as median, 1.8 to 3.0 as submedian, 3.1 to 7.0 as subterminal and over 7.1 as ter-minal according to Levan et al. (1964). The karyotype formulas were based on the chromo-some lengths and positions of centromeres according to Tanaka (1980).

KARYOTYPES IN CYMBIDIUM AND ITS ALLIED GENERA, ORCHIDACEAE

Table 1. Localities and chromosome numbers of the species of Cymbidium and its alliedgenera investigated

S p e c ie s. ,. N o . o fL o c a llty p la n t C h ro m o s o m e

n u m b e r (2 n )

S u b trib e C y m b id iin a e

C y m b id iu m m a cro rh iz o n J a p a n 3 8

C . la n cif o liu m J a p a n , F o rm o sa 3 8 , 3 9

C . ja v a n ic u m J a p a n , F o rm o s a , In d ia , 10 3 8 , 4 3 , 5 7

M a lay s ia

C . g o e rin g ii J a p a n , C h in a , F o rm o sa 14 4 0

C . a lic ia e P h ilip p in e s 4 0

c . en sif o liu m J a p a n , C h in a , F o rm o sa 4 0

c . fa b e ri F o rm o s a 4 0

C . k a n ra n J a p a n , C h in a 4 0 , 4 1

c . J a p a n , F o rm o sa 4 0

C . d a y a n u m J a p a n , F o rm o sa 4 0

C . a lo ifo liu m T h a ila n d 4 0

C . fin la y s o n ia n u m M a lay sia 4 0

C . fl o rib u n d u m J a p a n , F o rm o sa 4 0

C . ca n a lic u la tu m A u str a lia 4 0

C . ch lo r a n th u m In d o n esia 4 0

C . m a d id u m A u str a lia 4 0

C . d e v o n ia n u m I n d ia 4 0

c eleg a n s I n d ia 4 0

C . m a s te rs ii In d ia 4 0

C . w h ite a e I n d ia 4 0

C . irid io id es I n d ia , N e p a l 4 0

C . h o o k eria n u m I n d ia 4 0

C . in s ig n e T h a ila n d 4 0

C . lo n g if o liu m I n d ia 4 0

C . lo w ia n u m C h in a , T h aila n d 4 0

C . tra cy an u m T h a ila n d 4 0

C . eb u rn eu m I n d ia 4 0

c . p a rish ii B u rm a 4 0

c . ery th ro s ty lu m V ie t-N u m 4 0

C . tig rin u m B u rm a 4 0

A criop sis ja va n ic a M a la y sia 4 0

A ns ellia africa n a A fric a 4 2

A . g ig a n tea A fric a 4 2

C y m b id iella f la b ella ta M a d a g a s ca r 5 2

C . p a rd a lin a M a d a g a sc a r 5 2

D ip o d iu m p a lu d o su m M a la y sia 4 6

G ra m m a n g is ellis ii M a d a g a sc a r 5 4

G ra m m a to p h y llu m sc rip tu m P h ilip p in e s 4 0

G . sp e c io s u m M a la y sia 4 0

G . stap eliif lo r u m I n d o n e sia 4 0

Table 1. (continued)

S u b tr i b e C y r to p o d ii n a e

C y r t o p o d iu m a n d e r s o n ii B r a z il 1 4 6

C . p u n c ta t u m B r a z il 2 4 6

E u l o p h ia g u in e e n s is A f r ic a 1 5 4

E . p a n ic u la ta M a d a g a s c a r 1 6 0

E . p e te r s ii A f r ic a 1 4 8

E . s tr e p to p e ta la A f r ic a 1 4 2

E u lo p h ie l la R o lf e i H y b r i d 2 5 2

E . r o e m p le r ia n a M a d a g a s c a r 1 5 2

G a l e a n d r a b a u e r i P a n a m a 1 5 6

G . 蝣 d e v o n ia n a B r a z i l 1 5 6

G e o d o r u m d e n s ifl o r u m J a p a n 1 5 4

G r a p h o r k is s c r ip ta M a d a g a s c a r 1 5 4

O e c o c la d e s s a u n d e r s ia n a A fr i c a 2 5 8

C r e m a s tr a a p p e n d ic u l a ta J a p a n 1 4 8

O r e o r c h is p a te n s J a p a n 1 4 8

W a r r e a c o s ta ri c e n s is P a n a m a 1 5 2

S u b t r ib e C o ll a b ii n a e I

C h ry s o g l o s s u m o r n a tu m F o r m o s a 1 3 6

S u b t r ib e M a x i lla r ii n a e I

E r io p s is b il o b a P e r u 1 4 0

S u b tr ib e G r o b y n a e I

G r o b y a a m h e r s tia e B r a z il 1 5 4

Observations

Karyomorphological observations were made in chromosomes at resting stage and atmitotic prophase and metaphase stages in all the taxa studied. Meiotic chromosomes atmetaphase I were observed in two taxa. The results of the observations in 30 taxa in thegenus Cymbidium and 29 taxa in its allied 19 genera were described as follows:

I. Genus Cymbidium

1. Cymbidium macrorhizon Lindl., (Japanese name: Mayaran), 2n=38, Tables 1 and 2,Fig.1.

Two saprophytic plants were obtained from Tokushima Prefecture, Japan. The leaflessstem arisen from the rhizome was about 20 cm long and had 2-5 flowers. Flowers were 3.5cm wide across. Petals and sepals were white in color with purple veins. Lips were also

KARYOTYPES IN CYMBIDIUM AND ITS ALLIED GENERA, ORCHIDACEAE 5

white in color with few purple spots.Two plants showed commonly the chromosome number of 2n=38 at mitotic metaphase.

Their meiotic chromosomes formed the normal configulations of the bivalents; 2n = 19 n •EThese results confirmed the previous reports of Mehra and Sehgal (1978) and Vij andShekhar (1987) for the species, and Aoyama and Tanaka (1988) for a synonym of this spe-cies, Cymbidium nipponicum.

The chromosomes at resting stage were observed as numerous chromomeric granules,fibrous threads and chromatin blocks scattered throughout the nucleus. The chromatinblocks were round-, rod- and string-shaped with rough surface and varied from 0.5-2.5 fandiameter. Among them average ten chromocentric bodies over 1.0 fim diameter per nucleuswere counted. The chromosome features at resting stage were intermediate between thoseof the simple chromocenter type and the complex chromocenter type according to Tanaka'sclassification (1971).

The chromosomes at mitotic prophase formed several early condensed segments locatedin the interstitial regions of both arms. The segregated condensed-segments of eachchromosome were later joined to each other following the progress of cell division. Latecondensed segments were observed in the proximal and distal regions of the chromosomes.

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E

10 ll 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

}il!trih#!>i»m2 1 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 3 4 35 37 38

Fig. 1. Cymbidium macrorhizon, 2n=38. A, flowers. B, chromosomes at resting stage. C, chromo-somes at mitotic prophase. D and E, chromosomes at mitotic metaphase. Bar indicates 8 mm in A and

3 urnin B-E.

6 MIKIO AOYAMA

The chromosomes of 2n = 38 at mitotic metaphase showed a gradual decrease in lengthfrom the longest (5.4 fan) to the shortest (2.7 fan) chromosomes. Among the 38 chromo-somes in the complement, 28 were median centromeric with arm ratios between 1.0 and1.7. The other ten chromosomes (Nos. 15-16, 23-24, 29-30, 35-38) were submedian witharm ratios between 1.8 and 3.0. Two chromosomes (Nos. 29-30) had secondary constric-tions on the distal regions of their short arms, and formed small satellites.

According to the definition of the karyotype proposed by Tanaka (1980), this speciesshowed a homogeneous and gradual karyotype due to the gradual decrease of the chromo-some lengths in the alignment from the longest to the shortest chromosomes and a symmet-ric karyotype due to the low arm ratios.

2. Cymbidium lancifolium Hook., (Japanese name : Nagiran), 2n =38 and 39, Tables 1

and 3, Fig. 2.

Nine plants were obtained from Japan and Formosa. Pseudobulbs were fusiform and

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Fig. 2. Cymbidium lancifolium, 2n = 38. A, a flower. B, chromosomes at resting stage. C, chromo-somes at mitotic prophase. D and E, chromosomes at mitotic metaphase. Bar indicates 5 mm in A and3 fun in B-E.

KARYOTYPES IN CYMBIDIUM ANDITS ALLIED GENERA, ORCHIDACEAE 7

had two or three lanceolate leaves near the apex. Leaf margins were slightly dentate nearthe pointed end. Flowers were white and 3.5 cm across.

Eight plants showed the chromosome number of 2n = 38, while the other plant showedthe chromosome number of 2n = 39. However, these cytotypes displayed no difference inexternal morphology. The chromosome number of 2n =38 confirmed Tanaka (1965), Mehraand Sehgal (1978), Aoyama and Tanaka (1988), and that of 2n=39 confirmed Aoyama andTanaka (1988).

1) Karyotype of the plants with 2n=38 chromosomes

The chromosomes at resting stage and mitotic prophase were similar in morphology tothose of Cym. macrorhizon described above. However, the chromatin blocks were slightlysmaller in size than those of Cym. macrorhizon. The chromosome features at resting stagewere intermediate between those of the simple chromocenter type and the complex chro-

mocenter type.The chromosomes at mitotic metaphase exhibited a gradual decrease in length from the

longest (3.2 /an) to the shortest (1.3 jum) chromosomes. Among the 38 chromosomes, 31were median centromeric with arm ratios between 1.0 and 1.7. Another five chromosomes(Nos. 2, 9, 22, 29-30) were submedian with arm ratios between 1.8 and 3.0, and the othertwo chromosomes (Nos. 10, 20) were subterminal with the arm ratios of 3.3 and 4.7.

This species showed a homogeneous and gradual karyotype and a symmetric karyotype.

2) Karyotype of the plant with 2n=39 chromosomes

One plant with 2n=39 chromosomes was obtained from Kouzushima Is., Tokyo Prefec-ture, Japan. Chromosome morphology at resting stage and mitotic prophase were similar tothose of the 2n=38 plants. Chromosome morphology at mitotic metaphase was also similarto that of 2n=38 plants. However, aneuploidal extra chromosome was not determined.

3. Cymbidium javanicum Blume, (Japanese name: Akizakinagiran), 2n =38, 43 and 57,Tables 1, 4, 5 and 6, Figs. 3, 4 and 5,

Since this species was quite similar to the above species, Seth and Cribb (1981) treatedthis species into synonym for Cym. lancifolium, although Maekawa (1971) separated thisspecies from Cym. lancifolium with respect to its smooth leaf margin. Three plants from In-dia and Malaysia set white flowers, while seven plants from Japan and Formosa set palegreen flowers.

Eight plants showed the chromosome number of 2n=38, a plant 2n=43 and the otherplant 2n = 57. A plant with 2n = 38 chromosomes displayed normal meiotic chromosomeconfigulation at metaphase I with the complete set of bivalents, 2n=19n - These results sup-port Aoyama and Tanaka (1988).

8 MIKIO AOYAMA


The chromosomes at resting stage and mitotic prophase were similar in morphology tothose of Cym. macrorhizon described above. The chromosome features at resting stagewere intermediate between those of the simple chromocenter type and the complex chro-

mocenter type.The 2n = 38 chromosomes at mitotic metaphase showed a gradual decrease in length

from the longest (3.8 \xm) to the shortest (1.6 [im) chromosomes. Among the 38 chromo-somes, 31 were median centromeric with arm ratios between 1.0 and 1.7. Another threechromosomes (Nos. 27, 37-38) were submedian with arm ratios between 1.8 and 2.5, andthe other four chromosomes (Nos. 21-22, 28-29) were subterminal with arm ratios be-

tween 3.2 and 4.5.This.species showed a homogeneous and gradual karyotype and a symmetric karyotype.

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Fig. 3. Cymbidium javanicum, 2n=38. A, flowers. B, chromosomes at resting stage. C, chromosomesat mitotic prophase. D and E, chromosomes at mitotic metaphase. Bar indicates 7 mm in A and 3 faninB-E.


One plant with 2n=43 chromosomes was obtained from Tsushima Is., Nagasaki Prefec-ture, Japan.

Among the 2n ^ 43 chromosomes, five small chromosomes formed darkly stained chro-mocentric bodies at resting stage, and condensed earlier at mitotic prophase than the otherchromosomes.

KARYOTYPES IN CYMBIDIUM AND ITS ALLIED GENERA, ORCHIDACEAE

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SllimiUiSliSIitat21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40

Ett«41 42 43

Fig. 4. Cymbidium javanicum, 2n=43. A, a flower. B, chromosomes at resting stage. C, chromosomesat mitotic prophase. D and E, chromosomes at mitotic metaphase. Bar indicates 5 mm in A and 3 fiminB-E.

The 2n = 43 chromosomes at mitotic metaphase showed a gradual decrease in lengthfrom the longest (4.0 [mi) to the shortest (1.4 ^m) chromosomes. Among the 43 chromo-somes, 30 were median centromeric with arm ratios between 1.0 and 1.7. Another sixchromosomes (Nos. 15-17, 32-33, 38) were submedian with arm ratios between 2.1 and2.8, and the other four chromosomes (Nos. 18-20, 37) were subterminal with arm ratiosbetween 3.3 and 4.2. Three small chromosomes (Nos. 41-43) were one-armed and con-sisted of only long arms, and thus, were terminal centromeric.

These observations suggested that the five small chromosomes were regarded as B-chromosomes and the chromosome number of this plant could be 2n=43=38+5B.


One plant with 2n=57 chromosomes was obtained from Yakushima Is., Kagoshima Pre-fecture, Japan.

At resting stage, about 14 chromocentric bodies was counted and were larger than thoseof 2n=38 plants. Chromosome morphology at mitotic prophase was similar to that of 2n=38 plants.

In the 2n = 57 chromosomes at mitotic metaphase a gradual decrease in length wasobserved from the longest (6.0 fim) to the shortest (2.4 fim) chromosomes. Among the 57chromosomes, 41 were median centromeric with arm ratios between 1.0 and 1.7. Another

10 MIKIO AOYAMA

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ttitUUmiUSiJii2 1 22 28 24 27 28 29 30 31 34 36 88 37

ilSiiisttiuisiii34 36 88 37 38 89 40

4 1 42 43 44 « 48 « 48 SO 51 64 W 56 57

Fig. 5. Cymbidium javanicum, 2n=57. A, a flower. B, chromosomes at resting stage. C, chromosomesat mitotic prophase. D and E, chromosomes at mitotic metaphase. Bar indicates 6 mm in A and 3 fiminB-E.

12 chromosomes (Nos. 22-24, 27, 30, 37, 43-45, 49-51) were submedian with arm ratiosbetween 1.8 and 2.8, and the other four chromosomes (Nos. 28-29, 38-39) were subter-minal with arm ratios between 3.6 and 4.3. Three medium- and small-sized chromosomeswere somewhat similar to each other with respect to their arm ratios.

Thus, this plant was considered to be triploid with the basic chromosome number of x=19.

4. Cymbidium goeringii (Rchb. f.) Rchb. f., (Japanese name: Syunran), 2n =40, Tables1 and 7, Fig. 6.

Among the 14 plants studied, seven were obtained from Japan, five plants includingthree cultivated forms from China and two plants from Formosa. The plants from Japan setgreen flowers and the petal apices were obtuse. The plants from China had green flowers

KARYOTYPESIN CYMBIDIUM AND ITS ALLIED GENERA, ORCHIDACEAE ll

and the petal apices were acute. In contrast, the plants from Formosa had pale brown flow-ers and the petal apices were acute.

The choromosome number of 14 plants was counted to be 2n=40 at mitotic metaphaseand confirmed Tanaka and Kamemoto (1981).

The chromosomes at resting stage were observed as chromomeric granules, fibrousthreads and chromatin blocks scattered throughout the nucleus. Chromatin blocks wereirregular sizes and forms and varied from 0.5-3.5 jim in diameter. They were larger in sizeand number than those of Cym. macrorhizon. Among them, approximately 30 chro-mocentric bodies over 1.0 /an diameter were counted every nucleus. The chromosome fea-tures at resting stage were of the complex chromocenter type.

Chromosome morphology at mitotic prophase differed from that of Cym. macrorhizon,since many early condensed segments were formed in the interstitial regions of both arms ofthe chromosomes of this species.

The 2n = 40 chromosomes at mitotic metaphase showed a gradual decrease in lengthfrom the longest (4.9 fim) to the shortest (2.0 pan) chromosomes. Among the 40 chromo-

somes, 33 were median centromeric with arm ratios between 1.0 and 1.7. Another fivechromosomes (Nos. 15-16, 23, 29-30) were submedian with arm ratios between 1.8 and2.3, and the other two chromosomes (Nos. 25-26) were subterminal with the arm ratio of3.8.


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1 2 S 4 6 6 7 8 9 10 ll 12 13 14 16 16 17 18 19 20

21 22 28 24 25 26 27 28 29 80 31 32 83 M 8S 86 37 S8 89 40

Fig. 6. Cymbidium goeringii, 2n=40. A, a flower. B, chromosomes at resting stage. C, chromosomesat mitotic prophase. D and E, chromosomes at mitotic metaphase. Bar indicates 5 mm in A and 3 fim

inB-E.

12 MIKIO AOYAMA

5. Cymbidium aliciae Quisumbing, 2n=40, Tables 1 and 8, Fig. 7.

Two plants were obtained from the Philippines. Their leaves were 30 cm long andalmost erect. Inflorescences were erect with 5-8 flowers. Flowers were white in color and 4cmwide across.

The chromosome number of 2n =40 observed in the two plants of Cym. aliciae was re-corded here for the first time.

The chromosomes at resting stage and mitotic prophase were similar in morphology tothose of Cym. goeringii described above. The chromosome features at resting stage were ofthe complex chromocenter type.

The 2n = 40 chromosomes at mitotic metaphase showed a gradual decrease in lengthfrom the longest (3.5 jum) to the shortest (1.2 /«n) chromosomes. Among the 40 chromo-somes, 26 were median centromeric with arm ratios between 1.0 and 1.7. Another tenchromosomes (Nos. 1-2, 9-10, 31-32, 37-40) were submedian with arm ratios between1.8 and 2.6, and the other four chromosomes (Nos. 15-16, 21-22) were subterminal witharm ratios between 3.6 and 6.0.


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Fig. 7. Cymbidium aliciae, 2n =40. A, flowers. B, chromosomes at resting stage. C, chromosomes atmitotic prophase. D and E, chromosomes at mitotic metaphase. Bar indicates 5 mm in A and 3 fim inB-E.


6. Cymbidium ensifolium (L.) Sw., (Japanese name: Surugaran), 2n = 40, Tables 1 and9,Fig.8.

Six plants including a cultivated form were obtained from Japan, China and Formosa.Leaves were thin and smooth margin. Leaf size was about 50 cm long and 1.0 cm wide. In-florescences were erect with 3-5 flowers. Flowers varied in color creamy white, yellowishgreen and pale brown and were 4 cm wide across.

The chromosome number of the six plants was 2n=40 at mitotic metaphase, and con-firmed Tanaka and Kamemoto (1981).

The chromosomes at resting stage and mitotic prophase were similar in morphology tothose of Cym.goeringii described above. The chromosome features at resting stage were ofthe complex chromocenter type.

In the 2n=40 chromosomes at mitotic metaphase a gradual decrease in length from thelongest (5.1 /an) to the shortest (2.2 /an) chromosomes was observed. Among the 40

chromosomes, 34 were median centromereic with arm ratios between 1.0 and 1.7. Theother six chromosomes (Nos. 10, 19-20, 24, 32, 37) were submedian with arm ratios be-

tween 1.9 and 2.7.This species showed a homogeneous and gradual karyotype and a symmetric karyotype.

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Fig. 8. Cymbidium ensifolium, 2n=40. A, a flower. B, chromosomes at resting stage. C, chromosomesat mitotic prophase. D and E, chromosomes at mitotic metaphase. Bar indicates 6 mm in A and 3 fiminB-E.

14 MIKIO AOYAMA

7. Cymbidiumfaberi Rolfe, (Japanese name: Ikkei-kyuka), 2n=40, Tables 1 and 10, Fig.9.

A plant was obtained from Formosa. Leaves were thin and slightly serrate near the tips.Leaf sizes were about 50 cm long and 0.8 cm wide. Inflorescences were erect with 5-8flowers. Flowers were green in color and were 4 cm wide across.

The chromosome number of the plant was counted to be 2n =40 at mitotic metaphase,which confirmed the previous reports by Tanaka (1964) and Love and Love (1964).

The chromosomes at resting stage and mitotic prophase were similar in morphology tothose of Cym. goeringii described above. The chromosome features at resting stage were of

the complex chromocenter type.A gradual decrease in length was observed from the longest (6.6 fim) to the shortest (2.3

jum) chromosomes in the 2n = 40 chromosomes at mitotic metaphase. Among the 40chromosomes, 28 were median centromeric with arm ratios between 1.0 and 1.6. Anotherten chromosomes (Nos. 13-14, 24, 32-33, 35, 37-40) were submedian with arm ratios be-tween 1.8 and 2.7, while the other two chromosomes (Nos. 28-29) were subterminal withthe arm ratios of 4.3 and 3.5.


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1 2 8 8 10 ll 12 IS 14 IB 16 17 18 19

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Fig. 9. Cymbidium faberi, 2n=40. A, a flower. B, chromosomes at resting stage. C, chromosomes atmitotic prophase. D and E, chromosomes at mitotic metaphase. Bar indicates 5 mm in A and 3 jim. inB-E.

KARYOTYPESIN CYMBIDIUM AND ITS ALLIED GENERA, ORCHIDACEAE 15

8. Cymbidium kanran Makino, (Japanese name: Kanran), 2n=40 and 41, Tables 1, ll

and 12, Figs. 10 and ll.

Eight plants were obtained from Japan, China and Formosa. Leaves were narrow andgrassy or sometimes up to 50 cm long and 0.6 cm wide. Inflorescences were erect with 4-7flowers. Flowers were green, pale brown or reddish brown in color and were 5 cm wideacross. Sepals and petals were narrow and acuminate.

The chromosome numbers of the materials were counted as follows; 2n=40 in sevenplants and 2n =41 in one plant. No difference in external morphology was found betweenthese two cytotypes. The chromosome number of 2n=40 confirmed Wimber (1957), Tana-ka (1965), and so on, while that of 2n=41 was a first report to this species.



The 2n = 40 chromosomes at mitotic metaphase showed a gradual decrease in lengthfrom the longest (4.9 (im) to the shortest (2.0 /an) chromosomes. Among the 40 chromo-

å à¬*

<•E<..

Xk'. %

•EI

_ B _ C _D

iDimouuimti)1 2 S 4 S 6 7 8 9 10 ll 12 13 14 15 16 17 ]8 19 20

JiCIICIiOilliUilsil21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 SS 84 S6 36 87 38 89 40

Fig. 10. Cymbidium kanran, 2n=40. A, a flower. B, chromosomes at resting stage. C, chromosomes atmitotic prophase. D and E, chromosomes at mitotic metaphase. Bar indicates 4 mm in A and 3 faa inB-E.

16 MIKIO AOYAMA

somes, 26 were median centromeric with arm ratios between 1.0 and 1.6. Another 12chromosomes (Nos. 15-16, 25-28, 31-36) were submedian with arm ratios between 1.9and 2.8, and the other two chromosomes (Nos. 37-38) were subterminal with the armratios of 3.3 and 4.2.

This species showed a homogeneous and gradual karyotype due to relative chromosomelength and a symmetric karyotype due to the low arm ratios.


One plant with 2n=41 chromosomes was obtained from Kouchi Prefecture, Japan.The chromosomes at resting stage were similar in morphology to those of the 2n =40

plants of this species. The chromosomes of the mitotic prophase complement formed sever-al early- condensed segments located in interstitial regions of both arms except for onechromosome condensed extremely earlier than the others.

In the 2n = 41 chromosomes at mitotic metaphase a gradual decrease in length wasobserved from the longest (4.7 fim) to the shortest (2.0 /an) chromosomes. This comple-ment consisted of 40 two-armed chromosomes and a one-armed chromosome. Among the

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,/. •E

r r1»*V /.^ _b *'~ ; _C

UltOIUlMltUilll1 2 S 4 6 6 7 8 9 10 U 12 U 14 U 16 V! 18 19 20

iittitiMiiitiiiiiiii2 X 22 23 M 26 » 27 28 i» 80 31 82 83 M « 86 87 40 41

Fig. ll. Cymbidium kanran, 2n=41. A, a specimen. B, chromosomes at resting stage. C, chromo-somes at mitotic prophase. D and E, chromosomes at mitotic metaphase. Bar indicates 30 mm in Aand 3 jim in B-E.


41 chromosomes, 27 were median centromeric with arm ratios between 1.0 and 1.5.Another ll chromosomes (Nos. 17, 22, 25, 29-36) were submedian with arm ratios be-tween 1.8 and 2.8, and two chromosomes (Nos. 37-38), which had minute secondary con-strictions on the distal regions of their short arms, were subterminal with the arm ratio of3.8. The last one-armed chromosome (No. 41) was terminal.

These obeservations suggest that the one-armed chromosome could be a supernumerarychromosome and thus, the chromosome number of this plant could be 2n=41 =40+ l su-pernumerary chromosome.

9. Cymbidium sinense (Andr.) Willd, (Japanese name: Housairan), 2n=40, Tables 1 and13,Fig.12.

Three plants including a cultivated form were obtained from Japan and Formosa.Leaves were waxy and rather broad with entire margins, about 50 cm long and 1.5 cm wide.Inflorescences were erect with 5-7 flowers. Flowers were 4 cm wide across and were red-dish brown in color except for yellowish green in the cultivated form.

The chromosome number of the materials was 2n=40 at mitotic metaphase, which con-firmed the previous reports (cf. Tanaka and Kamemoto 1981).

Z^tmf*"* "«*L

**J

-B «*V^ _C _D

Illbmiiummii10 ll 12 13 14 16 16 17 18 19 20

E umtMimiuiitn2 1 22 23 24 26 26 27 3 1 32 3 4 86 37 38 S9 40

Fig. 12. Cymbidium sinense, 2n=40. A, flowers. B, chromosomes at resting stage. C, chromosomes atmitotic prophase. D and E, chromosomes at mitotic metaphase. Bar indicates 14 mm in A and 3 /an inB-E.

18 MIKIO AOYAMA


The 2n = 40 chromosomes at mitotic metaphase showed a gradual decrease in lengthfrom the longest (5.3 jum) to the shortest (1.9 jum) chromosomes. Among the 40 chromo-somes, 33 were median centromeric with arm ratios between 1.0 and 1.6. Another threechromosomes (Nos. 14, 34, 40) were submedian with arm ratios between 2.1 and 2.7, andthe other four chromosomes (Nos. 13, 27-28, 33) were subterminal with arm ratios be-tween 3.1 to 6.5.


10. -Cymbidium dayanum Rchb. f., (Japanese name: Hekkaran), 2n = 40, Tables 1 and

14,Fig.13.

Two plants were obtained from Japan and Formosa. Leaves were linear, coriaceous, ab-out 60 cm long and 1.2 cm wide. Inflorescences were pendulous with approximately tenflowers. Flowers were 4 cm wid across and white colored with deep purple stripes.

The chromosome number of the materials was 2n=40 at mitotic metaphase, which con-firmed Mutsuura and Nakahira (1960) and Tanaka (1965).


the complex chromocenter type.

E

_ B _ C _D

illllttllllttlllllll1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 ll 12 IS 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

ICIICItlllltCllllllt21 22 23 24 27 28 31 32 34 35 37 38 89 40

Fig. 13. Cymbidium dayanum, 2n=40. A, flowers. B, chromosomes at resting stage. C, chromosomesat mitotic prophase. D and E, chromosomes at mitotic metaphase. Bar indicates 13 mm in A and 3 faninB-E.


The 2n=40 chromosomes at mitotic metaphase displayed a degradation in the chromo-some alignment from the longest (3.3 ^m) to the shortest (1.6 fan) chromosomes. Amongthe 40 chromosomes, 38 were median centromeric with arm ratios between 1.0 and 1.7, andthe other two chromosomes (Nos. 35-36) were submedian with the arm ratio of 2.3.


ll. Cymbidium aloifolium (L.) Sw., 2n=40, Tables 1 and 15, Fig. 14.

Two plants were obtained from Thailand. Leaves were thick, fleshy, about 40 cm longand 2.0 cm wide. Inflorescences were pendulous with many flowers. Flowers were 4 cmwide across and creamy white-colored with purple-colored, broad stripes on their petals andsepals and numerous purple-colored veins on their lips.

The chromosome number of the materials was counted to be 2n=40 at mitotic metaph-ase, which confirmed the previous reports of this species and its synonym Cym. pendulum(cf. Tanaka and Kamemoto 1981).

ummiimmoK1 2 8 4 6 6 7 8 9 10 ll 12 IS 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

otiimxhtimiii21 22 23 24 2 7 26 3 O S1 S2 » 3* 88 86 87 89 40

Fig. 14. Cymbidium aloifolium, 2n=40. A, flowers. B, chromosomes at resting stage. C, chromosomesat mitotic prophase. D and E, chromosomes at mitotic metaphase. Bar indicates 9 mm in A and 3 /aninB-E.

20 MIKIO AOYAMA

The chromosomes at resting stage formed larger condensed blocks than those of Cym.goeringii. Approximately 35 chromocentric bodies were counted in each nucleus. Thechromosomes at mitotic prophase were similar in morphology to those of Cym. goeringii de-scribed above. The chromosome features were of the complex chromocenter type.

The 2n = 40 chromosomes at mitotic metaphase performed an alignment of gradual de-crease in length from the longest (4.9 fan) to the shortest (2.9 fim) chromosomes. Amongthe 40 chromosomes, 32 were median centromeric with arm ratios between 1.0 and 1.7, andsix (Nos. 10, 27-28, 36-37, 40) were submedian with arm ratios between 1.9 and 2.3. Theother two chromosomes (Nos. 31-32) were subterminal with the arm ratios of 8.5 and 7.7.Two chromosomes (Nos. 31-32) had secondary constrictions on the distal regions of theirshort arms, and formed small satellites.


12. Cymbidiumfinlaysonianum Wall., ex Lindl., 2n=40, Tables 1 and 16, Fig. 15.

Two plants were obtained from Malaysia. Leaves were thick, fleshy, about 50 cm longand'3.0 cm wide. Inflorescences were pendulous with well-spaced about ten flowers. Flow-ers were 4 cm wide across and dull yellow in color. Lip was white with a crescent-shapedpurple patch.

EMinmmmmm9 10 ll 12 13 14 I S 18 17 18 19

ItltUiltClittffiiiiin 22 28 24 27 28 30 31

3 5 36 37 89 40

fig. is. cymmamm;iniaysonianum,.zn-w. A, tlowers. a, chromosomes at resting stage. C, chromo-somes at mitotic prophase. D and E, chromosomes at mitotic metaphase. Bar indicates 10 mm in Aand 3 fan in B-E.


The chromosome number of the materials was 2n=40 at mitotic metaphase, which con-firmed Mehlquist (1952), Pancho (1965), and so on.

The chromosomes at resting stage and mitotic prophase were similar in morphology tothose of Cym. aloifolium described above. The chromosome features at resting stage wereof the complex chromocenter type.

A gradual decrease in length from the longest (4.3 /an) to the shortest (1.9 (xm) chromo-

somes was observed in the 2n=40 chromosome complement. Among the 40 chromosomes,38 were median centromeric with arm ratios between 1.0 and 1.5. The other two chromo-somes (Nos. 31-32) were subterminal with the arm ratios of 3.8 and 3.6. These twochromosomes had secondary constrictions on the distal regions of their short arms, andformed small satellites.

Thus, this species showed a homogeneous and gradual karyotype and a symmetrickaryotype.

13. Cymbidium floribundum Lindl., (Japanese name: Kinryouhen), 2n =40, Tables 1 and17,Fig.16.

Three plants including a cultivated form were obtained from Japan and Formosa.Leaves were coriaceous, linear, about 30 cm long and 1.0 cm wide. Inflorescences were sub-

arr*-s

V 4#I*

"tT-\"

o

_

c _D

fHSfSiHtSmiicfici1 2 8 4 6 6 7 8 9 10 ll 12 13 14 16 16 17 18 19 20

EJUIttlllt9ISfJ»!9«S*21 22 23 24 25 26 Z7 28 29 80 31 32 83 34 8S 86 37 S8 38 40

Fig. 16. Cymbidium floribundwn, 2n =40. A, flowers. B, chromosomes at resting stage. C, chromo-somes at mitotic prophase. D and E, chromosomes at mitotic metaphase. Bar indicates 9 mm in A and3 pm in B-E.

22 MIKIO AOYAMA

erect with many flowers. Flowers were 2.5 cm wide across and reddish brown or pale yel-lowish brown in color.

The chromosome number of the materials was 2n=40 at mitotic metaphase, which con-firmed the previous report in the species by Aoyama et al. (1986) and that in Cym. pumi-lum, a synonim of this species by Tanaka and Kamemoto (1981).


The 2n = 40 chromosomes at mitotic metaphase showed a gradual decrease in lengthfrom the longest (3.8 /an) to the shortest (1.4 fita) chromosomes. Among the 40 chromo-somes, 31 were median centromeric with arm ratios between 1.0 and 1.6, and six (Nos. 26,33-36, 40) were submedian with arm ratios between 1.8 and 2.8. The other three chromo-somes (Nos. 21-22, 25) were subterminal with arm ratios between 3.6 and 3.8.


14. Cymbidium canaliculatum R. Br., 2n=40, Tables 1 and 18, Fig. 17.

Two plants were obtained from Australia. Leaves were thick, graish green in color, ab-out 20 cm long and 1.5 cm wide. Inflorescences were suberect with many flowers. Flowers

^ &I*- -Ir*•E

_B _c _D

E

1 2 3 i 5 6 I 8 9 10 ll 12 IS 14 16 16 17 18 19 20

tiiiiiiiiiiiiiiitiui22 23 24 25 26 27 29 80 31 34 35 37 38 89 40

Fig. 17. Cymbidium canaliculatum, 2n=40. A, flowers. B, chromosomes at resting stage. C, chromo-somes at mitotic prophase. D and E, chromosomes at mitotic metaphase. Bar indicates ll mm in Aand 3 fmi in B-E.


were 2.5 cm wide across and dull red in color.The chromosome number of the two plants of Cym. canaliculatum was 2n=40 at mitotic

metaphase, which was reported here for the first time.The chromosomes at resting stage and mitotic prophase were similar in morphology to

those of Cym. goeringii described above. The chromosome features at resting stage were of

the complex chromocenter type.The 2n = 40 chromosomes at mitotic metaphase showed a gradual decrease in length

from the longest (4.1 /an) to the shortest (2.6 fim) chromosomes. Among the 40 chromo-somes, 29 were median centromeric with arm ratios between 1.0 and 1.7, and eight (Nos.17-18, 26-27, 29-30, 39-40) were submedian with arm ratios between 1.8 and 2.5. Theother three chromosomes (Nos. 16, 35-36) were subterminal with arm ratios between 3.4and 6.0. Two medium-sized chromosomes (Nos. 9-10) had secondary constrictions on theproximal regions of their short arms. Their satellites were both 1.0 jjxo. in length.

This species showed a homogeneous and gradual karyotype and a symmetric karyotype.Two satellited chromosomes (Nos. 9-10) characterized the karyotype of Cym. canalicu-

latum.

15. Cymbidium chloranthum Lindl., 2n=40, Tables 1 and 19, Fig. 18.

Two plants were obtained from Indonesia. Leaves were erect, about 30 cm long and 2.0cmwide. Inflorescences were also erect with 15-20 flowers. Flowers were 3 cm wide across

.!"å *•E;•E '-.. -~ :•Eå f•E' 4. >> "X"

mtj-t v

.m_B

t

ft

#%I * * *r*

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ii»f»f

tfm__D

tUumiftitiiMsttt1 2 3 4 6 6 7 8 1 0 ll 12 13 14 I S 16 17 18 19 20

El21 22 28 24 26 27 80 31 32 SS 34 8S 86 37 89 40

Fig. 18. Cymbidium chloranthum, 2n=40. A, a flower. B, chromosomes at resting stage. C, chromo-somes at mitotic prophase. D and E, chromosomes at mitotic metaphase. Bar indicates 6 mm in A and3 um in B-E.

24 MIKIO AOYAMA

and yellowish green in color with small purple spots on their lips.The chromosome number of the two plants of the species was 2n=40 at mitotic metaph-

ase, which was recorded here for the first time.The chromosomes at resting stage formed many smaller condensed blocks than those of

Cym. goeringii. Approximately 15 chromocentric bodies over 1.0 /an in diameter werecounted in each nucleus. The chromosomes at mitotic prophase were similar in morphology

to those of Cym. goeringii described above. The chromosome features at resting stage wereof the complex chromocenter type.

The 2n =40 chromosomes at mitotic metaphase displayed a gradual decrease in lengthfrom the longest (3.0 /an) to the shortest (1.0 /an) chromosomes. Among the 40 chromo-

somes, 35 were median centromeric with arm raios between 1.0 and 1.7, while the otherfive chromosomes (Nos. 15-16, 23, 27-28) were submedian with arm ratios between 1.8and2.4/


16. Cymbidium madidum Lindl., 2n=40, Tables 1 and 20, Fig. 19.

One plant was obtained from Australia. Pseudobulbs were conical-ovoid and large upto10 cm long. Leaves were suberect, about 70 cm long 3.0 cm wide. Inflorescences werenutant with 30-50 flowers. Flowers were yellowish brown in color and 2.5 cm wide across.

Jl% "**& I ' 1*

\ \

1%k

i _,B _D

Juiimnmmun8 9 10 ll 12 13 14 16 16 17 18 19

miltilii??ilifttittE21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 85 36 37 38 89 40

Fig. 19. Cymbidium madidum, 2n=.4O. A, a specimen. B, chromosomes at resting stage. C, chromo-somes at mitotic prophase. D and E, chromosomes at mitotic metaphase. Bar indicates 50 mm in Aand 3 /an in B-E.


The chromosome number of the plant was 2n= 40 at mitotic metaphase, which was re-ported here for the first time for this species.


In the 2n = 40 chromosomes at mitotic metaphase a gradual decrease in length wasobserved from the longest (3.8 fim) to the shortest (1.3 fim) chromosomes. Among the 40chromosomes, 26 were median centromeric with arm ratios between 1.0 and 1.7, and sevenchromosomes (Nos. 9, ll-12, 15-17, 38) were submedian with arm ratios between 1.8 and2.2. The other seven chromosomes (Nos. 18, 27-28, 33-36) were subterminal with armratios between 3.2 and 6.3. Two small-sized chromosomes (Nos. 31-32) had secondary con-strictions on the interstitial regions of their long arms. The satellites were both 0.5 fim long.

This species showed a homogeneous and gradual karyotype and a symmetric karyotype.Twosatellited chromosomes (Nos. 31-32) characterized the karyotype of this species Cym.madidum.

17. Cymbidium devonianum Paxt., 2n=40, Tables 1 and 21, Fig. 20.

One plant was obtained from India. Leaves were broadly, coriaceous, upto 30 cm longand 3.0 cm wide. Inflorescences were pendulous with many flowers. Flowers were reddishbrown in color and about 3 cm wide across.

* t

_B. __c,e

_D

)f)Utt>cit>ffitmf1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 ll 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

E mtutita 22 23 24 26 28 27 29 30 31 32 34 36 37 38 89 40

Fig. 20. Cymbidium devonianum, 2n =40. A, flowers. B, chromosomes at resting stage. C, chromo-somes at mitotic prophase. D and E, chromosomes at mitotic metaphase. Bar indicates 12 mm in Aand 3 urnin B-E.

26 MIKIO AOYAMA

The chromosome number of the plant was counted to be 2n=40 at mitotic metaphase,which confirmed Wimber (1957), Vij et al. (1982) and Vij and Shekhar (1987).



from the longest (4.2 ,um) to the shortest (1.5 ym) chromosomes. Among the 40 chromo-somes, 33 were median centromeric with arm ratios between 1.0 and 1.7, and four chromo-somes (Nos. 7, 35-36, 40) were submedian with arm ratios between 2.0 and 3.0. The otherthree chromosomes (Nos. 8, 23-24) were subterminal with arm ratios between 4.0 and 4.3.


18. Cymbidium elegans Lindl., 2n=40, Tables 1 and 22, Fig. 21.

One plant was obtained from India. Pseudobulbs were slender and covered by leaf-bases. Leaves were linear, about 50 cm long and 1.5 cm wide. Fifteen-20 leaves wereformed on each pseudobulb. Inflorescences were suberect with several flowers. Flowerswere pale yellow in color, and did not fully open.

The chromosome number of the plant was 2n = 40 at mitotic metaphase, which con-firmed Vij and Shekhar (1987).

Each resting nucleus contained about 20 chromocentric bodies which were smaller than

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k5u < O fk ti **fs > «« jlk**% «s*: I / , l rai-w+

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ft•E . å •E*!*J,å

>*>

.-X* _B _c _D

E

Hiixmnomms1 2 3 4 g 6 7 g 9 10 ll 12 13 U IB 16 17 38 19 20

lUlllliiliKIIMll.a a 24 25 28 2? 80 31 3 4 8$ 37 m 40

Fig. 21. Cymbidium elegans, 2n=40. A, flowers. B, chromosomes at resting stage. C, chromosomes atmitotic prophase. D and E, chromosomes at mitotic metaphase. Bar indicates 8 mm in A and 3 fim inB-E.


those of Cym. goeringii. The other morphological characteristics of the chromosomes atresting stage and mitotic prophase were similar to those of Cym. goeringii described above.The chromosome features at resting stage were of the complex chromocenter type.

In the 2n = 40 chromosomes at mitotic metaphase a gradual decrease in length wasobserved from the longest (3.6 fim) to the shortest (1.3 ym) chromosomes. Among the 40chromosomes, 31 were median centromeric with arm ratios between 1.0 and 1.7. Anothereight chromosomes (Nos. 13-14, 21-22, 29-30, 32, 34) were submedian with arm ratiosbetween 1.8 and 2.3, and the other one chromosome (No. 31) was subterminal with the arm

ratioof3.2.This species showed a homogeneous and gradual karyotype and a symmetric karyotype.

19. Cymbidium mastersii Griff., ex Lindl., 2n=40, Tables 1 and 23, Fig. 22.

One plant was obtained from India. Pseudobulbs were slender and covered by leaf-bases. Each pseudobulb had about 25 leaves. Leaves were linear, coriaceous, about 50 cmlong and 1.5 cm wide. The plant has not bloomed yet in our Garden.

The chromosome number of the plant was counted to be 2n =40 at mitotic metaphaseand confirmed the previous reports (Wimber 1957, Vij and Shekhar 1987).

The chromosomes at resting stage and mitotic prophase were similar in morphology tothose of Cym. goeringii described above. The chromocentric bodies were smaller than thoseof Cym. goeringii. The chromosome features at resting stage were of the complex chro-

O ft. CS ^l- .<"*r*M: ~ ^ ^

_

c _D

1 2 3 4 6 6 7 8 9 10 ll 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

mmusnHimiii21 22 23 24 2S 26 27 28 29 30 31 S2 8S 34 8S 86 S7 38 89 40

Fig. 22. Cymbidium mastersii, 2n =40. A, a specimen. B, chromosomes at resting stage. C, chromo-somes at mitotic prophase. D and E, chromosomes at mitotic metaphase. Bar indicates 40 mm in Aand3 umin B-E.

28 MIKIO AOYAMA


from the longest (3.4 /an) to the shortest (2.2 ,um) chromosomes. Among the 40 chromo-somes, 29 were median centromeric with arm ratios between 1.0 and 1.7, while the other llchromosomes (Nos.5-6, ll-12, 17-18, 33-34, 37-39) were submedian with arm ratios be-

tween 1.8 and 3.0.This species showed a homogeneous and gradual karyotype and a symmetric karyotype.

20. Cymbidium whiteae King et Pantling, 2n=40, Tables 1 and 24, Fig. 23.

One plant was obtained from India. Pseudobulbs were slender and had about 25 leaves.Leaves were linear, upto 50 cm long and 1.5 cm wide. Inflorescences were nutant with ab-out ten flowers. Flowers were creamy green in color with numerous small reddish brown

spots, and did not fully open.The chromosome number of the plant was counted to be 2n =40 at mitotic metaphase

and confirmed Wimber (1957) and Vij and Shekhar (1987).The chromosomes at resting stage and mitotic prophase were similar in morphology to



from the longest (3.2 fim) to the shortest (1.4 /an) chromosomes. Among the 40 chromo-somes, 32 were median centromeric with arm ratios between 1.0 and 1.5. Another sixchromosomes (Nos. 9-10, 22-24, 40) were submedian with the arm ratio of 1.8, and the

?^v

Wtmiiiimmttti1 2 10 ll 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

E tlOllflttllltllllwi21 22 23 24 25 26 27 31 32 34 36 37 38 39 40

Fig. 23. Cymbidium whiteae, 2n=40. A, a flower. B, chromosomes at resting stage. C, chromosomesat mitotic prophase. D and E, chromosomes at mitotic metaphase. Bar indicates 9 mm in A and 3 pminB-E.

KARYOTYPESIN CYMBIDIUM ANDITS ALLIED GENERA, ORCHIDACEAE 29

other two chromosomes (Nos. 15-16) were subterminal with the arm ratio of 3.1.This species showed a homogeneous and gradual karyotype and a symmetric karyotype.

21. Cymbidium iridioides D. Don, 2n=40, Tables 1 and 25, Fig. 24.

Three plants were obtained from India and Nepal. Leaves were linear, coriaceous, upto50 cm long and 2.5 cm wide. Inflorescences were suberect with about ten flowers. Flowerswere 6 cm wide across and yellowish green in color with numerous dull red veins.

The chromosome number of the plants was 2n = 40 at mitotic metaphase, which con-firmed the previous reports in a synonym of this species, Cym. giganteum (cf. Tanaka andKamemoto 1981).


The 2n = 40 chromosomes at mitotic metaphase displayed a gradual decrease in lengthfrom the longest (4.4 fim) to the shortest (2.5 jum) chromosomes. Among the 40 chromo-somes, 29 were median centromeric with arm ratios between 1.0 and 1.7. Another sevenchromosomes (Nos. 15-16, 33-36, 39) were submedian with arm ratios between 1.8 and2.6, and the other four chromosomes (Nos. 9-10, 37-38) were subterminal with arm ratios

*•E'

Z\AS''.V Mi

_�V >' %Vt «_ B I /_C _D

mmonmmmt1 2 8 4 6 6 7 8 9 10 ll 12 IS 14 16 16 17 18 19 20

Etiuosaimmtiui21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 36 36 37 38 39 40

Fig. 24. Cymbidium iridioides, 2n =40. A, flowers. B, chromosomes at resting stage. C, chromosomesat mitotic prophase. D and E, chromosomes at mitotic metaphase. Bar indicates 12 mm in A and 3 fiminB-E.

+

30 MIKIO AOYAMA

between 3.5 and 6.5.This species showed a homogeneous and gradual karyotype and a symmetric karyotype.

22. Cymbidium hookerianum Rchb. f., 2n=40, Tables 1 and 26, Fig. 25.

One plant was obtained from India. Pseudobulbs were ovoid and grew upto 6 cm long.Leaves were linear, coriaceous, upto 50 cm long 2.5 cm wide. The plant has not bloomed

yet in our Garden.The chromosome number of the plant was counted to be 2n =40 at mitotic metaphase

and confirmed the previous report in the species (Vij et al. 1981) and reports in a synonymof the species Cym. grandiflorum (Mehlquist 1952, Wimber 1957).

The Chromosomes at resting stage and mitotic prophase were similar in morphology tothose of Cym. goeringii described above. The chromosome features at resting stage were ofthe complex chromocenter type.

In the 2n = 40 chromosomes at mitotic metaphase a gradual decrease in length wasobserved from the longest (3.7 /an) to the shortest (1.9 fan) chromosomes. Among the 40chromosomes, 36 were median centromeric with arm ratios between 1.0 and 1.7, and threechromosomes (Nos. 20, 30, 40) were submedian with arm ratios between 1.8 and 3.0. The

fi r» -•E/»

_ Ar/

* uM :M *jTi ,\>m cwUts&r :^v.

M,f^"k •E_» X...< >r- ^pt

_ B _ C .D

ituiMimtmum1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 ll 12 18 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

lonumimmm2 1 22 23 M 25 26 27 3 0 31 34 85 36 37 38. 89 40

Fig. 25. Cymbidium hookerianum, 2n = 40. A, a specimen. B, chromosomes at resting stage. C,chromosomes at mitotic prophase. D and E, chromosomes at mitotic metaphase. Bar idicates 50 mm inA and3 faninB-E.


other chromosome (No. 19) was subterminal with the arm ratio of 4.8.


23. Cymbidium insigne Rolfe, 2n=40, Tables 1 and 27, Fig. 26.

Two plants were obtained from Thailand. Leaves were linear, coriaceous, upto 50 cmlong and 2.0 cm wide. Inflorescences were suberect with several flowers. Flowers were 7 cmwide across and pale pink in color with many reddish purple spots on their lips.

The chromosome number of two plants was counted to be 2n=40 at mitotic metaphaseand confirmed the previous repots (Mehlquist 1952, Wimber 1957, Larsen 1966).

The chrmosomes at resting stage and mitotic prophase were similar in morphology tothose of Cym. goeringii described above. The chromocentric bodies were larger than thoseof Cym. goeringii. The chromosome features at resting stage were of the complex chro-


from the longest (4.8 fim) to the shortest (1.9 [im) chromosomes. Among the 40 chromo-somes, 31 were median centromeric and varied in arm ratio from 1.0 to 1.7. Another sixchromosomes (Nos. 5-6, 8, 37-38) were submedian and varied in arm ratio from 1.9 to2.6, and the other three chromosomes (Nos. 20, 31-32) were subterminal and varied in armratio from 4.0 to 5.2.


jfcfifc -å v&Ttw

_C "*•E_D

frtmoitmumn1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 ll 12 13 14 16 16 17 18 19 20

ElHUftlCIIMIItflftl21 22 23 24 26 26 27 28 29 80 31 32 33 84 36 86 37 38 89 40

Fig. 26. Cymbidium insigne, 2n=40. A, flowers. B, chromosomes at resting stage. C, chromosomes atmitotic prophase. D and E, chromosomes at mitotic metaphase. Bar indicates 17 mm in A and 3 jxia in

B-E.

32 MIKIO AOYAMA

24. Cymbidium longifolium D. Don, 2n=40, Tables 1 and 28, Fig. 27.

One plant was obtained from India. Leaves were linear, approximately 50 cm long and1.5 cm wide. Inflorescences were decumbent with several flowers. Flowers were 9 cm wideacross. Sepals and petals were linear and yellowish green in color with brown veins. Lipswere white in color with few reddish brown spots.

The chromosome number of one plant was counted to be 2n =40 at mitotic metaphaseand confirmed Sharma and Chatterji (1966) Vij and Shekhar (1987).


The 2n = 40 chromosomes at mitotic metaphase showed a gradual decrease in lengthfrom the longest (5.0 fim) to the shortest (2.1 /an) chromosomes. Among the 40 chromo-somes, 37 were median centromeric with arm ratios between 1.0 and 1.7, and two chromo-somes (Nos. 23, 38) were submedian with the arm ratios of 1.8 and 2.6. The other chromo-some (No. 37) was subterminal with the arm ratio of 3.8. Two chromosomes (Nos. 21, 35)

had small constrictions on the interstitial regions of their long arms.This species showed a homogeneous and gradual karyotype and a symmetric karyotype.

M l*-/ 'M

*v_

c _D

OUimtCfiiicim2 8 6 7 8 10 ll 12 IS 14 IS 16 17 18 IS 20

E lltlUttUtflliilitt21 22 23 24 25 26 Z7 28 29 30 31 32 S3 34 S6 S6 S7 38 89 40

Fig. 27. Cyrnbidium longifolium, 2n = 40. A, flowers. B, chromosomes at resting stage. C, chromo-somes at mitotic prophase. D and E, chromosomes at mitotic metaphase. Bar indicates 20 mm in Aand 3 ;um in B-E.


25. Cymbidium lowianum Rchb. f., 2n=40, Tables 1 and 29, Fig. 28.

Three plants were obtained from China and Thailand. Leaves were coriaceous, about 60cmlong and 2.0 cm wide. Inflorescences were nutant with many flowers. Sepals and petalswere yellowish green in color (two plants) or creamy yellow (one plant). Lips were nearly

white in color with a V-shaped purple spot.The chromosome number of three plants was 2n = 40 at mitotic metaphase and con-

firmed Tanaka and Kamemoto (1981).


the complex chromocenter type.A gradual decrease in length was observed from the longest (4.0 ym) to the shortest (2.5

fim) chromosomes in the 2n=40 chromosome alignment at mitotic metaphase. Among the

40 chromosomes, 28 were median centromeric with arm ratios between 1.0 and 1.6, tenchromosomes (Nos. 9-10, 29-32, 35-38) submedian with arm ratios between 1.8 and 3.0,and two chromosomes (Nos. 39-40) subterminal with the arm ratios of 5.7 and 5.2. Twochromosomes (Nos. 39-40) had secondary constrictions on the distal regions of their shortarms, and formed small satellites.


A--i s--

#M

m . " i a *&&å v-<~

ft v\ r * -. n•EV-"

^ % .•EV *_ C- -D

mmmumium1 2 S 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 ll 12 IS 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

KIHnUIUIIIIMha 22 23 24 2S 26 27 a » 80 31 32 W S4 86 36 87 38 89 40

Fig. 28. Cymbidium lowianum, 2n=40. A, flowers. B, chromosomes at resting stage. C, chromosomesat mitotic prophase. D and E, chromosomes at mitotic metaphase. Bar indicates 18 mm in A and 3 fim

inB-E.

34 MIKIO AOYAMA

26. Cymbidium tracyanum Hort., ex Lindl., 2n=40, Tables 1 and 30, Fig. 29.

Two plants were obtained from Thailand. Leaves were coriaceous, upto 60 cm long and2.0 cm wide. Inflorescences were nutant with about 15 flowers. Flowers fully opened wereabout 10 cm wide across. Petals and sepals were linear and yellowish green in color withbrown veins. Lips were creamy white in color with numerous reddish brown spots.

The chromosome number of two plants was counted to be 2n=40 at mitotic metaphaseand confirmed Tanaka and Kamemoto (1981).



from the longest (5.2 ixm) to the shortest (2.4 /an) chromosomes. Among the 40 chromo-somes, 34 were median centromeric with arm ratios between 1.0 and 1.7. Another fourchromosomes (Nos. 17-18, 33-34) were submedian with arm ratios between 1.8 and 2.1,and the other two chromosomes (Nos. 39-40) were subterminal with the arm ratios of 3.8

and5.0.This species showed a homogeneous and gradual karyotype and a symmetric karyotype.

J0~f

1 3> -J<T4*

V&-' >%«•E _C -D?

(UtUiktkmm9 10 U 12 13 14 15 16 IT 18 19 20

HUmcoiifisumE2 1 22 2 4 25 2 7 28 3 1 3 3 34 86 86 37 39 40

Fig. 29. Cymbidium tracyanum, 2n=40. A, flowers. B, chromosomes at resting stage. C, chromosomesat mitotic prophase. D and E, chromosomes at mitotic metaphase. Bar indicates 26 mm in A and 3 /aninB-E.


27. Cymbidium eburneum Lindl., 2n=40, Tables 1 and 31, Fig. 30.

One plant was obtained from India. Leaves were suberect, coriaceous, upto 50 cm longand 1.5 cm wide. Inflorescences were erect with 1-2 flowers. Flowers were 8 cm wideacross and white in color with yellow keels on lips.

The chromosome number of the plant was counted to be 2n = 40 at mitotic metaphaseand confirmed Tanaka and Kamemoto (1981).


mocenter type.The 2n =40 chromosomes at mitotic metaphase displayed a gradual decrease in length

from the longest (3.8 //m) to the shortest (2.1 fan) chromosomes. Among the 40 chromo-somes, 37 were median centromeric with arm ratios between 1.0 and 1.7, the other threechromosomes (Nos. 31-32, 38) were submedian with arm ratios between 2.0 and 2.5.

This species showed a homogeneous and gradual karyotype and symmetric karyotype.

i£ 'i, t

r\ ''%. .

1>

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K æf i t*2 f_� t> '«

x &'%*

* *•E? C *\i±i&te.*&l£ t;

4 z^ ' ."*; •E

S J N*

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imnmsmositi:1 2 8 4 6 6 7 8 9 10 ll 12 13 14 16 16 17 18 19 20

nsimifSMisffttfi21 22 23 24 26 28 27 28 29 80 31 82 S3 M 8S 36 37 S8 S9 40

Fig. 30. Cymbidium eburneum, 2n=40. A, a flower. B, chromosomes at resting stage. C, chromo-somes at mitotic prophase. D and E, chromosomes at mitotic metaphase. Bar indicates 12 mm in Aand3 urnin B-E.

36 MIKIO AOYAMA

28. Cymbidium parishii Rchb. f., 2n=40, Tables 1 and 32, Fig. 31.

One plant was obtained from Burma. Leaves were linear, coriaceous, about 50 cm longand 2.0 cm wide. Inflorescences were suberect with several flowers. Flowers were 7 cmwide across and white in color with large purple spots on lips.

The chromosome number of the plant was counted to be 2n=40 at mitotic metaphaseand confirmed Mehlquist (1952).



from the' longest (4.3 fim) to the shortest (1.7 /an) chromosomes. Among the 40 chromo-

somes, 38 were median centromeric with arm ratios between 1.0 and 1 7, while one (No. 6)was submedian with the arm ratio of 1.8, and the other one (No. 18) was subterminal with

the arm ratio of 3.2.This species showed a homogeneous and gradual karyotype and a symmetric karyotype

•E> 1 "% -%%

« *å * -.K

vo.N< ^,

% ^^ i«* -Ak,

: <#**« %t. r> tv .\WJPK&>å 4L,* **k

t

^ •E*•E!/w_ B _ C _D

E

ktflHiutiiiiuKi1 2 3 4 6 6 7 8 9 10 ll 12 13 M 15 16 17 18 19 20

lIlUlttltlfllltflM21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 83 34 86 86 37 38 89 40

Fig. 31. Cymbidium parishii, 2n=40. A, flowers. B, chromosomes at resting stage. C, chromosomes atmitotic prophase. D and E, chromosomes at mitotic metaphase. Bar indicates 20 mm in A and 3 /xm inB-E.


29. Cymbidium erythrostylum Rolfe, 2n=40, Tables 1 and 33, Fig. 32.

One plant was obtained from Viet-Num. Leaves were linear, coriaceous, about 50 cmlong and 1.5 cm wide. Inflorescences were suberect with 6-10 flowers. Flowers were 6 cmwide across and white in color with reddish purple veins on lips. Sepals fully opened andwere larger than petals.

The chromosome number of the plant was counted to be 2n=40 at mitotic metaphaseand confirmed Mehlquist (1949, 1952) and Wimber (1957).


mocenter type.In the 2n = 40 chromosomes at mitotic metaphase a gradual decrease in length was

observed from the longest (3.9 fim) to the shortest (1.6 fim) chromosomes. Among the 40chromosomes, 33 were median centromeric with arm ratios between 1.0 and 1.7, and theother seven chromosomes (Nos. 13, 22, 32-36) were submedian with arm.ratios between2.0and2.8.


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- V&;* å -. D

E

IHMimimmim9 10 ll 12 IS 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

mimiimmitit!21 22 23 24 25 26 27 80 31 83 34 36 37 38 39 40

Fig. 32. Cymbidium erythrostylum, 2n=40. A, a flower. B, chromosomes at resting stage. C, chromo-somes at mitotic prophase. D and E, chromosomes at mitotic metaphase. Bar indicates 24 mm in Aand3 >/min B-E

38 MIKIO AOYAMA

30. Cymbidium tigrinum Par., ex O'Brien, 2n=40, Tables 1 and 34, Fig. 33.

Three plants were obtained from Burma. Leaves were coriaceous, elliptic lanceolate, ab-out 15 cm long and 3.0 cm wide. Inflorescences were decumbent with few flowers. Flowerswere 6 cm wide across and dull yellowish green in color. Lip color was white with manyreddish purple spots.

The chromosome number of three plants was 2n = 40 at mitotic metaphase and con-firmed Vij et al.(1983).

The chromosomes at resting stage and mitotic prophase were similar in morphology tothose of Cym. goeringii described above. Average forty chromocentric bodies counted ineach nucleus were greater in number than those of Cym. goeringii. The chromosome fea-tures at resting stage were of the complex chromocenter type.

The 2n =40 chromosome alignment at mitotic metaphase formed a gradual decrease inlength from the longest (3.1 jira) to the shortest (1.4 /an) chromosomes. Among the 40

chromosomes, 35 were median centromeric with arm ratios between 1.0 and 1.7, and theother five chromosomes (Nos. 29-31, 35-36) were submedian with arm ratios between 1.8and2.8.


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_D

illltltttlliitiiiati1 2 8 4 6 6 7 g 9 10 ll 12 13 14 16 16 17 18 19 20

Eltltlltfttitiiittait22 23 24 25 26 27 29 SO 31 34 85 37 38 89 40

Fig. 33. Cymbidium tigrinum, 2n=40. A, a flower. B, chromosomes at resting stage. C, chromosomesat mitotic prophase. D and E, chromosomes at mitotic metaphase. Bar indicates 9 mm in A and 3 ^minB-E.


II. Allied Genera

1. Acriopsisjavanica Reinw., 2n=40, Tables 1 and 35, Fig. 34.

One plant was obtained from Malaysia. Pseudobulbs were ovoid and about 2 cm longand had 2-3 linear leaves near the tip. Inflorescences were decumbent and branched withnumerous flowers. Flowers were 1.0 cm wide across and white in color with purple stripes.Lateral sepals united to apex.

The chromosome number of the plant was 2n=40 at mitotic metaphase, which was re-ported here for this species for the first time.

The chromosomes at resting stage formed small chromatin blocks similar to those ofCym. macrorhizon. Most of the chromatin blocks were rod or string in shape with roughsurface. The chromosomes at mitotic prophase formed several early condensed segments lo-

cated mostly in the proximal regions of both arms. The chromosome features at restingstage figured intermediate between the simple chromocenter type and the complex chro-

mocenter type.The set of the 2n =40 chromosomes at mitotic metaphase exhibited a gradual decrease

in length from the longest (1.5 (xm) to the shortest (0.7 fim) chromosomes. Among the 40chromosomes, 34 were median centromeric with arm ratios between 1.0 and 1.6. The othersix chromosomes (Nos. 3-4, 31-32, 39-40) were submedian with arm ratios between 2.0and2.5.


Fig. 34. Acriapsis javanica, 2n=40. A, flowers. B, chromosomes at resting stage. C, chromosomes atmitotic prophase. D and E, chromosomes at mitotic metaphase. Bar indicates 5 mm in A and 3 /an in

B-E.

40 MIKIO AOYAMA

2. Ansellia africana Lindl., 2n=42, Tables 1 and 36, Fig. 35.

Two plants were obtained from Africa. Pseudobulbs were cylindrical with several nodes.Leaves were coriaceous, about 20 cm long and 2.5 cm wide and gathered at the upper partsof the pseudobulbs. Inflorescences with about ten flowers were produced near the apices ofpseudobulbs. Flowers were 4.5 cm wide across and yellow in color with many maroon spots.

The chromosome number of the plants was 2n=42 at mitotic metaphase, which was re-ported here this species for the first time.

The chromosomes at resting stage were conspicuous. They were observed as lightly-stained chromomeric granules and fibrous threads, or darkly-stained chromatin blocks.

Average 22 chromatin blocks counted in each nucleus as chromocentric bodies varied in sizeand shape. The chromosomes at mitotic prophase formed many early condensed segmentslocated in the proximal and interstitial regions of both arms. Then, late condensed segmentswere observed in the distal regions of the chromosomes. The chromosome features at rest-ing stage indicated intermediate between the complex chromocenter type and theprochromosome type.

\«å ""

_B

S it**

*

I /{%

t, .#"

I

_c •E _D

iiUillllllUlCIMlt1 2 8 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 ll 12 tt M IS 16 17 18 19 20

llliliiiiiiiiailiili21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 S3 34 85 38 37 38 89 40

El •E41 42

Fig. 35. Ansellia africana, 2n=42. A, a flower. B, chromosomes at resting stage. C, chromosomes atmitotic prophase. D and E, chromosomes at mitotic metaphase. Bar indicates 7 mm in A, 3 f«n in Band E, and 4 fim in C and D.


A gradual decrease in length was observed from the longest (3.0 fim) to the shortest (0.9

/an) chromosomes in the mitotic-metaphase chromosome complement of 2n = 42. Amongthe 42 chromosomes, 29 were median centromeric with arm ratios between 1.0 and 1.7.Another eight (Nos. 1-6, 23, 25) were submedian with arm ratios between 1.8 and 2.7, one(No. 24) was subterminal with the arm ratio of 3.6, and the other four (Nos. 21-22, 37-38)were terminal with arm ratios between 10.0 and 15.0. Two chromosomes (Nos. 23-24) had

secondary constrictions on their short arms, and formed small satellites.This species showed a homogeneous and gradual karyotype and an intermediate

karyotype between the symmetric and the asymmetric karyotypes.

3. Ansellia gigantea Rchb. f., 2n=42, Tables 1 and 37, Fig. 36.

One plant was obtained from Africa. This species was morphologically quite similar toA. africana. However, the plant was relatively large in size, and had a lip with narrow mid-

lobe.The chromosome number of the plant was 2n = 42 at mitotic metaphase, which con-

firmed the previous report of Tanaka (1964) for a synonym of this species, A. nilotica de-cided by Bechtel et al. (1981).

The chromosomes at resting stage and mitotic prophase were similar in morphology tothose of A. africana described above. The chromosome features at resting stage were of an

•E å - •E %"

t ** % % 9・r - ｻ *

_ B _ C ** .D 詛

IfllllllMlSlilSltA*1 2 8 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 ll 12 IS 14 16 16 17 18 19 20

ttt•E§»*#*»tf«*t«it0§•E21 22 .23 24 26 a6 27 28 29 80 31 32 S3 84 8S 86 37 38 89 40

E#al41 42

Fig. 36. Ansellia gigantea, 2n=42. A, a flower. B, chromosomes at resting stage. C, chromosomes atmitotic prophase. D and E, chromosomes at mitotic metaphase. Bar indicates 6 mm in A, 3 (im in BandE,and4urninCandD.

42 MIKIO AOYAMA

intermediate form between the complex chromocenter type and the prochromosome type.The 2n = 42 chromosomes at mitotic metaphase showed a gradual decrease in length

from the longest (3.3 /wn) to the shortest (0.9 jim) chromosomes. Among the 42 chromo-somes, 19 were median centromeric with arm ratios between 1.2 and 1.7. Another 15chromosomes (Nos. 2-3, 5-7, 14, 25-26, 29, 33-34, 39-42) were submedian with armratios between 1.8 and 2.5, two (Nos. 35-36) were subterminal with the arm ratios of 5.5

and 5.0, and the other six (Nos. 19-22, 27-28) were terminal with arm ratios between 14.0and 20.0. Two small-sized chromosomes (Nos. 35 -36) had secondary constrictions on their

short arms, and formed small satellites.This species showed a homogeneous and gradual karyotype and an intermediate


4. Cymbidiellaflabellata (Thou.) Rolfe, 2n=52, Tables 1 and 38, Fig. 37.

One plant was obtained from Madagascar. Pseudobulbs were separated at intervals ofabout 10 cm distance, and were connected by creeping slender rhizomes. Inflorescenceswere erect with about ten flowers. Flowers were 5 cm wide across. Sepals and petals wereyellowish green in color. Lips were spotted and bordered with red.

The chromosome number of the plant was 2n = 52 at mitotic metaphase, which was re-ported here for this species for the first time.

ｫ' f t ・ #

% i f

*

. D. B -C

•EIHfitlllltlt*||IM8 9 10 ll 12 18

§####i#i§§if§l8 9 10 ll 12 18 M 16 IS 17 18 19 20

a 22 a 24 m

a x m si

41 42 C 44 46 48 47 48 49 M 61 K

87 88 m 40

Fig. 37. Cymbidiella flabellata, 2n=52. A, a flower. B, chromosomes at resting stage. C, chromosomesat mitotic prophase. D and E, chromosomes at mitotic metaphase. Bar indicates 12 mm in A and 3 fiminB-E.


The chromosomes at resting stage and mitotic prophase were similar in morphology tothose of Ansellia africana described above. The chromosome features at resting stage wereintermediate between the complex chromocenter type and the prochromosome type.

The 2n = 52 chromosomes at mitotic metaphase showed a gradual decrease in lengthfrom the longest (2.7 71m) to the shortest (1.0 jLtm) chromosomes. Among the 52 chromo-somes, ten (Nos. 13-14, 17-19, 29-30, 33-34, 40) were median centromeric with armratios between 1.2 and 1.7, 19 (Nos. 1-12, 20-22, 31, 35-36, 47) submedian with armratios between 1.8 and 3.0, 12 (Nos. 15-16, 23-25, 32, 37-38, 41-43, 48) subterminal witharm ratios between 3.3 and 6.5, and three (Nos. 26-28) terminal with arm ratios between7.5 and 8.0. The other eight chromosomes did not show any position of centromere. Twochromosomes (Nos. 15-16) had secondary constrictions on their short arms, and formed

small satellites.This species showed a homogeneous and gradual karyotype and an intermediate


5. Cymbidiella pardalina (Rchb. f.) Garay, 2n=52, Tables 1 and 39. Fig. 38.

One plant was obtained from Madagascar. Cymbidiella rhodochila was formerly used forthis specimen (Hawkes 1965). Then, Bechtel et al. (1981) determined this specimen into C.pardalina and treated the former species name synonym. Leaves were waxy, about 60 cmlong and 1.5 cm wide. Inflorescences were erect with several flowers. Flowers were 7 cmwide across. Petals and sepals were yellowish green in color and spotted with black all overthe petals. Lips were red with black spots in the basal half.

The chromosome number of the plant at mitotic metaphase was 2n=52 which was diffe-rent from the number of 2n=54 observed in a synonym of the species C. rhodochila byWimber (1957).

The chromosomes at resting stage and mitotic prophase were similar in morphology tothose of Ansellia africana described above, except for increase of small chromocentricbodies in number. The chromosome features at resting stage were intermediate between thecomplex chromocenter type and the prochromosome type.

In the 2n=52 chromosome complement at mitotic metaphase from the longest (3.4 /«n)to the shortest (1.1 jxm) chromosomes a gradual decrease in length was observed. Amongthe 52 chromosomes, six (Nos. 27-28, 35-36, 41-42) were median centromeric with armratios between 1.3 and 1.6, 16 (Nos. ll-17, 21-22, 29-30, 33-34, 37-39) submedian witharm ratios between 1.8 and 3.0, 22 (Nos. 1-10, 18, 23-26, 31-32, 40, 43-44, 47-48) sub-terminal with arm ratios between 3.1 and 7.0, and two (Nos. 19-20) terminal with the armratio of 8.0. The other chromosomes did not show any position of centromere. Twochromosomes (Nos. 23-24) had secondary constrictions on their short arms, and formedsmall satellites.

This species showed a homogeneous and gradual karyotype and an intermediatekaryotype between the symmetric and the asymmetric karyotypes.

44 MIKIO AOYAMA

1 ・ 1

>

t II

_ cif

•E i

* • E æ f * t

" » - . . . » *

^%•E•E'•E..

%

å t «

_B

« *

# • E

_D

fitttlHIHMtMIMI1 2 8 4 8 6 ? 8 9 1 0 l l 1 2 1 3 1 4 1 5 1 6 1 7 1 8 1 9 2 0f

ififl•E•E•E•E§•E•E•E•E•E•E•E•E•E•E2 1 2 2 m

m « 2 8 2 9 3 0 3 1 3 4 8 5 8 7 8 8 8 8 4 0

Et»#•E•E•E•E§•E•E•E#4 1 4 2 4 3 4 4 . S I . « 4 7 4 8 4 9 5 0 6 1 5 2

Fig . 38 . Cymbid ie l l a pa rda l ina , 2n=52 . A, f lowers . B , ch romosomesat res t ing s tage . C , chromosomesat mi to t i c p rophase . D and E, chromosomesat mi to t i c me taphase . Bar ind ica tes 10 mmin A and 3 ^minB-E.

6. Dipodium paludosum(Griff . ) Rchb. f . , 2n=46, Tables 1 and 40, Fig . 39.

One plant was obtained from Malaysia . Stems were erect upto 40 cm long and complete-ly covered by leaf bases obvolute . Axi l lary inf lorescences were erect with several f lowers .Flowers were 4 cm wide across and white in color and spot ted with pale purple .

The chromosomenumberof this species was 2n=46 at mitot ic metaphase , which was re-ported here for the firs t t ime.

The chromosomesat res t ing stage and mitot ic prophase were similar in morphology tothose of Cym. macrorhizon descr ibed above. The chromosomefeatures at res t ing stagewere intermediate between the simple chromocenter type and the complex chromocenter

type.


i - ** •E«å •E

_ B _ C _DIlitfftiiiiiiiisiiff

9 10 ll 12 18 14 18 18 IT 18 19 201 2 3 4 5 6 7

f « •E •Et2 1 22 23 24 2S 26 i27 28 29 30 31 3 4 SS W » 40

E« •E •Eft #*41 42 43 44 45 46

Fig. 39. Dipodium paludosum, 2n=46. A, flowers. B, chromosomes at resting stage. C, chromosomesat mitotic prophase. D and E, chromosomes at mitotic metaphase. Bar indicates 15 mm in A and 3 /«ninB-E.

The 2n = 46 chromosomes at mitotic metaphase showed a gradual decrease in lengthfrom the longest (1.9 ,um) to the shortest (0.9 /«n) chromosomes. Among the 46 chromo-somes, 39 were median centromeric with arm ratios between 1.0 and 1.6, five (Nos. 14-16,45-46) submedian with arm ratios between 1.8 and 2.0, and two (Nos. 9-10) subterminalwith the arm ratios of 4.0 and 3.6.


7. Grammangis ellisii (Lindl.) Rchb. f., 2n=54, Tables 1 and 41, Fig. 40.

One plant was obtained from Madagascar. Pseudobulbs were tetragonal fusiform upto10 cm high, and had a few leaves near the apex. Inflorescences were suberect with 15-20flowers. Flowers were waxy, upto 6 cm wide across and brown in color with small yellow

spots.The chromosome number of the plant was 2n = 54 at mitotic metaphase, which con-

firmed the previous report for this species (Chardard 1963).The chromosomes at resting stage and mitotic prophase were similar in morphology to

those of Ansellia africana described above. Chromocentric bodies were slightly larger thanthose of A. africana. The chromosome features at resting stage were intermediate betweenthe complex chromocenter type and the prochromosome type.

In the 2n = 54 chromosome complement at mitotic metaphase a bimodalism in lengthwas displayed; the first group consisted of four large chromosomes showed a degradationfrom the longest chromosome of 2.9 jum to the chromosome of 2.6 fim, while the other

46 MIKIO AOYAMA

.s" *•E. '^1

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« »

•E-.•E --.V. it

y *•E<å J3.

«

•E_D

f t ? ?*>å "å . •E

_c1 2 9 10 ll 12 IS 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

21 22 28 24 27 28 28 31 82 33 34

ES

37 38 39 40

41 42 48 44 45 46 4T 48 49 60 51 62 53 54

Fig. 40. Grammangis ellisii, 2n=54. A, a flower. B, chromosomes at resting stage. C, chromosomes atmitotic prophase. D ancLE, chromosomes at mitotic metaphase. Bar indicates 6 mm in A and 3 jmv inb-e!

group consisted of 50 short chromosomes showed another degradation from the chromo-some of 2.0 (m\ to the shortest (1.0 ,um) chromosome. Among the 54 chromosomes, 39chromosomes were median centromeric with arm ratios between 1.0 and 1.7, eight (Nos. 2,ll-12, 15-16, 19, 27-28) submedian with arm ratios between 1.8 and 2.8, and two (Nos.36-37) subterminal with the arm ratio of 3.3. The other chromosomes did not show anyposition of centromere.

This species showed a heterogeneous and bimodal karyotype and a symmetrickaryotype.

8. Grammatophyllum scriptum (L.) Blume, 2n=40, Tables 1 and 42, Fig. 41.

One plant was obtained from the Philippines. Pseudobulbs were flattened fusiform, andhad a few leaves near the apex. Long inflorescences were suberect and curving with manyflowers. Flowers were 3.5 cm wide across and yellowish green in color with numerousbrown patchs.

The chromosome number of the plant was counted to be 2n=40 at mitotic metaphase,which confirmed Wimber (1957) and Pancho (1965).



%i4 fc

.1*

T

>««#

»».. m

1«*

.<*

"»*'#- *_B _C ~ _D

HitItiiHtllttuiti1 2 3 4 6 6 7 8 9 10 ll 12 13 14 16 16 17 18 19 20

eI*IIII•EillllltlltMil21 22 23 24 26 26 27 28 29 80 31 32 33 34 85 86 37 88 89 40

Fig. 41. Grammatophyllum scriptum, 2n=40. A, flowers. B, chromosomes at resting stage. C, chromo-somes at mitotic prophase. D and E, chromosomes at mitotic metaphase. Bar indicates 8 mm in A and3 fanin B-E.


from the longest (3.1 jxm) to the shortest (1.5 urn) chromosomes. Among the 40 chromo-somes, 24 were median centromeric with arm ratios between 1.0 and 1.7, eight (Nos. 7-8,27-28, 35-36, 39-40) submedian with arm ratios between 2.0 and 3.0, and eight (Nos. 19-22, 25-26, 31-32) subterminal with arm ratios between 3.2 and 6.3.


9. Grammatophyllum speciosum Blume, 2n=40, Tables 1 and 43, Fig. 42.

One plant was obtained from Malaysia. Stems were cylindrical with many nodes, upto100 cm long and 5 cm across. Leaves were linear, upto 50 cm long and 3.5 cm wide. Theplant has not yet flowered in our Garden.

The chromosome number of the plant was 2n= 40 at mitotic metaphase and confirmedthe previous reports (Wimber 1957, Pancho 1965).

The chromosomes at resting stage and mitotic prophase were similar in morphology tothose of Cym. goeringii described above. Chromocentric bodies were slightly smaller in sizeand less in number than those of Cym. goeringii. The chromosome features at resting stagewere of the complex chromocenter type.

MIKIO AOYAMA

æf *•E

*å - *

* å ,å - -»*•Eå « »# V&r ' S"3L. ' - m- V

å å å m

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^g"*? &«æf

_ B _ C _D§ i l i ! f l t ! 4 t ! l i * l S 9a&

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 ll 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 83 34 86 36 37 38 39 40

Fig. 42. Grammatophyllum speciosum, 2n = 40. A, a specimen. B, chromosomes at resting stage. C,chromosomes at mitotic prophase. D and E, chromosomes at mitotic metaphase. Bar indicates 55 mminA and 3 fim in B-E.

In the 2n=40 chromosome alignment at mitotic metaphase from the longest (1.8 jum) to

the shortest (0.6 ,um) chromosomes a gradual decrease in size was observed. Among the 40chromosomes, 35 were median centromeric with arm ratios between 1.0 and 1.6, two (Nos.

9-10) were submedian with the arm ratio of 1.8. The other three chromosomes did notshow any position of centromere.


10. Grammatophyllum stapeliiflorum (Teijsm. et Binn.) J. J. Sin., 2n=40, Tables 1 and44,Fig.43.

One plant was obtained from Indonesia. Pseudobulbs were slender, fusiform, upto 12cmlong with a few leaves at the top. Leaves were lanceolate to about 25 cm by 6 cm. In-florescences were pendulous with 6-10 flowers. Flowers were 3.5 cm wide across and palebrown in color with many small reddish brown spots.

The chromosome number of the plant for this species was 2n=40 at mitotic metaphase,

which was reported here for the first time.The chromosomes at resting stage and mitotic prophase were similar in morphology to

those of Cym. goeringii described above. The chromosome features at resting stage were ofthe complex chromocenter type.

The 2n = 40 chromosomes at mitotic metaphase showed a gradual decrease in lengthfrom the longest (1.8 /mi) to the shortest (1.1 fxm) chromosomes. Among the 40 chromo-somes, 35 were median centromeric with arm ratios between 1.0 and 1.6, and the other five(Nos. 13-14, 23, 28-29) submedian with arm ratios between 1.8 and 2.0.


'•E

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2 3 8 9 10 ll 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

E21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40

Fig. 43. Grammatophyllum stapeliiflorum, 2n = 40. A, flowers. B, chromosomes at resting stage. C,chromosomes at mitotic prophase. D and E, chromosomes at mitotic metaphase. Bar indicates 24 mmin A and3 /an in B-E.


ll. Cyrtopodium andersonii (Andrews) R. Br., 2n=46, Tables 1 and 45, Fig. 44.

One plant was obtained from Brazil. Pseudobulbs were slender cylindrical upto 60 cm

% *

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lot

kG •Ez •E

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21

E ft

22 23

・・

24 25

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26 I 27 28 29 3 0 31 32 S3 34 8 6 36 37 38 89 40

4 1 42 43 44 46 46

Fig. 44. Cyrtopodium andersonii, 2n =46. A, a flower. B, chromosomes at resting stage. C, chromo-somes at mitotic prophase. D and E, chromosomes at mitotic metaphase. Bar indicates 10 mm in Aand 3 urn in B-E.

50 MIKIO AOYAMA

long. Inflorescences were erect and paniculate with many flowers. Flowers were 3.5 cmwide across. Sepals were yellowish green in color, and petals and lips were yellow in color.

The chromosome number of the plant for this species was 2n=46 at mitotic metaphase,which was reported here for the first time.



from the longest (1.7 /im) to the shortest (0.8 jum) chromosomes. Among the 46 chromo-somes, 23 were median centromeric with arm ratios between 1.0 and 1.7, eight (Nos. 3-4,ll-12, 20-21, 42-43) submedian with arm ratios between 1.8 and 3.0, and two (Nos. 18-19) subterminal with the arm ratio of 3.3.


12. Cyrtopodium punctatum (L.) Lindl., 2n=46, Tables 1 and 46, Fig. 45.

Two plants were obtained from Brazil. Pseudobulbs were also slender cylindrical, upto40 cm long. Leaves were linear, lanceolate, upto 30 cm long and 3 cm wide. Flowers were3.5 cm wide across. Sepals and petals were yellowish green in color spotted with reddishbrown. Lips were yellow in color with reddish brown margin.

The chromosome number of the two plants of this species was 2n=46 at mitotic metaph-

>**.VL# •E->

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8 47

8 1 0 l l 1 2 I S I t I S 1 6 1 7 1 8 1 9 »

- I t w v § m § m m m m m § m m n m m2 i a

E4 1 4 2

a 2 5 s

4 4 4 5 4 8

2 7 2 8 8 0 3 1 8 4 S S 3 6 8 7 8 8 4 0

F i g . 4 5 . C y r t o p o d i u mp u n c t a t u m ,2 n = 4 6 .A , f l o w e r s .B , c h r o m o s o m e sa t r e s t i n g s t a g e . C , c h r o m o -s o m e sa t m i t o t i cp r o p h a s e .D a n dE , c h r o m o s o m e sa t m i t o t i c m e t a p h a s e .B a r i n d i c a t e s 1 0 m mi n Aa n d 3 f i m i n B - E .


ase, which was reported here for the first time.The chromosomes at resting stage and mitotic prophase were different in morphology

from those of Cyrto. andersonii described above, but were similar to those of Cym. mac-rorhizon. The chromosome features at resting stage were intermediate between the simplechromocenter type and the complex chromocenter type.

The chromosome complement of the 2n = 46 chromosomes at mitotic metaphase indi-cated a degaradation in chromosome length from the longest (2.2 fim) to the shortest (1.2

fim) chromosomes. Among the 46 chromosomes, 34 were median centromeric with armratios between 1.0 and 1.6, six (Nos. 29-30, 33-34, 37-38) submedian with arm ratios be-tween 1.8 and 2.2 and four (Nos. 41-44) subterminal with the arm ratio of 3.3. The other

chromosomes did not show their centromeres.This species showed a homogeneous and gradual karyotype and a symmetric karyotype.

13. Eulophia guineensis Lindl., 2n=54, Tables 1 and 47, Fig. 46.

One plant was obtained from Africa. Pseudobulbs were ovoid, conical and had a fewleaves. Inflorescences were erect with about ten flowers. Flowers were about 5 cm wideacross. Sepals and petals were recurved and purplish brown in color. Lips were rose purplecolored.

The chromosome number of the plant of this species was 2n=54 at mitotic metaphaseand was here reported for the first time.

The chromosomes at resting stage and mitotic prophase were similar in morphology tothose of Cym. macrorhizon described above. The chromosome features at resting stage

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8 9 10 ll 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19

21 22 23 24 2S 26 27 28 29 30 31

ESS 34 85 38 87 40

41 42 43 44 16 46 47 48 49 60 61 52 53 54

Fig. 46. Eulophia guineensis, 2n=54. A, flowers. B, chromosomes at resting stage. C, chromosomes atmitotic prophase. D and E, chromosomes at mitotic metaphase. Bar indicates 15 mm in A and 3 fan inB-E.

52 MIKIO AOYAMA

were intermediate between the simple chromocenter type and the complex chromocenter

type.The 2n = 54 chromosomes at mitotic metaphase showed a gradual decrease in length

from the longest (1.7 /jm) to the shortest (0.8 ,um) chromosomes. Among the 54 chromo-somes, 20 were median centromeric with arm ratios between 1.0 and 1.7, and 18 (Nos. 3-4,7-8, ll-18, 25-26, 31, 38, 47-48) submedian with arm ratios between 1.8 and 3.0.


14. Eulophia paniculata Rolfe, 2n=60, Tables 1 and 48, Fig. 47.

One plant was obtained from Madagascar. Pseudobulbs were ovoid, conical with fiveangles and had two leaves at the top. Leaves were thick, linear upto 20 cm long and 1.2 cmwide, and had numerous white spots. The plant has not flowered yet in our Garden.

The chromosome number of the plant for this species was counted to be 2n=60 at mito-tic metaphase, which was reported here for the first time.

The chromosomes at resting stage and mitotic prophase were similar in morphology tothose of Cym. macrorhizon described above. The chromosome features at resting stagewere intermediate between the simple chromocenter type and the complex chromocenter


from the longest (1.7 /an) to the shortest (0.7 /an) chromosomes. Among the 60 chromo-

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_ctttlitlMiliiiiiftii

1 8 J 4 8 6 7 8 9 10 ll 12 IS 14 15 tt 17 18 19 20

I li liilfiiiifiMiiif21 2J 23 24 25 26 2? 2S 29 SO 3i 82 83 3* 3S 8S S7 38 39 «

Ef l l ll l t A i l i f i i i t •E * •E •E41 42 43 44 « 48 47 48 49 50 61 52 53 54 55 «3 57 88 59 60

Fig. 47. Eulophia paniculata, 2n=60. A, a specimen. B, chromosomes at resting stage. C, chromo-somes at mitotic prophase. D and JE, chromosomes at mitotic metaphase. Bar indicates 30 mm in A

and 3 |Um in B-E.


somes, 38 were median centromeric with, arm ratios between 1.0 and 1.7, 17 (Nos. 7, 21-23, 26-27, 32-34, 38-45) submedian with arm ratios between 1.8 and 3.0, and the otherfive (Nos. 8-ll, 46) subterminal with arm ratios between 3.5 and 3.6.


15. Eulophiapetersii Rchb. f., 2n=48, Tables 1 and 49, Fig. 48.

One plant was obtained from Africa. Pseudobulbs were fusiform, upto 10 cm long witha few leaves near the top. Leaves were thick and linear upto 30 cm long and 2 cm wide. In-florescences were erect with many flowers. Flowers were 3 cm wide across. Sepals and pet-als were recurved and green in color. Lips were white colored with reddish purple veins.

The chromosome number of the plant was 2n = 48 at mitotic metaphase, which con-firmed the previous report of the haploid chromosome number of n=24 (Hall 1965).


The 2n = 48 chromosome complement at mitotic metaphase showed a gradual decreasein length from the longest (5.1 /Am) to the shortest (1.2 ,um) chromosomes. Among the 48

% %^ v» .»~i*li•E*

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llOiMiitlilUillii1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 ll 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

itftlissiftstttissaf2 1 22 23 24 26 26 27 28 3 1 32 33 34 86 36 37 39 40

41 42 43 44 46 46 47 48

Fig. 48. Eulophia petersii, 2n=48. A, a flower. B, chromosomes at resting stage. C, chromosomes atmitotic prophase. D and E, chromosomes at mitotic metaphase. Bar indicates 7 mm in A and 3 /im inB-E.

54 MIKIO AOYAMA

chromosomes, 19 were median centromeric with arm ratios between 1.0 and 1.7, 27 (Nos.1-2/7-9, ll-12, 15-20, 22-26, 29-30, 35-36, 43-46, 48) submedian with arm ratios be-

tween 1.8 and 3.0, and the other two (Nos. 13, 47) subterminal with the arm ratios of 3.2

and3.3.


16. Eulophia streptopetala Lindl., 2n=42, Tables 1 and 50, Fig. 49.

One plant was obtained from Africa. Pseudobulbs were ovoid with few leaves. Leaveswere plicate, upto 30 cm long and 4 cm wide. Inflorescences were erect with about tenflowers. Flowers were 4 cm wide across. Sepals were yellowish green in color with brownspots. Petals were yellow colored and twisted. Lips were yellow colored with reddish brownstripes.

The chromosome number of the plant of this species was 2n=42 at mitotic metaphasewhich was different from the previous report of 2n=40 (Hall 1965).


The chromosome complement with 2n= 42 at mitotic metaphase displayed a gradual de-crease in length from the longest (2.4 ^m) to the shortest (1.0 /xm) chromosomes. Amongthe 42 chromosomes, 30 were median centromeric with arm ratios between 1.0 and 1.7, ll

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__B

iliimtttuiiiitiii1 2 8 4 6 6 7 8 9 1 0 l l 1 2 I S 1 4 I B 1 6 1 7 1 8 1 9 2 0

tlllHItltltltllllil2 1 2 2 1 2 3 2 4 2 6 2 6 2 7 2 8 2 9 3 0 3 1 3 2 8 3 3 4 8 5 3 6 3 7 8 8 8 9 4 0

Eltl4 1 4 2

Fig . 49 . Eu loph ia s t rep tope ta la , 2n=42. A, f lowers . B , ch romosomesat res t ing s tage . C , chromosomesa t mi to t i c p rophase . D and E, chromosomesat mi to t i c me taphase . Bar ind ica tes 17 mm in A and 3 f iminB-E.


(Nos. 2, 5-6, 13-16, 20, 27, 39-40) submedian with arm ratios between 1.8 and 3.0, andthe other one (No. 19) subterminal with the arm ratio of 3.5.


17. Eulophiella Rolfei, 2n=52, Tables 1 and 51, Fig. 50.

This taxon is a hybrid between E. roempleriana and £. elisabethae, and has been culti-vated widely. Pseudobulbs were connected to each other by creeping rhizomes. Leaveswere plicate, upto 80 cm long and 8.5 cm wide. Inflorescences were suberect with large rosepurple flowers.

The chromosome number of the two plants was 2n=52 at mitotic metaphase which sup-ported the author's report (Aoyama et al. 1986).

The chromosomes at resting stage and mitotic prophase were similar in morphology tothose of Ansellia africana described above. Chromocentric bodies were slightly smaller thanthose of A. africana. The chromosome features at resting stage were intermediate betweenthe complex chromocenter type and the prochromosome type.

A gradual decrease in length was observed from the longest (2.3 jum) to the shortest (0.8/«n) chromosomes in the 2n = 52 chromosome complement at mitotic metaphase. Among

the 52 chromosomes, nine chromosomes were median centromeric with arm ratios between

__c _D

Illlltlfiiiiiiitiili9 10 ll 12 18 14 16 16 17 18 19 20

21 22 23 24 26 27 28 SO 31

Ei

34 85 87 88 89 40

624 1 42 43 44 46 46 47 48 60 51

Fig. 50. Eulophiella Rolfei, 2n=52. A, flowers. B, chromosomes at resting stage. C, chromosomes atmitotic prophase. D and E, chromosomes at mitotic metaphase. Bar indicates 40 mm in A and 3 /an inB-E.

56 MIKIO AOYAMA

1.0 and 1.7, 15 (Nos. 9-18, 21-22, 37-39) submedian with arm ratios between 2.0 to 3.0,ten (Nos. 1-8, 19-20) subterminal with arm ratios between 3.7 and 5.6, and the other two(Nos. 29-30) terminal with the arm ratio of 9.0. The latter two chromosomes had secon-

dary constricitons on the distal regions of short arms, and formed small satellites. The other16 chromosomes showed no clearly visible position of centromere.


18. Eulophiella roempleriana (Rchb. f.) Schltr., 2n=52, Tables 1 and 52, Fig. 51.

One plant was obtained from Madagascar. Pseudobulbs were fusiform, upto 10 cm longand 3 cm diameter and were separated from each others. Leaves were plicate, lanceolate,upto 80 cm long and 8 cm wide. The plant has not flowered yet in our Garden.

The chromosome number of the plant of this species was 2n =52 at mitotic metaphase,which was reported here for the first time.

The chromosomes at resting stage and mitotic prophase were similar in morphology tothose of E. Rolfei described above. The chromosome features at resting stage were in-termediate between the complex chromocenter type and the prochromosome type.

The 2n = 52 chromosomes at mitotic metaphase showed a gradual decrease in lengthfrom the longest (1.6 fim) to the shortest (0.6 ,um) chromosomes. Among the 52 chromo-somes, 14 were median centromeric with arm ratios between 1.0 and 1.7, 14 (Nos. 1-4, 6-7, 18-19, 29-31, 39, 42-43) submedian with arm ratios between 1.8 and 3.0, ll (Nos. 8,ll-16, 20-22, 32) subterminal with arm ratios between 3.3 and 5.5, and one (No. 23) ter-

^b^:!c_..' ^Ld*•E•E*«*»****** *»44t*<

10 ll 12 18 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

Illtttlit iliiiilnil<J1 0*3 fKJ »>,* »k o<i or? oo on «n oi «« 1 oo o^ oc oc f^r oo eo ja2 1 22 23 24 25 26 2? 29 SO 31

E#' » ** a •E•E* « m m -*> *•E*m4 1 42 43 44 46 46 47 48 « 50 51 62

3 4 86 38 3? 89 40

Fig. 51. Eulophiella roempleriana, 2n = 52. A, a specimen. B, chromosomes at resting stage. C,chromosomes at mitotic prophase. D and E, chromosomes at mitotic metaphase. Bar indicates 60 mm:~. a -j iinA and 3 /an in B-E.


minal with the arm ratio of ll.0. The other 12 chromosomes did not show any clearly visi-ble position of centromere.


19. Galeandra baueri Lindl., 2n=56, Tables 1 and 53, Fig. 52.

One plant was obtained from Panama. Pseudobulbs were slender, fusiform with a fewlinear leaves. Inflorescences were terminal and nutant with few flowers. Flowers were 4 cmwide across. Sepals and petals were yellowish brown in color. Lips were purple colored.

The chromosome number of the plant of this species was 2n= 56 at mitotic metaphase,which was reported here for the first time.


type.A gradual decrease in length was observed from the longest (1.8 /an) to the shortest (0.9

(Um) chromosomes in the 2n = 56 chromosome complement at mitotic metaphase. Amongthe 56 chromosomes, 49 were median centromeric with arm ratios between 1.0 and 1.7, and

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10 ll 12 IS 14 15 16 17 18 19

21 22 23 24 26

E27 28 30 31 34 85 37 38 89 40

4 1 42 43 46 46 47 48 49 60 51 53 54 66 66

Fig. 52. Galeandra baueri, 2n=56. A, a specimen. B, chromosomes at resting stage. C, chromosomesat mitotic prophase. D and E, chromosomes at mitotic metaphase. Bar indicates 14 mmin A and 3 faninB-E.

58 MIKIO AOYAMA

the other seven (Nos. 9-10, 14, 21-22, 35-36) submedian with arm ratios between 1.8 and2.2.


20. Galeandra devoniana Lindl., 2n=56, Tables 1 and 54, Fig. 53.

One plant was obtained from Brazil. Pseudobulbs were slender, fusiform. Leaves werelinear and about 15 cm.long. Inflorescences were terminal, nutant. Flowers were 6 cm wideacross. Sepals and petals were pale brown in color with maroon veins. Lips were white col-ored with purple veins near the apex.


The chromosomes at resting stage and mitotic prophase were similar in morphology tothose of Cym. macrorhizon described above. Chromocentric bodies were slightly largerthan those of G. baueri. The chromosome features at resting stage were intermediate be-tween the simple chromocenter type and the complex chromocenter type.

The 2n = 56 chromosomes at mitotic metaphase exhibited a degradation in length fromthe longest (1.8 fan) to the shortest (0.8 fim) chromosomes. Among the 56 chromosomes,19 were median centromeric with arm ratios between 1.0 and 1.5, and three (Nos. 1-2, 5)were submedian with arm ratios between 1.8 and 2.0.

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III! 5 6 g 9 10 1 1 12 13 M 15 1$ 1? 18 19 20

lliiiiliiiiiiiiiiiii21 22 !3 24 25 26 27 SS 29 30 S1 32 33 34 35 38 37 38 39 «

it1111111i•Ei•E ll i •E« 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 60 61 52 58 64 66 66

Fig. 53. Galeandra devoniatia, 2n = 56. A, a specimen. B, chromosomes at resting stage. C, chromo-somes at mitotic prophase. D and E, chromosomes at mitotic metaphase. Bar indicates 15 mm in Aand 3 jim in B-E.



21. Geodorum densiflorum (Lam.) Schltr., (Japanese name: Tosakameotoran), 2n = 54,

Tables 1 and 55, Fig. 54.

One plant was obtained from Okinawa Prefecture, Japan. Pseudobulbs were ovoid witha few leaves at the apex. Leaves were plicate upto 45 cm long and 5 cm wide. Infloresc-ences were erect and nutant near the top. Flowers were clustered and white colored.

The chromosome number of the plant for the species was 2n=54 at mitotic metaphase,which confirmed Kulkarni and Jorapur (1979).



from the longest (1.3 ym) to the shortest (0.6 /an) chromosomes. Among the 54 chromo-somes, 22 were median centromeric with arm ratios between 1.0 and 1.6, three (Nos. 3-4,18) submedian with the arm ratio of 2.0, and two (Nos. 13-14) subterminal with the arm

ratio of 3.5. The other 27 chromosomes showed no clearly visible position of centromere.This species showed a homogeneous and gradual karyotype and a symmetric karyotype.

_�

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#,.'*{jt

- llf«f»

Al

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M

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1 2 8 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 ll 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

21 22 23 24 26 26 27 28 29 30 31 82 83 34188 86 37 38 89 40

Et *•E•E•E •E« *«*« * •E '!41 42 43 U 46 46 47 48 4S 50 51 G2 6S S4

Fig. 54. Geodorum densiflorum, 2n=54. A, a specimen. B, chromosomes at resting stage. C, chromo-somes at mitotic prophase. D and E, chromosomes at mitotic metaphase. Bar indicates 28 mm in Aand 3 /mi in B-E.

60 MIKIO AOYAMA

22. Graphorkis scripta (Thouars) Kuntze, 2n=54, Tables 1 and 56, Fig. 55.

One plant was obtained from Madagascar. Pseudobulbs were fusiform. Decidious leaveswere plicate, lanceolate, upto 25 cm long and 5 cm wide. Inflorescences were erect and

paniculate with many flowers. Flowers were 1.5 cm wide across and yellowish green coloredwith maroon-colored spots.

The chromosome number of the plant of this species was 2n=54 at mitotic metaphase,which was reported here for the first time.

The chromosomes at resting stage and mitotic prophase were similar in morphology tothose of Cym. macrorhizon described above. Chromocentric bodies were slightly larger

than those of Cym. macrorhizon. The chromosome features resting stage were intermediatebetween the simple chromocenter type and the complex chromocenter type.

The 2n=54 chromosomes at mitotic metaphase showed a degradation in length from thelongest(1.6 /an) to the shortest (0.7 ^m) chromosomes. Among the 54 chromosomes, 28were median centromeric with arm ratios between 1.0 and 1.5, six (Nos. 1, 13-14, 34-36)submedian with the arm ratios between 2.0 and 2.6, and two (Nos. 23-24) terminal witharm ratios of 9.0 and 8.0.


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mmfiti

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8 9 10 ll 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

_� # # •E •E # •E •E « •E •E •E2 1 22 2 4 26 26 27 28 3

0 313 4|35 36 37 39 40

E» * •E * •E •E •E * •E « •E •E •E «41 42 43 44 46 46 47 48 49 60 61 52 53 64

Fig. 55. Graphorkis scripta, 2n=54. A, a flower. B, chromosomes at resting stage. C, chromosomes atmitotic prophase. D and E, chromosomes at mitotic metaphase. Bar indicates 3 mm in A and 3 /im inB-E.


23. Oecoclades saundersiana (Rchb. f.) Garay et Tayler, 2n =58, Tables 1 and 57, Fig.56.

Two plants were obtained from Africa. Pseudobulbs were slender, fusiform and had twoleaves at the apex. Leaves were coriaceous, upto 20 cm long and 4 cm wide. Inflorescenceswere basal and erect with about 20 flowers. Flowers were 3 cm wide across and pale brownin color with brown veins.

The chromosome number of the two plants was 2n=58 at mitotic metaphase and con-firmed the previous report in a synonym of this species, Eulophidium saundersianum by Ar-rushdi (1971).

The chromocentric bodies at resting stage were slightly smaller than those of Cym.goeringii, and the early condensed segments at mitotic prophase were mostly formed in theproximal regions of both chromosome arms. The chromosome features at resting stage wereof the complex chromocenter type.

The 2n = 58 chromosomes at mitotic metaphase displayed a gradual decrease in lengthfrom the longest (1.6 /^m) to the shortest (0.9 /an) chromosomes. Among the 58 chromo-somes, 54 were median centromeric with arm ratios between 1.0 and 1.6, and the other four(Nos. 3, 37-38, 53) were submedian with arm ratios between 2.0 and 2.6. Two chromo-somes (Nos. 37-38) had secondary constrictions on the distal regions of short arms, andformed small satellites.


•E1 2 3 4 5 8 9 10 ll 12 18 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

In•E•E21 22 23 24 27 28 29 31 32 34 86

El41 42 43 44 46 47 48 49 60 61 52 64 86 66

37 38

57 68

39 40

Fig. 56. Oecoclades saundersiana, 2n = 58. A, flowers. B, chromosomes at resting stage. C, chromo-somes at mitotic prophase. D and E, chromosomes at mitotic metaphase. Bar indicates 12 mm in Aand 3 fim in B-E.

62 MIKIO AOYAMA

24. Cremastra appendiculata (D. Don) Makino, (Japanese name: Saihairan), 2n = 48,Tables 1 and 58, Fig. 57.

One plant was obtained from Hiroshima Prefecture, Japan. Subterranean pseudobulbswere globose and formed a plicate leaf upto 30 cm long and 6 cm wide. Inflorescences wereerect with many flowers. Flowers did not open fully. Sepals and petals were creamy brownin color, and lips were rose purple in color.

The chromosome number of the plant was 2n = 48 at mitotic metaphase, which con-firmed Tanaka (1965).

The chromosomes at resting stage and mitotic prophase were similar in morphology tothose of Cym. macrorhizon described above. The chromosome features at resting stagewere intermediate between the simple chromocenter type and the complex chromocentertype. •E

The 2n = 48 chromosomes at mitotic metaphase displayed a gradual decrease in lengthfrom the longest (1.7 ^m) to the shortest (0.9 jum) chromosomes. All of the 48 chromo-somes were median centromeric with arm ratios between 1.0 and 1.4.


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•Eliiiiiaiiiilfllliii21 22 23 24 2S 26 27 28 29 30 31 S2 S3 34 3E 88 37 88 89 40

41 42 43 44 46 48 47 48

Fig. 57. Cremastra appendiculata, 2n =48. A, flowers. B, chromosomes at resting stage. C, chromo-somes at mitotic prophase. D and E, chromosomes at mitotic metaphase. Bar indicates 12 mm in Aand 3 /«n in B-E.

25. Oreorchis patens (Lindl.) Lindl., (Japanese name: Kokeiran), 2n=48, Tables 1 and

59,Fig.58.

One plant was obtained from Hirosima Prefecture, Japan. Subterranean pseudobulbs


were globose and had two linear leaves upto 20 cm long and 2 cm wide. Inflorescences wereerect with many flowers. Flowers were 1 cm wide across. Sepals and petals were yellow col-ored, and lips were creamy white.

The chromosome number of the plant was counted to be 2n=48 at mitotic metaphaseand confirmed the previous reports by Ohno et al. (1957) and Mutsuura and Nakahira(1958).

The chromosomes at resting stage and mitotic prophase were similar in morphology tothose of Cym. macrorhizon described above. Two chromocentric bodies at resting stagewere about 2 jxm diameter, larger than other chromocentric bodies. The chromosome fea-tures at resting stage were intermediate between the simple chromocenter type and thecomplex chromocenter type.

The 2n = 48 chromosome complement at mitotic metaphase in this species consisted oftwo groups of chromosomes; two large chromosomes of 2.4 and 2.2 /im and 46 smallchromosomes which showed a gradual decrease in length from 1.9-0.9 fim chromosomes.

Among the 48 chromosomes, 41 were median centromeric with arm ratios between 1.0 and1.7, five (Nos. 8, 16-18, 48) submedian with arm ratios between 1.8 and 3.0, and the othertwo (Nos. 3-4) subterminal with the arm ratios of 5.3 and 5.0.

This species showed a heterogeneous and bimodal karyotype and a symmetric

karyotype.

t•E%»V

_

B _ C _D

Ill S 9 10 ll 12 18 14 15 16 1? 18 19 20

29 30 31 32 SS 34

36 37 3 9 4021 22 23 24 2S 26 27

E*m m mm m •E41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48

Fig. 58. Oreorchis patens, 2n =48. A, flowers. B, chromosomes at resting stage. C, chromosomes atmitotic prophase. D and E, chromosomes at mitotic metaphase. Bar indicates 10 mm in A and 3 fim inB-E.

26. Warrea costaricensis Schltr., 2n=52, Tables 1 and 60, Fig. 59.

One plant was obtained from Panama. Pseudobulbs were small and covered by persis-

64 MIKIO AOYAMA

tent sheaths. Leaves were plicate, lanceolate upto 40 cm long and 7 cm wide. Inflorescenceswere erect with a few flowers. Flowers were 6 cm wide across. Sepals and petals were cop-pery brown in color. Lips were creamy yellow colored in most parts and reddish purple at

thebase.The chromosome number of the plant of the species was 2n=52 at mitotic metaphase,

which was reported here for the first time.The chromosomes at resting stage and mitotic prophase were similar in morphology to

those of Cym. macrorhizon described above. The chromocentric bodies were slightly largerthan those of Cym. macrorhizon. The chromosome features, at resting stage were interme-

diate between the simple chromocenter type and the complex chromocenter type.In the chromosome complement of 2n = 52 in this species a gradual decrease in length

was observed from the longest (2.4 [im) to the shortest (0.9 fan) chromosomes. Among the52 chromosomes, 32 were median centromeric with arm ratios between 1.0 and 1.6, and theother 20 chromosomes (Nos. 3-4, 7-10, 16-20, 33-38, 49, 51-52) were submedian witharm ratios between 1.8 and 3.0.


^ .">.r%;

4 ^

%'

f -r» x *9

_

c æf_D

l llltli ll1 2 8 4 9 10 ll 12 13 U IB 18 17 18 19 20

•E•Efa§«t%tftttt#*At»**21 2Z 23 S4 25 28 27 28 29 80 31 32 33 34 S6 36 S7 S8 S9 40

E*•E&«*«•E*•E«**41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 60 51 62

Fig. 59. Warrea costaricensis, 2n = 52. A, a specimen. B, chromosomes at resting stage. C, chromo-somes at mitotic prophase. D and E, chromosomes at mitotic metaphase. Bar indicates 25 mm in Aand 3 jwm in B-E.

27. Chrysoglossum ornatum Blume, 2n=36, Tables 1 and 61, Fig. 60.

One plant was obtained.from Formosa. Pseudobulbs were fusiform, were separatedfrom each other, and had a leaf on the apex. Inflorescences were erect with several flowers.


Flowers were 3 cm wide across. Sepals and petals were yellowish green in color with smallbrown spots. Lips were white colored with purple spots.



type.The 2n= 36 chromosomes at mitotic metaphase performed a gradual decrease in length

from the longest (4.0 fim) to the shortest (1.5 fim) chromosomes. All of the 36 chromo-somes were median centromeric with arm ratios between 1.0 and 1.6.


%

UiH>s;mni<iiif$2 S 9 10 1 1 12 IS 14 IS 16

Dltlltltlllllttll21 22 23 24 27 28 29 31 32 34 86 86

Fig. 60. Chrysoglossum ornatum, 2n=36. A, chromosomes at resting stage. B, chromosomes at mitoticprophase. C and D, chromosomes at mitotic metaphase. Bar indicates 3 /an in A-D.

28. Eriopsis biloba Lindl., 2n=40, Tables 1 and 62, Fig. 61.

One plant was obtained from Peru. Pseudobulbs were oblong, ovoid, with a few leavesnear the apex. Leaves were coriaceous upto 40 cm long and 7 cm wide. Flowers were 3.5cmwide across and yellowish brown in color bordered with maroon.

The chromosome number of the plant for this species was counted to be 2n=40 at mito-tic metaphase and confirmed the previous report by Darker and Jones (1970).

The chromosomes at resting stage and mitotic prophase were similar in morphology to

66 MIKIO AOYAMA


the complex chromocenter type.A gradual decrease in length was observed from the longest (3.1 fan) to the shortest (1.3

jitm) chromosomes in the mitotic-metaphase chromosome complement of 2n = 40. Amongthe 40 chromosomes, 21 were median centromeric with arm ratios between 1.0 and 1.7, five(Nos. 4, 17, 28-30) submedian with arm ratios between 1.8 and 2.3, and seven (Nos. 19-20, 23-25, 31-32) terminal with arm ratios between 3.5 and 5.0. However, the other sevenchromosomes did not show any clearly visible position of centromere.

This species showed a homogeneous and gradual karyotyp.e and a symmetric karyotype.

_D

inutiimiittsiatt1 2 » 10 ll 12 IS 14 15 tt 17 18 19 2Q

Etll21 22 27 28 29 80 31 83 34 35 88 37 89 40

Fig. 61. Eriopsis biloba, 2n=40. A, a specimen. B, chromosomes at resting stage. C, chromosomes atmitotic prophase. D and E, chromosomes at mitotic metaphase. Bar indicates 35 mm in A and 3 /an inB-E.

29. Grobya amherstiae Lindl., 2n=54, Tables 1 and 63, Fig. 62.

One plant was obtained from Brazil. Pseudobulbs were globose with a few leaves nearthe apex. Leaves were linear, lanceolate upto 25 cm long and 1 cm wide. Inflorescenceswere decumbent with several flowers. Flowers were 3 cm wide across and pale yellow col-ored. Petals were reticulated with brown netted veins.

The chromosome number of the plant for this species was counted to be 2n=54 at mito-tic metaphase, which was reported here for the first time.

The chromosomes at resting stage and mitotic prophase were similar in morphology to


those of Cym. goeringii described above. The chromosome features at resting stage were ofthe complex chromocenter type.

The 2n = 54 chromosomes at mitotic metaphase showed a gradual decrease in lengthfrom the longest (2.1/im) to the shortest (0.7 /an) chromosomes. Among the 54 chromo-somes, 35 were median centromeric with arm ratios between 1.0 and 1.6, 18 (Nos. 2-10,12-19, 48) submedian with arm ratios between 1.8 and 2.6, and the other one (No. 1) sub-terminal with the arm ratio of 3.2.


t Im

* i:

V'. "Jfc

l>* å *å -*

_ B _ C •E_LD

l i •E•E•E#•E«9 10 ll 12 14 IB 18 IT 18 »

27 28 30 31 32 33 34

%•E •E •E 94

1 42 43 45 46 47 48 49 60 51 62 58 M

21 22 23 24

e# a •E •E

I H i U I M88 37 38 38 40

Fig. 62. Grobya amherstiae, 2n=54. A, flowers. B, chromosomes at resting stage. C, chromosomes atmitotic prophase. D and E, chromosomes at mitotic metaphase. Bar indicates 12 mm in A and 3 /*m inB-E.

Discussion

I. Karyomorphological characteristics

1. Chromosome numbers

Among chromosome numbers of 30 species of Cymbidium and 28 species and one hyb-rid of its 19 allied genera studied (Table 1), those of four species of Cymbidium and 16 spe-cies of its 13 allied genera were recorded here for the first time; 2n=36 for Chrysoglossumornatum; 2n = 40 for Acriopsis javanica, Cym. aliciae, Cym. canaliculatum, Cym. chloran-thum, Cym. madidum and Grammatophyllum stapeliiflorum; 2n = 42 for Ansellia afrieana;2n = 46 for Cyrtopodium andersonii, Cyrto. punctatum and Dipodium paludosum; 2n = 52for Cymbidiella flabellata, Eulophiella roempleriana and Warrea constaricensis; 2n = 54 for

68 MIKIO AOYAMA

Eulophia guineensis, Graphorkis scripta and Grobya amherstiae; 2n = 56 for Galeandrabaueri and Gal. devoniana; 2n = 60 for Eulophia paniculata. The present chromosomecounts of 2n=38, 43 and 57 in Cym. javanicum reaffirmed the previous report by Aoyamaand Tanaka (1988), and those of 2n= 52 in Cymbidiella pardalina and 2n=42 in Eulophiastreptopetala corrected the previous reports by Wimber (1957) and Hall (1965).

Thus, the chromosome numbers of Cymbidium indicated an aneuploid series with 2n=38, 39, 40, 41, 43 and 57. The majority of the species of Cymbidium studied had 2n=40chromosomes excepting three species with the 2n=38 chromosomes have been found. Thechromosome numbers of 2n = 39 and 43 seemed to contain one and five supernumerarychromosomes; 2n =38 + 1 supernumerary chromosome and 2n =38 + 5 supernumerarychromosomes. Similarly, the chromosome number of 2n = 41 means 2n = 40 + 1 super-numerary chromosome. The 2n=57 seemed to be triploid with the basic chromosome num-ber of x= 19. Thus, two groups with respect to the different chromosome numbers of 2n=38 and 40 could be seen in Cymbidium.

The chromosome numbers of ten species in six genera belonged to subtribe Cymbidiinae

except for Cymbidium were varied with 2n=40, 42, 46 and 54, although same chromosomenumber was seen in the species of each genus studied. In contrast, the chromosome num-bers of 15 species and one hybrid in ten genera belonged to subtribe Cyrtopodiinae variedwith 2n=42, 46, 48, 52, 54, 56, 58 and 60. The same chromosome numbers were counted inthe species in three genera, while the different chromosome numbers of 2n=42, 48, 54 and60 were counted in the four species of Eulophia. The chromosome number of one speciesbelonged to subtribe Collabiinae was the lowest number of 2n=36 among the chromosomenumbers given during the course of investigation. The chromosome number of one speciesbelonged to subtribe Maxillariinae was 2n =40, while that of one species belonged to sub-tribe Grobynae was 2n=54.

2. Morphology of the chromosomes at resting stage

The chromosomes at resting stage throughout the taxa studied were observed as chro-momeric granules, fibrous threads and chromatin blocks. The chromatin blocks were highlyvariable in number, size and shape.

Three different karyotypes were recognized following Tanaka (1971): The intermediatetype between the simple chromocenter type and the complex chromocenter type, which wascharacterized by their smaller and fewer chromocentric bodies, was observed in 16 taxa in12 genera. The complex chromocenter type characterized by their many larger chro-mocentric bodies was observed in 36 taxa in seven genera. The intermediate type betweenthe complex chromocenter type and the prochromosome type characterized by large anddarkly stained chromocentric bodies, and lightly stained chromomeric granules and fibrousthreads was observed in seven taxa in four genera.


3. Morphology of the chromosomes at mitotic prophase

The chromosomes at mitotic prophase of Cymbidium formed many early condensed seg-ments at the interstitial regions of both chromosome arms. They got joined with each otherduring to the progress of cell division. The distal regions of the chromosomes showed most-

ly delayed condensations.Morphological characteristics of the chromosomes at mitotic prophase in the genera

allied to Cymbidium were similar to those of Cymbidium. However, the short arms of sub-telocentric and telocentric chromosomes were usually condensed later than the long arms.In the species carrying small chromosomes such as Acriopsis javanica and Dipodium paludo-sum the early condensed segments were located in the proximal and interstitial regions of

their chromosomes.

4. Morphology of the chromosomes at mitotic metaphase

Among the 59 taxa in the 20 genera studied, only Grammangis ellisii which had four dis-tinguishably large chromosomes and Oreorchis patens which two distinguishably largechromosomes exhibited heterogeneous and bimodal karyotypes. The other 57 taxa showed

homogeneous and gradual karyotypes.The average chromosome length in the chromosome complements at mitotic metaphase

in Cymbidium was as 3.0 nm. The extremes of the chromosome lengths were the longestchromosome of 4.5 //m in Cym. faberi and the shortest chromosome of 1.9 jttm in Cym.chloranthum. In contrast, the average chromosome length in the chromosome complemantsat mitotic metaphase in ten taxa in six genera belonged to subtribe Cymbidiinae except forCymbidium was 1.6 jian. The extremes of the chromosome length were the longest chromo-some of 2.2 /jxn in Grammatophyllum scriptum and the shortest chromosome of 1.0 jum inAcriopsis javanica. The average chromosome lengths in the chromosome complements atmitotic metaphase in 16 taxa in ten genera belonged to subtribe Cyrtopodiinae was 1.3 (an.The extremes of the chromosome lengths were the longest chromosome of 2.5 (an inEulophia petersii and the shortest chromosome of 0.8 (jxn in Geodorum densiflorum. In theother three taxa of Chrysoglossum ornatum (subtribe Collabiinae), Eriopsis biloba (sub-tribe Maxillariinae) and Grobya amherstiae (subtribe Grobynae), the average chromosome

lengths were 2.5, 2.0 and 1.2 (im, respectively.The average arm ratio in the chromosome complements at mitotic metaphase in Cymbi-

dium was 1.5. The arm ratios ranged from 2.1 in Cym. madidum to 1.2 in Cym. dayanum,

Cym.finlaysonianum, Cym. eburneum and Cym. parishii. The average arm ratio in the spe-cies studied in subtribe Cymbidiinae except for Cymbidium was 2.2. The arm ratios rangedfrom 4.1 in Cymbidiella flabellata to 1.2 in Acriopsis javanica. The average arm ratio in thechromosome complements at mitotic metaphase in the species studied in subtribe Cyrtopo-diinae was 1.7. The arm ratios ranged from 3.1 in Eulophiella Rolfei to 1.1 in Cremastraappendiculata. In the other three taxa of Chrysoglossum ornatum, Eriopsis biloba and

Grobya amherstiae, the average arm ratios were 1.2, 1.9 and 1.5, respectively.

70 MIKIO AOYAMA

Among the 59 taxa studied, 53 taxa showed symmetric karyotypes and the other six taxa(two taxa of Ansellia, two taxa of Cymbidiella and two taxa of Eulophiella) showed in-

termediate karyotype between the symmetric and the asymmetric karyotypes.Secondary constrictions mostly located near the distal regions of short arms were

observed in 15 taxa in five genera. Their satellites were small in size. The secondary con-strictions of Cym. canaliculatum were located at the proximal regions of the short arms ofcertain chromosomes at mitotic metaphase, and those of Cym. madidum were located at theinterstitial regions of the long arms. Thus, these two taxa were quite different in position of

secondary constriction from the other taxa studied. Their satellites were large.

5. Karyomorphological types

With respect to chromosome morphology at resting stage and chromosome length andarm ratio at mitotic metaphase, the karyotypes observed in the 59 taxa were grouped intoseven types described as follows:

Type A. Intermediate type between the simple and complex chromocenter types at rest-ing stage; homogeneous, gradual and symmetric karyotype at mitotic metaphase; averagechromosome length of over 2.0 ;um; 2n=36 and 38. This type was observed in four taxa intwo genera; Cym. macrorhizon, Cym. javanicum, Cym. lancifolium and Chrysoglossum

ornatum.Type B. Intermediate type between the simple and complex chromocenter types;

homogeneous, gradual and symmetric karyotype; average chromosome length of less than2.0 /im; 2n=40, 46, 48, 52, 54, 56 and 60. This type was observed in ll taxa in nine genera;Acriopsis javanica, Cyrtopodium punctatum, Dipodium paludosum, Eulophia guineensis, E.paniculata, Galeandra baueri, G. devoniana, Geodorum densiflorum, Graphorkis scripta,Cremastra appendiculata and Warrea costaricensis.

Type C. Intermediate type between the simple and complex chromocenter types; heter-ogeneous, bimodal and symmetric karyotype; average chromosome length of less than 2.0;um; 2n=48. This type was observed only in Oreorchis patens..

Type D. The complex chromocenter type; homogeneous, gradual and symmetrickaryotype; average chromosome length of over 2.0 jira.; 2n = 40 and 48. This type wasobserved in 29 taxa in four genera; Cymbidiwn goeringii, Cym, aliciae, Cym. ensifolium,Cym. faberi, Cym. kanran, Cym. sinense, Cym. dayanum, Cym. aloifolium, Cym. finlayso-nianum, Cym. floribundum, Cym. canaliculatum, Cym. madidum, Cym. devonianum, Cym.elegans, Cym. mastersii, Cym. whiteae, Cym. iridioides, Cym. hookerianum, Cym. insigne,Cym. longifolium, Cym. lowianum, Cym. tracyanum, Cym. eburneum, Cym. parishii, Cym.erythrostylum, Cym. tigrinum, Grammatophyllum scriptum, Eulophia petersii and Eriopsisbiloba.

Type E. The complex chromocenter type; homogeneous, gradual and symmetrickaryotype; average chromosomelength of less than 2.0 fim; 2n=40, 42, 46, 54 and 58. Thistype was observed in seven taxa in six genera; Cymbidium chloranthum, Grammatophyllumspeciosum, G. stapeliiflorum, Cyrtopodium andersonii, Eulophia streptopetala, Oecoclades


saundersiana and Grobya amherstiae.Type F. Intermediate type between the complex chromocenter type and the prochromo-

some type; heterogeneous, bimodal and symmetric karyotype; average chromosome lengthof less than 2.0 /mi; 2n=54. This type was observed only in Grammangis ellisii.

Type G. Intermediate type between the complex chromocenter type and the prochromo-some type; homogeneous, gradual and intermediate karyotype between the symmetric andthe asymmetric karyotypes; average chromosome length of less than 2.0 /im; 2n=42 and 52.This type was observed in six taxa in three genera; Ansellia africana, A. gigantea, Cymbi-diella flabellata, C. pardalina, Eulophiella Rolfei and E. roempleriana.

II. Cytotaxonomical investigations in Cymbidium and its allied genera

1. Genus Cymbidium

Schlechter (1924) first studied the systematic classification of Cymbidium. He describedCyperorchis separated from Cymbidium by the distinct characters of slender column and lipunited at its base to the sides of the column. Then, he divided Cymbidium into eight sec-tions and Cyperorchis into four sections. Hunt (1970) treated Cyperorchis into a subgenusrank of Cymbidium, equal rank to the Schlechter's sections. In contrast, Seth and Cribb(1981) reviewed and classified three subgenera and the previous nine sections and addition-al three sections in Cymbidium by the distinct characters such as number of pollinia, lip uni-ty and so on.

As compared with Seth and Cribb's system (1981), karyomorphological relationships on30 taxa of Cymbidium were studied and discussed as follows:

1) Subgenus Jensoa

Among nine taxa studied in this subgenus, Cym. macrorhizon in section Pachirizantheand Cym. lancifolium and Cym. javanicum in section Geocymbidium had the 2n = 38chromosome number and the intermediate karyotype between the simple and complexchromocenter types at resting stage, and were classified into type A. The other six taxa insection Maxillarianthe and section Jensoa had the 2n = 40 chromosome number and thecomplex chromocenter type at resting stage, and were classified into type D. Cymbidiumaliciae belonged to section Jensoa was chracterized by lower average chromosome length

and higher average arm ratio than the other taxa. Supernumerary chromosomes wereobserved in three taxa in this subgenus. The triploid chromosome number was counted in aplant of Cym. javanicum.

Thus, the species studied in this subgenus could be divided karyomorphologically intotwo different groups. Those two groups were quite different in chromosome number andkaryotype at resting stage from each other.

72 MIKIO AOYAMA

2) Subgenus Cymbidium

Among six sections of this subgenus of Seth and Cribb's system (1981), five were investi-gated using their eight taxa. All of the taxa had the 2n =40 chromosome number andshowed the complex chromocenter type at resting stage. Cymbidium chloranthum had theaverage chromosome length of 1.9 fim. It was classified karyomorphologically into type E,

while the other seven taxa were classified into type D.Cymbidium canaliculatum and Cym. madidum in section Austrocymbidium had secon-

dary constrictions on the proximal regions of the short arms of certain two chromosomesand the interstitial regions of the long arms of certain two chromosomes, respectively.These satellited chromosomes in the two taxa were very conspicuous, since the secondaryconstrictions of the other taxa were located near the distal regions of the short arms of cer-tain chTomosomes. Cymbidium chloranthum in this section showed the shortest averagechromosome length among the members of Cymbidium studied.

Thus, this subgenus included the taxa with karyomorphological uniformity except forone taxon, although section Austrocymbidium of this subgenus had taxa varied in positionof secondary constriction and chromosome length.

3) Subgenus Cyperorchis

The eight taxa investigated in five sections had the 2n = 40 chromosome number andshowed the complex chromocenter type at resting stage. Two taxa in section Eburneashowed commonly the average arm ratio of 1.2, which was lower in value than the other

taxa in the other sections.Thus, this subgenus included the taxa with quite high karyomorphological uniformity.

2. Allied genera

Various phylogenetic arrangements on Cymbidium and its allied genera have been prop-osed by some workers: Schlechter (1926) treated that Cymbidium was placed in subtribeCymbidiinae and was related to Ansellia, Dipodium, Grammatophyllum and so on. Dressierand Dodson (1960) and Dressier (1974) supported besically Schlechter's system (1926), but

changed rankings of some genera between subtribe Cymbidiinae and other subtribes. Incontrast, Dressier (1981) treated that Cymbidium placed in subtribe Cymbidiinae was com-bined together with some other genera in the subtribe into subtribe Cyrtopodiinae. Thus,they were considered to be closely related to Cyrtopodium, Eulophia, Galeandra and so on.

As compared with Dressier and Dodson's system (1960), karyomorphological rela-tionships on 29 taxa in 19 genera allied to Cymbidium were studied and discussed as fol-

lows:


1) Subtribe Cymbidiinae

Among the ten taxa in six genera in this subtribe, four taxa in two genera had thechromosome number of 2n=40, two taxa in a genus 2n=42, a taxon in a genus 2n=46, twotaxa in a genus 2n=52 and a taxon in a genus 2n=54. Their chromosome morphologies atresting stage and mitotic metaphase were different from each other in this subtribe.

The karyotype of Grammatophyllum scriptum was classified into type D which was com-monly observed in most of the taxa of Cymbidium, while that of Grammatophyllum spe-ciosum and G. stapeliiflorum was classified into type E which was observed in Cym. chlor-

anthum. However, the other genera showed different karyotypes from Cymbidium werelisted as follows; Acriopsis javanica and Dipodium paludosum for type B, Grammangis elli-sii for type F. Two taxa of Ansellia and two taxa of Cymbidiella were placed in type G.

Thus, this subtribe included complex genera varying karyomorphologically. Gramma-tophyllum seemed the most close relative of Cymbidium according to the similarity ofkaryotypes.

2) Subtribe Cyrtopodiinae

Among the 16 taxa in ten genera in this subtribe, a taxon in a genus had the chromo-some number of 2n=42, two taxa in a genus 2n=46, three taxa in three genera 2n=48,three taxa in two genera 2n=52, two taxa in a genus 2n=56, one taxon in a genus 2n=58and one taxon in a genus 2n = 60. Their chromosome morphologies at resting stage andmitotic metaphase were different from each other in this subtribe. This subtribe showed re-latively higher chromosome numbers but smaller arm ratios than those of subtribe Cymbi-

diinae.The karyotype of Eulophia petersii was classified into type D which was commonly

observed in most of the taxa of Cymbidium, while that of Eulophia streptopetala and Cyrto-podium andersonii was classified into type E which was observed in Cym. chloranthum.However, the other taxa showed different karyotypes from Cymbidium were listed as fol-lows; Cyrtopodium punctatum, Dipodium paludosum, Eulophia guineensis, E. paniculata,Galeandra baueri, G. devoniana, Geodorum densiflorum, Graphorkis scripta, Cremastraappendiculata and Warrea costaricensis for type B, Oreorchis patens for type C andEulophiella Rolfei and E. roempleriana for type G.

Thus, this subtribe included complex genera varying karyomorphologically. Four taxa inEulophia were different in chromosome number and karyotype from each other, and thisgenus was karyomorphologically heterogeneous.

3) Subtribe Collabiinae

According to Dressler's system (1974, 1981), Chrysoglossum in this subtribe was trans-ferred into subtribe Cyrtopodiinae which included Cymbidium. The chromosome number ofChrysoglossum ornatum was 2n = 36, the lowest among the chromosome numbers in thetaxa investigated. The karyotype of this taxon was classified into type A which was

74 MIKIO AOYAMA

observed in Cym. macrorhizon.

4) Subtribe Maxillariinae

According to Dressler's system (1974, 1981), Eriopsis in this subtribe was transferredinto subtribe Cyrtopodiinae. The chromosome number of Eriopsis biloba was 2n=40, andthe karyotype was classified into type D which was observed in most of the taxa of Cymbi-dium studied.

5) Subtribe Grobynae

Dressier (1974, 1981) transferred Grobya from this subtribe into subtribe Cyrtopodiinae.The chromosome number of Grobya amherstiae was 2n =54, and the karyotype was classi-fied into type E which was observed in Cym. chloranthum.

As a conclusion of the karyomorphological studeis on 59 taxa of Cymbidium and itsallied genera, the taxa were different from in chromosome number and karyotype each

other. The chromosomes at resting stage in all of the taxa showed karyomorphologically thecomplex chromocenter type and its variations on the basis of the features of chromocentricbodies. Thus, the karyomorphological comparisons of the resting nuclei and the prophaseand metaphase chromosomes are necessary to justify phylogenetic relationships among the

species of Cymbidium and its allied genera.

Summary

Karyomorphological observations were made in 30 taxa in Cymbidium and 29 taxa in itsallied 19 genera (Table 1).The chromosome numbers of four taxa in Cymbidium and 16 taxa in its allied 13 genera

were reported here for the first time. The chromosome numbers of Cymbidiella pardali-na (2n = 52) and Eulophia streptopetala (2n = 42) counted here were different from theprevious reports, while those of the other 26 taxa of Cymbidium and ll taxa of tengenera verified the previous reports.The chromosomes at resting stage classified into the chromocenter type were found in

all of the 30 taxa in Cymbidium and 29 taxa in the allied genera investigated. The chro-mocenter type was divided into three subdivisions by difference in chromocentric bodies;(1) intermediate type between the simple chromocenter type and the complex chro-mocenter type found in 16 taxa in 12 genera, (2) complex chromocenter type found in36 taxa in seven genera and (3) intermediate type between the complex chromocenter

type and the prochromosome type found in seven taxa in four genera.Most of the taxa showed homogeneous and gradual karyotypes. Grammangis ellisii and

Oreorchis patens had two and four extremely large chromosomes, respectively, and thusshowed heterogeneous and bimodal karyotypes.


The highest average chromosome length in the taxa of Cymbidium studied at mitoticmetaphase was 4.5 jxm found in Cym. faberi while the lowest was 1.9 ^m in Cym. chlor-anthum. Most of the 30 taxa of Cymbidium studied had the average chromosome lengthof 3.0 ;Um at mitotic metaphase. The highest average chromosome length at mitoticmetaphase in the 29 taxa in the 19 allied genera studied was 2.5 [im found in Eulophiapetersii and Chrysoglossum ornatum, while the lowest was 0.8 (xva in Geodorum densif-lorum.The highest average arm ratio at mitotic metaphase calculated was 2.1 found in Cym.madidum and the lowest was 1.2 in four taxa of Cymbidium. Most of the 30 taxa ofCymbidium studied had the average arm ratio of 1.5 calculated at mitotic metaphase.The highest average arm ratio calculated at mitotic metaphase in the 29 taxa in the 19allied genera was 4.1 found in Cymbidiella flabellata, while the lowest was 1.1 in Cre-mastra appendiculata.Secondary constrictions were observed near the distal regions of the short arms of cer-

tain chromosomes in 15 taxa in five genera, while the secondary constriction in Cym.canaliculatum was located at the proximal region of the short arm and that in Cym.madidum in the interstitial region of the long arm.With respect to karyomorphological features the 59 taxa studied here could be grouped

into seven types as follows:Type A. Intermediate type between the simple and complex chromocenter types;

homogeneous, gradual and symmetric karyotype; average chromosome length of over2.0 ;Um; 2n = 36 and 38; and represented by Cym. macrorhizon, Cym. lancifolium,Cym. javanicum and Chrysoglossum ornatum.

Type B. Intermediate type between the simple and complex chromocenter types;homogeneous, gradual and symmetric karyotype; average chromosome length of lessthan 2.0 ^m; 2n=40, 46, 48, 52, 54, 56 and 60; and represented by Acriopsis javanica,Cyrtopodium punctatum, Dipodium paludosum, Eulophia guineensis, E. paniculata,Galeandra baueri, G. devoniana, Geodorum densiflorum, Graphorkis scripta, Cremas-tra appendiculata and Warrea costaricensis.

Type C. Intermediate type between the simple and complex chromocenter types; heter-ogeneous, bimodal and symmetric karyotype; average chromosome length of less than2.0 jira; 2n=48; and represented by Oreorchis patens.

Type D. The complex chromocenter type; homogeneous, gradual and symmetrickaryotype; average chromosome length of over 2.0 jxva; 2n = 40 and 48; and repre-sented by Cymbidium 26 spp., Grammatophyllum scriptum, Eulophia petersii andEriopsis biloba.

Type E. The complex chromocenter type; homogeneous, gradual and symmetrickaryotype; average chromosome length of less than 2.0 jim; 2n=40, 42, 46, 54 and 58;and represented by Cym. chloranthum, Grammatophyllum speciosum, G. stapeliiflor-um, Cyrtopodium andersonii, Eulophia streptopetala, Oecoclades saundersiana andGrobya amherstiae.

Type F. Intermediate type between the complex chromocenter type and the prochromo-some type; heterogeneous, bimodal and symmetric karyotype; average chromosome

76 MIKIO AOYAMA

length of less than 2.0 fim; 2n=54; and represented by Grammangis ellisii.Type G. Intermediate type between the complex chromocenter type and the prochromo-

some type; homogeneous, gradual and intermediate between the symmetric and theasymmetric karyotype; average chromosome length of less than 2.0 /an; 2n = 42 and52; and represented by Ansellia africana, A. gigantea, Cymbidiella flabellata, C. par-dalina, Eulophiella Rolfei and E. roempleriana.

9. The karyomorphological types described above were compared with the taxonomicaltreatments of Cymbidium by Seth and Cribb (1981) and its allied genera by Dressier andDodson (1960).1) Genus Cymbidium

Among nine taxa in subgenus Jensoa, three taxa placed in two section Pachirizantheand Geocymbidium showed the karyomorphological type A and the other six taxaplaced in two sections Maxillarianthe and Jensoa showed the karyomorphological typeD. Seven taxa in subgenus Cymbidium except for Cym. chloranthum and 13 taxa insubgenus Cyperorchis showed the karyomorphological type D, but, Cym. chloranthumshowed the karyomorphological type E.

2) Allied 19 generaFive karyomorphological types, B, D, E, F and G were found in the ten taxa placed

in subtribe Cymbidiinae. The type B was found in two taxa placed in two differentgenera, the type D in one taxon the type E in two taxa within a genus, the type F inone taxon, and the type G in two taxa placed in two different genera. Five karyomor-phological types, B, C, D, E and G were found in the 16 taxa placed in subtribe Cyr-topodiinae. The type B was found in ll taxa in eight genera, the type C in one taxon,the type D in one taxon, the type E in one taxon and the type G in two taxa within agenus. Chrysoglossum ornatum placed in subtribe Collabiinae, Eriopsis biloba placedin subtribe Maxillariinae and Grobya amherstiae placed in subtribe Grobynae showedthe type A, the type D and the type E, respectively.

Acknowledgements

This work has been carried out under the direction of Professor Dr. Ryuso Tanaka ofHiroshima University, to whom the author wishes to express his sincerest gratitude. The au-thor wishes similarly to express his cordial thanks to Dr. Katsuhiko Kondo, Associate Pro-fessor of Faculty of Integrated Arts and Sciences, Hiroshima University and Dr. KohjiKarasawa, Director of the Hiroshima Botanical Garden, for their valuable suggestions dur-ing the course of this study.

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Table

2.M

easu

rem

ents

ofso

matic

chro

mos

omes

ofCy

mbi

dium

mac

rorh

izon

atmi

totic

meta

phas

e,2n

-38

Table

3.M

easu

rem

ents

ofso

matic

chro

mos

omes

ofCy

mbi

dium

lancif

olium

atmi

totic

meta

phas

e,2n

=38

Chro

mos

ome

Leng

th(ju

m)

Relat

ive

lengt

hAr

mra

tioFo

rm

12

.6

+2

.8

-5

.4

3.6

1.

0

22

.1

+3

.3

=5

.4

3.6

1.5

32

.6

+2

.6

=5

.2

3.5

1.0

42

.1

+3

.0

=5

.1

3.4

1.4

52

.3

+2

.4

=4

.7

3.1

1.0

61

.9

+2

.8

=4

.7

3.]

1.

4

71

.8

+2

.9

=4

.7

3.1

1.

6

81

.8

+2

.8

-4

.6

3.1

1.

5

91

.9

+2

.6

=4

.5

3.0

1.

3

10

2.0

+2

.4

=4

.4

2.9

1.2

ll

1.9

+2

.5

=4

.4

2.9

1.3

12

1.9

+2

.4

=4

.3

2.9

1.2

13

1.8

+2

.5

=4

.3

2.9

1.3

14

2.1

+2

.1

=4

.2

2.8

1.0

15

1.1

+2

.9

-4

.0

2.7

2.

6

16

1.0

+3

.0

=4

.0

2.7

3.

0

17

2.0

+2

.1

=4

.1

2.7

1.

0

18

1.8

+2

.1

=3

.9

2.6

1.1

19

1.9

+1

.9

=3

.8

2.5

1.0

20

1.8

+2

.0

=3

.8

2.5

1.1

21

1.8

+2

.0

=3

.8

2.5

1.1

22

1.8

+2

.0

-3

.8

2.5

1.1

23

1.3

+2

.4

=3

.7

2.5

1.8

24

1.3

+2

.4=

3.7

2.5

1.8

25

1.4

+2

.4=

3.8

2.5

1.

7

26

1.8

+1

.8

=3

.6

2.4

1.0

27

1.6

+2

.0

=3

.6

2.4

1.2

28

1.5

+2

.0

=3

.5

2.3

1.3

29

1.6

+1

.5

+2

.4

=3

.5

*2

.3

2.1

30

0.5

+1

.4

+2

.3

=3

.2

*2

.1

2.5

31

1.3

+2

.0

=3

.3

2.2

1.5

32

1.3

+2

.0

=3

.3

2.2

1.

5

33

1.2

+2

.0

=3

.2

2.1

1.

6

34

1.1

+1

.9

=3

.0

2.0

1.7

35

1.0

+2

.0

=3

.0

2.0

2.0

36

1.0

+2

.0

-3

.0

2.0

2.0

37

1.8

+2

.0

=2

.8

1.9

2.5

38

1.9

+1

.8

=2

.7

1.8

2.0

Ch

rom

oso

me

Le

ng

th(,u

m)

Re

lati

ve

len

gth

Arm

rati

oF

orm

11

.3+

1.9

=3

.23

.71

.4m

21

.1

+2

.0=

3.1

3.6

1.8

sm

31

.4+

1.5

=2

.93

.31

.0m

41

.4+

1.4

=2

.83

.21

.0m

51

.3

+1

.5=

2.8

3.2

1.1

m

61

.3+

1.

5=

2.8

3.2

].]

ni

71

.1

+1

.6

=2

.73

.11

.4m

81

.3+

1.4

=2

.73

.11

.0Il

l

90

.9+

1.8

=2

.73

.12

.0sm

100

.6+

2.0

=2

.63

.03

.3st

n1

.1

+1

.5=

2.6

3.0

1.3

m

12

1.3

+1

.3=

2.6

3.0

1.0

m

13

1.3

+1

.3=

2.6

3.0

1.0

m

141

.1

+1

.4=

2.5

2.9

1.2

in

151

.0+

1.

5=

2.5

2.9

1.5

m

161

.1

+1

.3

=2

.42

.71

.1m

171

.1

+1

.3

=2

.42

.71

.1m

181

.1

+1

.3

=2

.42

.71

.1m

191

.1

+1

.3=

2.4

2.7

1.1

m

201

.0+

1.4

=2

.42

.71

.4m

21

0.4

+1

.9=

2.3

2.6

4.7

st

22

0.6

+1

.6=

2.2

2.5

2.6

sm

23

0.8

+1

.4=

2.2

2.5

1.7

m

24

0.8

+1

.3=

2.

12

.41

.6m

25

0.8

+1

.3=

2.

12

.41

.6m

26

1.0

+1

.0=

2.0

2.3

1.0

m

27

1.0

+1

.0=

2.0

2.3

1.0

m

280

.9+

1.

1=

2.0

2.3

1.2

m

290

.5+

1.5

=2

.02

.33

.0sm

300

.5

+1

.4=

1.9

2.2

2.8

sm

31

0.9

+1

.0=

1.9

2.2

1.1

m

32

0.8

+1

.0=

1.8

2.1

1.2

m

33

0.8

+1

.0=

1.8

2.1

1.2

m

34

0.8

+1

.0=

1.8

2.1

1.2

m

35

0.8

+1

.0=

1.8

2.1

1.2

in

36

0.6

+0

.9

=1

.51

.71

.5in

370

.6+

0.

9=

1.5

1.7

1.5

m

380

.5+

0.8

=1

.31

.51

.6m

o > o >

*'•E

Chr

omos

ome

with

seco

ndary

cons

tricti

on

Table

4.M

easu

rem

ents

ofso

matic

chro

mos

omes

ofCy

mbidi

umjav

anicu

mat

mitot

icme

tapha

se,

2n=3

8Ta

ble5.

Mea

sure

men

tsof

soma

ticch

rom

osom

esof

Cymb

idium

java

nicu

mat

mitot

icme

tapha

se,

2n=4

3

Leng

thGu

m)

Relat

ive

lengt

hAr

mra

tioLe

ngth

(^m

)Re

lativ

elen

gth

Arm

ratio

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 ll 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38

1.4+

1

1.4+

1

1.4+

1

1.4+

1

1.3+

1

1.4+

1

1.3+

1

1.1+

1

1.3+

1

1.1+

1

1.0+

1

1.1+

1

1.0+

1

1.1+

1

1.0+

1

1.1+

1

1.0+

1

1.0+

1

1.0+

1

0.9+

1

0.4+

1

0.4+

1

0.8+

1

1.0+

1

1.0+

1

1.0+

1

0.6+

1

0.5+

1

0.4+

1

0.9+

1

0.9+

1

0.9+

1

0.8+

1

0.8+

1

0.6+

0

0.6+

0

0.5+

0,

0.5+

0

.9=3

.3

.8=3

.2

.5=2

.9

.5=2

.9

.5=2

.8

.4=2

.8

.5=2

.8

.6=2

.7

.3=2

.6

.5=2

.6

.6=2

.6

.4=2

.5

.5=2

.5

.3=2

.4

.4=2

.4

.3=2

.4

.4=2

.4

.4=2

.4

.3=2

.3

.3=2

.2

.8=2

.2

.8=2

.2

.4=2

.2

.1=2

.1

.1=2

.1

.1=2

.1

.5=2

.1

.6=2

.1

.6=2

.0

.1=2

.0

.1=2

.0

.1=2

.0

.1=1

.9

.0=1

.8

.9=1

.5

.9=1

.5

.9=1

.4

.9=1

.4

3.8

1.3

3.7

1.2

3.3

1.0

3.3

1.0

3.2

1.1

3.2

1.0

3.2

1.1

3.1

1.4

3.0

1.0

3.0

1.3

3.0

1.6

2.9

1.2

2.9

1.5

2.7

1.1

2.7

1.4

2.7

1.1

2.7

1.4

2.7

1.4

2.6

1.3

2.5

1.4

2.5

4.5

2.5

4.5

2.5

1.7

2.4

1.1

2.4

1.1

2.4

1.

1

2.4

2.5

2.4

3.2

2.3

4.0

2.3

1.2

2.3

1.2

2.3

1.2

2.2

1.3

2.1

1.2

1.7

1.5

1.7

1.5

1.6

1.8

1.6

1.8

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 ll U 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43

1.9+

2

1.8+

21.

6+2.

1.6H

1.5H

1,3+

2.

1.5+

1

1.3- 1.3-

1.3- 1.4+

11.

5+1

1.3+

1

1.3+

10.

9+2

0.9+

1

0.9+

10.

6+2

0.5+

20.

5+2

1.3i

l.H 0.9-

0.9-

0.9

0.9 1.0+

10.

8+1

0.8+

1

0.6+

10.

5+1

0.8+

1

0.8+

10.

8+1

0.4+

1

0.5+

10.

8+0

0.6+

0 -+1 1-

1H

.1=4

.0

.1=3

.9.1

=3.7

.8=3

.4

.9=3

.4.1

=3.4

.8=3

.3

.0=3

.3.0

=3.3

.0=3

.3

.8=3

.2.6

=3.1

.8=3

.1

.8=3

.1.0

=2.9

.9=2

.8

.9=2

.8.0

=2.6

.1=2

.6

.1=2

.6.4

=2.7

.4=2

.5.4

=2.3

.4=2

.3

.4=2

.3

.3=2

.2.4

=2.2

.1=2

.1.1

=2.1

.3=2

.1

.3=2

.1

.4=2

.0.4

=1.9

1=1.

9

.1=1

.9.0

=1.8

.4=1

.8

.1=1

.68=

1.6

8=1.

4

5=1.

5

5=1.

54=

1.4

3.7

1.1

3.6

1.1

3.4

1.3

3.1

1.1

3.1

1.2

3.1

1.6

3.0

1.2

3.0

1.5

3.0

1.5

3.0

1.5

2.9

1.2

2.8

1.0

2.8

1.3

2.8

1.3

2.7

2.2

2.6

2.1

2.6

2.1

2.4

3.3

2.4

4.2

2.4

4.2

Z.

51

.0

2.3

1.2

2.1

1.5

2.1

1.5

2.1

1.5

2.0

1.4

2.0

1.7

1.9

1.

1

1.9

1.1

l.'J

1.6

1.9

1.6

1.8

2.3

1.7

2.8

1.7

1.3

1.7

1.3

1.7

1.2

1.7

3.5

1.5

2.2

1.

51

.0

1.

31

.3

1.4

1.4

1.

3

3 o g > d w a ow. I > o o 9 > o

Table

6.M

easu

rem

ents

ofso

mati

cch

rom

osom

esof

Cym

bidi

umja

vani

cum

atmi

totic

meta

phas

e,2n

=57

00

Table

6.co

ntinu

ed

Leng

th(,ur

a)

12

.6+

3.4

=6

.0

22

.6+

2.8

=5

.4

32

.6+

2.8

=5

.4

42

.6+

2.6

=5

.2

52

.6+

2.6

=5

.2

62

.1+

3.0

=5

.1

72

.0+

3.1

=5

.1

82

.4+

2.6

=5

.0

92

.3+

2.6

=4

.9

10

2.0

+2

.9=

4.9

ll

1.9

+3

.0=

4.9

12

2.0

+2

.8=

4.8

13

2.3

+2

.4=

4.7

14

1.9

+2

.8=

4.7

15

1.8

+2

.8=

4.6

16

2.1

+2

.4=

4.5

17

2.1

+2

.4=

4.5

18

1.9

+2

.6=

4.5

19

2.

0+

2.4

=4

.4

201

.8

+2

.6=

4.4

21

1.8

+2

.5=

4.3

22

1.4

+2

.8-

4.2

23

1.1

+3

.0=

4.1

241

.0

+2

.8=

3.

8

25

1.

6+

2.4

=4

.0

26

1.5

+2

.5=

4.0

27

1.5

+2

.2=

3.7

280

.8+

3.0

=3

.8

290

.8+

2.9

=3

.7

301

.0+

2.6

=3

.6

31

1.2

+2

.4=

3.6

321

.5

+2

.0=

3.

5

331

.4+

2.1

=3

.5

341

.3

+2

.1=

3.4

35

1.5

+1

.8=

3.3

36

1.3

+1

.9=

3.2

371

.0+

2.6

=3

.6

38).

1+

0.

5+

2.6

=3

.2

390

.6

+2

.6=

3.2

401

.3+

2.0

=3

.3

Relat

ivelen

gthAr

mrat

io

2.

71

.3

2.

51

.0

2.

51

.0

2.

41

.0

2.

41

.0

2.

31

.4

2.

31

.5

2.

31

.0

2.

21

.1

2.

21

.4

2.

21

.5

2.

21

.4

2.

21

.0

2.

21

.4

Z.

I1

.5

2.

11

.1

2.

11

.1

2.

11

.3

2.

01

.2

2.

01

.4

2.

01

.3

1.

92

.0

1.

92

.7

1.

72

.8

1.

81

.5

1.

81

.6

1.

71

.4

1.

73

.7

1.

73

.6

1.

62

.6

1.

62

.0

1.

61

.3

1.

61

.5

1.

61

.6

1.

51

.2

1.

51

.4

1.

62

.6

1.

54

.3

1.

54

.3

1.

51

.5

41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57

1.4+1

.6=3.0

1.1+1

.8=2.9

1.0+1

.9=2.9

1.0+1

.9=2.9

1.0+1

.9=2.9

1.1+1

.8=2.9

1.4+1

.4=2.8

1.3+1

.5=2.8

0.8+2

.1=2.9

1.0+1

.8=2.8

0.9+1

.9=2.8

1.3+1

.4=2.7

1.1+1

.6=2.7

1.0+1

.6=2.6

1.0+1

.6=2.6

1.0+1

.5=2.5

0.9+1

.5=2.4

1.

41

.1

1.

31

.6

1.

31

.9

1.

31

.9

1.

31

.9

1.

31

.6

1.

31

.0

1.3

1.

1

1.

32

.6

1.

31

.8

1.

32

.1

1.2

1.0

1.

21

.4

1.

21

.6

1.

21

.6

1.

11

.5

1.

11

.6

**

Chr

omos

ome

with

seco

ndar

yco

nstri

ction

5 o > o > >

Table

7.M

easu

rem

ents

ofso

matic

chro

mos

omes

ofCy

mbidi

umgo

ering

iiat

mitot

icmc

tapha

sc,

2n-4

0Ta

ble8.

Mea

sure

men

tsof

soma

ticch

rom

osom

esof

Cym

bidi

umali

ciae

atmi

totic

meta

phas

e,2n

=40

Ch

ro

mo

so

me

Le

ng

th

(jU

m)

Re

lative

le

ng

th

Arm

ra

tio

12

.4

+2

.5

=4

.9

3.6

1.0

22

.4

+2

.4

=4

.8

3.6

1.0

32

.1

+2

.6

=4

.7

3.5

1.2

42

.1

+2

.4

=4

.5

3.3

1.1

52

.0

+2

.5

=4

.5

3.3

1.2

62

.1

+2

.3

=4

.4

3.3

1.0

71

.8

+2

.6

=4

.43

.31

.4

82

.1

+2

.1

=4

.23

.1

1.0

91

.8

+2

.4

=4

.23

.1

1.3

10

2.0

+2

.1

=4

.1

3.0

1.0

ll

2.0

+2

.0

=4

.03

.0

1.0

12

2.0

+2

.0

=4

.03

.0

1.0

13

1.9

+2

.0

=3

.92

.9

1.0

14

1.8

+2

.1

=3

.92

.9

1.1

15

1.

1+

2.

6=

3.7

2.7

2.3

16

1.

1+

2.

6=

3.7

2.7

2.3

17

1.8

+1

.8

=3

.62

.7

1.0

18

1.

5+

2.

0=

3.5

2.6

1.3

19

1.

5+

1.6

=3

.1

2.3

1.0

20

1.

5+

1.6

=3

.1

2.3

1.0

21

1.

5+

1.

6=

3.1

2.3

1.0

22

1.

5+

1.6

=3

.1

2.3

1.0

23

1.

1+

2.0

=3

.1

2.3

1.8

24

1.

1+

1.9

=3

.0

2.2

1.7

25

0.

6+

2.3

=2

.9

2.1

3.8

26

0.

6+

2.3

=2

.9

2.1

3.8

27

1.4

+1

.5

=2

.9

2.1

1.0

28

1.3

+1

.5

=2

.8

2.1

1.1

29

1.0

+1

.9

=2

.9

2.1

1.9

30

1.0

+1

.8

=2

.8

2.1

1.8

31

1.3

+1

.5

=2

.8

2.1

1.

1

32

1.3

+1

.5

=2

.8

2.1

1.

1

33

1.3

+1

.4

=2

.7

2.0

1.0

34

1.1

+1

.6

=2

.7

2.0

1.4

35

1.0

+1

.5

=2

.5

1.9

1.5

36

1.0

+1

.4

=2

.4

1.8

1.4

37

1.0

+1

.1

=2

.1

1.6

1.

1

38

0.8

+1

.3

=2

.1

1.6

1.6

39

0.8

+1

.3

=2

.1

1.6

1.6

40

0.9

+1

.1

=2

.0

1.5

1.2

Leng

thdu

m)

Relat

ive

lengt

hAr

mra

tio

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 ll 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40

1.1+2

1.1+2

1.3+2

1.4+1

1.4+1

1.3+1

1.5+1

1.5+1

1.0+1

1.0+1

1.3+1

1.0+1

1.0+1

1.0+1

0.5+1

0.5+1

0.9+1

1.1+1

0.9+1

0.8+1

0.4+1

0.3+1

1.0+1

0.8+1

0.9+1

0.9+1

0.8+1

0.8+1

0.8+1

0.8+1

0.5+1

0.5+1

0.8+1

0.6+1

0.8+0

0.8+0

0.5+1

0.5+0

0.4+0

0.4+

0

4=3.5

3=3.4

.1=3.4 =3

.2

=3.2

.9=3.2

.6=3.1

.5=3.0 =2

.8

.8=2.8

.4=2.7

.5=2.5

.4=2.4

.3=2.3 =2

.4

=2.3

.4=2.3

1=2.2

.3=2.2

.4=2.2

.8=2.2 =2

.1

.1=2.1

.3=2.1

.1=2.0

1=2.0

.1=1.9

.1=1.9

.1=1.9

.0=1.8

.3=1.8

.3=1.8

.0=1.8

.0=1.6 :=

1.6

:=1.6

.0=1.5

.9=1.4 =1

.2

=1.2

3.9

2.1

3.8

2.0

3.8

1.6

3.5

1.2

3.5

1.2

3.5

1.4

3.4

1.0

3.3

1.0

3.1

1.8

3.1

1.8

3.0

1.0

2.8

1.5

2.6

1.4

2.5

1.3

2.6

3.8

2.5

3.6

2.5

1.5

2.4

1.0

2.4

1.4

2.4

1.7

2.4

4.5

2.3

6.0

2.3

1.1

2.3

1.6

2.2

1.2

2.2

1.2

2.1

1.3

2.1

1.3

2.1

1.3

z.o

1.2

2.0

2.6

2.0

2.6

2.0

1.2

1.8

1.6

1.8

1.0

1.8

1.0

1.7

2.0

1.5

1.8

1.3

2.0

1.3

2.0

> I d > > r w a a- w 25 tn > O o s 3 > > pa

Table

9.M

easu

rem

ents

ofso

matic

chro

mos

omes

ofCy

mbidi

umen

sifol

ium

atmi

totic

meta

phas

e,2n

=40

Table

10.

Mea

sure

men

tsof

soma

ticch

rom

osom

esof

Cymb

idium

fabei

atmi

totic

meta

phas

e,2n

=40

2

Leng

thdu

m)

Relat

ive

lengt

hAr

mra

tioFo

rmLe

ngtlj

(fim

)Re

lativ

elen

gth

Arm

ratio

10 ll 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40

2.3+

2

2.1+

2

2.1+

2

2.0+

2

1.8+

2

1.8+

2

1.8+

2

2.0+

2

1.6+

2

1.1+

2

1.9+

2

1.8+

2

1.6+

2

1.6+

2

1.3+

2

1.5+

2

1.5+

2

1.6+

1

0.9+

20.

9+2

1.3+

21.

3+2

1.4+

1

1.1+

21.

5+1

1.5+

11.

5+1

1.3+

1

1.4+

1

1.3+

1

1.3+

1

0.9+

1

1.1+

1

1.0+

1

1.1+

1

1.1+

1

0.8+

1

0.8+

1

1.1+

1

1.1+

1

.8=5

.1

.6=4

.7

.5=4

.6

.6=4

.6

.4=4

.2

.3=4

.1

.3=4

.1

.0=4

.0

.4=4

.0

.9=4

.0

.0=3

.9

.1=3

.9

.3=3

.9

.3=3

.9

.3=3

.63.

5

.0=3

.5

.8=3

.4

.5=3

.4

.4=3

.3

.0=3

.3

.0=3

.3

.8=3

.2

.1=3

.2 å 3.1

.5=3

.0

.5=3

.0

.6=2

.9

.4=2

.8

.5=2

.8

.5=2

.8

.9=2

.8

.5=2

.6

.6=2

.6

.4=2

.5

.1=2

.2

.6=2

.4

.4=2

.2

.1=2

.2

.1=2

.2

3.8

1.2

3.5

1.2

3.4

1.1

3.4

1.3

3.1

1.3

3.0

1.2

3.0

1.2

3.0

1.0

3.0

1.5

3.0

2.6

2.9

1.0

2.9

1.1

2.9

1.4

2.9

1.4

2.7

1.7

2.6

1.3

2.6

1.3

2.5

1.1

2.5

2.7

2.4

2.6

2.4

1.5

2.4

1.5

2.4

1.2

2.4

1.9

2.3

1.0

2.2

1.0

2.2

1.0

2.2

1.2

2.1

1.0

2.1

1.1

2.1

1.1

2.1

2.1

1.9

1.3

1.9

1.6

1.9

1.2

1.6

1.0

1.8

2.0

1.6

1.7

1.6

1.0

1.6

1.0

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 ll 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40

3.3

+3

.3

=6

.6

3.7

1.0

3.1

+3

.3

=6

.4

3.6

1.0

2.9

+3

.5

=6

.43

.6

1.2

2.9

+3

.4

=6

.3

3.5

1.1

2.8

+3

.3

=6

.1

3.4

1.1

2.5

+3

.3

=5

.8

3.2

1.3

2.3

+3

.5

=5

.8

3.2

1.5

2.5

+3

.3

=5

.8

3.2

1.3

2.8

+2

.9

=5

.7

蝣3

.2

1.0

2.3

+3

.3

=5

.6

3.1

1.4

2.3

+3

.3

=5

.6

3.1

1.4

2.6

+2

.9

=5

.5

3.1

1.

1

1.8

+3

.5

=5

.3

2.9

1.9

1.5

+3

.6

=5

.1

2.8

2.4

2.5

+2

:8

=5

.3

2.9

1.

1

2.0

+2

.8

=4

.8

2.7

1.4

2.0

+2

.6

=4

.6

2.6

1.3

1.9

+2

.6

=4

.5

2.5

1.3

2.1

+2

.3

=4

.4

2.4

1.0

2.0

+2

.4

=4

.4

2.4

1.2

2.0

+2

.3

=4

.3

2.4

1.

1

1.8

+2

.4

=4

.2

2.3

1.3

2.0

+2

.1

=4

.1

2.3

1.0

1.1

+3

.0

=4

.1

2.3

2.7

1.9

+2

.1

=4

.0

2.2

1.

1

1.6

+2

.4

=4

.0

2.2

1.5

1.8

+2

.0

=3

.8

2.

11

.1

0.7

+3

.0

=3

.7

2.

14

.3

0.8

+2

.9

=3

.7

2.

13

.6

1.5

+2

.0

=3

.5

1.9

1.3

1.5

+2

.0

=3

.5

1.9

1.3

1.1

+2

.4

=3

.5

1.9

2.1

1.1

+2

.3

=3

.4

1.9

2.0

1.3

+2

.0

=3

.3

1.8

1.5

1.0

+2

.1

=3

.1

1.7

2.1

1.1

+1

.8

=2

.9

1.

61

.6

1.0

+1

.9

=2

.9

1.

61

.9

1.0

+1

.9

=2

.9

1.

61

.9

0.8

+1

.8

=2

.6

1.4

2.2

0.8

+1

.5

=2

.3

1.

31

.8

o > o

Table

ll.M

easu

rem

ents

ofso

matic

chro

mos

omes

ofCy

mbidi

umka

nran

atmi

totic

metap

hase

,2n

=40

Table

12.

Mea

sure

men

tsof

soma

ticch

rom

osom

esof

Cymb

idium

kanr

anat

mitot

icm

etaph

ase,

2n=4

1

Chro

moso

meLe

ngth(

^m)

Relat

ivelen

gthAr

mrat

ioFo

rmCh

romo

some

Leng

th(^m

)Re

lative

length

Arm

ratio

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 ll 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40

2.4+2

2.3+2

2.1+2

2.1+2

2.0+2

1.9+2

2.1+2

1.9+2

1.8+2

2.0+2

2.0+2

1.8+2

1.6+2

1.5+2

1.3+2

1.3+2

1.8+2

1.6+1

1.6+1

1.6+1

1.6+1

1.5+2

1.5+2

1.5+1

1.0+2

1.1+2

1.1+2

0.9+2

1.5+1

1.5+1

1.0+2

0.8+2

0.9+2

0.9+2

0.9+1

0.8+1

0.6+2

0.5+2

1.0+1

1.0+

1

5=4.9

4=4.7

3=4.4

3=4.4

4=4.4

4=4.3

1=4.2

3=4.2

.3=4.1 0=4.0

0=4.0

.1=3.9

.3=3.9

.4=3.9

.6=3.9

.6=3.9 =3

.8

=3.5

=3.5

.9=3.5

.9=3.5

.0=3.5

.0=3.5

.9=3.4

.3=3.3

.1=3.2

.1=3.2

.3=3.2

.6=3.1

.6=3.1

.1=3.1

.3=3.1

.1=3.0

.0=2.9

.9=2.8 =2

.6

.0=2.6

.1=2.6

.3=2.3

.0=2.0

3.5

1.0

3.3

1.0

3.1

1.0

3.1

1.0

3.1

1.2

3.0

1.2

3.0

1.0

3.0

1.2

2.9

1.2

2.8

1.0

2.8

1.0

2.8

1.1

2.8

1.4

2.8

1.6

2.8

2.0

2.8

2.0

2.7

1.1

2.5

1.1

2.5

1.1

2.5

1.1

2.5

1.

1

2.5

1.3

2.5

1.3

2.4

1.2

2.3

2.3

2.3

1.9

2.3

1.9

2.3

2.5

2.2

1.0

2.2

1.0

2.2

2.

1

2.2

2.8

2.1

2.3

2.1

2.

2

2.0

2.

1

1.8

2.

2

1.8

3.

3

1.8

4.

2

1.6

1.

3

1.4

1.

0

2.

3+

2.4

=4

.71

.0

2.

1+

2.4

=4

.5

1.1

2.

1+

2.4

=4

.5

1.1

2.

1+

2.3

=4

.41

.0

2.

0+

2.1

=4

.1

1.0

2.

0+

2.1

=4

.1

1.0

1.

6+

2.3

=3

.9

1.4

8

1.6

+2

.3

=3

.9

2.9

1.4

9

1.5

+2

.3

=3

.8

2.8

1.5

1.6

+2

.1

=3

.7

1.3

1.6

+1

.8

=3

.41

.1

1.

4+

2.0

=3

.41

.4

1.5

+1

.8

=3

.3

1.2

1.5

+1

.8

=3

.3

1.2

1.4

+1

.9

=3

.3

1.3

1.3

+2

.0

=3

.3

1.5

1.0

+2

.3

=3

.3

2.3

1.6

+1

.6

=3

.2

1.0

1.4

+1

.8

=3

.2

1.2

1.4

+1

.8

=3

.2

1.2

1.3

+1

.9

=3

.2

1.4

1.1

+2

.0

=3

.1

1.8

1.5

+1

.6

=3

.1

1.0

1.5

+1

.6

=3

.1

1.0

0.8

+2

.3

=3

.1

2.8

1.4

+1

.6

=3

.0

1.

1

27

1.4

+1

.6

=3

.0

2.2

1.1

1.5

+1

.5

=3

.0

1.0

1.2

+0

.7

+2

.1

=3

.0

*2

.3

1.2

+0

.7

+2

.1

=3

.0

*2

.3

0.9

+2

.0

=2

.9

2.2

0.9

+2

.0

=2

.9

2.2

0.9

+2

.0

=2

.9

2.2

0.8

+2

.0

=2

.8

2.5

35

0.8

+1

.8

=2

.6

1.9

2.2

0.8

+1

.8

=2

.6

2.2

37

0.5

+1

.9

=2

.4

1.8

3.8

0.5

+1

.9

=2

.4

3.8

1.0

+1

.1

=2

.1

1.1

40

0.9

+1

.1

=2

.0

1.5

1.2

41

d+

2.6

=2

.6

1.9

do

t,

* '.

ch

ro

mo

so

me

wit

h se

co

nd

ary

co

ns

tric

tio

n

> O o Cd 3 d > o H > w a o tn m > O S 3 > o S2 tn ffi

Table

13.M

easu

rem

ents

ofso

mati

cch

rom

osom

esof

Cym

bidi

umsin

ense

atmi

totic

meta

phas

e,2n

=40

Table

14.

Mea

sure

men

tsof

som

atic

chro

mos

omes

ofCy

mbi

dium

daya

num

atmi

totic

meta

phas

e,2n

=40

Leng

ih(^

m)

Relat

ive

lengt

hAr

mra

tioLe

ngth

(f«n)

Relat

ive

lengt

hAr

mra

tio

10 ll 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40

2.4+

2

2.4+

22.

4+2

2.3+

2

2.3+

2

2.1+

2

2.0+

2

2.1+

22.

1+2

1.9+

2

2.1+

22.

0+2.

1.0+

3.

1.0+

31.

9+2

1.9+

1

1.6+

2

1.6+

1.

1.6+

1

1.3+

21.

6+1.

1.5+

1

1.4+

11.

3+1.

1.5+

1.

1.4+

1

0.6+

2

0.4+

2.

1.4+

1.

1.4+

1.

1.1+

1.

1.1+

1

0.5+

2

0.7+

1.

1.0+

1.

1.1+

1.

1.0+

1.

1.0+

1.

0.9+

1.0

.6+1

.

9=5.

3

8=5.

24=

4.8

4=4.

7

3=4.

6

4=4.

5

5=4.

5

3=4.

43=

4.4

5=4.

4

1=4.

21=

4.1

1=4.

1

0=4.

1

0=3.

9

9=3.

8

1=3.

79=

3.5

9=3.

5

1=3.

46=

3.2

6=3.

1

7=3.

1=3

.1

5=3.

0

6=3.

0

4=3.

0

6=3.

0

5=2.

9

5=2.

9

=2.9

5=2.

6

2=2.

7

=2.5

5=2.

5

1=2.

2

2=2.

2

0=2.

0

1=2.

0

3=1.

9

3.8

1.2

3.7

1.1

3.5

1.0

3.4

1.0

3.3

1.0

3.2

1.

1

3.2

1.2

3.2

1.0

3.2

1.0

3.2

1.3

3.0

1.0

3.0

1.0

3.0

3.1

3.0

2.7

2.8

1.0

2.7

1.0

2.7

1.3

2.5

1.1

2.5

1.1

2.4

1.6

2.3

1.0

2.2

1.0

2.2

1.2

2.2

1.3

2.2

1.0

2.2

1.1

2.2

4.0

2.2

6.5

2.1

1.0

2.1

1.0

2.1

1.6

1.9

1.3

1.9

4.4

1.8

2.5

1.8

1.5

1.6

1.0

1.6

1.2

1.4

1.0

1.4

蝣1

.2

1.4

2.1

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 ll 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40

1.5

+1

.8

=3

.3

3.3

1.2

1.3

+1

.8

=3

.1

3.

11

.3

1.3

+1

.8

=3

.1

3.

11

.3

1.4

+1

.6

=3

.0

3.

01

.1

1.5

+1

.5

=3

.0

3.0

1.0

1.4

+1

.5

=2

.9

2.9

1.0

1.4

+1

.5

=2

.9

2.

91

.0

1.3

+1

.6

=2

.9

2.9

1.2

1.3

+1

.6

=2

.9

蝣2

.9

1.2

1.3

+1

.6

=2

.9

2.9

1.2

1.4

+1

.5

=2

.9

2.9

1.0

1.4

+1

.5

=2

.9

2.9

1.0

1.3

+1

.5

=2

.8

2.8

1.1

1.3

+1

.4

=2

.7

2.7

1.0

1.3

+1

.4

=2

.7

2.7

1.0

1.1

+1

.5

=2

.6

2.6

1.3

1.1

+1

.5

=2

.6

2.6

1.3

1.3

+1

.3

=2

.6

2.6

1.0

1.3

+1

.3

=2

.6

2.6

1.0

1.1

+1

.5

=2

.6

2.6

1.3

1.1

+1

.4

=2

.5

2.5

1.2

1.1

+1

.4

=2

.5

2.5

1.

2

1.1

+1

.3

=2

.4

2.4

1.

1

1.1

+1

.3

=2

.4

2.4

1.1

1.0

+1

.4

=2

.4

2.4

1.4

1.0

+1

.3

=2

.3

2.3

1.

3

1.0

+1

.3

=2

.3

2.3

1.

3

1.0

+1

.3

=2

.3

2.3

1.3

.9

+1

.4

=2

.3

2.3

1.

5

1.1

+1

.1

=2

.2

2.2

1.0

0.8

+1

.4

=2

.2

2.2

1.7

0.8

+1

.4

=2

.2

2.2

1.7

1.1

+1

.1

=2

.2

2.2

1.0

1.0

+1

.0

=2

.0

2.0

1.0

0.6

+1

.4

=2

.0

2.0

2.3

0.6

+1

.4

=2

.0

2.0

2.3

0.9

+1

.0

=1

.9

1.9

1.

1

0.9

+0

.9

=1

.8

1.8

1.0

0.9

+0

.9

=1

.8

1.8

1.0

0.8

+0

.8

=1

.6

1.6

1.0

O >

Table

15.M

easu

rem

ents

ofso

matic

chro

mos

omes

ofCy

mbidi

umalo

ifoliu

mat

mitot

icme

tapha

se,

2n=4

0

Table

16.

Mea

sure

men

tsof

soma

ticch

rom

osom

esof

Cymb

idium

finlay

soni

anwn

atmi

totic

metap

hase

,2n

=40

Ch

ro

mo

so

me

Le

ng

th

(jw

m )

Re

lativ

e

len

gth

Arm

ratio

12

.3

+2

.6

=4

.9

3.1

1.1

22

.3

+2

.4

=4

.7

3.0

1.0

32

.1

+2

.6

=4

.7

3.0

1.2

42

.3

+2

.4

=4

.7

3.0

1.0

52

.1

+2

.6

=4

.7

3.0

1.2

62

.1

+2

.5

=4

.6

2.9

1.1

72

.0

+2

.6

=4

.6

2.9

1.3

82

.0

+2

.4

=4

.4

2.8

1.2

92

.0

+2

.3

=4

.3

2.7

1.1

10

1.4

+2

.9

=4

.3

2.7

2.0

ll

2.

1+

2.1

=4

.2

2.7

1.0

12

1.8

+2

.4

=4

.2

2.7

1.3

13

2.0

+2

.1

=4

.1

2.6

1.0

14

2.0

+2

.1

=4

.1

2.6

1.0

15

2.0

+2

.1

=4

.1

2.6

1.0

16

1.6

+2

.5

=4

.1

2.6

1.5

17

2.0

+2

.0

=4

.0

2.5

1.0

18

2.0

+2

.0

=4

.0

2.5

1.0

19

1.5

+2

.5

=4

.0

2.5

1.6

20

1.4

+2

.5

=3

.9

2.5

1.7

21

1.9

+2

.0

=3

.9

2.5

1.0

22

1.8

+2

.0

=3

.8

2.4

1.1

23

1.8

+2

.0

=3

.8

2.4

1.1

24

1.5

+2

.3

=3

.8

2.4

1.5

25

1.5

+2

.3

=3

.8

2.4

1.5

26

1.4

+2

.4

=3

.8

2.4

1.7

27

1.3

+2

.5

=3

.8

2.4

1.9

28

1.

1+

2.6

=3

.7

2.4

2.3

29

1.4

+2

.3

=3

.7

2.4

1.6

30

1.8

+1

.8

=3

.6

2.3

1.0

31

1.1

+0

.3

+3

.4

=3

.8

*2

.48

.5

32

1.1

+0

.3

+3

.1

=3

.5

*2

.27

.7

33

1.6

+1

.9

=3

.5

2.2

1.1

34

1.5

+2

.0

=3

.5

2.2

1.3

35

1.5

+2

.0

=3

.5

2.2

1.3

36

1.

1+

2.1

=3

.2

2.0

1.9

37

1.

1+

2.1

=3

.2

2.0

I Q

38

1.

1+

1.9

=3

.0

1.9

1.7

39

1.3

+1

.6

=2

.9

1.8

1.2

40

0.9

+2

.0

=2

.9

1.8

2.2

Leng

thdum

)Re

lative

length

Arm

ratio

12

.0+

2.3

=4

.3

21

.9+

2.3

=4

.2

31

.9+

2.1

=4

.0

41

.9+

2.0

=3

.9

51

.8+

2.0

=3

.8

61

.8+

2.0

=3

.8

71

.8+

2.0

=3

.8

81

.6+

2.1

=3

.7

91

.6+

2.0

=3

.6

10

1.6

+2

.0=

3.6

ll

1.6

+2

.0=

3.6

12

1.4

+2

.1=

3.5

13

1.4

+1

.9=

3.3

14

1.4

+1

.9=

3.3

151

.3+

2.0

=3

.3

16

1.4

+1

.8=

3.2

17

1.5

+1

.6=

3.1

18

1.3

+1

.8=

3.1

19

1.5

+1

.5=

3.0

20

1.4

+1

.6=

3.0

21

1.4

+1

.4=

2.8

22

1.4

+1

.4=

2.8

23

1.3

+1

.5=

2.8

24

1.3

+1

.5=

2.8

25

1.3

+1

.5=

2.8

26

1.3

+1

.4=

2.7

27

1.3

+1

.4=

2.7

28

1.3

+1

.3=

2.6

29

1.

1+

1.4

=2

.5

30

1.

1+

1.3

=2

.4

31

).1

+0

.4+

1.9

=2

.4

32

0.1

+0

.4+

1.8

=2

.3

33

1.

1+

1.

3=

2.4

34

1.

1+

1.

1=

2.2

35

1.

1+

1.

1=

2.2

361

.0+

1.

1=

2.1

371

.0+

1.0

=2

.0

380

.9+

1.

1=

2.0

39

0.9

+1

.1

=2

.0

40

0.9

+1

.0=

1.9

3.6

1.

1

3.5

1.2

3.3

1.

1

3.3

1.0

3.2

1.

1

3.2

1.1

3.2

1.

1

3.

11

.3

3.0

1.2

3.0

1.2

3.0

1.2

2.9

1.5

2.8

1.3

2.8

1.3

2.8

1.5

2.7

1.2

2.

61

.0

2.

61

.3

2.

51

.0

2.

51

.1

2.3

1.0

2.3

1.0

2.3

1.1

2.3

1.1

2.3

1.1

2.3

1.0

2.3

1.0

2.2

1.0

2.1

1.2

2.0

1.1

2.0

3.8

l.C

3.6

2.0

1.1

1.8

1.0

1.8

1.0

1.8

1.1

1.7

1.0

1.7

1.2

1.7

1.2

1.6

1.1

00

*;C

hrom

osom

ewi

thse

cond

ary

cons

tricti

on*

:Chr

omos

ome

with

seco

ndar

yco

nstri

ction

Table

17.

Mea

sure

men

tsof

som

atic

chro

mos

omes

ofCy

mbi

dium

florib

undu

mat

mitot

icm

etaph

ase,

2n=4

0Ta

ble18

.M

easu

rem

ents

ofso

matic

chro

mos

omes

ofCy

mbidi

umca

nalic

ulatu

mat

mitot

icm

etaph

ase,

2n=4

000 co

Chro

mos

ome

Leng

th(/i

m)

Relat

ive

lengt

hAr

mra

tioCh

rom

osom

eLe

ngth

(^m

)Re

lativ

elen

gth

Arm

ratio

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 ll 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25

1.5+2

1.5+2

1.5+1

1.4+1

1.4+1

1.4+1

1.3+1

1.5+1

1.5+1

1.3+1

1.4+1

1.3+1

1.0+1

1.1+1

1.1+1

1.1+1

1.0+1

1.0+1

0.9+1

0.9+1

0.5+1

0.5+1

1.0+1

1.0+1

.

0.5+1

.

0.6+1

.

0.8+1

0.8+1

.

0.8+1

.

0.8+1

.

0.9+1

.

0.9+1

.

0.6+1

.

0.6+1

.

0.6+1

.

0.5+1

.

0.8+1

.

0.8+0

.

0.8+0

.0

.5+0.

.3=3.8

.1=3.6

.8=3.3

3.2

.8=3.2 =3

.2

.9=3.2

.6=3.1

.6=3.1

.8=3.1

.6=3.0

.5=2.8

.6=2.6

.4=2.5

.4=2.5

.3=2.4

.4=2.4

.4=2.4

.5=2.4

.5=2.4

.9=2.4

.9=2.4

.3=2.3

3=2.3

8=2.3

6=2.2

3=2.1

3=2.1 =2

.1

3=2.1

1=2.0

0=1.9

4=2.0

3=1.9

3=1.9

4=1.9

0=1.8

9=1.7

9=1.7

9=1.4

3.

91

.5

3.6

1.4

3.3

1.2

3.2

1.2

3.2

1.2

3.2

1.

2

3.2

1.4

3.1

1.0

3.1

1.0

3.1

1.

3

3.0

1.

1

2.8

1.

1

2.6

1.6

2.5

1.2

2.5

1.2

2.4

1.1

2.4

1.4

2.4

1.4

2.4

1.6

2.4

1.6

2.4

3.8

2.4

3.8

2.

31

.3

2.3

1.3

2.3

3.6

2.2

2.6

2.

11

.6

2.1

1.

6

2.1

1.

6

2.1

1.6

2.0

1.2

1.9

1.

1

2.0

2.3

1.9

2.

1

1.9

2.

1

1.9

2.8

1.8

1.2

1.7

1.

1

1.7

1.

1

1.4

1.8

11

.8

+2

.3

=4

.1

3.1

1.2

21

.8

+2

.1

=3

.9

2.9

1.1

31

.9

+2

.0

=3

.9

2.9

1.0

41

.9

+2

.0

=3

.9

2.9

1.0

51

.8

+2

.0

=3

.8

2.9

1.

1

61

.8

+2

.0

=3

.8

2.9

1.1

71

.8

+2

.0

=3

.8

2.9

1.1

81

.8

+1

.9

=3

.7

' 2

.8

1.0

91

.0

+0

.4

+2

.3

=3

.7

*2

.8

1.6

10

1.0

+0

.3

+2

.3

=3

.6

*2

.7

1.7

ll

1.6

+2

.0

=3

.6

2.7

1.2

12

1.3

+2

.3

=3

.6

2.7

1.7

13

1.3

+2

.3

=3

.6

2.7

1.7

14

1.5

+2

.0

=3

.5

2.6

1.3

15

1.5

+2

.0

=3

.5

2.6

1.3

16

0.8

+2

.7

=3

.5

2.6

3.4

17

1.0

+2

.5

=3

.5

2.6

2.5

18

1.0

+2

.4

=3

.4

2.6

2.4

19

1.6

+1

.8

=3

.42

.6

1.1

20

1.6

+1

.8

=3

.42

.6

1.1

21

1.3

+2

.1

=3

.4

2.6

1.6

22

1.3

+2

.1

=3

.4

2.6

1.6

23

1.3

+2

.1

=3

.4

2.6

1.6

24

1.4

+1

.8

=3

.2

2.4

1.2

25

1.3

+1

.9

=3

.2

2.4

1.4

26

1.1

+2

.0

=3

.1

2.3

1.8

27

1.0

+2

.0

=3

.0

2.3

2.0

28

1.1

+1

.9

=3

.02

.3

1.7

29

0.9

+2

.1

=3

.0

2.3

2.3

30

1.0

+1

.9

=2

.9

2.2

1.9

31

1.1

+1

.8

=2

.9

2.2

1.6

32

1.1

+1

.8

=2

.9

2.2

1.6

33

1.3

+1

.6

=2

.9

2.2

1.2

34

1.3

+1

.5

=2

.8

2.1

1.

1

35

0.4

+2

.4

=2

.8

2.1

6.0

36

0.4

+2

.4

=2

.82

.1

6.0

37

1.3

+1

.5

=2

.8

2.1

1.1

38

1.3

+1

.4

=2

.7

2.0

1.0

39

).8

+1

.8

=2

.6

2.0

2.2

40

0.8

+1

.8

=2

.6

2.0

2.2

g 5 o > o > >

*:C

hrom

osom

ewi

thse

cond

aryco

nstri

ction

Table

19.M

easu

rem

ents

ofso

matic

chro

mos

omes

ofCy

mbidi

umch

lora

nthu

mat

mitot

icm

etaph

ase,

2n=4

0Ta

ble20

.M

easu

rem

ents

ofso

mati

cch

rom

osom

esof

Cymb

idium

mad

idum

atmi

totic

meta

phas

e,2n

=40

Leng

th(^

m)

Relat

ive

lengt

hAr

mra

tioLe

ngth

(^m

)Re

lativ

elen

gth

Arm

ratio

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 ll 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39

1.3+1

.

1.1+1

.

1.3+1

,

1.3+1

.

1.3+1

.

1.1+1

.

1.1+1

.

0.9+1

.

1.1+1

1.0+1

1.1+1

1.0+1

1.0+1

0.9+1

0.7+1

0.6+1

0.8+1

0.9+0

0.9+0

0.9+0

0.8+1

0.8+1

0.6+1

0.8+0

,

0.8+0

,

0.7+1

0.5+1

0.5+1

0.7+0

0.6+1

0.7+0

0.7+0

0.6+0

0.6+0

0.6+0

0.5+0

0.5+0

0.6+0

0.5+0

0.5+0

7=3.0

9=3.0

5=2.8

4=2.7

4=2.7

3=2.4

3=2.4

5=2.4

2=2.3

3=2.3

1=2.2

1=2.1

1=2.1

2=2.1

3=2.0

3=1.9

2=2.0

9=1.8

.9=1.8

9=1.8

.0=1.8

.0=1.8

.1=1.7

.9=1.7

.9=1.7

.0=1.7

.2=1.7

.2=1.7

.9=1.6

.0=1.6

1.5

.8=1.5

.9=1.5

.9=1.5

.9=1.5

.8=1.3 =1

.3

.6=1.2

.6=1.1

.5=1.0

3.9

1.3

3.9

1.7

3.7

1.1

3.

51

.0

3.

51

.0

3.

11

.1

3.

11

.1

3.

11

.6

3.0

1.0

3.0

1.3

2.9

1.0

2.8

1.1

2.8

1.1

2.8

1.3

2.6

1.8

2.5

2.1

2.6

1.5

2.4

1.0

2.4

1.0

2.4

1.0

2.4

1.2

2.4

1.2

2.2

1.8

2.2

1.1

2.2

1.1

2.2

1.4

2.2

2.4

2.2

2.4

2.1

1.2

2.1

1.6

2.0

1.1

2.0

1.

1

2.0

1.5

2.0

1.5

2.0

1.5

1.7

1.6

1.7

1.6

1.6

1.0

1.4

1.2

1.3

1.0

11

.8+

2.0

=3

.8

21

.5+

1.9

=3

.4

31

.5+

1.8

=3

.3

41

.4+

1.9

=3

.3

51

.3+

2.0

=3

.3

61

.3+

2.0

=3

.3

71

.3+

2.0

=3

.3

81

.3+

1.

9=

3.2

91

.1+

2.0

=3

.1

101

.1+

1.

9=

3.0

ll

1.0

+2

.1

=3

.1

12

1.0

+2

.0

=3

.0

13

1.1

+1

.9

=3

.0

141

.3+

1.6

=2

.9

15

0.9

+2

.0=

2.9

16

0.9

+2

.0=

2.9

17

0.9

+1

.9=

2.8

18

0.6

+2

.0=

2.6

19

1.1

+1

.5=

2.6

20

1.1

+1

.5=

2.6

21

1.0

+1

.5=

2.5

22

0.9

+1

.6=

2.5

23

0.9

+1

.6=

2.5

24

1.0

+1

.4=

2.4

25

1.1

+1

.3=

2.4

26

1.0

+1

.3=

2.3

27

1.3

+1

.9=

2.2

28

1.3

+1

.9=

2.2

29

1.1

+1

.1=

2.2

30

0.8

+1

.3=

2.1

31

0.8

+0

.8+

0.5

=2

.1

32

1.8

+0

.8+

0.5

=2

.1

33

0.5

+1

.6=

2.1

34

0.5

+1

.6=

2.1

35

0.3

+1

.8=

2.1

36

0.3

+1

.8=

2.1

3?

0.9

+1

.1=

2.0

38

0.5

+1

.0=

1.5

39

0.5

+0

.8=

1.3

40

0.5

+0

.8=

1.3

3.7

1.1

3.3

1.2

3.2

1.2

3.2

1.3

3.2

1.5

3.2

1.5

3.2

1.5

3.1

1.4

3.0

1.8

2.9

1.7

3.0

2.1

2.9

2.0

2.9

1.7

2.8

1.2

2.8

2.2

2.8

2.2

2.7

2.1

2.5

3.3

2.5

1.3

2.5

1.3

2.4

1.5

2.4

1.7

2.4

1.7

2.3

1.4

2.3

1.

1

2.2

1.3

2.1

6.3

2.1

6.3

2.1

1.0

2.0

1.

6

2.0

1.6

2.0

1.6

2.0

3.

2

2.0

3.2

2.0

6.0

2.0

6.0

1.9

1.

2

1.5

2.

0

1.3

1.

6

1.3

1.

600

*:

Chr

omos

ome

with

seco

ndar

yco

nstri

ction

Table

21.

Mea

sure

men

tsof

som

atic

chro

mos

omes

ofCy

mbidi

umde

voni

anum

atmi

totic

meta

phas

e,2n

=40

Table

22.

Mea

sure

men

tsof

soma

ticch

rom

osom

esof

Cymb

idium

elega

nsat

mitot

icm

etaph

ase,

2n=4

0O

Chro

mos

ome

Leng

th(,u

m)

Relat

ive

lengt

hAr

mra

tio

10 ll 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40

1.8+2

.

1.8+2

.

1.4+2

.

1.5+1

.

1.4+2

.

1.6+1

.0.8

+2

0.6+2

.

1.4+1

.

1.5+1

.

1.4+1

.

1.4+1

.

1.3+1

.

1.3+1

.

1.1+1

1.4+1

.

1.3+1

.

1.3+1

.

1.3+1

.

1.1+1

.

1.0+1

.

1.0+1

.

0.5+2

0.5+2

.

0.9+1

.

0.9+1

.

1.0+1

1.0+1

.

0.9+1

.

0.8+1

0.8+1

.

0.8+1

0.8+1

.

0.9+1

0.5+1

.

0.5+1

.

0.9+1

0.9+1

.

0.8+0

0.5+

1.

4=4.2

0=3.8

3=3.7

9=3.4

0=3.4

6=3.2

4=3.2

6=3.2

8=3.2

6=3.1

6=3.0

6=3.0

6=2.9

6=2.9

8=2.9

4=2.8

5=2.8

4=2.7

4=2.7

5=2.6

6=2.6

6=2.6

0=2.5

0=2.5

5=2.4

5=2.4

3=2.3

3=2.3

3=2.2

4=2.2

3=2.1

3=2.1

3=2.1

1=2.0

4=1.9

4=1.9

0=1.9

0=1.9

9=1.7

0=1.5

4.0

1.3

3.6

1.1

3.5

1.6

3.2

1.2

3.2

1.4

3.0

1.0

3.0

3.0

3.0

4.3

3.0

1.2

2.9

1.0

2.8

1.1

2.8

1.1

2.7

1.2

2.7

1.2

2.7

1.6

2.6

1.0

2.6

1.1

2.6

1.0

2.6

1.0

2.5

1.3

2.5

1.6

2.5

1.6

2.4

4.0

2.4

4.0

2.3

1.6

2.3

1.6

2.2

1.3

2.2

1.3

2.1

1.4

2.

11

.7

2.0

1.6

2.0

1.6

2.0

1.6

1.9

1.2

1.8

2.8

1.8

2.8

1.8

1.1

1.8

1.1

1.6

1.1

1.4

2.0

Ch

rom

oso

me

Le

ng

th(jU

m)

Re

lati

ve

len

gth

Arm

rati

oF

or

m

11

.6+

2.0

=3

.63

.71

.2m

21

.6+

1.9

=3

.53

.61

.1m

31

.4+

1.8

=3

.23

.31

.2m

41

.4+

1.8

=3

.23

.31

.2m

51

.4+

1.8

=3

.23

.31

.2m

61

.3+

1.9

=3

.23

.31

.4m

71

.3+

1.8

=3

.13

.21

.3m

81

.3+

1.6

=2

.93

.01

.2m

91

.3+

1.6

=2

.93

.01

.2in

101

.3+

1.6

=2

.93

.01

.2m

ll

1.4

+1

.4=

2.8

2.9

1.0

m

12

1.

3+

1.5

=2

.82

.91

.1m

13

0.

9+

1.9

=2

.82

.92

.1sm

140

.9

+1

.8=

2.7

2.8

2.0

sm

15

1.

1+

1.6

=2

.72

.81

.4ni

16

1.

1+

1.5

=2

.62

.71

.3m

17

0.

9+

1.6

=2

.52

.61

.7m

18

0.

9+

1.5

=2

.42

.41

.6m

IS

1.

1+

1.3

=2

.42

.4l

.im

20

1.1

+1

.3=

2.4

2.4

1.1

m

21

0.8

+1

.6=

2.4

2.4

2.0

sm

22

0.8

+1

.5=

2.3

2.3

1.8

sm

23

1.0

+1

.3=

2.3

2.3

1.3

m

24

0.8

+1

.4=

2.2

2.2

1.7

m

25

0.8

+1

.4=

2.2

2.2

1.7

m

26

0.8

+1

.4=

2.2

2.2

1.7

m

27

0.8

+1

.4=

2.2

2.2

1.7

m

28

1.0

+1

.1=

2.1

2.1

1.1

m

29

0.6

+1

.5=

2.1

2.1

2.5

stn

30

0.6

+1

.5=

2.1

2.1

2.5

sm

31

0.5

+1

.6=

2.1

2.1

3.2

st

32

0.6

+1

.4=

2.0

2.0

2.3

sm

33

0.9

+1

.1=

2.0

2.0

1.2

m

34

0.6

+1

.4=

2.0

2.0

2.3

sm

35

0.9

+1

.0=

1.9

1.9

].1

m

36

0.8

+1

.1=

1.9

1.9

1.3

m

37

0.8

+1

.1=

1.9

1.9

1.3

m

38

0.6

+0

.9=

1.5

1.5

1.5

m

39

0.6

+0

.9=

1.5

1.5

1.5

m

40

0.5

+0

.8=

1.3

1.3

1.6

m

o > o > >

Table

23.

Mea

sure

men

tsof

soma

ticch

rom

osom

esof

Cymb

idium

maste

rsii

atmi

totic

metap

hase

,2n

=40

Table

24.

Mea

sure

men

tsof

soma

ticch

rom

osom

esof

Cymb

idium

white

aeat

mitot

icm

etaph

ase,

2n=4

0

Ch

ro

mo

so

me

Le

ng

th

Gu

m )

Re

lat iv

e

len

gth

Arm

ratio

11

.6

+1

.8

=3

.4

2.8

1.1

21

.5

+1

.9

=3

.4

2.8

1.2

31

.5

+1

.9

=3

.4

2.8

1.2

<11

.4

+2

.0

=3

.4

2.8

1.4

50

.9

+2

.5

=3

.4

2.8

2.7

61

.0

+2

.3

=3

.3

2.8

2.3

71

.5

+1

.9

=3

.4

2.8

1.2

81

.5

+1

.8

=3

.3

2.8

1.2

91

.4

+1

.9

=3

.3

2.8

1.3

10

1.4

+1

.8

=3

.2

2.7

1.2

]1

1.0

+2

.3

=3

.3

2.8

2.3

12

0.9

+2

.3

=3

.2

2.7

2.5

13

1.3

+1

.9

=3

.2

2.7

1.4

u1

.3

+1

.8

=3

.1

2.6

1.3

15

1.3

+1

.8

=3

.1

2.6

1.3

16

1.5

+1

.5

=3

.0

2.5

1.0

17

1.1

+2

.0

=3

.1

2.6

1.8

18

1.0

+1

.9

=2

.9

2.4

1.9

19

1.4

+1

.6

=3

.0

2.5

1.1

20

1.4

+1

.6

=3

.0

2.5

1.1

21

1.1

+1

.9

=3

.0

2.5

1.7

22

1.1

+1

.9

=3

.0

2.5

1.7

23

1.4

+1

.6

=3

.0

2.5

1.1

24

1.4

+1

.5

=2

.9

2.4

1.0

25

1.3

+1

.6

=2

.9

2.4

1.2

26

1.3

+1

.6

=2

.9

2.4

1.2

27

1.3

+1

.6

=2

.9

2.4

1.2

28

1.4

+1

.4

=2

.8

2.3

1.0

29

1.3

+1

.5

=2

.8

2.3

1.1

30

1.3

+1

.5

=2

.8

2.3

1.1

31

1.3

+1

.5

=2

.8

2.3

1.1

32

1.

3+

1.5

=2

.8

2.3

1.1

33

1.0

+1

.8

=2

.8

2.3

1.8

34

1.0

+1

.8

=2

.8

2.3

1.8

35

1.3

+1

.5

=2

.8

2.3

1.1

36

1.3

+1

.4

=2

.7

2.3

1.0

37

0.7

+1

.8

=2

.5

2.1

2.5

38

0.6

+1

.8

=2

.4

2.0

3.0

39

0.8

+1

.5

=2

.3

1.9

1.8

40

0.8

+1

.4

=2

.2

1.8

1.7

Leng

th(,u

m)

Relat

ive

lengt

hAr

mra

tioFo

rm

9 10 ll 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40

1.5+1

1.6+1

1.5+1

1.4+1

1.4+1

1.3+1

1.3+1

1.4+1

1.0+1

1.0+1

1.3+1

1.3+1

1.1+1

1.1+1

0.6+1

0.6+1

1.1+1

1.1+1

1.1+1

1.0+1

0.9+1

0.8+1

0.8+1

0.8+1

1.0+1

1.1+1

1.0+1

0.9+1

1.0+1

1.0+1

0.9+1

0.9+1

0.8+1

0.9+1

0.9+1

0.9+0

0.8+0

0.8+0

0.6+0

0.5+

0

.7=3.2

.6=3.2

.5=3.0

.6=3.0

.6=3.0

.6=2.9

.6=2.9

.4=2.8

.8=2.8

.8=2.8

.4=2.7

.4=2.7

.5=2.6

.4=2.5

.9=2.5

.9=2.5

.3=2.4

.3=2.4

.3=2.4

.3=2.3

.4=2.3

.5=2.3

.5=2.3

.5=2.3

.3=2.3

1=2.2

1=2.1

.2=2.1

.1=2.1

.1=2.1

.1=2.0

.1=2.0

.2=2.0

.0=1.9

.0=1.9

.9=1.8

9=1.7

9=1.7

8=1.4

9=1.4

3.4

1.1

3.4

1.0

3.2

1.0

3.2

1.1

3.2

1.1

3.1

1.2

3.1

1.2

3.0

1.0

3.0

1.8

3.0

1.8

2.9

1.0

2.9

1.0

2.7

1.3

2.6

1.2

2.6

3.1

2.6

3.1

2.5

1.1

2.5

1.1

2.5

1.1

2.4

1.3

2.4

1.5

2.4

1.8

2.4

1.8

2.4

1.8

2.4

1.3

Z.3

1.0

2.2

1.1

2.2

1.3

2.2

1.1

2.2

1.1

2.1

1.2

2.1

1.2

2.1

1.5

2.0

1.1

2.0

1.1

1.9

1.0

1.8

1.1

1.8

1.1

1.5

1.3

1.5

1.8

> I 2 w 3 > z o > r w a O W' 2S W > o O S a > o w > en

Table

25.

Mea

sure

men

tsof

som

atic

chro

mos

omes

ofCy

mbi

dium

iridioi

desat

mitot

icm

etaph

ase,

2n=4

0Ta

ble26

.M

easu

rem

ents

ofso

mati

cch

rom

osom

esof

Cym

bidi

umho

oker

ianu

mat

mitot

icm

etaph

ase,

2n=4

0to

Leng

th(/*

m)

Relat

ive

lengt

hAr

mra

tioFo

rmCh

rom

osom

eLe

ngth

(^m

)Re

lativ

elen

gth

Arm

ratio

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 ll 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 å 37 38 39 40

1.6+

2

1.8+

1

1.6+

2

1.8+

1

1.6+

1

1.5+

2

1.5+

2

1.5+

2

1.5+

1

1.6+

1

1.6+

1

1.2+

2

1.2+

2

1.5+

1

1.5+

1

1.4+

1

1.4+

1

1.3+

1

0.5+

2

1.0+

1

1.3+

1

1.3+

1

1.3+

1

1.0+

1

1.0+

1

1.1+

1

1.0+

1

1.0+

1

0.9+

1

0.6+

1

1.1+

1

1.1+

1

1.1+

1

1.0+

1

0.9+

1

1.0+

1

1.0+

1

1.0+

1

1.0+

1

0.6+

1

1=3.

7

.9=3

.7

0=3.

68=

3.6

9=3.

5.0

=3.5

.0=3

.5

0=3.

5.9

=3.4

.6=3

.2

.6=3

.2

0=3.

20=

3.2

6=3.

15=

3.0

6-3.

05=

2.9

6=2.

94=

2.9

.8=2

.8

.5=2

.8

.4=2

.7

.4=2

.7

.6=2

.6

.6=2

.6

.4=2

.5

.5=2

.5

.5=2

.5

.6=2

.5

.8-2

.4

.3=2

.4

.3=2

.4

.3=2

.4

.3=2

.3

.4=2

.3

.1=2

.1

.1=2

.1

.1=2

.1

.1=2

.1

.3=1

.9

3.3

1.3

3.3

1.0

3.2

1.2

3.2

1.0

3.1

1.1

3.1

1.3

3.1

1.3

3.

11

.3

3.0

1.'2

2.8

1.0

2.8

1.0

2.8

1.6

2.8

1.6

2.7

1.0

2.6

1.0

2.6

1.1

2.6

1.0

2.6

1.2

2.6

4.8

2.5

1.8

2.5

1.1

2.4

1.0

2.4

1.0

2.3

1.6

2.3

1.6

2.2

1.2

2.2

1.5

2.2

1.5

2.2

1.7

2.1

3.0

2.

11

.1

2.1

1.1

2.1

I.!

2.0

1.3

2.0

1.5

1.8

1.1

1.8

1.1

1.8

1.1

1.8

1.1

1.7

2.1

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 ll 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40

1.8+

2.6=

4.4

1.9+

2.1=

4.0

1.5+

2.4=

3.9

1.9+

1.9=

3.8

1.8+

2.0=

3.8

1.8+

1.9=

3.7

1.8+

1.9=

3.7

1.8+

1.9=

3.7

0.8+

2.9=

3.7

0.8+

2.8=

3.6

1.6+

2.0=

3.6

1.6+

1.9=

3.5

1.6+

1.9=

3.5

1.5+

2.0=

3.5

1.0+

2.6=

3.6

1.0+

2.4=

3.4

1.4+

2.1=

3.5

1.5+

1.9=

3.4

1.5+

1.9=

3.4

1.5+

1.9=

3.4

1.5+

1.9=

3.4

1.5+

1.9=

3.4

1.4+

2.0=

3.4

1.4+

2.0=

3.4

1.5+

1.9=

3.4

1.5+

1.9=

3.4

1.3+

2.1=

3.4

1.4+

1.9=

3.3

1.5+

1.8=

3.3

1.5+

1.8=

3.3

1.3+

1.9=

3.2

1.3+

1.8=

3.1

1.1+

2.1=

3.2

1.1+

2.0=

3.1

1.1+

2.0=

3.1

1.0+

2.0=

3.0

0.4+

2.6=

3.0

0.4+

2.4=

2.8

1.0+

1.9=

2.9

0.9+

1.6=

2.5

3.2

1.4

2.9

1.1

2.9

1.6

2.8

1.0

2.8

1.1

2.7

1.0

2.7

1.0

2.7

1.0

2.7

3.6

2.6

3.5

2.6

1.2

2.6

1.1

2.6

1.1

2.6

1.3

2.6

2.6

2.5

2.4

2.6

1.5

2.5

1.2

2.5

1.2

2.5

1.2

2.5

1.2

2.5

1.2

2.5

1.4

2.5

1.4

2.5

1.2

2.5

1.2

2.5

1.6

2.4

1.3

2.4

1.2

2.4

1.2

2.3

1.4

2.3

1.3

2.3

1.9

2.3

1.8

2.3

1.8

2.2

2.0

2.2

6.5

2.0

6.0

2.1

1.9

1.8

1.7

o > o > >

Table

27.

Mea

sure

men

tsof

soma

ticch

rom

osom

esof

Cymb

idium

instgn

eat

mitot

icme

tapha

se,

2n=4

0Ta

ble28

.M

easu

rem

ents

ofso

matic

chro

mos

omes

ofCy

mbidi

umlon

gifoli

umat

mitot

icm

etaph

ase,

2n=4

0

Chro

mos

om

eLe

ngth

(^m

)Re

lativ

ele

ngth

Arm

ratio

Form

10 ll 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40

2.3+

2

1.9+

2,

1.6+

2

1.8+

2

1.3+

2

1.3+

2

1.5+

2

1.3+

2

1.5+

2

1.5+

2

1.5+

2

1.8+

1

1.6+

11.

5+2.

1.4+

2.

1.6+

11.

6+1.

1.6+

1.

1.0+

2.

0.5+

2.

1.4+

1

1.5+

1

1.1+

1

1.4+

1

1.3+

1

1.3+

1

1.3+

1

1.1+

1

1.1+

1

1.0+

1

0.5+

2

0.4+

1

1.1+

10.

9+1

0.9+

1

0.8+

1.0.

6+1

0.6+

1

0.8+

1

0.8+

1

.5=4

.8 =4.7

=4.4

.3=4

.1

.8=4

.1

.=4.

1

.3=3

.8

.5=3

.8

.1=3

.6.1

=3.6

.1=3

.6 =3.6

.9=3

.5 =3.5

.1=3

.5

.8=3

.4

8=3.

4

8=3.

41=

3.1

6=3.

1

.6=3

.0

.5=3

.0

.9=3

.0

.5=2

.9.4

=2.7 =2.7

.3=2

.65=

2.6

4=2.

5

5=2.

50=

2.5

.9=2

.3

.3=2

.4

.5=2

.4

5=2.

4

4=2.

2

6=2.

2

5=2.

1

4=2.

2

1=1.

9

3.8

1.0

3.8

1.4

3.5

1.7

3.3

1.2

3.3

2.

1

3.3

2.

1

3.0

1.5

3.0

1.9

2.9

1.4

2.9

1.4

2.9

1.4

2.9

1.0

2.8

1.1

2.8

1.3

2.8

1.5

2.7

1.

1

2.7

1.

1

2.7

1.

1

2.5

2.1

2.5

5.2

2.4

1.1

2.4

1.0

2.4

1.7

2.3

1.0

2.2

1.0

2.2

1.0

:.i

1.0

2.

11

.3

2.

01

.2

2.0

1.5

2.0

4.0

1.8

4.7

1.9

1.1

1.9

1.6

1.9

1.6

1.8

1.7

1.8

2.6

1.7

2.5

1.8

1.7

1.

51

.3

Ch

ro

mo

so

me

Le

ng

th(,u

m)

Rela

tiv

e

len

gth

Arm

ra

tio

12

.4

+2

.6

=5

.0

3.8

1.0

22

.3

+2

.4

=4

.73

.5

1.0

32

.0

+2

.3

=4

.33

.2

1.1

42

.0

+2

.1

=4

.1

3.1

1.0

51

.6

+2

.4

=4

.03

.0

1.5

61

.6

+2

.4=

4.0

3.0

1.5

71

.5

+2

.4

=3

.9

2.9

1.6

81

.4+

2.5

=3

.9

2.9

1.7

91

.9

+2

.0

=3

.9

2.9

1.0

10

1.8

+2

.1

=3

.9

2.9

1.1

ll

1.8

+2

.1

=3

.92

.9

1.1

12

1.9

+1

.9

=3

.82

.9

1.0

13

1.8

+2

.0

=3

.82

.9

1.1

14

1.

5+

2.

3=

3.8

2.9

1.5

15

1.8

+1

.9

=3

.72

.8

1.0

16

1.4

+2

.3

=3

.72

.8

1.6

17

1.

8+

1.8

=3

.6

2.7

1.0

18

1.6

+1

.8

=3

.42

.6

1.1

19

1.4

+2

.0

=3

.42

.6

1.4

20

1.

5+

1.8

=3

.32

.5

1.2

21

1.

5+

1.8

=3

.32

.5

1.2

22

1.3

+2

.0

=3

.32

.5

1.5

23

1.

1+

2.

0=

3.1

2.3

1.8

24

1.

5+

1.

5=

3.0

2.3

1.0

25

1.4

+1

.6

=3

.02

.3

1.1

26

1.4

+1

.5

=2

.9

2.2

1.0

27

1.

3+

1.6

=2

.9

2.2

1.2

28

1.3

+1

.6

=2

.9

2.2

1.2

29

1.

1+

1.8

=2

.9

2.2

1.6

30

1.4

+1

.4

=2

.82

.1

1.0

31

1.3

+1

.5

=2

.82

.1

1.1

32

1.3

+1

.5

=2

.82

.1

1.1

33

1.3

+1

.4

=2

.72

.0

1.0

34

1.

1+

1.

5=

2.6

2.0

1.3

35

1.0

+1

.5

=2

.5

1.9

1.5

36

1.0

+1

.3

=2

.3

1.7

1.3

37

0.5

+1

.9

=2

.4

1.8

3.8

38

0.6

+1

.6

=2

.2

1.7

2.6

39

0.9

+1

.3

=2

.2

1.7

1.4

40

0.8

+1

.3

=2

.1

1.6

1.6

Table

29.

Mea

sure

men

tsof

soma

ticch

rom

osom

esof

Cym

bidi

umlo

wia

num

atmi

totic

meta

phas

e,2n

=40

Table

30.

Mea

sure

men

tsof

som

atic

chro

mos

omes

ofCy

mbi

diut

ntra

cyan

umat

mitot

icm

etaph

ase,

2n=4

0£

Leng

th(,w

m)

Relat

ive

lengt

hAr

mra

tio

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 ll 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 30 31 32 33 34 35 39 40

1.6

+2

.4=

4.0

3.0

1.5

1.8

+2

.1

=3

.9

2.9

1.

1

1.8

+2

.1

=3

.9

2.9

1.

1

1.6

+2

.3

=3

.9

2.9

1.4

1.5

+2

.4=

3.9

2.9

1.6

1.6

+2

.1

=3

.7

2.7

1.3

1.

8+

1.9

=3

.7

2.7

1.0

1.

8+

1.9

=3

.7

2.7

1.0

1.1

+2

.6=

3.7

2.7

2.'3

1.1

+2

.6

=3

.7

2.7

2.3

1.8

+1

.9

=3

.7

2.7

1.0

1.8

+1

.8

=3

.6

2.7

1.0

1.5

+2

.1

=3

.6

2.7

1.4

1.6

+1

.9

=3

.5

2.6

1.

1

1.5

+2

.0

=3

.5

2.6

1.3

1.

5+

2.0

=3

.5

2.6

1.3

1.4

+2

.1

=3

.5

2.6

1.5

1.5

+1

.9

=3

.4

2.5

1.2

1.5

+1

.9

=3

.4

2.5

1.2

1.4

+2

.0

=3

.4

2.5

1.4

1.3

+2

.0

=3

.3

2.4

1.5

1.4

+1

.9

=3

.3

2.4

1.3

1.3

+2

.0

=3

.3

2.4

1.

5

1.3

+1

.9

=3

.2

2.4

1.4

1.3

+1

.9=

3.2

2.4

1.4

1.3

+1

.9=

3.2

2.4

1.4

1.3

+1

.9

=3

.2

2.4

1.4

1.5

+1

.6

=3

.1

2.3

1.0

1.1

+2

.1

=3

.2

2.4

1.9

0.8

+2

.4-

3.2

2.4

3.0

0.8

+2

.4=

3.2

2.4

3.0

1.1

+2

.0

=3

.1

2.3

1.8

1.3

+1

.8=

3.1

2.3

1.3

1.1

+1

.8=

2.9

2.2

1.6

1.1

+2

.0=

3.1

2.3

1.8

1.0

+1

.9

=2

.9

2.2

1.9

1.0

+1

.9

=2

.9

2.2

1.9

1.0

+1

.9

=2

.9

2.2

1.9

0.4

+2

.3

=2

.7

*2

.0

5.7

).4

+2

.1

=2

.5

*1

.9

5.2

Ch

rom

os

om

eL

en

gth

(jum

)R

ela

tiv

e

len

gth

Arm

rati

oF

orm

12

.3+

2.9

=5

.23

.61

.2m

22

.0+

2.6

=4

.63

.21

.3m

31

.8+

2.8

=4

.63

.21

.5m

42

.0+

2.6

=4

.63

.21

.3m

52

.0+

2.5

=4

.53

.21

.2m

62

.0+

2.5

=4

.53

.21

.2m

71

.9+

2.6

=4

.53

.21

.3m

82

.0+

2.4

=4

.43

.11

.2m

91

.6+

2.6

=4

.22

.91

.6m

10

1.5

+2

.6=

4.1

2.9

1.7

m

ll

2.0

+2

.1

=4

.12

.91

.0m

122

.0+

2.

1=

4.1

2.9

1.0

m

131

.9+

2.0

=3

.92

.71

.0m

141

.8+

2.

1=

3.9

2.7

1.1

m

151

.8+

2.0

=3

.82

.71

.1m

161

.8+

2.0

=3

.82

.71

.1m

171

.3+

2.4

=3

.72

.61

.8sm

181

.1

+2

.4=

3.5

2.5

2.1

sm

191

.8+

1.8

=3

.62

.51

.0m

201

.5+

2.0

=3

.52

.51

.3m

21

1.4

+2

.1

=3

.52

.51

.5m

22

1.4

+2

.1=

3.5

2.5

1.5

m

23

1.

6+

1.8

=3

.42

.41

.1m

241

.3+

2.

1=

3.4

2.4

1.6

m

25

1.4

+1

.9=

3.3

2.3

1.3

m

26

1.4

+1

.9=

3.3

2.3

1.3

m

27

1.

5+

1.6

=3

.12

.21

.0m

28

1.

5+

1.6

=3

.12

.21

.0m

29

1.5

+1

.6=

3.1

2.2

1.0

m

30

1.5

+1

.6=

3.1

2.2

1.0

m

31

1.3

+1

.8=

3.1

2.2

1.3

m

32

1.1

+1

.9=

3.0

2.1

1.7

m

33

1.0

+1

.9=

2.9

2.0

1.9

sm

34

0.9

+1

.9=

2.8

2.0

2.1

stn

35

1.3

+1

.4=

2.7

1.9

1.0

m

36

5.9

+1

.6=

2.5

1.8

1.7

m

37

0.9

+1

.5=

2.4

1.7

1.6

m

38

0.9

+1

.5=

2.4

1.7

1.6

m

39

0.5

+1

.9=

2.4

1.7

3.8

st

40

0.4

+2

.0=

2.4

1.7

5.0

st

o > >

*:C

hrom

osom

ewi

thse

cond

ary

cons

tricti

on

Table

31.M

easu

rem

ents

ofso

matic

chro

mos

omes

ofCy

mbidi

umeb

urne

umat

mitot

icme

tapha

se,

2n=4

0Ta

ble32

.M

easu

rem

ents

ofso

mati

cch

rom

osom

esof

Cymb

idium

parish

iiat

mitot

icm

etaph

ase,

2n=4

0

Ch

ro

mo

so

me

Le

ng

th

(ju

m)

Re

lative

len

gth

Arm

ra

tio

11

.8

+2

.0

=3

.8

3.1

1.1

21

.8

+2

.0

=3

.8

3.1

1.1

31

.8

+1

.9

=3

.7

3.1

1.0

41

.6

+2

.1

=3

.7

3.1

i.3

51

.7

+1

.8

=3

.5

2.9

1.0

61

.5

+2

.0

=3

.5

2.9

1.3

71

.5

+1

.9

=3

.4

2.8

1.2

81

.6

+1

.8

=3

.4

2.8

1.1

01

.6

+1

.8

=3

.4

2.8

1.1

10

1.5

+1

.9

=3

.4

2.8

1.2

ll

1.4

+2

.0

=3

.4

2.8

1.4

12

1.4

+2

.0

=3

.4

2.8

1.4

13

1.5

+1

.8

=3

.3

2.7

1.2

14

1.5

+1

.8

=3

.3

2.7

1.2

15

1.5

+1

.7

=3

.2

2.7

1.1

16

1.5

+1

.7

=3

.2

2.7

1.1

17

1.3

+1

.9

=3

.2

2.7

1.4

18

1.5

+1

.6

=3

.1

2.6

1.0

19

1.5

+1

.6

=3

.1

2.6

1.0

20

1.5

+1

.6

=3

.1

2.6

1.0

21

1.5

+1

.6

=3

.1

2.6

1.0

22

1.3

+1

.8

=3

.1

2.6

1.3

23

1.3

+1

.8

=3

.1

2.6

1.3

24

1.3

+1

.6

=2

.9

2.4

1.2

25

1.4

+1

.4

=2

.8

2.3

1.0

26

1.3

+1

.5

=2

.8

2.3

1.1

27

1.2

+1

.6

=2

.8

蝣 2

.3

1.3

28

1.2

+1

.5

=2

.7

2.2

1.2

29

1.2

+1

.5

=2

.7

2.2

1.2

30

1.1

+1

.6

=2

.7

2.2

1.4

31

0.9

+1

.8

=2

.7

2.2

2.0

32

0.7

+1

.8

=2

.5

2.

12

.5

33

1.2

+1

.4

=2

.6

2.2

1.1

34

1.1

+1

.4

=2

.5

2.1

1.2

35

1.1

+1

.4

=2

.5

2.1

1.2

36

1.1

+1

.4

=2

.5

2.1

1.2

37

0.8

+1

.4

=2

.2

1.8

1.7

38

0.7

+1

.5

=2

.2

1.8

2.1

39

1.0

+1

.3

=2

.3

1.9

1.3

40

1.0

+1

.1

=2

.1

1.7

1.1

Ch

ro

mo

so

me

Le

ng

th

(>m

)R

ela

tiv

e

len

gth

Arm

ra

tio

11

.8

+2

.5

=4

.3

3.5

1.

3

21

.9

+2

.3

=4

.2

3.4

1.

2

31

.8

+1

.9

=3

.7

3.0

1.0

41

.6

+2

.1

=3

.7

3.0

1.3

51

.6

+2

.1

=3

.7

3.0

1.3

61

.3

+2

.4

=3

.7

3.0

1.8

71

.8

+1

.8

=3

.6

2.9

1.0

81

.5

+2

.1

=3

.6

2.9

1.4

91

.8

+1

.8

=3

.6

2.9

1.0

10

1.8

+1

.8

=3

.6

2.9

1.0

ll

1.6

+1

.9

=3

.5

2.9

1.

1

12

1.4

+2

.1

=3

.5

2.9

1.5

13

1.4

+2

.0

=3

.4

2.8

1.4

14

1.5

+1

.9

=3

.4

2.8

1.2

15

1.6

+1

.8

=3

.4

2.8

1.1

16

1.6

+1

.8

=3

.4

2.8

1.1

17

1.6

+1

.8

=3

.4

2.8

1.1

18

0.8

+2

.6

=3

.42

.8

3.2

19

1.6

+1

.7

=3

.3

2.7

1.0

20

1.3

+2

.0

=3

.3

2.7

1.5

21

1.5

+1

.6

=3

.1

2.5

1.0

22

1.4

+1

.7

=3

.1

2.5

1.2

23

1.5

+1

.5

=3

.0

2.5

1.0

24

1.4

+1

.6

=3

.0

2.5

1.1

25

1.4

+1

.6

=3

.0

2.5

1.1

26

1.4

+1

.5

=2

.9

2.4

1.0

27

1.3

+1

.5

=2

.8

2.3

1.1

28

1.4

+1

.4

=2

.8

2.3

1.0

29

1.3

+1

.4

=2

.7

2.2

1.0

30

1.1

+1

.5

=2

.6

2.1

1.3

31

1.1

+1

.5

=2

.6

2.

11

.3

32

1.0

+1

.4=

2.4

2.0

1.4

33

0.9

+1

.5

=2

.4

2.

01

.6

34

1.1

+1

.1

=2

.2

1.8

1.0

35

0.8

+1

.4

=2

.2

1.8

1.7

36

1.0

+1

.1

=2

.1

1.

71

.1

37

1.0

+1

.1

=2

.1

1.7

1.1

38

1.0

+1

.1

=2

.1

1.7

1.1

39

0.8

+1

.0

=1

.8

1.

51

.2

40

0.7

+1

.0

=1

.7

1.4

1.4

3 o w on o S CO 3 d > •Ez a > i a o w. I > o O s 5 >

Table

33.

Mea

sure

men

tsof

som

atic

chro

mos

omes

ofCy

mbi

dium

eryt

hros

tylu

mat

raitot

icm

etaph

ase,

2n=4

0Ta

ble34

.M

easu

rem

ents

ofso

mati

cch

rom

osom

esof

Cymb

idium

tigrin

umat

mitot

icm

etaph

ase,

2n=4

0ON

Chro

mos

ome

Leng

th(/4

m)

11

.9+

2.0

=3

.9

21

.6+

1.8

=3

.4

31

.6+

1.8

=3

.4

41.6+

1.8

=3

.4

51

.3+

2.0

=3

.3

61.4+

1.6=

3.0

71.4

+1

.5=

2.9

81.3+

1.6

=2

.9

91.1+

1.8

=2

.9

10

1.1+

1.6=

2.7

ll

1.1+

1.6

=2

.7

121.3

+1.4

=2.7

130.9

+1.8

=2

.7

141.1+

1.4

=2

.5

151.1

+1.4

=2.5

161.1+

1.3

=2.4

171.0

+1.4

=2

.4

181.0

+1.4

=2.4

191.1

+1.3

=2.4

201.0

+1.4

=2.4

21

1.9

+1.5

=2

.4

22

0.8

+1.6

=2.4

23

1.0

+1.3

=2.3

24

0.9

+1.4

=2

.3

25

1.8

+1.4

=2

.2

26

0.8

+1.4

=2

.2

27

1.1

+1.1

=2

.2

28

1.0

+1.1

=2

.1

29

1.0

+1.1

=2

.1

30

1.8+

1.3

=2

.1

31

0.9

+1.1

=2

.0

32

0.6

+1.5

=2

.1

33

1.6+

1.4

=2

.0

34

0.6

+1.3

=1.9

35

0.5

+1.4

=1

.9

36

0.5

+1.4

=1

.9

37

0.9

+1.0

=1

.9

38

0.9

+0

.9=

1.8

39

0.8

+1

.0=

1.8

40

.6+

1.0

=1

.6

Re

lativ

eA

rm

len

gth

ratio

4.0

1.0

3.5

1.1

3.5

1.1

3.5

1.

1

3.4

1.5

3.]

1.1

3.0

1.0

3.0

1.2

3.0

1.6

2.8

1.4

2.8

1.4

2.8

1.0

2.8

2.0

2.5

1.2

2.5

1.2

2.4

1.1

2.4

1.4

2.4

1.4

2.4

1.1

2.4

1.4

2.4

l.d

2.4

2.0

2.3

1.3

2.

31

.5

2.2

1.7

2.2

1.7

2.

21

.0

2.1

1.1

2.

11

.1

2.

11

.6

2.0

1.2

2.

12

.5

2.0

2.3

1.9

:.i

1.9

2.8

1.9

2.8

1.9

1.1

1.8

1.0

1.8

1.2

1.6

1.6

Chro

mos

ome

Leng

th(^

m)

Relat

ive

lengt

hAr

mra

tioFo

rm

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 ll 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40

1.5+

1.

1.4+

1

1.3+

1

1.3+

1

1.1+

1

1.1+

1

1.1+

1

1.1+

1

1.3+

1.

1.3+

1

1.1+

1

1.1+

1.

1.1+

1

1.1+

1

1.1+

1

0.9+

1

0.8+

1

0.8+

1

1.0+

1.

1.0+

1.

1.0+

1.

0.8+

1.

0.9+

1

1.0+

1.

0.9+

1

0.8+

1.

0.8+

1

0.8+

1.

0.5+

1.

0.5+

1.

0.6+

1

0.9+

0

0.8+

1.

0.8+

1

0.6+

1.

0.5+

10.

8+0

0.6+

0

0.6+

00.

6+0

6=3.

1

5=2.

9

4=2.

7

4=2.

7

6=2.

7

5=2.

6

5=2.

6

5=2.

6

3=2.

6

3=2.

6

4=2.

5

3=2.

4

3=2.

4

1=2.

2

1=2.

2

3=2.

2

4=2.

2

4=2.

2

1=2.

1

1=2.

1

1=2.

1

3=2.

1

1=2.

0

0=2.

0

0=1.

9

1=1.

9

1=1.

9

1=1.

9

4=1.

9

4=1.

9

3=1.

9

9=1.

8

0=1.

8

0=1.

8

1=1.

7

0=1.

59=

1.7

8=1.

4

8=1.

4

8=1.

4

3.6

1.0

3.4

1.0

3.2

1.0

3.2

1.0

3.2

1.4

3.0

1.3

3.0

1.3

3.0

1.3

3.0

1.0

3.0

1.0

2.9

1.2

2.8

1.

1

2.8

1.

1

2.6

1.0

2.6

1.0

2.6

1.4

2.6

1.7

2.6

1.7

2.5

1.

1

2.5

1.

1

2.5

1.

1

2.5

1.6

2.3

1.2

2.3

1.0

2.2

1.

1

2.2

1.3

2.2

1.3

2.2

1.3

2.2

2.8

2.2

2.8

2.2

2.

1

2.1

1.0

2.1

1.2

2.1

1.2

2.0

1.8

1.8

2.0

2.0

1.

1

1.6

1.3

1.6

1.3

1.6

1.3

s o > o > >

Table

35.

Mea

sure

men

tsof

soma

ticch

rom

osom

esof

Acrio

psis

javan

icaat

mitot

icme

tapha

se,2n

=40

Table

36.

Mea

sure

men

tsof

som

atic

chro

mos

omes

ofAn

selli

aafr

icana

atmi

totic

meta

phas

e,2n

-42

Leng

thfju

m)

Relat

ive

lengt

hAr

mra

tioCh

rom

osom

eLe

ngth

(^m

)Re

lativ

elen

gth

Arm

ratio

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 ll 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39

0.7+0

.

0.7+0

.

0.5+1

.

0.5+1

.

0.6+0

.

0.7+0

.

0.6+0

.

0.5+0

.

0.5+0

.

0.6+0

.

0.6+0

.

0.6+0

.

0.6+0

.

0.5+0

.

0.5+0

.

0.5+0

.

0.4+0

.

0.4+0

.

0.4+0

.

0.5+0

.

0.5+0

.

0.5+0

.

0.5+0

.

0.4+0

.

0.4+0

.

0.4+0

.

0.4+0

.

0.4+0

.

0.4+0

.

0.4+0

.

0.3+0

.0.3

+0.

0.4+0

.

0.3+0

.0.3

+0.

0.3+0

.

0.3+0

.

0.3+0

.

0.2+0

.

0.2+0

.

=1.5

8=1.5

0=1.5

0=1.5

9=1.5

7=1.4

7=1.3

8=1.3

8=1.3

6=1.2

6=1.2

6=1.2

6=1.2

6=1.1

6=1.1

6=1.1

6=1.0

6=1.0

6=1.0

5=1.0

5=1.0

5=1.0

5=1.0

5=0.9

5=0.9

5=0.9

5=0.9

5=0.9

5=0.9

5=0.9

6=0.9

6=0.9

4=0.8

5=0.8

5=0.8

4=0.7

4=0.7

4=0.7

5=0.7

5=0.7

3.6

1.1

3.6

1.1

3.6

2.0

3.6

2.0

3.6

1.5

3.3

1.0

3.

11

.1

3.

11

.6

3.

11

.6

2.9

1.0

2.9

1.0

2.9

1.0

2.9

1.0

2.6

1.2

2.6

1.2

2.6

1.2

2.4

1.5

2.4

1.5

2.4

1.5

2.4

1.0

2.4

1.0

2.4

1.0

2.4

1.0

2.1

1.2

2.1

1.2

2.1

1.2

2.1

1.2

2.1

1.2

2.1

1.2

2.1

1.2

2.1

2.0

2.1

2.0

1.9

1.0

1.9

1.6

1.9

1.6

1.7

1.3

1.7

1.3

1.7

1.3

1.7

2.5

1.7

2.5

11

.0+

2.0

=3

.0

21

.0+

1.9

=2

.9

31

.0+

1.8

=2

.8

40

.9+

1.9

=2

.8

50

.9+

1.9

=2

.8

60

.9+

1.7

=2

.6

71

.0+

1.6

=2

.6

81

.0+

1.6

=2

.6

90

.9+

1.6

=2

.5

100

.9+

1.6

=2

.5

ll0

.9+

1.5

=2

.4

120

.9+

1.5

=2

.4

130

.8+

1.4

=2

.2

140

.8+

1.3

=2

.1

150

.8+

1.3

=2

.1

160

.8+

1.2

=2

.0

170

.8+

1.2

=2

.0

180

.9+

1.0

=1

.9

190

.9+

0.9

=1

.8

20

0.8

+0

.9=

1.7

21

0.

1+

1.5

=1

.6

22

0.1

+1

.4=

1.

5

23

1.1

+0

.3+

1.

1=

1.5

24

.2+

0.

1+

1.

1=

1.4

25

0.5

+0

.9=

1.4

26

0.5

+0

.8=

1.3

27

0.5

+0

.6=

1.

1

28

0.5

+0

.6=

1.

1

29

0.5

+0

.6=

1.

1

30

0.5

+0

.6=

1.

1

31

0.5

+0

.6=

1.

1

32

0.5

+0

.6=

1.

1

33

0.5

+0

.6=

1.

1

34

0.5

+0

.6=

1.

1

35

0.5

+0

.6=

1.

1

36

0.5

+0

.6=

1.

1

37

0.1

+1

.0=

1.

1

38

0.1

+1

.0=

1.

1

39

).5

+0

.6=

1.

1

40

0.4

+0

.6=

1.0

41

0.4

+0

.6=

1.0

42

0.4

+0

.5=

0.9

4.1

2.0

3.9

1.9

3.8

1.8

3.8

2.1

3.8

2.1

3.5

1.8

3.5

1.6

3.5

1.6

3.4

1.7

3.4

1.7

3.3

1.6

3.3

1.6

3.0

1.7

2.9

1.6

2.9

1.6

2.7

1.5

2.7

1.5

2.6

1.1

2.4

1.0

2.3

1.1

2.2

15

.0

2.0

14

.0

2.0

2.7

1.9

3.6

1.9

1.8

1.8

1.6

1.5

1.2

1.5

1.2

1.5

1.2

1.5

1.2

1.5

1.2

1.5

1.2

1.5

1.2

1.5

1.2

1.5

1.2

1.5

1.2

1.5

10

.0

1.5

10

.0

1.5

1.2

1.4

1.5

1.4

1.5

1.2

1.2

<1

*:C

hrom

osom

ewi

thse

cond

ary

cons

tricti

on

Table

37.

Mea

sure

men

tsof

som

atic

chro

mos

omes

ofAn

selli

agig

antea

atmi

totic

meta

phas

e,2n

=42

Table

38.

Mea

sure

men

tsof

som

atic

chro

mos

omes

ofCy

mbi

diell

afla

bellata

atmi

totic

meta

phas

e,2n

=52

vo

Leng

th(jun

i)

Relat

ivelen

gthAr

mrat

ioCh

romoso

meLe

ngthd

um)

Relat

ivelen

gthAr

mrat

io

J1

.4+

1.9

-3

.3

21

.1+

2.1

=3

.2

31

.0+

2.0

=3

.0

41

.1+

1.8

=2

.9

50

.9+

1.9

=2

.8

60

.8+

2.0

=2

.8

70

.8+

2.0

=2

.8

81

.1+

1.6

=2

.7

91

.1+

1.6

=2

.7

10

1.0

+1

.6=

2.6

ll

1.0

+1

.6=

2.6

12

1.0

+1

.6=

2.6

13

0.9

+1

.4=

2.3

14

0.8

+1

.5=

2.3

15

0.9

+1

.3=

2.2

16

0.8

+1

.4=

2.2

17

0.8

+1

.4=

2.2

18

0.8

+1

.3=

2.1

19

0.1

+2

.0=

2.1

20

0.1

+1

.9=

2.0

21

0.1

+1

.8=

1.9

22

0.1

+1

.8=

1.9

23

0.8

+1

.0=

1.8

24

0.6

+1

.0=

1.6

25

0.6

+1

.1=

1.7

26

0.5

+1

.0=

1.5

27

0.1

+1

.4=

1.5

28

0.1

+1

.4=

1.5

29

0.5

+1

.0=

1.5

30

0.6

+0

.8=

1.4

31

0.6

+0

.8=

1.4

32

0.6

+0

.8=

1.4

33

0.5

+0

.9=

1.4

34

0.5

+0

.9=

1.4

35

).1

+0

.1+

1.1

=1

.3

36

蝣0.1

+0

.1+

1.0

=1

.2

37

0.5

+0

.6=

1.1

38

0.4

+0

.6=

1.0

39

0.3

+0

.7=

1.0

40

0.3

+0

.7=

1.0

41

0.3

+0

.7=

1.0

42

0.3

+0

.6=

0.9

4.

01

.3

3.

91

.9

3.

72

.0

3.

51

.6

3.

42

.1

3.

42

.5

3.

42

.5

3.

31

.4

3.

31

:4

3.

21

.6

3.

21

.6

3.

21

.6

2.

81

.5

2.

81

.8

2.

71

.4

2.

71

.7

2.

71

.7

2.

61

.6

2.

62

0.

0

2.

41

9.

0

2.

31

8.

0

2.

31

8.

0

2.

21

.2

2.

01

.6

2.

11

.8

1.

82

.0

1.

81

4.

0

1.

81

4.

0

1.

82

.0

1.

71

.3

1.

71

.3

1.

71

.3

1.

71

.8

1.

71

.8

1.

65

.5

1.

55

.0

1.

3i

.:

1.

21

.5

1.

22

.3

1.

22

.3

1.

22

.3

1.

12

.0

10

.9+

1.8

=2

.73

.02

.0s

m

20

.9+

1.7

=2

.62

.81

.8sm

30

.8+

1.8

=2

.62

.82

.2sm

40

.8+

1.8

=2

.62

.82

.2sm

50

.8+

1.7

=2

.52

.72

.1sm

60

.8+

1.7

=2

.52

.72

.1sm

70

.8+

1.7

=2

.52

.72

.1sm

80

.8+

1.7

=2

.5蝣

2.7

2.1

sm

90

.6+

1.8

=2

.42

.63

.0st

n

100

.7+

1.6

=2

.32

.52

.2sm

ll

0.6

+1

.5=

2.1

2.3

2.5

sm

120

.5+

1.5

=2

.02

.23

.0sm

130

.8+

1.2

=2

.02

.21

.5m

140

.8+

1.

1=

1.9

2.1

1.3

m

150

.4+

1.6

=2

.0*

2.2

4.0

st

160

.4+

1.

5=

1.9

*2

.13

.7st

17

0.7

+1

.2

=1

.92

.11

.7m

180

.7+

1.2

=1

.92

.11

.7m

19

0.8

+1

.0=

1.8

2.0

1.2

m

20

0.6

+1

.2=

1.8

2.0

2.0

sm

21

0.6

+1

.2=

1.8

2.0

2.0

sm

22

0.

5+

1.3

=1

.82

.02

.6s

m

23

0.4

+1

.4=

1.8

2.0

3.5

st

24

0.4

+1

.4=

1.8

2.0

3.5

st

25

0.3

+1

.5=

1.8

2.0

5.0

st

26

0.2

+1

.6=

1.8

2.0

8.0

t

27

0.2

+1

.6=

1.8

2.0

8.0

t

28

D.2

+1

.5=

1.7

1.9

7.5

t

29

0.6

+1

.0=

1.6

1.8

1.6

m

30

0.6

+1

.0=

1.6

1.8

1.6

m

31

0.4

+1

.2=

1.6

1.8

3.0

sm

32

0.3

+1

.3=

1.6

1.8

4.3

st

33

0.6

+0

.9=

1.5

1.6

1.5

m

34

0.6

+0

.9=

1.5

1.6

1.5

m

35

0.5

+1

.0=

1.5

1.6

2.0

sm

36

0.4

+1

.1=

1.5

1.6

2.7

sm

37

0.3

+1

.2=

1.5

1.6

4.0

st

38

0.2

+1

.3=

1.5

1.6

6.5

st

39

-h

i.4

=1

.41

.5B

40

0.5

+0

.8=

1.3

1.4

1.6

m

g o > o > >

**

Chr

omos

ome

with

seco

ndar

yco

nstri

ction

Table

39.

Mea

sure

men

tsof

soma

ticch

rom

osom

esof

Cymb

idiell

apa

rdalin

aat

mitot

icm

etaph

ase,

2n=5

2

Table

38.

contin

ued

41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52

0.3+1

.0=1.3

0.3+1

.0=1.3

0.2+1

.1=1.3

-+1.3=

1.3-hi

.3=1.3

-+1.3=

1.30.4

+0.8=

1.20.2

+0.9=

1.1-+1

.1=1.1

-H.1=

1.1-+1

.1=1.1

-+1.0=

1.0

1.

43

.3

1.

43

.3

1.

45

.5

1.

4

1.

4

1.

4

1.

32

.0

r.

24

.5

1.

2

1.

2

1.

2

1.

1

*•EC

hrom

osom

ewi

thse

cond

ary

cons

tricti

on

Chro

mosom

eLength

(jum

)R

ela

tive

len

gth

Arm

rat

ioF

orm

w > JO

1 2 3

0.6

+2

.8=

3.4

0.7

+2

.5=

3.2

0.6

+2

.6=

3.2

3.4

3.2

3.2

4.6

3.5

4.3

st st st

Hj

o H

40

.6+

2.5

=3

.13.1

4.1

st*o ffl

50

.7+

2.2

=2

.92.9

3.1

st(/

>

60

.6+

2.3

=2

.92.9

3.8

stHH z

7 8

0.5

+2

.2=

2.7

0.5

+2

.1=

2.6

2.7

2.6

4.4

4.2

st st

o k;

90

.4+

2.1

=2

.52.5

5.2

sts

-..

10

0.4

+2

.0=

2.4

2.4

5.0

stw

ll

0.7

+1.7

=2

.42.4

2.4

SiS

a

12

0.7

+1.7

=2

.42.4

2.4

smc

13

0.7

+1.6

=2

.32.3

2.2

sm｣

14

15

0.7

+1.6

=2

.3

0.6

+1.7

=2

.3

2.3

2.3

2.2

2.8

sm sm

> z

16

0.6

+1.6

=2

.22.2

2.6

smo

17

18

0.6

+1.5

=2

.1

0.4

+1.7

=2

.1

2.1

2.1

2.5

4.2

sm

st

. I-

IH c/

3

19

0.2

+1.8

=2

.02

.09

.0t

>

20

0.2

+1.8

=2

.02

.09

.0t

r

21

0.7

+1.3

=2.0

2.0

1.8

smr KH

22

23

24

0.5

+1.5

=2.0

).3+

1.6

=1.9

*

0.3

+1.6

=1.9

*

2.0

1.9

1.9

3.0

5.3

5.3

sm

st st

w O o w

25

0.4

+1.3

=1.7

1.7

3.2

st2

26

0.3

+1.4

=1.7

1.7

4.6

stfd

27

0.7

+1.0

=1.7

1.7

1.4

m*

J

>

28

0.6

+1.0

=1.6

1.6

1.6

m

29

0.4

+1.2

=1.6

1.6

3.0

smo

30

31

0.4

+1.2

=1.6

0.3

+1.3

=1.6

1.6

1.6

3.0

4.3

sm

st

JO o ffi

32

0.2

+1.4

=1.6

1.6

7.0

stI-

Io

33

0.5

+1.1=

1.6

1.6

2.2

sm>

34

0.5

+1.0

=1.5

1.5

2.0

smo

35

36

0.6

+0.9

=1.5

0.6

+0.9

=1.5

1.5

1.5

1.5

1.5

m in

w > M

37

0.5

+1.0

=1.5

1.5

2.0

sm

38

0.4

+1.0

=1.4

1.4

2.5

sm

39

0.4

+1.0

=1.4

1.4

2.5

sm

40

0.3

+1.1=

1.4

1.4

3.6

stVD vo

Table

40.

Mea

sure

men

tsof

soma

ticch

rom

osom

esof

Dipo

dium

palu

dosu

mat

mitot

icm

etaph

ase,

2n=4

6o o

Table

39.

conti

nued

41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52

0.6+0

.8=1.4

0.6+0

.8=1.4

0.3+1

.1=1.4

0.3+1

.1=1.4

-+1.3=

1.3-+1

.3=1.3

0.2+1

.0=1.2

0.2+1

.0=1.2

-+1.2=

1.2-+1

.2=1.2

-hi.2=

1.2-+1

.1=1.1

*å C

hrom

osom

ewi

thse

cond

ary

cons

tricti

on

1.4

1.3

1.4

1.3

1.4

3.6

1.4

3.6

1.3

1.3

1.2

5.0

1.2

5.0

1.

2

1.

2

1.

2

1.

1

Chro

mos

ome

9 10 ll 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40

Leng

th(,u

m)

0.9+

1

0.7+

0

0.7+

0

0.7+

0

0.7+

0.

0.7+

0

0.6+

0

0.6+

0

0.3+

1

0.3+

1

0.6+

0

0.6+

0

0.6+

0

0.5+

00.

5+'

0.5+

00.

5+0

0.6+

0

0.6+

0

0.6+

0

0.6+

0

0.6+

0

0.6+

0

0.6+

0,

0.6+

00.

6+0

0.5+

0

0.5+

0

0.5+

0

0.5+

0

0.5+

0

0.5+

0

0.5+

0

0.5+

0

0.5+

0

0.5+

0

0.5+

0

0.5+

0

0.5+

0

0.5+

0

.0=1

.9

.9=1

.6

.9=1

.6

.8=1

.5 =1.5

.8=1

.5

9=1.

58=

1.4

2=1.

51=

1.4

8=1.

48=

1.4

8=1.

49=

1.4

.9=1

.4

9=1.

48=

1.3

7=1.

3

7=1.

37=

1.3

7=1.

3

7=1.

3

6=1.

2

6=1.

2

6=1.

26=

1.2

7=1.

2

7=1.

2

7=1.

2

7=1.

2

6=1.

1

6=1.

1

6=1.

1

6=1.

1

6=1.

1

6=1.

1

6=1.

1

6=1.

1

5=1.

0

5=1.

0

Relat

ive

lengt

hAr

mra

tio

3.3

1.1

2.8

1.2

2.8

1.2

2.6

1.1

2.6

1.1

2.6

1.1

2.6

1.5

2.4

1.3

2.6

4.0

2.4

3.6

2.4

1.3

2.4

1.3

2.4

1.3

2.4

1.8

2.4

1.8

2.4

1.8

2.2

1.6

2.2

1.1

2.2

1.1

2.2

1.1

2.2

1.1

2.2

1.1

2.1

1.0

2.

11

.0

2.

11

.0

2.

11

.0

2.1

1.4

2.1

1.4

2.1

1.4

2.1

1.4

1.9

1.2

1.9

1.2

1.9

1.2

1.9

1.2

1.

91

.2

1.

91

.2

1.

91

.2

1.9

1.2

1.

71

.0

1.7

1.0

o > o > >

Table

41.

Mea

sure

men

tsof

soma

ticch

rom

osom

esof

Gram

mang

isellis

iiat

mitot

icme

tapha

se,

2n=5

4T

ab

le 4

0.

co

nti

nu

ed

41

0.5

+0

.5=

1.0

42

0.5

+0

.5=

1.0

43

).4

+0

.6=

1.0

44

0.4

+0

.6=

1.0

45

0.3

+0

.6=

0.9

46

0.3

+0

.6=

0.9

1.7

1.0

1.

71

.0

1.7

1.5

1.7

1.5

1.6

2.0

1.6

2.0

Chro

moso

me 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 S 9 10 ll 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40

Leng

th(^m

)

1.4+1

1.0+1

.

1.2+1

.

1.2+1

.

1.0+1

.

0.9+1

,

0.8+1

0.8+1

.

0.7+1

0.7+1

0.6+1

0.5+1

0.7+1

.

0.7+1

.

0.6+1

.

0.6+1

.

0.7+1

.

0.7+1

.

0.6+1

0.7+0

0.7+0

,

0.7+0

0.7+0

0.6+0

0.6+0

.

0.6+0

.

0.5+1

.

0.4+1

.

0.7+0

.

0.7+0

.

0.6+0

.

0.6+0

.

0.6+0

.

0.6+0

.

0.6+0

.

0.3+1

.

0.3+1

.

0.6+0

.

0.5+0

.

0.5+0

.

5=2.9 =2

.9

5=2.7

4=2.6

0=2.0

1=2.0

2=2.0

1=1.9

2=1.9

2=1.9

3=1.9

4=1.9

1=1.8

1=1.8

2=1.8

2=1.8

0=1.7

0=1.7

1-1.7

9=1.6

8=1.5

8=1.5

8=1.5

9=1.5

9=1.5

9=1.5

0=1.5

1=1.5

7=1.4

7=1.4

8=1.4

8=1.4

8=1.4

8=1.4

8=1.4

0=1.3

0=1.3

7=1.3

8=1.3

8=1.3

Relat

ivelen

gthAr

mrat

io

3.4

1.0

3.4

1.9

3.2

1.2

3.1

1.1

2.4

1.0

2.4

1.2

2.4

1.5

2.2

.1

.3

2.2

1.7

2.2

1.7

2.2

2.1

2.2

2.8

2.1

1.5

2.1

1.5

2.1

2.0

2.1

2.0

2.0

1.4

2.0

1.4

2.0

1.8

1.9

1.2

1.8

1.1

1.8

1.1

1.8

1.1

1.8

1.5

1.8

1.5

1.8

1.5

1.8

2.0

1.8

2.7

1.6

1.0

1.6

1.0

1.6

1.3

1.6

1.3

1.6

1.3

1.6

1.3

1.6

1.3

1.5

3.3

1.5

3.3

1.5

1.

1

1.5

1.6

1.5

1.6

> a I o O O > O W >

Table

42.

Mea

sure

men

tsof

som

atic

chro

mos

omes

ofG

ram

mat

ophy

llwn

I-l

scrip

tum

atmi

totic

meta

phas

e,2n

=40

tO

Table

41.

contin

ued

410.

5+

0.8=

1.3

1.5

1.6

mC

hrom

osom

eLe

ngt'h

(um)

Relat

iveAr

m42

0.5+0

.8=1.3

1.51.6

m'en

gthrat

io

43-+

1.3=

1.3

1.5-

-!

1.5

+1.6

=3.1

44-+

1.3=

1.3

1.5-

-2

1.5

+1

.6=

3.1

450.5

+0.7=

1.21.4

1.4m

31.

3+1.

6=2.

946

0.5+0

.7=1.2

1.41.4

m4

1.3+1

.5=2

847

0.4+0

.7=1.1

1.31.7

m5

1.3+

1.5=

2.8

480.4

+0.7=

1.11.3

1.7m

61.

1+1.

5=2.

649

0.4+0

.7=1.1

1.31.7

m7

0.9+

1.8=

2.7

500.4

+0.7=

1.11.3

1.7m

80

9+1

8=2

751

-+1.

1=1.

11.3

--

gl!

l+l!

s=

2!e

52-+

1.0=

1.0

1.2-

-10

1.0

+1.6

=2.6

53-+

1.0=

1.0

1.2-

n1.1

+1.4

=2.5

540.4

+0.6=

1.01.2

1.5m

j21.0

+1.5=

2.5

130.9

+1.6=2

.5i/i

in-

i-i^-i

ai-.n

+i4=

?i

W0.

9+1.

5=2.

4i

n-t-i

3=?

å *

181.1

+1.1=

2.22.4

1.0m

2

190.4

+1.9=

2.32.6

4.7st

•E>

200.4

+1.8=

2.22.4

4.5st

g

0.4+1.

8=2.2

'22

0.3+1

.9=2.2

230.9

+1.3=

2.2

241.0

+1.1=

2.1

250.5

+1.6=2

.1

260.5

+1.6=

2.1

270.5

+1.5=

2.0

280.5

+1.5=

2.0

291.0

+1.1=

2.1

300.9

+1.0=

1.9

310.3

+1.6=1

.9

320.3

+1.6=

1.9

330.8

+1.1=

1.9

340.8

+1.0=

1.8

350.5

+1.3=1

.8

360.5

+1.3=

1.8

370.8

+0.9=

1.7

380.6

+1.0=

1.6

390.5

+1.0=

1.5

400.5

+1.0=

1.5

3.4

1.

0

3.4

1.

0

3.

21

.2

3.

11

.1

3.

11

.1

2.

91

.3

3.0

2.

0

3.0

2.

0

2.

91

.3

2.

91

.6

2.

81

.2

2.

81

.5

2.

81

.7

2.

71

.4

2.

71

.4

2.

71

.6

2.

61

.3

2.

41

.0

2.

64

.7

2.

44

.5

2.

44

.5

2.

46

.3

2.

41

.4

2.

31

.1

2.

33

.2

2.

33

.2

2.

23

.0

2.

23

.0

2.

31

.1

2.

11

.1

2.

15

.3

2.

15

.3

2.

11

.3

2.

01

.2

2.

02

.6

2.

02

.6

1.

91

.1

1.

81

.6

1.

72

.0

1.

72

.0

Table

43.

Mea

sure

men

tsof

soma

ticch

rom

osom

esof

Gram

matop

hyllu

msp

ecio

sum

atmi

totic

metap

hase

,2n

=40

Table

44.

Mea

sure

men

tsof

soma

ticch

rom

osom

esof

Gram

matop

hyllu

msta

peliif

lorum

atmi

totic

meta

phas

e,2n

=40

Leng

th(/m

i)Re

lativ

elen

gth

Arm

ratio

Leng

th(ju

m)

Relat

ive

lengt

hAr

mra

tio

10 ll 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 Z7 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40

0.8+1

0.8+0

0.7+1

0.6+1

0.7+0

0.7+0

0.6+0

0.6+0

0.5+0

0.5+0

0.6+0

0.6+0

0.6+0

0.6+0

0.5+0

0.5+0

.

0.5+0

,

0.5+0

0.5+0

0.5+0

0.5+0

0.5+0

0.6+0

0.«+0

.

0.5+0

0.5+0

0.5+0

0.5+0

0.5+0

0.5+0

0.5+0

0.4+0

0.4+0

0.4+0

0.4+0

.

0.4+0

.

0.4+0

HO

-+0

-+0

0=1.8

9=1.7

.0=1.7

.0=1.6

.8=1.5 =1

.5

=1.4

=1.4

.9=1.4

.9=1.4

1.4

.7=1.3 7=1.3

7=1.3

.8=1.3

.8=1.3

.7=1.2 7=1.2

7=1.2

.7=1.2

.7=1.2

.7=1.2

1.2

.6=1.2

.6=1.1

.6=1.1

.6=1.1

.6=1.1

.6=1.1

.6=1.1 5=1.0

.6=1.0

.6=1.0

.5=0.9

.5=0.9

.4=0.8

.4=0.8

.8=0.8

.7=0.7

.6=0.6

3.8

1.2

3.5

1.1

3.5

1.4

3.3

1.6

3.1

1.1

3.1

1.1

2.9

1.3

2.9

1.3

2.9

1.8

2.9

1.8

2.9

1.3

2.7

1.1

2.7

1.1

2.7

1.1

2.7

1.6

2.7

1,

6

2.5

1.4

2.5

1.4

2.5

1.4

2.5

1.4

2.5

1.4

2.5

1.4

2.5

1.0

2.5

1.0

2.3

1.2

2.3

1.2

2.3

1.2

2.3

1.2

2.3

1.2

2.3

1.2

2.1

1.0

2.1

1.5

2.1

1.5

1.9

1.2

1.9

1.2

1.7

1.0

1.7

1.0

1.7

1.5

1.3

10

.8

+1

.0

=1

.8

3.1

1.2

2).8

+1

.0

=1

.8

3.1

1.2

30

.8+

0.9

=1

.72

.9

1.1

4)

.7+

1.0

=1

.7

2.9

1.4

50

.7+

1.0

=1

.7

2.9

1.4

D0

.8+

0.8

=1

.6

2.7

1.0

75

.6

+1

.0

=1

.6

2.7

1.6

80

.6

+1

.0

=1

.6

2.7

1.6

90

.6

+1

.0

=1

.6

2.7

1.6

10

1.6

+1

.0

=1

.6

2.7

1.6

ll

5.6

+1

.0

=1

.6

2.7

1.6

12

1.7

+0

.8

=1

.5

2.6

1.1

13

0.5

+1

.0

=1

.5

2.6

2.0

14

0.5

+1

.0

=1

.5

2.6

2.0

15

0.7

+0

.8

=1

.5

2.6

1.1

16

0.7

+0

.8

=1

.5

2.6

1.1

17

).7

+0

.8

=1

.5

2.6

1.1

18

0.7

+0

.8

=1

.5

2.6

1.1

13

).7

+0

.8

=1

.5

2.6

1.1

20

0.7

+0

.8=

1.5

2.6

1.1

21

).

6+

0.9

=1

.5

2.6

1.5

22

J.

6+

0.9

=1

.5

2.6

1.5

23

).

5+

0.9

=1

.42

.4

1.8

24

).7

+0

.7

=1

.42

.4

1.0

25

0.

6+

0.8

=1

.42

.4

1.3

26

0.6

+0

.8

=1

.4

2.4

1.3

27

0.6

+0

.8

=1

.4

2.4

1.3

28

).5

+0

.9

=1

.4

2.4

1.8

29

0.5

+0

.9

=1

.4

2.4

1.8

30

).6

+0

.7

=1

.3

2.2

1.1

31

0.6

+0

.7

=1

.3

2.2

1.1

32

0.6

+0

.7

=1

.3

2.2

1.1

33

).5

+C

.8

=1

.3

2.2

1.6

34

).5

+0

.8

=1

.3

2.2

1.6

35

).5

+0

.8

=1

.3

2.2

1.6

36

0.5

+0

.8

=1

.3

2.2

1.6

3?

0.6

+0

.6

=1

.2

2.1

1.0

38

0.

5+

0.

7=

1.2

2.1

1.4

39

).

5+

0.7

=1

.2

2.1

1.4

40

0.

5+

0.6

=1

.1

1.9

1.2

o

Table

45.

Mea

sure

men

tsof

som

atic

chro

mos

omes

ofCy

rtopo

dium

ande

rsoni

iat

mitot

icm

etaph

ase,

2n=4

6

Table

45.

conti

nued

Chrom

osom

e

10 ll 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40

Leng

th(^m

)

0.6+1

0.6+1

0.6+1

0.8+0

0.7+0

0.6+1

0.7+0

0.7+0

0.6+0

0.5+0

0.5+0

0.6+0

0.6+0

0.6+0

0.6+0

0.6+0

0.6+0

0.6+0

0.4+0

0.4+0

0.4+0

0.4+0

0.6+0

0.5+0

0.5+0

0.4+0

0.4+0

0.4+0 -hi -+1

-+1

-+1 hi

0.5+0

0.4+0

0.3+0

0.2+0 -H -+1- +1

.2=1.8

.2=1.8

.1=1.7

.9=1.7

.9=1.6

.0=1.6

.9=1.6

.8=1.5

.8=1.4

.9=1.4

8=1.3

,7=1.3

.7=1.3

.7=1.3

7=1.3

.7=1.3

.7=1.3

.7=1.3

.9=1.3

9=1.3

.8=1.2

.8=1.2

.6=1.2

6=1.1

.6=1.1

.7=1.1

.7=1.1

7=1.1

1=1.1

.1=1.1

.1=1.1

1=1.1

1=1.1

.5=1.0

.6=1.0

.7=1.0

8=1.0

.0=1.0

.0=1.0

.0=1.0

Relat

ivelen

gthAr

mrat

io

3.

22

.0

3.

22

.0

3.

01

.8

3.

01

.1

2.

91

.2

2.

91

.6

2.

91

.2

2.

71

.1

2.

51

.3

2.

51

.8

2.

31

.6

2.

31

.1

2.

31

.1

2.

31

.1

2.

31

.1

2.

31

.1

2.

31

.1

2.

31

.1

2.

32

.2

2.

32

.2

2.

12

.0

2.

12

.0

2.

11

.0

2.

01

.2

2.

01

.2

2.

01

.7

2.

01

.7

2.

01

.7

2.

0

2.

0

2.

0

2.

0

2.

0

1.

81

.0

1.

81

.5

1.

82

.3

1.

84

.0

1.

8

1.

8

1.

8

41 42 43 44 45 46

0.4+0

.5=0.9

0.4+0

.5=0.9

0.3+0

.6=0.9

0.3+0

.6=0.9

0.3+0

.5=0.8

0.3+0

.5=0.8

1.

61

.2

1.

61

.2

1.

62

.0

1.

62

.0

1.

41

.6

1.

41

.6

o > I

Table

46.

Mea

sure

men

tsof

soma

ticch

rom

osom

esof

Cyrto

podiu

mpu

ncta

tum

atmi

totic

metap

hase,

2n=4

6

Chrom

osom

e

10 ll 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40

Leng

th(jum

)

1.0+1

0.9+1

0.8+1

0.9+1

0.9+1

0.9+1

0.8+1

0.8+1

0.9+1

0.7+1

0.7+1

0.9+0

0.9+0

0.9+0

0.8+1

0.8+1

0.8+1

0.8+1

0.8+1

0.8+1

0.8+1

0.8+0

0.8+0

0.8+0

0.7+1

0.7+0

0.6+1

0.6+0

0.5+1

0.5+1

0.6+0

0.6+0

0.5+0

0.5+0

0.6+0

0.5+0

0.5+0

0.4+0

0.5+0

0.5+0

.2=2.2

.2=2.1

.3=2.1

.1=2.0

.1=2.0

1.9

.1=1.9

.1=1.9

.0=1.9

.1=1.8

.1=1.8

.9=1.8

.9=1.8

.9=1.8

.0=1.8

.0=1.8

.0=1.8 0=1.8

.0=1.8

.0=1.8

.0=1.8 9=1.7

9=1.7

9=1.7

0=1.7

9=1.6

0=1.6

9=1.5

0=1.5

0=1.5

8=1.4

8=1.4

9=1.4

9=1.4

8=1.4

8=1.3

9=1.4

9=1.3

8=1.3

8=1.3

Relat

ivelen

gthAr

mrat

io

2.9

1.

2

2.8

1.

3

2.8

1.

6

2.7

1.

2

2.7

1.

2

2.

51

.1

2.5

1.

3

2.5

1.

3

2.

51

.1

2.

41

.5

2.

41

.5

2.

41

.0

2.

41

.0

2.

41

.0

2.

41

.2

2.

41

.2

2.

41

.2

2.

41

.:

2.

41

.2

2.

41

.2

2.

41

.2

2.

31

.1

2.

31

.1

2.

31

.1

2.

31

.4

2.

11

.2

2.

11

.6

2.

01

.5

2.

02

.0

2.

02

.0

1.

91

.3

1.

91

.3

1.

91

.8

1.

91

.8

1.

91

.3

1.

71

.6

1.

91

.8

1.

72

.2

1.

71

.6

1.

71

.6

Ta

ble

4

6.

con

tin

ue

d

41

0.3

+1

.0=

1.3

42

0.3

+1

.0=

1.3

43

0.3

+1

.0=

1.3

44

0.3

+1

.0=

1.3

45

-h

i.3

=1

.3

46

-h

i.2

=1

.2

1.

73

.3

1.

73

.3

1.

73

.3

1.

73

.3

1.

7

1.

6

o

Table

47.

Mea

sure

men

tsof

som

atic

chro

mos

omes

ofEu

lophia

guin

eens

isat

mitot

icm

etaph

ase,

2n-5

4o

Tabl

e47

.co

ntinu

ed

Chro

moso

me 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 ll 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40

Leng

th(^m

)

0.7+1

0.8+0

0.6+1

0.5+1

0.6+1

0.6+0

0.5+1

0.5+1

0.7+0

0.6+0

0.5+0

0.5+0

0.5+0

0.4+1

0.4+1

0.4+1

0.4+0

0.4+0

0.5+0

0.6+0

0.6+0

0.5+0

0.5+0

0.5+0

0.4+0

0.3+0

0.5+0

0.5+0

0.5+0

0.4+0

0.3+0 -+1

-+1

0.5+0

0.4+0

0.4+0

0.4+0

0.3+0 -hi

-

hi

0=1.7

9=1.7

.1=1.7

.1=1.6

.0=1.6

9=1.5

0=1.5

0=1.5

8=1.5

8=1.4

9=1.4

9=1.4

9=1.4

0=1.4

0=1.4

0=1.4

9=1.3

9=1.3

8=1.3

6=1.2

6=1.2

7=1.2 7=1.2

7=1.2

8=1.2

9=1.2

7=1.2

6=1.1

6=1.1

7=1.1

8=1.1 1=1.1

1=1.1

5=1.0

6=1.0

6=1.0

6=1.0

7=1.0

.0=1.0

.0=1.0

Relat

ivelen

gthAr

mrat

io

2.7

1.4

2.7

1.1

2.7

1.8

2.5

2.2

2.5

1.6

2.3

1.5

2.3

2.

0

2.3

2.

0

2.3

i:i

2.2

1.3

2.2

1.8

2.2

1.8

2.2

1.8

2.2

2.5

2.2

2.

5

2.2

2.5

2.0

2.2

2.0

2.2

2.0

1.6

1.9

1.0

1.9

1.0

1.9

1.4

1.9

1.4

1.9

1.4

1.9

2.

0

1.9

3.0

1.9

1.4

1.7

1.2

1.7

1.2

1.7

1.7

1.7

2.6

1.7

1.7

1.6

1.0

1.6

1.5

1.6

1.5

1.6

1.5

1.6

2.3

1.6

1.6

Form

41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54

-+1.0

=1.0

-hi.0

=1.0

-H.0=

1.0-H

I.0=1

.0-+

1.0=1

.0-+

1.0=1

.00.3

+0.6=

0.90.3

+0.6=

0.9-1

-0.9=

0.9-H

O.9=

0.9-+

0.9=0

.9-+

0.9=0

.9-1

-0.8=

0.8-H

O.8=

0.8

1.6

1.6

1.6

1.6

1.6

1.6

1.4

2.0

1.4

2.0

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.2

1.2

o > o >

Table

48.

Mea

sure

men

tsof

soma

ticch

rom

osom

esof

Eulop

hiapa

nicula

taat

mitot

icme

tapha

se,

2n=6

0

Table

48.

conti

nued

10 ll 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40

Leng

th(^m

)

0.7+1

0.6+1

0.6+0

0.6+0

0.6+0

0.6+0

0.5+0

,

0.3+1

0.3+1

0.3+1

0.3+1

0.5+0

0.6+0

0.5+0

.

0.5+0

0.5+0

0.5+0

0.5+0

,

0.5+0

0.5+0

0.4+0

0.3+0

0.3+0

0.5+0

0.4+0

0.3+0

0.3+0

0.4+0

.

0.4+0

.

0.4+0

.

0.4+0

.0.3

+0

0.3+0

0.3+0

0.4+0

0.4+0

0.4+0

0.3+0

0.3+0

0.3+0

.0=1.7

.0=1.6

.9=1.5 9=1.5

8=1.4

8=1.4

.9=1.4

.1=1.4

.1=1.4

.1=1.4

.1=1.4

1.3

.7=1.3 -1.

3=1

.3

=1.3

=1.3 =1.3

.7=1.2 7=1.2

8=1.2

9=1.2

9=1.2

.6=1.1

.7=1.1

.8=1.1

.8=1.1

6=1.0

6=1.0

6=1.0

6=1.0

.7=1.0 7=1.0

7=1.0

.5=0.9

.5=0.9 5=0.9

6=0.9

6=0.9

6-0.9

Relat

ivelen

gthAr

m ratio

2.

71

.4

2.

51

.6

2.

31

.5

2.

31

.5

2.

21

.3

2.

21

.3

2.

21

.8

2.

23

.6

2.

23

.6

2.

23

.6

2.

23

.6

2.

01

.6

2.

01

.1

2.

01

.6

2.

01

.6

2.

01

.6

2.

01

.6

2.

01

.6

1.

91

.4

1.

91

.4

1.

92

.0

1.

93

.0

1.

93

.0

1.

71

.2

1.

71

.7

1.

72

.6

1.

72

.6

1.

61

.5

1.

61

.5

1.

61

.5

1.

61

.5

1.

62

.3

1.

62

.3

1.

62

.3

1.

41

.2

1.

41

.2

1.

41

.2

1.

42

.0

1.

42

.0

1.4

2.

0

Form

41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60

0.3+0

.0.3

+0

0.3+0

0.3+0

0.3+0

.

0.2+0

0.4+0

0.3+0

0.3+0

0.3+0

0.3+0

0.3+0

0.3+0

0.3+0

0.3+0

0.3+0

0.3+0

0.3+0

0.3+0

.

0.3+0

6=0.9

6=0.9

6=0.9

6=0.9

6=0.9

7=0.9

4=0.8

5=0.8

5=0.8

5=0.8

5=0.8

5=0.8

4=0.7

4=0.7

4=0.7

4=0.7

4=0.7

.4=0.7

.4=0.7

.4=0.7

1.

42

.0

1.

42

.0

1.

42

.0

1.

42

.0

1.

42

.0

1.

43

.5

1.

31

.0

1.

31

.6

1.

31

.6

1.

31

.6

1.

31

.6

1.

31

.6

1.

11

.3

1.

11

.3

1.

11

.3

1.

11

.3

1.

11

.3

1.

11

.3

1.

11

.3

1.

11

.3

o 1

Table

49.

Mea

sure

men

tsof

soma

ticch

rom

osom

esof

Eulo

phia

peter

siiat

mitot

icm

etaph

ase,

2n=4

8g

Table

49.

conti

nued

Chrom

osome 10 ll 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 2? 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40

Leng

th(fim

)

1.8+3

1.5+2

1.8+2

2.0+2

1.5+2

1.3+2

1.1+2

0.9+2

0.8+2

1.3+1

.1.0

+2.

0.6+2

.

0.7+2

1.3+1

0.9+1

0.8+2

0.8+2

0.7+2

0.8+1

0.8+1

1.0+1

0.8+1

0.8+1

0.8+1

0.8+1

0.8+1

1.0+1

0.9+1

0.7+1

0.6+1

1.1+1

0.9+1

1.0+1

0.9+1

0.7+1

0.6+1

0.8+1

0.7+1

0.8+1

0.8+

1

3=5.1

8=4.3

6=4.4

1=4.1

5=4.0

3=3.6

3=3.4

4=3.3

4=3.2 -3.

10=

3.0 1=3.0

3=3.0

5=2.8

9=2.8

0=2.8

0=2.8 1=2.8

.9=2.7

.9=2.7

.4=2.4

.6=2.4

.6=2.4

.6=2.4

.6=2.4

.6=2.4

.3=2.3

.4=2.3

.6=2.3

.6=2.2

.1=2.2

.3=2.2

.1=2.1

.1=2.0

.4=2.1

.3=1.9

.1=1.9 2=1.9

0=1.8

0=1.8

Relat

ivelen

gthAn

nrat

io

4.

21

.8

3.

51

.8

3.

61

.4

3.

43

.0

3.

31

.6

3.

01

.7

2.

82

.0

2.

72

.6

2.

63

.0

2.

51

.3

2.

52

.0

2.

52

.3

2.

53

.2

2.

31

.1

2.

32

.1

2.

32

.5

2.

32

.5

2.

33

.0

2.

22

.3

2.

22

.3

2.

01

.4

2.

02

.0

2.

02

.0

2.

02

.0

2.

02

.0

2.

02

.0

1.

91

.3

1.

91

.5

1.

92

.2

1.

82

.6

1.

81

.0

1.

81

.4

1.

71

.1

1.

61

.2

1.

72

.0

1.

62

.1

1.

61

.3

1.

61

.7

1.

51

.2

1.

51

.2

41 42 43 44 45 46 47

0.8+1

.0=1.8

0.6+0

.9=1.5

0.5+1

.1=1.6

0.5+1

.0=1.5

0.5+0

.9=1.4

0.4+1

.0=1.4

0.3+1

.0=1.3

0.3+0

.9=1.2

1.

51

.2

1.

21

.5

1.

32

.2

1.

22

.0

1.

11

.8

1.

12

.5

1.

13

.3

1.

03

.0

§ o > >

Table

50.

Mea

sure

men

tsof

soma

ticch

rom

osom

esof

Eulop

hiasir

eptop

eiala

atmi

totic

metap

hase

,2n

=42

Table

51.M

easu

rem

ents

ofso

matic

chro

mos

omes

ofEu

lophie

llaRo

lfei

atmi

totic

metap

hase

,2n

=52

Leng

th(^m

)Re

lative

length

Arm

ratio

Leng

th(jum

)Re

lative

length

Arm

ratio

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 ll 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42

0.

9+

1.

5=

2.

4

0.

6+

1.

8=

2.

4

0.

9+

1.

4=

2.

3

0.

8+

1.

4=

2.

2

0.

6+

1.

5=

2.

1

0.

7+

1.

4=

2.

1

1.

0+

1.

1=

2.

1

1.

0+

1.

1=

2.

1

1.

0+

1.

1=

2.

1

1.

0+

1.

1=

2.

1

0.

8+

1.

3=

2.

1

0.

8+

1.

3=

2.

1

0.

7+

1.

4=

2.

1

0.

7+

1.

3=

2.0

0.

6+

1.4

=2

.0

0.

6+

1.4

=2

.0

0.

8+

1.

0=

1.8

0.

7+

1.

1=

1.8

0.

4+

1.4

=1

.8

0.

6+

1.

1=

1.

7

0.

8+

0.

9=

1.

7

0.

8+

0.

9=

1.

7

0.

8+

0.

9=

1.

7

0.

8+

0.

9=

1.

7

0.

8+

0.

8=

1.

6

0.

6+

0.

9=

1.

5

0.

5+

1.

0=

1.

5

0.

6+

0.

8=

1.

4

0.

6+

0.

8=

1.

4

0.

6+

0.

8=

1.

4

0.

6+

0.

8=

1.

4

0.

6+

0.

8=

1.

4

0.

6+

0.

7=

1.

3

0.

6+

0.

7=

1.

3

0.

5+

0.

8=

1.

3

0.

5+

0.

7=

1.

2

0.

5+

0.

7=

1.

2

0.

5+

0.

7=

1.

2

0.

3+

0.

8=

1.

1

0.

3+

0.

8=

1.

1

0.

4+

0.

6=

1.

0

0.

4+

0.

6=

1.

0

3.4

1.

6

3.4

3.

0

3.2

1.

5

3.

11

.7

2.

92

.5

2.

92

.0

2.

91

.1

2.

91

.1

2.

91

.1

2.

91

.1

2.

91

.6

2.

91

.6

2.

92

.0

2.

81

.8

2.

82

.3

2.

82

.3

2.

51

.2

2.

51

.5

2.

53

.5

2.

41

.8

2.

41

.1

2.

41

.1

2.

41

.1

2.

41

.1

2.

21

.0

2.

11

.5

2.

12

.0

2.

01

.3

2.

01

.3

2.

01

.3

2.

01

.3

2.

01

.3

1.

81

.1

1.

81

.1

1.

81

.6

1.

71

.4

1.

71

.4

1.

71

.4

1.

52

.6

1.

52

.6

1.

41

.5

1.

41

.5

10

.4+

1.9

=2

.3

20

.4+

1.8

=2

.2

30

.4+

1.

6=

2.0

40

.4+

1.6

=2

.0

50

.3+

1.7

=2

.0

60

.3+

1.7

=2

.0

70

.4+

1.5

=1

.9

80

.4+

1.5

=1

.9

90

.5+

1.1

=1

.6

10

0.5

+1

.1=

1.6

ll

0.4

+1

.2=

1.6

12

0.5

+1

.1=

1.6

13

0.4

+1

.2=

1.6

14

0.4

+1

.1=

1.5

15

0.4

+1

.1=

1.5

16

0.4

+1

.0=

1.4

17

0.4

+1

.0=

1.4

180

.4+

1.0

=1

.4

190

.2+

1.

1=

1.3

20

0.2

+1

.1

=1

.3

21

0.4

+0

.8=

1.2

22

0.3

+0

.8=

1.1

23

0.5

+0

.6

=1

.1

240

.5

+0

.6

=1

.1

25

0.4

+0

.7=

1.1

26

H.1

=1

.1

27

-H

.1=

1.1

28

-H

.0=

1.0

29

0.1

+0

.9=

1.0

30

0.1

+0

.9=

1.0

31

-+

1.0

=1

.0

32

-+

1.0

=1

.0

33

hi

.0=

1.0

34

-K

).9

=0

.9

35

0.4

+0

.5=

0.9

36

0.4

+0

.5=

0.9

37

0.3

+0

.6=

0.9

38

0.3

+0

.6=

0.9

39

0.3

+0

.6=

0.9

40

-H

O.9

=0

.9

3.6

4.7

st

3.4

4.5

st

3.1

4.0

st

3.1

4.0

st

3.1

5.6

st

3.1

5.

6st

3.0

3.

7st

3.0

3.7

st

2.5

2.2

sm

2.5

2.2

sm

2.5

3.0

sm

2.

52

.2s

m

2.

53

.0s

m

2.

32

.7sm

2.3

2.7

sm

2.2

2.5

sm

2.2

2.5

sra

2.2

2.5

sm

2.0

5.5

st

2.0

5.5

st

1.9

2.0

sm

1.7

2.6

sm

1.7

1.2

m

1.7

1.2

m

1.7

1.7

m

1.7

E

1.7

B

1.6

B

1.6

9.0

1.6

9.0

1.6

B

1.6

B

1.6

E

1.4

B

1.4

1.2

ir

1.4

1.2

ir

1.4

2.0

sir

1.4

2.0

sir

1.4

2.0

SIT

1.4

a

W C/5 c > D r I o 72 > o n 3 > > w o

Table

52.

Mea

sure

men

tsof

som

atic

chro

mos

omes

ofEu

loph

iella

roem

pler

iana

atmi

totic

meta

phas

e,2n

=52

Table

51.con

tinued

41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52

-+0.9=

0.9-1-

0.9=0

.90.4

+0.4=

0.8

0.4+0

.4=0.8

0.4+0

.4=0.8

0.4+0

.4=0.8

-1-0.8

=0.8

-+0.8=

0.8-1-

0.8=0

.8-1-

0.8=0

.8-H

0.8=0

.8-+0

.8=0.8

1.

4

1.

4

1.

31

.0

1.

31

.0

1.

31

.0

1.

31

.0

1.

3

1.

3

1.

3

1.

3

1.

3

1.

3

*:C

hrom

osom

ewi

thse

cond

ary

cons

tricti

on

Chro

moso

me

Length

(/im

)R

ela

tive

length

Arm

ratio

Form

蝣10.4

+1.2

=1.6

2.8

3.0

sm

z0.4

+1.2

=1.6

2.8

3.0

sm

30.4

+1.1=

1.5

2.6

2.7

sm

40.4

+1.1=

1.5

2.6

2.7

sm

50.6

+0.8

=1.4

2.4

1.3

m

60.5

+0.9

=1.5

2.4

1.8

sm

70.4

+1.0

=1.4

2.4

2.5

sm

80.3

+1.1=

1.4

2.4

3.6

st

90.6

+0.7

=1.3

2.2

1.1

m

100.6

+0.7

=1.3

2.2

1.1

m

ll

0.3

+1.0

=1.3

2.2

3.3

st

120.3

+1.0

=1.3

2.2

3.3

st

130.3

+1.0

=1.3

2.2

3.3

st

140.3

+1.0

=1.3

2.2

3.3

st

15

0.2

+1.1=

1.3

2.2

5.5

st

160.2

+1.1=

1.3

2.2

5.5

st

17-

+1.3=

1.3

2.2

180.4

+0.8

=1.2

2.1

2.0

sm

190.3

+0.9=

1.2

2.1

3.0

sm

200.2

+1.0

=1.2

2.1

5.0

st

21

0.2

+1.0=

1.2

:.i

5.0

st

22

0.2

+1.0=

1.2

2.1

5.0

st

23

0.1+

1.1=

1.2

2.1

ll.0

t

24-

hi

.2=

1.2

2.1

25

0.5+

0.6

=1

.11

.91.2

m

26

0.5+

0.6

=1

.11

.91.2

m

27

0.5+

0.6

=1

.11

.91.2

m

28

0.4

+0

.7=

1.1

1.9

1.7

m

29

0.3

+0

.8=

1.1

1.9

2.6

sm

30

0.3

+0

.8=

1.1

1.9

2.6

sm

31

0.3+

0.8

=1

.11

.92

.6sm

32

0.2

+0

.9=

1.1

1.9

4.5

st

33

-+

1.1

=1

.11

.9

34

0.5

+0

.5=

1.0

1.7

1.0

m

35

0.4

+0

.6=

1.0

1.7

1.5

m

36

0.4

+0

.6=

1.0

1.7

1.5

m

37

0.4

+0

.6=

1.0

1.7

1.5

m

38

0.4

+0

.6=

1.0

1.7

1.5

m

39

0.3

+0

.7=

1.0

1.7

2.3

sm

40

-1-1

.0=

1.0

1.7

o >

Table

53.

Mea

sure

men

tsof

soma

ticch

rom

osom

esof

Galea

ndra

baue

riat

mitot

icm

etaph

ase,

2n=5

6

Table

52.

contin

ued

・11

0.

4+

0.

5=

0.

91

.6

1.

2

42

0.

3+

0.

6=

0.

91

.6

2.

0

43

0.

3+

0.

6=

0.

91

.6

2.

0

44

-+

0.

9=

0.

91

.6

45

0.

3+

0.

5=

0.

81

.4

1.

6

46

-+

0.

8=

0.

81

.4

47

-+

0.

8=

0.

81

.4

48

-1-

0.

7=

0.

71

.2

49

-H

O.

6=

0.

61

.0

50

-H

O.

6=

0.

61

.0

51

-+

0.

6=

0.

61

.0

52

-+

0.

6=

0.

61

.0

Chrom

osome

Leng

th(^m

)Re

lative

length

Ann

ratio

10

.9

+0

.9

=1

.8

2.

51

.0

20

.8

+0

.9

=1

.7

2.4

1.

1

30

.8

+0

.9

=1

.7

2.4

1.

1

40

.8

+0

.9

=1

.7

2.4

1.

1

50

.8

+0

.9

=1

.7

2.4

1.

1

60

.8

+0

.9

=1

.7

2.4

1.

1

70

.8

+0

.9

=1

.7

2.4

1.

1

80

.8

+0

.8

=1

.6

2.2

1.

0

90

.5

+1

.1

=1

.6

2.

22

.2

10

0.

5+

1.

1=

1.

62

.2

2.

2

ll

0.

7+

0.

8=

1.

52

.1

1.

1

12

1.

6+

0.

9=

1.

52

.1

1.

5

13

0.

6+

0.

9=

1.

52

.1

1.

5

14

0.

5+

0.

9=

1.

41

.9

1.

8

15

0.

7+

0.

7=

1.

41

.9

1.

0

16

0.

6+

0.

8=

1.

41

.9

1.

3

17

0.

6+

0.

8=

1.

41

.9

1.

3

18

0.

6+

0.

8=

1.4

1.

91

.3

19

0.

6+

0.

8=

1.4

1.

91

.3

20

0.

6+

0.

8=

1.4

1.

91

.3

21

0.

5+

0.

9=

1.4

1.

91

.8

22

0.

5+

0.

9=

1.4

1.

91

.8

23

0.

6+

0.

7=

1.3

1.

81

.1

24

0.

6+

0.

7=

1.3

1.

81

.1

25

).

6+

0.

7=

1.3

1.

81

.1

26

0.

5+

0.

8=

1.3

1.

81

.6

27

0.

6+

0.

6=

1.2

1.

71

.0

28

).

6+

0.

6=

1.2

1.

71

.0

29

).

6+

0.

6=

1.2

1.

71

.0

30

0.

6+

0.

6=

1.2

1.

71

.0

31

0.

5+

0.

7=

1.2

1.

71

.4

32

0.

5+

0.

7=

1.2

1.

71

.4

33

0.

5+

0.

7=

1.2

1.

71

.4

34

0.

5+

0.

7=

1.2

1.

71

.4

35

0.

4+

0.

8=

1.2

1.

72

.0

36

0.

4+

0.

8=

1.2

. 1

.7

2.

0

37

.0

.6

+0

.6

=1

.21

.7

1.

0

38

0.

5+

0.

6=

1.

11

.5

1.

2

39

0.

5+

0.

6=

1.

11

.5

1.

2

40

0.

5+

0.

6=

1.

11

.5

1.

2

o M C/5 2 i > o g > o w >

Table

54.

Mea

sure

men

tsof

som

atic

chro

mos

omes

ofG

alea

ndra

devo

nian

aat

mitot

icm

etaph

ase,

2n=5

6to

Table

53.

conti

nued

41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56

0.5+0

0.5+0

0.5+0

0.5+0

0.5+0

,0.5

+00.5

+0

0.5+0

0.4+0

0.5+0

0.4+0

0.4+0

0.4+0

0.4+0

0.4+0

0.4+0

.6=1.1

.6=1.1

.6=1.1

.6=1.1

.6=1.1

.6=1.1

.6=1.1

.6=1.1 7=1.1

5=1.0

.6=1.0

6=1.0

.6=1.0 5=0.9

5=0.9

5=0.9

1.

51

.2

1.

51

.2

1.

51

.2

1.

51

.2

1.

51

.2

1.

51

.2

1.

51

.2

1.

51

.2

1.

51

.7

1.

41

.0

1.

4l

.S

1.

41

.5

1.

41

.5

1.

21

.2

1.

21

.2

1.

21

.2

Chrom

osome 10 ll 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40

Leng

th(,ui

n)

0.6+1

.0.6

+1.

0.7+1

0.7+1

0.6+1

0.7+0

0.7+0

0.6+0 -+1 -H

.0.6

+0 -1

-1

-H

I-+

10.6

+0,

0.6

+0

0.6

+0

0.6

+0

0.6

+0

0.6

+0

0.6

+0

0.6

+0

0.5

+0

-+

1-h

i-h

i-H

I-1-

1-+

10

.5+

0

0.5

+0

0.5

+0

0.5

+0

-h

i-+

1-+

1-+

1H

-+

1-+

12=

1.8

2=

1.8

1=

1.8

0=

1.7

1=

1.7

9=

1.6

8=

1.5

9=

1.5

6=

1.6

6=

1.6

8=

1.4

4=

1.4

4=

1.4

3=

1.3

7=

1.3

6=

1.2

6=

1.2

6=

1.2

6=

1.2

6=

1.2

6=

1.2

6=

1.2

.7=

1.2

2=

1.2

2=

1.2

2=

1.2

2=

1.2

2=

1.2

2=

1.2

6=

1.1

6=

1.1

.6=

1.1

6=

1.1

.1=

1.1

.1=

1.1

.1=

1.1

.1=

1.1

.1=

1.1

.1=

1.1

.1=

1.1

Relativ

elen

gth

Arm

ratio

2.7

2.0

2.7

2.0

2.7

1.5

2.5

1.4

2.5

1.8

2.4

1.2

2.2

1.1

2.2

1.5

2.4

2.4

2.1

1.3

2.1

2.1

1.9

1.9

1.1

1.8

1.0

1.8

1.0

1.8

1.0

1.8

1.0

1.8

1.0

1.8

1.0

1.8

1.0

1.8

1.4

1.8

1.8

1.8

1.8

1.8

1.8

1.6

1.2

1.6

1.2

1.6

1.2

1.6

1.2

1.6

1.6

1.6

1.6

1.6

1.6

1.6

o > o > >

Table

55.

Mea

sure

men

tsof

soma

ticch

rom

osom

esof

Geod

orum

dens

iflor

umat

mitot

icm

etaph

ase,

2n=5

4

Table

54.

contin

ued

41

-+

1.

1=

1.

11

.6

42

-+

1.

0=

1.

01

.5

43

-+

1.

0=

1.

01

.5

44

-+

1.

0=

1.

01

.5

45

-+

1.

0=

1.

01

.5

46

-+

1.

0=

1.

01

.5

47

-+

1.

0=

1.

01

.5

48

-+

1.

0=

1.

01

,5

49

-+

1.

0=

1.

01

.5

50

-+

1.

0=

1.

01

.5

51

-+

0.

9=

0.

91

.3

52

-+

0.

9=

0.

91

.3

53

-+

0.

9=

0.

91

.3

54

-+

0.

9=

0.

91

.3

55

-+

0.

8=

0.

81

.2

56

-+

0.

8=

0.

81

.2

Leng

th(^m

)Re

lative

length

Arm

ratio

10

.6

+0

.7

=1

.3

2.

81

.1

20

.5

+0

.7

=1

.2

2.

61

.4

30

.4

+0

.8

=1

.2

2.

62

.0

40

.4

+0

.8

=1

.2

2.

62

.0

50

.5

+0

.6

=1

.1

2.

41

.2

60

.5

+0

.6

=1

.1

2.

41

.2

70

.5

+0

.6

=1

.1

2.

41

.2

80

.5

+0

.6

=1

.1

2.

41

.2

90

.5

+0

.5

=1

.0

2.

21

.0

10

0.

4+

0.

6=

1.

02

.2

1.

5

ll

0.

4+

0.

6=

1.

02

.2

1.

5

12

0.

4+

0.

6=

1.

02

.2

1.

5

13

0.

2+

0.

7=

0.

92

.0

3.

5

14

0.

2+

0.

7=

0.

92

.0

3.

5

15

0.

4+

0.

5=

0.

92

.0

1.

2

16

0.

4+

0.

5=

0.

92

.0

1.

2

17

0.

4+

0.

5=

0.

92

.0

1.

2

18

0.

3+

0.

6=

0.

92

.0

2.

0

19

-+

0.

9=

0.

92

.0

20

-H

O.

9=

0.

92

.0

21

-M

).

9=

0.

92

.0

22

0.

3+

0.

5=

0.

81

.8

1.

6

23

0.

3+

0.

5=

0.

81

.8

1.

6

24

0.

4+

0.

4=

0.

81

.8

1.

0

25

0.

4+

0.

4=

0.

81

.8

1.

0

26

0.

4+

0.

4=

0.

81

.8

1.

0

27

0.

3+

0.

5=

0.

81

.8

1.

6

28

0.

3+

0.

5=

0.

81

.8

1.

6

29

-1-

0.

8=

0.

81

.8

30

-1-

0.

8=

0.

81

.8

31

-H

O.

8=

0.

81

.8

32

-1-

0.

8=

0.

81

.8

33

-1-

0.

8=

0.

81

.8

34

-H

O.

8=

0.

81

.8

35

-H

O.

8=

0.

81

.8

36

-H

O.

8=

0.

81

.8

37

-+

0.

8=

0.

81

.8

38

-K

).

8=

0.

81

.8

39

-+

0.

8=

0.

81

.8

40

0.

3+

0.

4=

0.

71

.5

1.

3

o wZ' a o

Table

56.

Mea

sure

men

tsof

som

atic

chro

mos

omes

ofGr

apho

rkis

script

aat

mitot

icm

etaph

ase,

2n=5

4

Table

55.

conti

nued

41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54

0.3+0

.4=0.7

-HO.

7=0.7

-1-0.7

=0.7

-HO.

7=0.7

-HO.

7=0.7

-1-0.7

=0.7

-+0.7=

0.7-H

O.7=

0.7-H

O.6=

0.6-H

O.6=

0.6-H

O.6=

0.6-H

O.6=

0.6-H

O.6=

0.6-+0

.6=0.6

1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3

1.3Le

ngth(

^m)

10

.5+

1.1

=1

.6

20

.6+

0.9

=1

.5

30

.6+

0.8

=1

.4

40

.6+

0.7

=1

.3

50

.6+

0.7

=1

.3

60

.6+

0.6

=1

.2

70

.6+

0.6

=1

.2

80

.6+

0.6

=1

.2

90

.5+

0.7

=1

.2

10

0.5

+0

.7=

1.2

ll

0.5

+0

.7=

1.2

12

0.5

+0

.7=

1.2

13

0.4

+0

.8=

1.2

14

0.3

+0

.8=

1.1

150

.5+

0.6

=1

.1

16

0.5

+0

.6=

1.1

17

0.5

+0

.6=

1.1

18

0.5

+0

.6=

1.1

19

0.5

+0

.5=

1.0

20

0.4

+0

.6=

1.0

21

0.4

+0

.6=

1.0

22

0.4

+0

.6=

1.0

23

0.1

+0

.9=

1.0

24

0.1

+0

.8=

0.9

25

0.4

+0

.5=

0.9

26

0.4

+0

.5=

0.9

27

0.4

+0

.5=

0.9

28

0.4

+0

.5=

0.9

29

0.4

+0

.5=

0.9

30

0.4

+0

.5=

0.9

31

0.4

+0

.5=

0.9

32

0.4

+0

.5

=0

.9

330

.4+

0.

5=

0.9

340

.3+

0.6

=0

.9

35

0.3

+0

.6

=0

.9

36

0.3

+0

.6

=0

.9

37

-1-

0.

9=

0.9

38

-1-

0.9

=0

.9

39

-+

0.9

=0

.9

40

-+

0.9

=0

.9

Relat

ivelen

gthAr

mrat

io

3.

02

.2

2.

81

.5

2.

61

.3

2.

41

.1

2.

41

.1

2.

21

.0

2.

21

.0

2.

21

.0

2.

21

.4

2.

21

.4

2.

21

.4

2.

21

.4

2.

22

.0

2.

12

.6

2.

11

.2

2.

11

.2

2.

11

.2

2.

11

.2

1.

91

.0

1.

91

.5

1.

91

.5

1.

91

.5

1.

99

.0

1.

78

.0

1.

71

.2

1.

71

.2

1.

71

.2

1.

71

.2

1.

71

.2

1.

71

.2

1.

71

.2

1.

71

.2

1.

71

.2

1.

72

.0

1.

72

.0

1.

72

.0

1.

7

1.

7

1.

7

1.

7

Form

§ o > o > >

Table

57.

Mea

sure

men

tsof

som

atic

chro

mos

omes

ofOe

cocla

des

saun

dersi

ana

atmi

totic

meta

phas

e,2n

=58

Table

56.

conti

nued

41

-+

0.9

=0

.91

.7

42

-+

0.8

=0

.81

.5

43

-+

0.8

=0

.81

.5

44

-+

0.8

=0

.81

.5

45

-+

0.8

=0

.81

.5

46

-+

0.8

=0

.81

.5

47

-+

0.8

=0

.81

.5

48

-+

0.8

=0

.81

.5

49

-+

0.8

=0

.81

.5

50

-+

0.8

=0

.81

.5

51

-+

0.8

=0

.81

.5

52

-H

O.8

=0

.81

:5

53

-1-

0.7

=0

.71

.3

54

-+

0.7

=0

.71

.3

Chrom

osome

Leng

th(^m

)Re

lative

length

Arm

ratio

10

.8

+0

.8

=1

.6

2.3

1.0

20

.6

+1

.0

=1

.6

2.3

1.6

30

.5

+1

.0

=1

.5

2.

12

.0

40

.7

+0

.8

=1

.5

2.

11

.1

50

.7

+0

.8

=1

.5

2.

11

.1

60

.7

+0

.7

=1

.4

2.0

1.0

70

.6

+0

.8

=1

.4

2.0

1.3

80

.6

+0

.8

=1

.4

2.0

1.3

90

.6

+0

.8

=1

.4

2.0

1.3

10

0.5

+0

.8

=1

.3

1.9

1.6

ll

0.6

+0

.7

=1

.3

1.9

1.1

12

0.6

+0

.7

=1

.3

1.9

1.1

13

0.6

+0

.7

=1

.3

1.9

1.1

14

0.6

+0

.7

=1

.3

1.9

1.1

15

0.6

+0

.7

=1

.3

1.9

1.1

16

0.6

+0

.7

=1

.3

1.9

1.1

17

0.5

+0

.8

=1

.3

1.9

1.6

18

0.5

+0

.8

=1

.3

1.9

1.6

19

0.5

+0

.8

=1

.3

1.9

1.6

20

0.5

+0

.8

=1

.3

1.9

1.6

21

0.5

+0

.8

=1

.3

1.9

1.6

22

0.6

+0

.6

=1

.2

1.7

1.0

23

0.6

+0

.6

=1

.2

1.7

1.0

24

0.6

+0

.6

=1

.2

1.7

1.0

25

0.6

+0

.6

=1

.2

1.7

1.0

26

0.6

+0

.6

=1

.2

1.7

1.0

27

0.6

+0

.6

=1

.2

1.7

1.0

28

0.6

+0

.6

=1

.2

1.7

1.0

29

0.5

+0

.7

=1

.2

1.7

1.4

30

0.5

+0

.7

=1

.2

1.7

1.4

31

0.5

+0

.7

=1

.2

1.7

1.4

32

0.5

+0

.7

=1

.2

1.7

1.4

33

0.5

+0

.7

=1

.2

1.7

1.4

34

0.5

+0

.7

=1

.2

1.7

1.4

35

0.5

+0

.7

=1

.2

1.7

1.4

36

0.5

+0

.6

=1

.1

1.6

1.2

37

).1

+0

.2

+0

.8

=1

.1

*1

.6

2.6

38

0.1

+0

.2

+0

.8

=1

.1

*1

.6

2.6

39

0.5

+0

.6

=1

.1

1.6

1.2

40

0.5

+0

.6

=1

.1

1.6

1.2

82 SO o S 3 > > r w O o w I I a > n m >

Table

58.

Mea

sure

men

tsof

soma

ticch

rom

osom

esof

Crem

astra

appe

ndicu

lata

atmi

totic

meta

phas

e,2n

=48

Table

57.

conti

nued

41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58

0.5+0

0.5+0

0.5+0

0.5+0

0.5+0

0.5+0

0.5+0

0.5+0

0.5+0

0.5+0

0.5+0

0.5+0

0.3+0

0.4+0

0.4+0

0.4+0

0.4-1-

0.0

.4+0

.6=1.1

.6=1.1

.6=1.1

.6=1.1

.6=1.1

1.1

.6=1.1

.6=1.1 6=1.1

6=1.1

6=1.1

6=1.1

7=1.0

6=1.0

5=0.9

5=0.9

5-0.9

5=0.9

*'.C

hrom

osom

ewi

thse

cond

aryco

nstri

ction

1.6

1.2

1.6

1.2

1.6

1.2

1.6

1.2

1.6

1.2

1.6

1.2

1.6

1.2

1.6

1.2

1.6

1.2

1.6

1.2

1.6

i:2

1.6

1.2

1.4

2.3

1.4

1.5

1.3

1.2

1.3

1.2

1.3

1.2

1.3

1.2

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 ll 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40

Le

ng

th

(,u

m)

Re

la

tiv

e

len

gth

Arm

ra

tio

0.7

+1

.0

=1

.7

3.0

1.4

0.7

+1

.0

=1

.7

3.0

1.4

0.7

+0

.9

=1

.6

2.8

1.2

0.7

+0

.8

=1

.5

2.6

1.

1

0.7

+0

.8

=1

.5

2.6

1.

1

0.7

+0

.8

=1

.5

2.6

1.1

0.6

+0

.7

=1

.3

2.3

1.1

0.6

+0

.7

=1

.3

蝣2.3

1.1

0.6

+0

.7

=1

.3

2.3

1.

1

0.6

+0

.7

=1

.3

2.3

1.

1

0.6

+0

.6

=1

.2

2.1

1.0

0.6

+0

.6

=1

.2

2.1

1.0

0.6

+0

.6

=1

.2

2.1

1.0

0.6

+0

.6

=1

.2

2.1

1.0

0.6

+0

.6

=1

.2

2.1

1.0

0.6

+0

.6

=1

.2

2.1

1.0

0.6

+0

.6

=1

.2

2.1

1.0

0.6

+0

.6

=1

.2

2.1

1.0

0.6

+0

.6

=1

.2

2.1

1.0

0.6

+0

.6

=1

.2

2.1

1.0

0.6

+0

.6

=1

.2

2.1

1.0

0.6

+0

.6

=1

.2

2.1

1.0

0.6

+0

.6

=1

.2

2.1

1.0

0.6

+0

.6

=1

.2

2.1

1.0

0.5

+0

.6

=1

.1

1.9

1.2

0.5

+0

.6

=1

.1

1.9

1.2

0.5

+0

.6

=1

.1

1.9

1.2

0.5

+0

.6

=1

.1

1.9

1.2

0.5

+0

.6

=1

.1

1.9

1.2

0.5

+0

.6

=1

.1

1.9

1.2

0.5

+0

.6

=1

.1

1.9

1.2

0.5

+0

.6

=1

.1

1.9

1.2

0.5

+0

.6

=1

.1

1.9

1.2

0.5

+0

.6

=1

.1

1.9

1.2

0.5

+0

.6

=1

.1

1.9

1.2

0.5

+0

.6

=1

.1

1.9

1.2

0.5

+0

.6

=1

.1

1.9

1.2

0.5

+0

.6

=1

.1

1.9

1.2

0.5

+0

.6

=1

.1

1.9

1.2

0.5

+0

.6

=1

.1

1.9

1.2

s o > o > >

Table

59.

Mea

sure

men

tsof

soma

ticch

rom

osom

esof

Oreo

rchi

spa

tens

atmi

totic

meta

phas

e,2n

=48

Table

58.

contin

ued

41

0.5

+0

.6=

1.

1

42

0.5

+0

.6=

1.

1

43

0.5

+0

.6=

1.1

44

0.5

+0

.6=

1.1

45

0.5

+0

.5=

1.0

46

0.5

+0

.5=

1.0

47

1.5

+0

.5=

1.0

48

0.4

+0

.5=

0.9

1.

91

.2

1.

91

.2

1.

91

.2

1.

91

.2

1.

71

.0

1.

71

.0

1.

71

.0

1:

61

.2

Leng

thdum

)

10 ll 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40

1.0+1

1.0+1

0.3+1

0.3+1

0.6+0

0.6+0

0.6+0

0.5+0

0.6+0

0.5+0

.

0.5+0

0.5+0

0.5+0

0.6+0

0.6+0

0.3+0

0.3+0

0.4+0

0.5+0

0.5+0

0.5+0

0.5+0

0.5+0

0.5+0

0.5+0

0.5+0

0.5+0

0.5+0

0.5+0

0.5+0

0.4+0

0.4+0

0.4+0

0.5+0

0.5+0

0.5+0

0.4+0

0.4+0

0.4+0

0.4+0

.4=2.4

.2=2.2

.6=1.9

.5=1.8

.9=1.5

.9=1.5

.8=1.4

.9=1.4

.8=1.4

1.3

.8=1.3 =1

.3

.8=1.3

.6=1.2

.6=1.2 9=1.2

.9=1.2 8=1.2

6=1.1

.6=1.1

.6=1.1 6=1.1

6=1.1

6=1.1

6=1.1

6=1.1

6=1.1

6=1.1

6=1.1

6=1.1

7=1.1

7=1.1

7=1.1

5=1.0

5=1.0

5=1.0

6=1.0

6=1.0

6=1.0

6=1.0

Relat

ivelen

gthAr

mrat

io

4.

21

.4

3.

81

.2

3.

35

.3

3.

15

.0

2.

61

.5

2.

61

.5

2.

41

.3

2.

41

.8

2.

41

.3

2.

31

.6

2.

31

.6

2.

31

.6

2.

31

.6

2.

11

.0

2.

11

.0

2.

13

.0

2.

13

.0

2.

12

.0

1.

91

.2

1.

91

.2

1.

91

.2

1.

91

.2

1.

91

.2

1.

91

.2

1.

91

.2

1.

91

.2

1.

91

.2

1.

91

.2

1.

91

.2

1.

91

.2

1.

91

.7

1.

91

.7

1.

91

.7

1.

71

.0

1.

71

.0

1.

71

.0

1.

71

.5

1.

71

.5

1.

71

.5

1.

71

.5

> r m o O w. > o s5 > o S

Table

60.

Mea

sure

men

tsof

soma

ticch

rom

osom

esof

Warr

eaco

staric

ensis

atmi

totic

meta

phas

e,2n

=52

Table

59,

contin

ued

41 42 43 44 45 46 47

0.4+0

.6=1.0

0.4+0

.5=0.9

0.4+0

.5=0.9

0.4+0

.5=0.9

0.4+0

.5=0.9

0.4+0

.5=0.9

0.4+0

.5=0.9

0.3+0

.6=0.9

1.

71

.5

1.

61

.2

1.

61

.2

1.

61

.2

1.

61

.2

1.

61

.2

1.-

61

.2

1.

62

.0

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 ll 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40

Leng

th(^m

)

1.0+1

0.9+1

0.7+1

0.6+1

0.8+1

0.8+1

0.6+1

0.5+1

0.6+1

0.6+1

0.7+1

0.7+1

0.6+1

0.6+0

0.6+0

0.5+1

0.5+1

0.5+1

0.4+1

0.5+0

0.6+0

0.6+0

0.6+0

0.6+0

0.6+0

0.6+0

0.6+0

0.6+0

0.6+0

0.6+0

0.6+0

0.5+0

0.4+0

0.4+0

0.3+0

0.3+0

0.3+0

0.3+0

0.5+0

0.5+

0

4=2.4

4=2.3

3=2.0

3=1.9

1=1.9

0=1.8

3=1.9

3=1.8

1=1.7

1=1.7

0=1.7

0=1.7

0=1.6

9=1.5

9=1.5

0=1.5

0=1.5

0=1.5

1=1.5

9=1.4

8=1.4

8=1.4

8=1.4

8=1.4

8=1.4

8=1.4

8=1.4

7=1.3

6=1.2

6=1.2

6=1.2

7=1.2

8=1.2

8=1.2

9=1.2

9=1.2

9=1.2

9=1.2

7=1.2

.6=1.1

Relat

ivelen

gthAr

mrat

io

3.

31

.4

3.

21

.5

2.

81

.8

2.

62

.1

2.

61

.4

2.

51

.2

2.

62

.1

2.

52

.6

2.

41

.8

2.

41

.8

2.

41

.4

2.

41

.4

2.

21

.6

2.

11

.5

2.

11

.5

2.

12

.0

2.

12

.0

2.

12

.0

2.

12

.7

1.

91

.8

1.

91

.3

1.

91

.3

1.

91

.3

1.

91

.3

1.

91

.3

1.

91

.3

1.

91

.3

1.

81

.1

1.

71

.0

1.

71

.0

1.

71

.0

1.

71

.4

1.

72

.0

1.

72

.0

1.

73

.0

1.

73

.0

1.

73

.0

1.

73

.0

1.

71

.4

1.

51

.2

S o > o > >

60.

continued

41

).5

+0.6

=1.1

1.5

1.2

42

0.5

+0.6

=1.1

1.5

1.2

43

).4

+0.6

=1.0

1.4

1.5

44

0.4

+0

.6=

1.0

1.4

1.5

45

).4

+0

.6=

1.0

1.4

1.5

46

).4

+0

.6=

1.0

1.4

1.5

47

).4

+0

.6=

1.0

1.4

1.5

48

0.4

+0

.6=

1.0

1.4

1.5

49

).3

+0

.7=

1.0

1.4

2.3

50

0.4

+0

.5=

0.9

1.2

1.2

51

).3

+0

.6=

0.9

1-.2

2.0

52

).3

+0

.6=

0.9

1.2

2.0

Table

61.

Mea

sure

men

tsof

som

atic

chro

mos

omes

ofCh

ryso

glos

sum

orna

tum

atmi

totic

meta

phas

e,2n

=36

Leng

th(^

m)

Relat

ive

lengt

hAr

mra

tio1

2.0

+2

.0

=4

.0

4.4

1.0

21

.9

+2

.0

=3

.9

4.3

1.

0

31

.5

+1

.9

=3

.4

3.7

1.

2

41

.6

+1

.6

=3

.2

3.5

1.

0

51

.5

+1

.5

=3

.0

3.3

1.0

61

.5

+1

.5

=3

.0

3.3

1.0

71

.5

+1

.5

=3

.0

3.3

1.0

81

.4

+1

.6

=3

.0

3.3

1.

1

91

.4+

1.6

=3

.0

3.3

1.

1

10

1.1

+1

.8

=2

.9

3.2

1.6

ll

1.1

+1

.8

=2

.9

3.2

1.

6

12

1.3

+1

.5

=2

.8

3.

11

.1

13

1.1

+1

.7

=2

.8

3.

11

.5

14

1.3

+1

.5

=2

.8

3.

11

.1

15

1.3

+1

.3

=2

.6

2.8

1.0

16

1.1

+1

.5

=2

.6

2.8

1.3

17

1.0

+1

.6

=2

.6

2.8

1.6

18

1.0

+1

.6

=2

.6

2.8

1.6

19

1.0

+1

.5

=2

.5

2.7

1.5

20

1.0

+1

.5

=2

.5

2.7

1.5

21

1.1

+1

.3

=2

.4

2.6

1.1

22

1.1

+1

.3

=2

.4

2.6

1.

1

23

1.0

+1

.4

=2

.4

2.6

1.4

24

1.0

+1

.4

=2

.4

2.6

1.4

25

1.0

+1

.3

=2

.3

2.5

1.

3

26

0.9

+1

.4

=2

.3

2.5

1.

5

27

1.0

+1

.1

=2

.1

2.3

1.

1

28

1.0

+1

.1

=2

.1

2.3

1.1

29

1.0

+1

.0

=2

.0

2.2

1.0

30

0.9

+1

.0

=1

.9

2.

11

.1

31

0.8

+1

.1

=1

.9

2.

11

.3

32

0.8

+1

.0

=1

.8

2.0

1.2

33

0.8

+0

.3

=1

.7

1.9

1.

1

34

0.8

+0

.9

=1

.7

1.9

1.

1

35

0.8

+0

.9

=1

.7

1.9

1.

1

36

0.6

+0

.9

=1

.5

1.6

1.5

Table

62.

Mea

sure

men

tsof

soma

ticch

rom

osom

esof

Erio

psis

bilob

aat

mitot

icm

etaph

ase,

2n=4

0

Table

63.

Mea

sure

men

tsof

soma

ticch

rom

osom

esof

Grob

yaam

herst

iaeat

mitot

icm

etaph

ase,

2n=5

4

sC

hro

moso

me

Lengt

h(

m)

Rela

tive

length

Arm

ratio

Fo

rm

11.3

+1.8

=3.1

3.9

1.3

m

21.5

+1.5

=3.0

3.8

1.0

m

31.1+

1.9

=3.0

3.8

1.7

m

41.0

+1.9

=2.9

3.6

1.9

sm

51.3

+1.5

=2.8

3.5

1.1

m

61.3

+1.4

=2.7

3.4

1.0

m

71.1+

1.4

=2.5

3.1

1.2

m

81

.1+

1.3

=2

.43

.01.1

m

90.9+

1.4

=2

.32

.91.5

m

101.

9+

1.4

=2

.32

.91.5

m

ll

0.9+

1.3

=2

.22

.81.4

m

12

).9+

1.3

=2.2

2.8

1.4

m

130.8+

1.3

=2.1

2.6

1.0

in

14).

8+

1.3

=2.1

2.6

1.6

m

15

0.9+

1.1

=2.0

2.5

1.2

in

16

0.9

+1

.1=

2.0

2.5

1.2

m

17

0.6

+1

.4=

2.0

2.5

2.3

sm

18

0.9

+1

.0=

1.9

2.4

1.1

m

19

0.4

+1

.5=

1.9

2.4

3.7

st

20

).4

+1

.5=

1.9

2.4

3.7

st

21

0.8

+1

.1=

1.9

2.4

1.3

m

22

0.8

+1

.0=

1.8

2.3

1.2

m

23

0.4

+1

.4=

1.8

2.3

3.5

st

24

0.4

+1

.4=

1.8

2.3

3.5

st

25

5.3

+1.5

=1.8

2.3

5.0

st

26

-+

1.8

=1.8

2.3

27

0.7

+1.0

=1.7

2.1

1.4

m

28

0.6

+1.1

=1.7

2.1

1.8

sm

29

0.6

+1.1

=1.7

2.1

1.8

sm

30

0.6

+1.1

=1.7

2.1

1.8

sm

31

0.3

+1.4

=1.7

2.1

4.6

st

32

0.3

+1.4

=1.7

2.1

4.6

st

33

1.8+

0.8

=1.6

2.0

1.0

m

34

0.7

+0

.8=

1.5

1.9

1.1

m

35

-1-

1.5

=1.5

1.9

36

-+

1.5

=1.5

1.9

37

-1-

1.5

=1.5

1.9

38

-H

.4=

1.i

1.8

39

-h

i.3

=1.3

1.6

40

-+

1.3

=1.3

1.6

Chro

mos

ome

Leng

th(n

m)

Relat

ive

lengt

hAr

mra

tio

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 ll 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40

0.5+

1

0.6+

1

0.5+

1

0.6+

1

0.5+

1

0.5+

1

0.5+

1

0.5+

1

0.5+

1

0.5+

1

0.6+

0

0.5+

0

0.5+

0

0.5+

0

0.5+

0

0.5+

0

0.5+

0

0.5+

0

0.4+

1

0.5+

0

0.5+

0

0.6+

0

0.6+

0

0.6+

0

0.6+

0

0.6+

0

0.6+

0

0.6+

0

0.6+

0

0.5+

0

0.5+

0

0.5+

0

0.5+

0

0.5+

0

0.5+

0

0.5+

0

0.5+

0

0.4+

0

0.4+

0

0.4+

0

6=2.

1

4=2.

0

3=1.

8

1=1.

7

1=1.

6

1=1.

6

1=1.

6

.0=1

.5

0=1.

5

0=1.

5

9=1.

5

9=1.

4

9=1.

4

9=1.

4

9=1.

4

9=1.

4

.9=1

.4

9=1.

4

0=1.

4

8=1.

3

8=1.

3

7=1.

3

7=1.

3

6=1.

2.2 .2 .2 .2 .2

6=1.

1

6=1.

1

6=1.

1

6=1.

1

3.2

3.2

3.0

2.3

2.7

2.6

2.6

1.8

2.4

2.2

2.4

2.2

2.4

2.2

2.3

2.0

2.3

2.0

2.3

2.0

2.3

1.5

2.1

1.8

2.1

1.8

2.1

1.8

2.1

1.8

2.1

1.8

2.1

1.8

2.1

1.8

2.1

2.5

2.0

1.6

2.0

1.6

2.0

1.1

2.0

1.1

1.

81

.0

1.8

1.0

1.8

1.0

1.8

1.0

1.8

1.0

1.8

1.0

1.7

1.2

1.7

1.2

1.7

1.2

1.7

1.2

1.7

1.2

1.7

1.2

1.7

1.2

1.7

1.2

1.5

1.5

1.5

1.5

1.5

1.5

o > o

Table

63.

conti

nued

41

0.

4+

0.

6=

1.

01

.5

1.

5

42

0.

4+

0.

6=

1.

01

.5

1.

5

43

0.

4+

0.

6=

1.

01

.5

1.

5

44

0.

4+

0.

5=

0.

91

.4

1.

2

45

0.

4+

0.

5=

0.

91

.4

1.

2

46

0.

4+

0.

5=

0.

91

.4

1.

2

47

0.

4+

0.

5=

0.

91

.4

1.

2

48

0.

3+

0.

6=

0.

91

.4

,2

.0

49

0.

3+

0.

5=

0.

81

.2

1.

6

50

0.

3+

0.

5=

0.

81

.2

1.

6

51

0.

3+

0.

5=

0.

81

:2

1.

6

52

0.

3+

0.

5=

0.

81

.2

1.

6

53

0.

3+

0.

4=

0.

71

.1

1.

3

54

0.

3+

0.

4=

0.

71

.1

1.

3

> 1 '-d a(Sl Z o*: a o > 2 O > E en a o w tn to > o I a > o w

名　　　称広島市植物公園紀要第11号

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Karyomorphological Studies in Cymbidium and its Allied ......Karyomorphological Studies in Cymbidium...

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