7/23/2019 KAJIAN KARAKTERISTIK KIMIA TANAH LAHAN SAWIT (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) PADA DAERAH LERENG DI DHARMASRAYA

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agrgfk bn lgouf XR& Nfj`sn _`y` X`fkn`f L`oup`tgf Bd`rc`sr`y` tga`d bna`ls`f`l`f b`rn oua`f @kustus ?80? s`cp`n

 Fevgcogr ?80? y`fk bn`w`an bgfk`f pgfk`cona`f s`cpga t`f`d bn A`p`fk`f b`f bna`fmutl`f bgfk`f `f`ansns t`f`d bn

A`oer`ternuc& Xgfgantn`f nfn ogrtumu`f uftul cgfkgt`dun pgrogb``f l`r`ltgrnstnl lncn` t`f`d p`b` gcp`t pesnsn agrgfk

$`t`s! tgfk`d! o`w`d! b`f b`t`r. bn lgouf lga`p` s`wnt& Xgfk`cona`f s`cpga t`f`d uftul `f`ansns lncn` t`f`d bna`lul`f

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bn`cona sgj`r` lecpesnt y`ntu bgfk`f cga`lul`f pgcoer`f sgb`a`c 8 ‚ 

?8 jc& Wftul tn`p pesnsn pgfk`cona`f s`cpgabn`cona 7 s`cpga $s`tu s`cpga tgrbnrn b`rn 7 l`an pgcoer`f y`fk bnlecpesntl`f.& Zgdnfkk` muca`d s`cpga y`fk

bn`cona uftul `f ansns lncn` t`f`d sgo`fy`l ?8 s`cpga& Xgfk`cona`f s`cpga uftul `f`ansns insnl` t`f`d tgrbnrn b`rn

 pgfk`cona`f s`cpga utud b`f s`cpga tgrk`fkku& Z`cpga t`f`d utud bn`cona bgfk`f cgfkkuf`l`f rnfk s`cpga p`b`

lgb`a`c`f 8  ‚ ?8 jc bgfk`f 7 l`an ua`fk`f p`b` tn`p pesnsn pgfk`cona`f s`cpga y`fk bnkuf`l`f uftul `f`ansns ogr`t

veaucg t`f`d& Wftul `f`ansns tglstur! j`r` pgfk`cona`f s`cpga t`f`d s`c` bgfk`f pgfk`cona`f s`cpga t`f`d uftul 

`f`ansns lncn` t`f`d& B`t` d`sna pgfk`c`t`f b`f `f`ansns sni`t lncn` t`f`d bn A`oer`ternuc bnfna`n ogrb`s`rl`f

 pgrs`c``f st`tnstnl` umn R t`r`i 7' b`f bna`fmutl`f bgfk`f umn Ogb` Fy`t` Mumur t`r`r 7'& Zgb`fkl`f uftul sni`t insnl`

t`f`d bnfna`n ogrb`s`rl`f lrntgrn` sgkntnk` tglstur WZB@ b`f lrntgrn` ogr`t veaucg& Ogrb`s`rl`f d`sna pgfgantn`f tgrsgout

b`p`t bnsncpual`f 0& Rnfkl`t lgsuour`f t`f`d ogrogb` p`b` c`snfk#c`snfk pesnsn agrgfk! tnfkl t lgsuour`f t`f`dy`fk p`anfk rgfb`d tgrb`p`t p`b` pesnsn agrgfk tgfk`d b`f y`fk p`anfk o`nl p`b` pesnsn b`t`r! ?& L`fbufk`f OE p`b`

agrgfk tgfk`d agond rgfb`d 0!;' b`rn pesnsn b`t`r! l`fbufk`f ufsur d`r` F b`f X p`b` agrgfk tgfk`d agond rgfb`d

$8!092'! ;4!:7ppc. b`rn pesnsn b`t`r! Fna`n pD t`f`d agrgfk agond rgfb`d 0!;2 b`rn pesnsn b`t`r! LRL t`f`d p`b` agrgfk

tgfk`d agond rgfb`d 9!?9 cg%088k b`rn pesnsn b`t`r! b`f l`fbufk`f @a#bb p`b` agrgfk tgfk`d agond tnfkkn ?!:: cg%088kb`rn pesnsn b`t`r& L`fbufk`f L p`b` agrgfk tgfk`d agond tnfkkn 8!8?4 cg%088k b rn pesnsn b`t`r! :& Repekr`in s`fk`t

 ogrpgfk`rud tgrd`b`p lgsuour`f t`f`d lgtnl` tutup`f b`rn t`f`d tga`d tgroul`& Lefbnsn dut`f y`fk tga`d

bn`andiufksnl`f cgfm`bn lgouf s`wnt y`fk cgcnju tgrm`bnfy` pgruo`d`f lgsuour`f t`f`d p`b` b`gr`d agrgfk&

 L`t` lufjn = lncn` t`f`d! lgsuour`f t`f`d! b`f tepekr`in

@ostr`jt

Rdg rgsg`rjd `oeut tdg stuby ei jdgcnj`a sena jd`r`jtgrnstnj ei Z`wnt a`fb `rg` $Ga`gns Kunfggsns M`jq. rgk`rbnfk

te v`rngb typgs ei tepesglugf saepg nf Bd`c`sr`y` d`b oggf befg nf @ukustus uftna Fevgcogr ?80?& Rdg ke`a ei tdns

rgsg`rjd ns= lfewnfk tdg bniigrgfjgs ei jdgcnj a sena jd`r`jtgrnstnj rgk`rbnfk te ieur Repesglugf saepg $up! cnbbag!

 ogaew! `fb ia`t. nf Z`wnt pa`ft`tnef& Rdns rgsg`rjd w`s befg nf Z`wnt pa`ft`tnef ei XR& Nfj`sn _`y` X`fkn`f!

Bd`c`sr`y` Jeufty `fb nf tdg a`oer`tery ei sena bgp`rtcgft I`juaty ei `krnjuaturg& Rdg t`lnfk ei s`cpanfk w`s befgufbgr 8#?8 jc `s 7 s`cpags ei g`jd tepesglugf saepg& Rdg `f`ayznfk ei sena nfjaubgb pdysnj jd`r`jtgrnstnj `fb sena

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ei jdgcnj`a sena ns usnfk @FEY@ utnanzg st`tnstnj prekr`c 4&8 `fb cerg tgstgb oy Rulgy tgst nf tdg rg`a pd`sg 7'& @fb

tdgf ier tdg jd`r`jtgrnstnj ei jdgcnj`a sena ns jefsnbgrgb o`sgb ef tdg jrntgrn` ei trn`fkag tgxturg WZB@ `fb tdg jrntgrn`

ei dg`vy veaucg! tdg jefjausnef ei tdns rgsg`rjd! 0& Rdg jd`r`jtgrnstnj ei jdgcnj`a sena ei g`jd Repesglugf saepg ns

bniigrgft! se tdns jd`r`jtgrnzg tdg igrtnanty sena agvga ns bniigrgft ier g`jd Repesglugf saepg! tdg aewgst igrtnanty sena agvga

ieufb nf tdg cnbbag saepg `fb tdg ogst igrtnanty sena agvga ieufb nf tdg ia`t saepg! ?& Erk`fnl c`ttgr jeft`nfgb nf cnbbag

saepg ns aewgr td`f ia`t saepg 0!;8'! tdg ieeb feurnsdcgft F `fb X nf cnbbag saepg ns aewgr td`f ia`t saepg $8!09' `fb

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ia`t saepg 9&?9 cg%088 k! @a#bb jeft`nfgb nf tdg cnbbag saepg ns dnkdgr td`f ia`t saepg ?!:: cg%088k! `fb L jeft`nfgb nf

tdg cnbbag saepg ns dnkdgr td`f ia`t saepg 8!8: cg%088k&

 Lgywerbs = Zena Jdgcnj`a! Zena Igrtnanty! `fb Repekr`pd 

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XGFB@DWAW@F

R`f`d cgrup`l`f cgbnuc pgrtucoud`f

t`f`c`f bgfk`f sni`t#sni`t tgrtgftu y`fk

tgrogftul `lno`t k`oufk`f b`rn i`lter#i`lter 

nlanc! o`d`f nfbul! m`s`b dnbup! ogftul wna`y`d

b`f a`c`fy` w`ltu pgcogftul`f& CgfurutNfbr`f`t` $0>49. t`f`d cgcpufy`n ogro`k`n `rtn

 pgftnfk o`kn c`fusn` bgfk`f lgpgrau`ffy`

y`fk ogrogb`#ogb`& Ogrb`s`rl`f iufksnfy`!

t`f`d b`p`t bnbninfnsnl`f sgo`k`n sgou`d snstgc

y`fk tgroul`& R`f`d ogf`r#ogf`r tgroul` uftul 

bnogrnl`f c`sul`f $nfput. b`f bn`cona

lgau`r`f $eutput.& R`f`d cgc`fk bnjnpt`l`f

uftul bnlgaea`! eagd l`rgf` ntu pgrau

 pgfkgaea``f y`fk tgp`t `k`r tgrjnpt` lefbnsn

y`fk eptncuc uftul pgrtucoud`f b`f prebulsn

t`f`c`f& Xgfkgaea``f y`fk bna`lul`f p`b`ucucfy` `b`a`d cgfklefvgrsn a`d`f dut`f

cgfm`bn pgrlgouf`f&

Dut`f cgrup`l`f glesnstgc y`fk st`ona!

tnb`l tgrk`fkku! b`f lgsuour`f t`f`d y`fk

tnfkkn! o`nl insnl`! lncn`! b`f oneaekn $^`snf!

?880.& Rnfkl`t lgsuour`f t`f`d p`b` dut`f

trepns DXXO $Dut`f Xgfbnbnl`f b`f Xgfgantn`f

Oneaekn. Oulnt Zgr`s`d Anc`u C`fns c`snd

st`ona `ft`r` b`gr`d pufj`l! tgfk`d b`f agco`d

$I`bnaa`d! ?88>.& D`a nfn bnsgo`ol`f eagd

l`fepn y`fk cgrgb`c gfgrkn lnfgtnl outnr`fdum`f lg t`f`d b`f l`fbufk`f o`d`f erk`fnl 

y`fk cgcnfnc`ansnr tgrm`bnfy` `anr`f

 pgrcul``f t`f`d& Zgdnfkk` pgfk`rud agrgfk

tgrd`b`p lgsuour`f t`f`d tnb`l becnf`f&

Bn Nfbefgsn` s`fk`t o`fy`l tgrm`bn

 pgcoul``f dut`f cgfm`bn a`d`f pgrlgouf`f!

s`a`d s`tufy` `b`a`d bn L`oup`tgfBd`rc`sr`y`& D`a nfn cgfygo`ol`f t`f`d

tgroul` b`f `l`f cgfgrnc` gfgrkn lnfgtnl `nr 

dum`f sgj`r` a`fksufk& Lefbnsn nfn `l`f tgrm`bn

lgtnl` `w`a pgf`f`c`f s`wnt b`f `w`a pgrgc`m``f t`f`c`f s`wnt! bnc`f` m`r`l t`f`c

s`wnt y`fk ago`r b`f l`fepn s`wnt y`fk c`snd

 pgfbgl lgtnl` o`ru bnt`f`c& B`gr`d y`fk

sgsu`n uftul pgfkgco`fk`f t`f`c`f lga`p`

s`wnt ogrlns`r `ft`r` 0 s`cp`n 788 c&b&p&a

bgfk`f jur`d dum`f t`duf`f 0&788 # 2&888

cc%t`duf& Lga`p` s`wnt b`p`t tucoud p`b`

 mgfns t`f`d Xebzeanl! A`tesea! Dnbrecerinl 

Lga`ou! @aauvn`a `t`u _gkesea& Fna`n pD y`fk

eptncuc `b`a`d 7!8  ‚  7!7& Lefbnsn tepekr`in

 pgrt`f`c`f lga`p` s`wnt sgo`nlfy` tnb`l agond

b`rn 07' $Zndet`fk! ?808.&

^`snf gt `a&! $?889. cga`perl`f o`dw`

tga`d tgrm`bn lgcufbur`f lgsuour`f t`f`d bn

Bd`rc`sr`y` p`b` a`d`f dut`f y`fk tga`d

bnlefvgrsn cgfm`bn a`d`f pgrlgouf`f& F`cuf

bgcnln`f ogauc bna`perl`f o`k`nc`f`

 pgfk`rud pgrogb``f tepekr`in%lgcnrnfk`f p`b`

lgouf s`wnt tgrd`b`p pgruo`d`f lefbnsn lncn`t`f`d sgtga`d s`wnt ogrucur agond b`rn 07 t`duf&

Xgrogb``f tepekr`in $tepesglugf. p`b` a`d`f

tgrsgout `l`f ogrpgfk`rud tgrd`b`p sni`t t`f`d&

Xgf`f`c`f lga`p` s`wnt bn Bd`rc`sr`y`

bna`lul`f p`b` a`d`f y`fk cgcpufy`n

tepekr`in y`fk ogrogb`& D`a nfn `l`f

cgcpgfk`rudn t`f`d y`fk tga`d tgroul` l`rgf`

`and iufksn a`d`f& Zegp`rbn $0>4:. cgfy`t`l`f

 o`dw` sgc`lnf jur`c su`tu agrgfk $i`lter a`nf

lefst`f. c`l` sgc`lnf ogs`r a`mu gresn `lno`t

a`mu `anr`f `nr y`fk bnpgrtnfkkn& D`a nfn muk`cgfygo`ol`f sgc`lnf o`fy`l `nr y`fk

cgfk`anr bn pgrcul``f t`f`d& Xgrogb``f i`lter 

tepekr`in $i`lter a`nf lefst`f. nfn

cgfk`lno`tl`f lgsuour`f t`f`d bn b`gr`d

 pufj`l `l`f agond rgfb`d l`rgf` b`gr`d pufj`l 

cgfk`a`cn pgfknlns`f a`pns`f `t`s t`f`d $tep

sena. `lno`t `anr`f pgrcul``f b`f gresn t`f`d&

A`pns`f `t`s t`f`d sgj`r` pgra`d`f `l`f

tgr`fklut eagd `nr sgj`r` kr`vnt`sn cgfumu

b`gr`d bgfk`f gagv`sn y`fk agond rgfb`d

$agco`d.& B`gr`d pufj`l cgfk`a`cn lgdna`fk`fufsur d`r` b`f o`d`f erk`fnl sgdnfkk` tgrm`bn

 pgfuruf`f lgsuour`f t`f`d& Zgb`fkl`f b`gr`d

agco`d tgrm`bn pgfucpul`f a`pns`f `t`s t`f`d

y`fk tgr`fklut eagd `anr`f pgrcul``f c`upuf

gresn t`f`d& Zgdnfkk` b`gr`d agco`d cgcnanln

lgsuour`f t`f`d y`fk agond tnfkkn bno`fbnfkl`f

 p`b` b`gr`d pufj`l&

Bd`rc`sr`y` cgcpufy`n tepekr`in

 ogrv`rn`sn `ft`r` ogroulnt! ogrkgaeco`fk! b`f

b`t`r bgfk`f v`rn`sn lgtnfkkn`f >4!: c&b&p&a

s`cp`n 0&7?7 c&b&p&a& Zgo`kn`f ogs`r mgfns t`f`d

bn L`oup`tgf Bd`rc`sr`y` `b`a`d Watnsea y`fk

bnbecnf`sn eagd dut`f trepnl b`f pgrlgouf`f

$F`fb`! ?88>.&

Ogrb`s`rl`f ur`n`f bn `t`s! c`l` pgfuans

cga`lul`f pgfgantn`f ogrmubua ‑L`mn`f

L`r`ltgrnstnl Lncn` R`f`d A`d`f Z`wnt

$Ga`gns kunfggfsns  M`jq&. X`b` Ogro`k`n

Repesglugf Agrgfk Bn Bd`rc`sr`y`– Xgfgantn`f nfn ogrtumu`f uftul cgfkgt`dun

 pgrogb``f l`r`ltgrnstnl lncn` t`f`d p`b` gcp`ttepesglugf agrgfk $`t`s! tgfk`d! o`w`d! b`f

b`t`r. bn lgouf lga`p` s`wnt& 

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CGREBG XGFGANRN@F 

Xgfgantn`f nfn tga`d bna`ls`f`l`f bn

A`p`fk`f p`b` lgouf s`wnt bgfk`f lgagrgfk`f

:> ' b`f t`f`c`f s`wnt sub`d ogrucur ?9

t`duf& Z`cpga t`f`d bn`cona p`b` gcp`t

tepesglugf agrgfk lgouf s`wnt! y`ntu agrgfk`t`s! agrgfk tgfk`d! agrgfk o`w`d b`f sgo`k`n

leftrea p`b` pesnsn b`t`r& Xgfgt`p`f o`t`s `ft`r 

tepesglugf agrgfk bna`lul`f bn A`p`fk`f sgsu`n

bgfk`f lefbnsn agrgfk& Xgfk`cona`f s`cpga

uftul `f`ansns lncn` t`f`d bn`cona sgj`r`

lecpesnt! y`ntu bgfk`f cga`lul`f pgcoer`f

sgb`a`c 8  ‚  ?8 jc& Wftul sgtn`p tepesglugf

tgrb`p`t anc` tntnl pgfk`cona`f s`cpga& Z`tu

s`cpga tgrbnrn b`rn 7 tntnl pgcoer`f $suos`cpga.

y`fk sga`fmutfy` bnlecpesntl`f& Zgdnfkk`

 muca`d s`cpga y`fk bn`cona uftul `f`ansnslncn` t`f`d sgo`fy`l bu` puaud s`cpga&

Z`cpga t`f`d y`fk bn`cona bnc`sull`f lg

b`a`c l`ftefk pa`stnl b`f bnogrn a`oga&

Zga`fmutfy` s`cpga t`f`d bno`w` lg

A`oer`ternuc uftul bnlgrnfk `fknfl`f!

bnd`ausl`f! b`f bn`y`l! sga`fmutfy` bnkuf`l`f

uftul `f`ansns sni`t lncn` t`f`d&

Xgfk`cona`f s`cpga t`f`d utud bna`lul`f

bgfk`f cgfkkuf`l`f rnfk s`cpga p`b`

lgb`a`c`f 8 # ?8 jc! c`snfk#c`snfk sgo`fy`l 

7 s`cpga p`b` sgtn`p tepesglugf& Bgfk`fbgcnln`f s`cpga t`f`d utud y`fk bn`cona

`b`a`d sgo`fy`l bu` puaud s`cpga& R`f`d nfn

bnkuf`l`f uftul `f`ansns OY $ogr`t veaucg.&

@f`ansns sni`t lncn` t`f`d bn A`oer`ternuc

cganputn = $0. Xgfgt`p`f pD D?E b`f LJa! $0=0.

bgfk`f cgtebg gagltrecgtrnl! $?. Xgfgt`p`f J#

erk`fnl bgfk`f cgtebg [`alagy `fb Oa`jl! $:.

Xgfgt`p`f LRL t`f`d bgfk`f cgtebg pgfjujn`f

`cefnuc `sgt`t 0 F pD ;! $2. Xgfgt`p`f F#

Ret`a t`f`d bgfk`f cgtebg Lmgabd`a! $7.

Xgfgt`p`f X#tgrsgbn` bgfk`f cgtebg Or`y NN! $9.

Xgfgt`p`f L! J`! b`f Ck b`p`t bnpgrtul`rl`fbgfk`f cgtebg Xgfjujn`f @cefnuc @sgt`t 0 F

 pD ;! $;. Xgfgt`p`f @a#bb bgfk`f cgtebg

tntr`sn& Zgb`fkl`f `f`ansns sni`t insnl` t`f`d

d`fy` tgro`t`s p`b` pgfgt`p`f tglstur t`f`d

bgfk`f cgtebg `y`l b`f pnpgt! b`f pgfgt`p`f

 ogr`t veaucg $OY. bgfk`f cgtebg Kr`vncgtrn&

B`t` d`sna pgfgantn`f bn`f`ansns bgfk`f @FEY@

cgfkkuf`l`f prekr`c Zt`tnstnl 4&8! b`f bnumn

a`fmut bgfk`f umn Rulgy p`b` t`r`i fy`t` 7 '&

D@ZNA B@F XGCO@D@Z@F

Lefbnsn Wcuc B`gr`d Xgfgantn`f

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`t`s 077 c&b&p&a&.& R`f`c`f s`wnt p`b` ael`sn

tgrsgout bnt`f`c sg`r`d k`rns leftur bgfk`f

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j`r` tgo`fk o`l`r&

Zni`t Insnl` R`f`dD`sna pgfgt`p`f tglstur b`f ogr`t veaucg

t`f`d p`b` gcp`t tepesglugf agrgfk bn lgouf

s`wnt XR& Nfj`sn _`y` X`fkn`f L`oup`tgf

Bd`rc`sr`y` bns`mnl`f p`b` R`oga 0&

R`oga 0& Rglstur b`f ogr`t veaucg t`f`d p`b` gcp`t tepesglugf agrgfk bn lgouf s`wnt XR& Nfj`sn

_`y` X`fkn`f L`oup`tgf Bd`rc`sr`y`

Repesglugf agrgfk Rglstur R`f`d OY R`f`d

$k%jc:.X`snr $'. Bgou $'. An`t $'. Lga`s tglstur-

@t`s :7 0? 7: An`t 0!28 tRgfk`d :7 00 72 An`t 0!?9 t

O`w`d :8 ; 9: An`t 0!:7 t

B`t`r :8 4 9? An`t 0!89 s

- D`sna preyglsn sgkn tnk` tglstur t`f`d WZB@

Lgtgr`fk`f = tnfkkn $t.! sgb`fk $s.

X`b` R`oga 0 tgrand`t o`dw` tglstur t`f`d

 p`b` gcp`t tepesglugf agrgfk $`t`s! tgfk`d!

 o`w`d! b`f b`t`r. `b`a`d an`t b`f ogr`t veaucg

t`f`d tgrkeaefk tnfkkn b`f sgb`fk& F`cuf

l`fbufk`f ir`lsn an`t p`b` c`snfk#c`snfktepesglugf agrgfk ogrogb`! l`fbufk`f an`t

tgrgfb`d tgrb`p`t p`b` agrgfk `t`s y`ntu 7:'&

L`fbufk`f an`t p`b` agrgfk tgfk`d f`nl 0 '!

b`f p`b` agrgfk o`w`d f`nl 08 ' b`rn

l`fbufk`f an`t p`b` agrgfk `t`s&

Rnfkknfy` ir`lsn an`t p`b` agrgfk tgfk`d

bnsgo`ol`f eagd p`rtnlga#p`rtnlga d`aus p`b`agrgfk `t`s tgro`w` ogrs`c``f bgfk`f `anr`f

 pgrcul``f& F`cuf `anr`f pgrcul``f tgrsgout

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tnb`l d`fy` ogrdgftn p`b` agrgfk tgfk`d l`rgf`

lgagrgfk`f y`fk jur`c! sgdnfkk` p`rtnlga#

 p`rtnlga d`aus `l`f cgfucpul p`b` agrgfk

 o`w`d y`fk cgcnanln lgagrgfk`f agond a`fb`n&

Xgrnstnw` tgrsgout s`fk`t gr`t l`nt`ffy` bgfk`f

lefbnsn a`d`f pgfgantn`f& Lefbnsn a`d`f y`fk

`w`afy` `b`a`d dut`f prncgr! bnlefvgrsncgfm`bn lgouf s`wnt sgm`l t`duf 0>49& X`b`

`w`a pgf`f`c`f! t`f`c`f s`wnt c`snd

tgrkeaefk onont y`fk l`fepnfy` c`snd pgfbgl 

b`f bnnrnfkn bgfk`f m`r`l t`f`c 4 c x > c

sgdnfkk` t`f`d tgroul`& Xgfutup`f tgrd`b`p

a`d`f cgfnfkl`t sgnrnfk bgfk`f pgrtucoud`f

t`f`c`f! `l`f tgt`pn pgfutup`f tgrsgout tnb`l 

`l`f s`c` bgfk`f lefbnsn s``t c`snd dut`f&

Lefbnsn t`f`d y`fk tgroul` cgcogrnl`f

 pgau`fk uftul `nr dum`f cgfucoul pgrcul``f

t`f`d sgj`r` a`fksufk& Xgrnstnw` nfn `l`fcgfygo`ol`f pgfkd`fjur`f `krgk`t t`f`d&

Zgsu`n bgfk`f y`fk bna`perl`f Resn`fn $?800.

 o`dw` gresn t`f`d `l`f agond ogs`r lgtnl` `nr 

dum`f a`fksufk cgfucoul pgrcul``f t`f`d

bno`fbnfkl`f bgfk`f `nr dum`f y`fk turuf lg

t`f`d cga`aun b`uf b`f o`t`fk t`f`c`f&

Zgtga`d tgrm`bn gresn pgrjnl`f c`l` ir`lsn

d`aus `l`f tgr`fklut ogrs`c``f `anr`f `nr! o`nl 

 ogrup` nfinatr`sn c`upuf `anr`f pgrcul``f&

Ir`lsn d`aus y`fk tgro`w` nfinatr`sn `l`f

cgfutupn pern t`f`d& D`a tgrsgoutcgfk`lno`tl`f nfinatr`sn ogrlur`fk sgdnfkk`

`anr`f pgrcul``f `l`f cgfnfkl`t&

Cgfnfkl`tfy` `anr`f pgrcul``f `l`f

cgfnfkl`tl`f gresn sgdnfkk` `l`f sgc`lnf

 o`fy`l t`f`d b`f o`d`f bnb`a`cfy` tgrgresn&

Rnfkknfy` o`d`f y`fk tgr`fklut eagd `anr`f

 pgrcul``f s`fk`t bnpgfk`rudn eagd tepekr`in!

sgc`lnf jur`c b`f sgc`lnf p`fm`fk agrgfk

c`l` `l`f sgc`lnf o`fy`l t`f`d tgrgresn&

Zgsu`n bgfk`f y`fk bna`perl`f Ld`rnsc`

$?80?. p`b` dut`f anfbufk bgfk`f tepekr`in

s`fk`t jur`c! gresn y`fk tgrm`bn agond tnfkkn

8!0> tef%d`%td bno`fbnfkl`f gresn p`b` dut`f

anfbufk bgfk`f tepekr`in jur`c&

L`fbufk`f ir`lsn an`t y`fk tnfkkn b`a`c

t`f`d `l`f cgfm`cnf tnfkknfy` leaenb an`t y`ntu

an`t y`fk ogrulur`f lgjna b`rn 0·c& Leaenb an`t

`l`f s`fk`t ogrpgfk`rud tgrd`b`p sni`t lncn`

t`f`d& D`a tgrsgout sgsu`n bgfk`f y`fk

bna`perl`f ^`snf $0>>2. pgr`f`f leaenb an`t

b`a`c t`f`d s`fk`t pgftnfk! y`ntu= $0.Cgfgftul`f rg`lsn lncn` y`fk ogra`fksufk bn

b`a`c t`f`d! $?. Cgfgftul`f sni`t insnl` t`f`d

y`fk gr`t duoufk`ffy` bgfk`f tglstur! strultur!

`gr`sg! b`f br`nf`sg t`f`d! $:. B`p`t bnkuf`l`f

sgo`k`n pgfbuk` pgrlgco`fk`f t`f`d! $2.

Bnkuf`l`f sgo`k`n b`s`r cgfkla`sninl`snl`f

t`f`d! $7. Rnfkl`t lncn` t`f`d b`f

 pgfkgaea``ffy` s`fk`t bntgftul`f eagd mgfns b`f

 muca`d cnfgr`a an`t bn b`a`c t`f`d&Ogr`t veaucg t`f`d bnpgfk`rudn eagd

lgl`s`r`f p`rtnlga#p`rtnlga t`f`d! cgfurut

D`f`in`d $?88:. o`dw` c`ss` t`f`d ogro`fbnfk

aurus bgfk`f lgl`s`r`f p`rtnlga t`f`d! c`lnf

l`s`r `l`f sgc`lnf ogr`t t`f`d tgrsgout&

 Fna`n OY t`f`d tnb`l d`fy` bnpgfk`rudn

eagd ir`lsn an`t! tgt`pn muk` s`fk`t bnpgfk`rudn

eagd l`fbufk`f OE t`f`d& Zgsu`n bgfk`f

 pgfk`cona`f s`cpga t`f`d y`fk tgrb`p`t

l`fbufk`f OE t`f`d y`ntu lgb`a`c`f 8  ‚  ?8

jc& Bgfk`f cgcpgrd`tnl`f fna`n OY t`f`d$R`oga 0. b`f l`fbufk`f OE t`f`d $R`oga ?.

tgrand`t o`dw` OY t`f`d ogro`fbnfk tgro`anl 

bgfk`f OE t`f`d! sgc`lnf tnfkkn OE t`f`d

c`l` sgc`lnf rgfb`d OY t`f`d tgrsgout& D`a

y`fk s`c` tga`d bna`perl`f ^`snf gt `a&! $?88;.

 ogr`t veaucg t`f`d s`fk`t bnpgfk`rudn eagd

l`fbufk`f o`d`f erk`fnl! `p`ona` o`d`f

erk`fnl sgc`lnf ogrlur`fk c`l` ogr`t veaucg

t`f`d `l`f sgc`lnf tnfkkn&

Rnfkknfy` OY t`f`d `l`f cgcpgfk`rudn

sni`t lncn` t`f`d& Zgc`lnf tnfkkn OY t`f`dc`l` nfinatr`sn `l`f a`co`t sgdnfkk` `anr`f

 pgrcul``f sgc`lnf ogs`r sgnrnfk jur`d dum`f

y`fk tnfkkn& @anr`f pgrcul``f `l`f

cgfygo`ol`f gresn t`f`d ogrs`c``f bgfk`f

 o`d`f erk`fnl y`fk tgrb`p`t bn pgrcul``f

t`f`d&

Zni`t Lncn` R`f`d 

Xgfk`c`t`f sni`t lncn` t`f`d cganputn

rg`lsn t`f`d pD! J#erk`fnl! @a#bb! F#tet`a! X#tgrsgbn`! l`p`snt`s tul`r l`tnef $LRL.! b`f

 o`s`#o`s` $J`! Ck! L!.& Cgfurut O`utnst`#Jruz

gt `a &! $?80?. sni`t t`f`d y`fk b`p`t bnkuf`l`f

sgo`k`n nfbnl`ter lu`ant`s t`f`d `b`a`d l`roef

erk`fnl t`f`d! lg`s`c`f t`f`d! pespder 

tgrsgbn`! lgtgo`a`f j`lr`w`a`! b`f `aucnfnuc

b`p`t bntul`r& Nfbnl`ter bn`t`s `l`f ogrogb`

`ft`r` s`tu pgfkkuf``f a`d`f bgfk`f a`d`f

a`nffy`! sgsu`n bgfk`f d`sna pgfgantn`f y`fk

bna`perl`f eagd Deasjdgr   gt `a&! $?888. o`dw`

 pgrogb``f y`fk cufjua bnpgfk`rudn eagd tnk`i`lter! y`ntu $n. Xr`ltgl pgfkgaea``f! $nn. Mgfns

t`f`c`f y`fk tucoud! $nnn. Wcur t`f`c`f&

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O`d`f Erk`fnl Xgfk`rud ogro`k`n tepesglugf agrgfk

tgrd`b`p l`fbufk`f o`d`f erk`fnl t`f`d bn

lgouf s`wnt XR& Nfj`sn _`y` X`fkn`f L`oup`tgf

Bd`rc`sr`y` bns`mnl`f p`b` R`oga ?&

R`oga ?& Fna`n r`t`#r`t` l`fbufk`f o`d`f erk`fnl t`f`d p`b` gcp`t tepesglugf agrgfk bn lgouf

s`wnt XR& Nfj`sn _`y` X`fkn`f L`oup`tgf Bd`rc`sr`y`

Repesglugf agrgfk OE t`f`d $'.

@t`s :!7; `Rgfk`d :!09 `

O`w`d 2!27 `

B`t`r 2!>> `

LL :?!98 '

@fkl` y`fk bnnlutn eagd durui y`fk s`c`! p`b` leaec y`fk s`c`! ogrogb` tnb`l fy`t` cgfurut umn

Rulgy p`b` t`r`i fy`t` 7 '&

X`b` R`oga ? tgrand`t o`dw` l`fbufk`f

OE t`f`d ogrogb` tnb`l fy`t`! y`ntu= bn pesnsn

b`t`r `b`a`d 2!> '! bn agrgfk `t`s `b`a`d :!9 '!bn agrgfk tgfk`d :!? '! b`f bn agrgfk o`w`d

`b`a`d 2!2 '& Bnand`t b`rn fna`n l`fbufk`f OE

t`f`d p`b` agrgfk `t`s agond tnfkkn bno`fbnfkl`f

bgfk`f l`fbufk`f OE t`f`d p`b` agrgfk

tgfk`d& D`a nfn bnsgo`ol`f l`rgf` lgagrgfk`f

y`fk agond a`fb`n p`b` agrgfk `t`s sgdnfkk` OE

y`fk tgro`w` ogrs`c``f `anr`f pgrcul``f agond

sgbnlnt lg agrgfk tgfk`d& Zgb`fkl`f l`fbufk`f

OE t`f`d p`b` agrgfk o`w`d tgrkeaefk p`anfk

tnfkkn y`ntu 2!2 '& Rnfkknfy` l`fbufk`f OE

t`f`d p`b` agrgfk o`w`d! bnsgo`ol`f l`rgf`lgagrgfk`f a`d`f y`fk `k`l jur`c p`b` agrgfk

tgfk`d! sgdnfkk` OE p`b` agrgfk tgfk`d

tgrsgout tgro`w` ogrs`c``f `anr`f pgrcul``f

b`f cgfucpul p`b` b`gr`d agrgfk o`w`d y`fk

agrgfkfy` agond a`fb`n& Ogrogb` bgfk`f y`fk

bna`perl`f I`bnaa`d $?88>. o`dw` l`fbufk`f

 o`d`f erk`fnl t`f`d p`anfk tnfkkn bn agrgfk

tgfk`d y`ntu 7!04'& Rnfkknfy` l`fbufk`f

 o`d`f erk`fnl t`f`d p`b` pgfgantn`f tgrsgout

bnsgo`ol`f eagd lefbnsn b`gr`d pgfgantn`ffy`

`b`a`d dut`f& X`b` dut`f `anr`f pgrcul``f

rgfb`d! sgdnfkk` pgfk`fklut`f OE t`f`d

sgbnlnt&

Lefbnsn t`f`d y`fk tgroul` cgcogrnl`f

 pgau`fk uftul `nr dum`f cgfucoul pgrcul``ft`f`d a`fksufk& Xgrnstnw` nfn `l`f

cgfygo`ol`f pgfkd`fjur`f outnr#outnr t`f`d!

t`f`d y`fk tga`d cgfm`bn outnr`f d`aus `l`f

cgfknlutn `anr`f `nr o`nl ogrup` nfinatr`sn b`f

`anr`f pgrcul``f! sgdnfkk` t`f`d `l`f

cgfutupn pern#pern t`f`d& D`a tgrsgout

cgfk`lno`tl`f presgs nfinatr`sn ogrlur`fk

sgdnfkk` cgfnfkl`tl`f `anr`f pgrcul``f&

@anr`f pgrcul``f y`fk tgrus cgfnfkl`t

cgcogrn pgau`fk tgrm`bnfy` gresn! `anr`f

tgrsgout cgfk`fklut a`pns`f `t`s t`f`d $ tepsena. ogsgrt` OE lg b`gr`d y`fk agond rgfb`d&

Zgsu`n bgfk`f y`fk bnlgcul`l`f eagd

D`rbmewnkgfe $?88:. tepekr`in cgcpgfk`rudn

 ogs`rfy` gresn! cgfk`r`dl`f kgr`l`f `nr sgrt`

 o`d`f # o`d`f y`fk tgra`rut bn b`a`c t`f`d b`rn

tgcp`t y`fk tnfkkn lg tgcp`t y`fk rgfb`d&

Lg`s`c`f R`f`d $pD.Xgfk`rud ogro`k`n tepesglugf agrgfk

tgrd`b`p fna`n pD t`f`d bn lgouf s`wnt XR&

Nfj`sn _`y` X`fkn`f L`oup`tgf Bd`rc`sr`y`bns`mnl`f p`b` R`oga :&

R`oga :& Fna`n r`t`#r`t` pD t`f`d p`b` gcp`t tepesglugf agrgfk bn lgouf s`wnt XR& Nfj`sn _`y`

X`fkn`f L`oup`tgf Bd`rc`sr`y`

Xesnsn agrgfk pD D?E pD LJa

@t`s

Rgfk`d

O`w`d

B`t`r 

2!?4 o

2!:8 o

2!2? o

9!82 `

:!28 o

:!:4 o

2!2: o

7!2? `

LL 7!:7 ' >!2; '@fkl` y`fk bnnlutn eagd durui y`fk s`c`! p`b` leaec y`fk s`c`! ogrogb` tnb`l fy`t` cgfurut umn

Rulgy p`b` t`r`i fy`t` 7 '&

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X`b` R`oga : tgrand`t o`dw` fna`n pD t`f`d

 p`b` pesnsn b`t`r y`ntu 9!82 $pD D?E. b`f 7!2

$pD LJa. ogrogb` fy`t` bgfk`f fna`n pD t`f`d

 p`b` agrgfk `t`s y`ntu 2!?4 $pD D?E. b`f :!2

$pD LJa.! agrgfk tgfk`d y`ntu 2!: $pD D?E. b`f

:!:4 $pD LJa.! sgrt` agrgfk o`w`d y`ntu 2!2?

$pD D?E. b`f :!2: $pD LJa.! sgb`fkl`f fna`n pD t`f`d p`b` agrgfk `t`s! agrgfk tgfk`d! b`f

agrgfk o`w`d ogrogb` tnb`l fy`t`& Fna`n pD

t`f`d p`b` agrgfk o`w`d agond tnfkkn

bno`fbnfkl`f fna`n pD t`f`d p`b` agrgfk `t`s

b`f agrgfk tgfk`d& F`cuf fna`n pD t`f`d p`b`

lgtnk` tepesglugf agrgfk tgrkeaefk rgfb`d&

_gfb`dfy` fna`n pD t`f`d p`b` lgtnk`

tepesglugf agrgfk bnsgo`ol`f l`rgf` jur`d

dum`f y`fk tnfkkn sgdnfkk` pgfjujn`f s`fk`t

nftgfsni& Xresgs pgfjujn`f cgfygo`ol`f

tgrjujnfy` l`tnef#l`tnef y`fk ogr`b` p`b` tepsena lg a`pns`f suo sena& Zgdnfkk` p`b` lecpagl 

 mgr`p`f bnbecnf`sn eagd @a:, b`f D,& Zgsu`n

bgfk`f y`fk tga`d bna`perl`f eagd Fukrede

$?889. o`dw` lg`s`c`f t`f`d bnsgo`ol`f

l`rgf` ogrlur`fkfy` l`tnef L! J`! Ck! `t`u F`&

_gfb`dfy` ufsur#ufsur tgrsgout l`rgf` ufsur 

tgrsgout tgro`w` eagd `anr`f `nr lg a`pns`f bn

b`a`c t`f`d y`fk agond o`w`d $pgfjujn`f. `t`u

dna`fk bnsgr`p eagd t`f`c`f& L`tnef y`fk `b`

 p`b` lecpagls mgr`p`f ogrlur`fk b`f

bnbecnf`sn eagd @a#bb& @aucnfnuc `b`a`ds`a`d s`tu pgfjnrn t`f`d c`s`c l`rgf` bgfk`f

tnfkknfy` @a#bb b`p`t cgfnfkl`tl`f muca`d D, 

bn b`a`c t`f`d& Cgfurut D`lnc gt `a &! $0>49.

`aucnfnuc b`a`c t`f`d y`fk ogrg`lsn bgfk`f

`nr `l`f cgfkd`snal`f D, sgtn`p l`an ogrg`lsn&

Bgfk`f bgcnln`f lefsgftr`sn nef D, `l`f tgrus

cgfnfkl`t bn b`a`c t`f`d&

 Fna`n pD t`f`d p`b` pesnsn b`t`r agond

tnfkkn bno`fbnfkl`f bgfk`f fna`n pD t`f`d p`b`

agrgfk `t`s! agrgfk tgfk`d! b`f agrgfk o`w`d&

 Fna`n pD t`f`d tgrsgout bnpgfk`rudn eagd

 ogogr`p` i`lter! s`a`d s`tufy` o`d`f erk`fnl&

Zgc`lnf tnfkkn o`d`f erk`fnl p`b` t`f`d

c`s`c c`l` pD t`f`d `l`f sgc`lnf cgfnfkl`t`t`u cgfbgl`tn fgtr`a& Rnfkknfy` fna`n pD t`f`d

 p`b` pesnsn b`t`r sgnrnfk bgfk`f l`fbufk`f OE

$R`oga ?.! bnc`f` o`d`f erk`fnl cgfk`fbufk

ank`fb y`fk b`p`t cgfkldga`t @a:, sgdnfkk`

 pgfnfkl`t`f D, tnb`l tgrm`bn& Cgfurut @tceme

$?88:. pgr`f o`d`f erk`fnl p`b` t`f`d y`fk

c`s`c bgfk`f l`fbufk`f @a tgrtul`r tnfkkn!

`l`f cgfnfkl`t`f pD t`f`d! l`rgf` `s`c#`s`c

erk`fnl d`sna bglecpesnsn `l`f cgfknl`t @a:, 

cgcogftul sgfy`w` lecpagl $ldga`t.!

sgdnfkk` @a#tnb`l tgrdnbreansns a`kn&Ogrb`s`rl`f lrntgrn` fna`n pD cgfurut

O`a`n Xgfgantn`f R`f`d $?882.! t`f`d bn lgouf

s`wnt tgrkeaefk c`s`c p`b` agrgfk `t`s! agrgfk

tgfk`d! b`f agrgfk o`w`d! sgrt` tgrkeaefk `k`l 

c`s`c p`b` pesnsn b`t`r& D`a nfn s`fk`t

 ogrduoufk`f bgfk`f o`tu`f nfbul t`f`d&&

Cgfurut Wtece $?884. o`dw` o`tu`f nfbul 

y`fk c`s`c `l`f cgfkd`snal`f t`f`d c`s`c!

sgb`fkl`f o`tu`f nfbul `al`ans `l`f

cgfkd`snal`f t`f`d `al`ans&

L`fbufk`f @a#bb b`f Lgmgfud`f @aXgfk`rud ogro`k`n tepesglugf agrgfk

tgrd`b`p l`fbufk`f `aucnfnuc b`p`t bntul`r 

b`f lgmgfud`f `aucnfnuc t`f`d bn lgouf s`wnt

XR& Nfj`sn _`y` X`fkn`f L`oup`tgf

Bd`rc`sr`y` bns`mnl`f p`b` R`oga 2&

R`oga 2& Fna`n r`t`#r`t` l`fbufk`f `aucnfnuc b`p`t bntul`r b`f lgmgfud`f `aucnfnuc t`f`d p`b`

gcp`t tepesglugf agrgfk bn lgouf s`wnt XR& Nfj`sn _`y` X`fkn`f L`oup`tgf Bd`rc`sr`y`&

Repesglugf agrgfk @a#bb $cg%088k. Lgmgfud`f @a $'.@t`s ?!?8 ` 72!9; `

Rgfk`d ?!2? ` 72!;; `

O`w`d ?!:4 ` 7:!;? `

B`t`r 8!8> o 2!;9 o

LL 0>!:7 ' 02!78 '

@fkl` y`fk bnnlutn eagd durui y`fk s`c`! p`b` leaec y`fk s`c`! ogrogb` tnb`l fy`t` cgfurut umn

Rulgy p`b` t`r`i fy`t` 7 '&

 

X`b` R`oga 2 tgrand`t o`dw` l`fbufk`f

@a#bb b`f lgmgfud`f @a t`f`d p`b` pesnsn b`t`r y`ntu 8!8> cg%088k b`f 2!;9 cg%088k ogrogb`

fy`t` bgfk`f l`fbufk`f @a#bb b`f lgmgfud`f

@a t`f`d p`b` agrgfk `t`s y`ntu ?!?8 cg%088k

b`f 72!;8 cg%088k! p`b` agrgfk tgfk`d y`ntu

?!2? cg%088k b`f 72!;; cg%088k! sgrt` p`b`agrgfk o`w`d y`ntu ?!:4 cg%088k b`f 7:!;?

cg%088k! sgb`fkl`f l`fbufk`f @a#bb b`f

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Lgmgfud`f @a p`b` agrgfk `t`s! agrgfk tgfk`d!

b`f agrgfk o`w`d ogrogb` tnb`l fy`t`& F`cuf

 pgrogb``f l`fbufk`f @a#bb b`f lgmgfud`f @a

t`f`d `ft`r` agrgfk `t`s! agrgfk tgfk`d! b`f

agrgfk o`w`d tgrad`t b`rn d`sna `f`ansns y`fk

bnb`p`tl`f& Xgrogb``f y`fk tgrm`bn sgnrnfk

bgfk`f lefbnsn agrgfk! p`b` agrgfk tgfk`d y`fktgrkeaefk agond jur`c cgfk`fbufk @a#bb agond

tnfkkn 8!?? cg%088k bno`fbnfkl`f agrgfk `t`s&

Lefbnsn nfn sgsu`n bgfk`f y`fk bna`perl`f Mnw`

$0>44. o`dw` pgfnfkl`t`f l`fbufk`f @a#bb

t`f`d sgnrnfk bgfk`f cgfnfkl`tfy` lgjur`c`f

agrgfk& Ogrb`s`rl`f lrntgrn` cgfurut O`a`n

Xgfgantn`f R`f`d $?882. o`dw` lgmgfud`f @a

tgrkeaefk tnfkkn& D`a nfn bnsgo`ol`f l`rgf`

 o`d`f erk`fnl t`f`d y`fk b` tgrkeaefk rgfb`d&

L`fbufk`f @a#bb t`f`d y`fk p`anfk

tnfkkn tgrb`p`t p`b` agrgfk tgfk`d& Rnfkknfy`l`fbufk`f @a#bb t`f`d muk` bnsgo`ol`f l`rgf`

rgfb`dfy` l`fbufk`f OE t`f`d p`b` agrgfk

tgrsgout! sgdnfkk` nef @a tnfkkn b`a`c a`rut`f

t`f`d& Bgfk`f cgcpgrd`tnl`f l`fbufk`f OE

$R`oga ?. b`f l`fbufk`f @a#bb t`f`d $R`oga 2.

b`p`t bnl`t`l`f o`dw` l`fbufk`f @a#bb t`f`d

 ogro`fbnfk tgro`anl bgfk`f l`fbufk`f OE

t`f`d& D`a nfn sgsu`n bgfk`f y`fk bna`perl`f

eagd D`fsur $?808. ogrb`s`rl`f pgfgantn`ffy`

 p`b` t`f`d Watnsea bn Bd`rc`sr`y`! o`dw`

l`fbufk`f @a#bb y`fk sgcua`fy` 0!2; cg%088k

cgfm`bn tnb`l tgrulur sgtga`d pgcogrn`f o`d`f

erk`fnl lg t`f`d tgrsgout&

_gfb`dfy` l`fbufk`f @a#bb b`f

lgmgfud`f @a t`f`d p`b` agrgfk `t`s b`f agrgfk o`w`d bno`fbnfkl`f bgfk`f agrgfk tgfk`d

sgnrnfk bgfk`f l`fbufk`f OE t`f`d y`fk muk`

tnfkkn p`b` agrgfk `t`s b`f agrgfk o`w`d&

Xgfuruf`f @a#bb nfn bnsgo`ol`f eagd

tgrogftulfy` sgfy`w` lecpagls `ft`r` d`sna

bglecpesnsn OE bgfk`f nef @a y`fk `b` b`a`c

a`rut`f t`f`d! sgdnfkk` l`b`r @a b`a`c a`rut`f

t`f`d ogrlur`fk& D`a nfn sgsu`n bgfk`f y`fk

tga`d bna`perl`f eagd O`utnst`#jruz gt `a &! $?80?.

 o`dw` o`d`f erk`fnl y`fk bnd`snal`f eagd

vgkgt`sn b`p`t cgfkur`fkn muca`d @a#bb b`a`ct`f`d&

F#tet`a Xgfk`rud ogro`k`n tepesglugf agrgfk

tgrd`b`p l`fbufk`f fntrekgf tet`a t`f`d bn

lgouf s`wnt XR& Nfj`sn _`y` X`fkn`f L`oup`tgf

Bd`rc`sr`y` bns`mnl`f p`b` R`oga 7&

R`oga 7& Fna`n r`t`#r`t` l`fbufk`f fntrekgf tet`a t`f`d p`b` gcp`t tepesglugf agrgfk bn lgouf

s`wnt XR& Nfj`sn _`y` X`fkn`f L`oup`tgf Bd`rc`sr`y`

Repesglugf agrgfk F#tet`a $'.

@t`s 8!08 o

Rgfk`d 8!08 o

O`w`d 8!0? o

B`t`r 8!?; `

LL :?!;4 '

@fkl` y`fk bnnlutn eagd durui y`fk s`c`! p`b` leaec y`fk s`c`! ogrogb` tnb`l fy`t` cgfurut umn

Rulgy p`b` t`r`i fy`t` 7 '&

X`b` R`oga 7 tgrand`t o`dw` l`fbufk`f F#

tet`a t`f`d bn pesnsn b`t`r `b`a`d 8!?; ' ogrogb`fy`t` bgfk`f l`fbufk`f F#tet`a t`f`d agrgfk

`t`s y`ntu $8!08 '.! agrgfk tgfk`d $8!08 '.! b`f

agrgfk o`w`d $8!0? '.! sgb`fkl`f l`fbufk`f

 F#tet`a p`b` agrgfk `t`s! agrgfk tgfk`d! b`f

agrgfk o`w`d ogrogb` tnb`l fy`t`& L`fbufk`f

 F#tet`a t`f`d agrgfk tgfk`d s`c` bgfk`f

l`fbufk`f F#tet`a t`f`d agrgfk `t`s! b`f F#tet`a

t`f`d agrgfk o`w`d agond tnfkkn 8!8? '

bno`fbnfkl`f F#tet`a t`f`d agrgfk tgfk`d&

Rnfkknfy` l`fbufk`f F#tet`a t`f`d agrgfk

 o`w`d bnsgo`ol`f l`rgf` fntrekgf t`f`d agrgfk`t`s tgro`w` ogrs`c``f bgfk`f `anr`f

 pgrcul``f lg agrgfk tgfk`d! b`f lefbnsn agrgfk

tgfk`d y`fk agond jur`c b`rn agrgfk `t`s

cgfk`lno`tl`f fntrekgf tgro`w` `anr`f

 pgrcul``f lg agrgfk o`w`d& Fntrekgf p`b`ucucfy` tgrb`p`t p`b` a`pns`f tep sena! l`rgf`

fntrekgf b`a`c t`f`d ogrsucogr b`rn ub`r` b`f

 m`rnfk`f tucoud`f& A`pns`f `t`s t`f`d y`fk

tgrgresn ogrs`c``f o`d`f erk`fnl cgfucpul bn

agrgfk o`w`d& Bgfk`f cgcpgrd`tnl`f

l`fbufk`f OE $R`oga ?. b`f F#tet`a t`f`d

$R`oga 7.! b`p`t bnl`t`l`f o`dw` l`fbufk`f

OE t`f`d ogro`fbnfk aurus bgfk`f l`fbufk`f

 F#tet`a t`f`d! bnc`f sgc`lnf tnfkkn OE t`f`d

c`l` sgc`lnf tnfkkn F#tet`a t`f`d& D`a nfn

sgsu`n bgfk`f y`fk bna`perl`f Igorn`f $?880. o`dw` l`fbufk`f F#tet`a p`b` Watnsea t`fp`

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 pupul agond rgfb`d 8!00 ' bno`fbnfkl`f Watnsea

bgfk`f pgrogrn`f sns` p`fgf&

Xgreco`l`f OE `l`f cgfkd`snal`f ufsur 

d`r` y`fk pgftnfk ogrup` fntrekgf& Cgfurut

D`lnc gt `a&! $0>49. o`dw` bglecpesnsn o`d`f

erk`fnl `l`f cgfkd`snal`f `cefnuc! fntrnt!

fntr`t! b`f k`s fntrekgf& Rnfkknfy` l`fbufk`f F#tet`a t`f`d p`b` agrgfk o`w`d muk`

bnl`rgf`l`f sni`t fntrekgf y`fk cub`d tgro`w`

 ogrs`c``f bgfk`f `nr& Cgfurut CjBef`ab gt 

`a &! $?888. o`dw` ufsur fntrekgf agond cub`d

tgro`w` `nr ancp`s`f bno`fbnfkl`f bgfk`f

ufsur d`r` a`nffy`&

L`fbufk`f F#tet`a t`f`d y`fk p`anfk

tnfkkn `b`a`d p`b` pesnsn b`t`r& Rnfkknfy`

l`fbufk`f F#tet`a t`f`d p`b` pesnsn b`t`r 

bnsgo`ol`f `b`fy` suco`fk`f F#tet`a b`rn

agrgfk `t`s! agrgfk tgfk`d! b`f agrgfk o`w`d&

Cgfurut D`f`in`d $?88:. bn b`a`c t`f`d! >>'

 F tgrb`p`t b`a`c ogftul erk`fnl! d`fy` ?#2'

y`fk bncnfgr`ans`snl`f cgfm`bn F#`ferk`fnl 

eagd cnlreon`& X`b` 0 dglt`r t`f`d y`fkcgfk`fbufk 0' J#erk`fnl! lnr`#lnr` 8!0'fy`

`b`a`d F&

X#tgrsgbn`Xgfk`rud ogro`k`n tepesglugf agrgfk

tgrd`b`p l`fbufk`f pespder tgrsgbn` t`f`d bn

lgouf s`wnt XR& Nfj`sn _`y` X`fkn`f L`oup`tgf

Bd`rc`sr`y` bns`mnl`f p`b` R`oga 9&

R`oga 9& Fna`n r`t`#r`t` l`fbufk`f pespder tgrsgbn` t`f`d p`b` gcp`t tepesglugf agrgfk bn lgouf

s`wnt XR& Nfj`sn _`y` X`fkn`f L`oup`tgf Bd`rc`sr`y`

Repesglugf agrgfk X#tgrsgbn` $ppc.

@t`s 28!:; `o

Rgfk`d ;!>0 o

O`w`d ?0!70 o

B`t`r 49!?9 `

LL 94!:2 '

@fkl` y`fk bnnlutn eagd durui y`fk s`c`! p`b` leaec y`fk s`c`! ogrogb` tnb`l fy`t` cgfurut umn

Rulgy p`b` t`r`i fy`t` 7 '&

X`b` R`oga 9 tgrand`t o`dw` l`fbufk`f X#

tgrsgbn` bn b`a`c t`f`d p`b` agrgfk `t`s `b`a`d28!:; ppc& Fna`n tgrsgout ogrogb` tnb`l fy`t`

bgfk`f l`fbufk`f X#tgrsgbn` t`f`d p`b` agrgfk

tgfk`d $;!>0 ppc. b`f agrgfk o`w`d $?0!70

 ppc.! sgb`fkl`f l`fbufk`f X#tgrsgbn` p`b`

agrgfk tgfk`d b`f agrgfk o`w`d ogrogb` fy`t`

bgfk`f l`fbufk`f X#tgrsgbn` pesnsn b`t`r $49!?9

 ppc.& L`fbufk`f X#tgrsgbn` t`f`d p`b` agrgfk

`t`s agond tnfkkn bno`fbnfkl`f X#tgrsgbn` t`f`d

 p`b` agrgfk tgfk`d& Bgfk`f cgcpgrd`tnl`f

l`fbufk`f @a#bb t`f`d $R`oga :. b`f X#tgrsgbn`

t`f`d $R`oga 9. b`p`t bnl`t`l`f o`dw`l`fbufk`f X#tgrsgbn` bn b`a`c t`f`d s`fk`t

bnpgfk`rudn eagd @a#bb bn b`a`c t`f`d! bnc`f`

sgc`lnf tnfkkn l`fbufk`f @a#bb bn b`a`c t`f`d

c`l` sgc`lnf sgbnlnt lgtgrsgbn`f X&Cgfurut D`f`in`d $?88:. lgtgrsgbn``f X

 p`b` t`f`d ogrg`lsn c`s`c sgpgrtn Watnsea

s`fk`t bnpgfk`rudn eagd pesnsn b`f l`fbufk`f

@a#bb bn b`a`c t`f`d& @aucnfnuc y`fk

tgrb`p`t bn b`a`c t`f`d `l`f b`p`t cgfknl`t nef

Xdesper bn b`a`c t`f`d sgdnfkk` cgfygo`ol`f

X cgfm`bn tnb`l tgrsgbn`& Xdesper bnl`t`l`f

tgrsgbn` `p`ona` b`p`t bnsgr`p eagd t`f`c`f&

Cgfurut D`lnc gt `a &! $0>49. Xdesper tnb`l 

b`p`t bnsgr`p eagd t`f`c`f l`rgf` bnnl`t eagd

`aucnfnuc b`a`c t`f`d& _g`lsnfy` sgo`k`n ogrnlut =

@a:, , D?XE2# , ?D?E @aXE2&?D?E , ?D,

_gfb`dfy` X#tgrsgbn` t`f`d p`b` agrgfk

tgfk`d! bns`cpnfk bnsgo`ol`f eagd l`fbufk`f

@a#bb t`f`d y`fk tnfkkn muk` bnsgo`ol`f eagd

l`fbufk`f OE y`fk rgfb`d b`rn pesnsn agrgfk

a`nffy`& _gfb`dfy` l`fbufk`f OE p`b` agrgfk

tgfk`d `l`f cgfk`lno`tl`f muca`d X y`fk

bnsuco`fkl`f cga`aun OE muk` `l`f rgfb`d&

D`f`in`d $?88:. ogrpgfb`p`t o`dw` X b`a`c

t`f`d b`p`t ogrsucogr b`rn OE y`fk bnogrnl`f&

Bglecpesnsn OE `l`f cgfkd`snal`f X#erk`fnl 

b`f sga`fmutfy` `l`f bnreco`l eagd m`s`b

 pgreco`l cgfm`bn p#`ferk`fnl sgdnfkk` b`p`t

bnkuf`l`f t`f`c`f& D`sna pgfgantn`f nfn muk`

sgm`a`f bgfk`f y`fk bna`perl`f eagd @tceme

$?88:. b`f [nk`tn gt `a &! $?889. o`dw`

 pgcogrn`f OE lgb`a`c t`f`d cgfnfkl`tl`f

lgtgrsgbn``f X b`a`c t`f`d& Xgfnfkl`t`f eagd

OE tgrsgout tgrm`bn cga`aun ogogr`p` `lsn!

sgpgrtn= $0. Cga`aun presgs cnfgr`ans`sn OE

tgrm`bn pgagp`s`f X cnfgr`a $X2E:# .! $?. Cga`aun

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 pgagp`s`f iesi`t y`fk ogrnl`t`f bgfk`f @a y`fk

tnb`l a`rut cgfm`bn ogftul tgra`rut! $:.

cgfkd`snal`f `s`c duc`t b`f `s`c iuav`t! $2.&

Cgcogftul lecpagls iesie#duc`t b`f iesie#

iuav`t y`fk b`p`t bntul`r b`f agond tgrsgbn` o`kn

t`f`c`f! sgo`o iesi`t y`fk bnmgr`p p`b` o`d`f

erk`fnl sgj`r` agc`d&

L`fbufk`f O`s` # O`s` $J`! Ck! b`f L.Xgfk`rud ogro`k`n tepesglugf agrgfk

tgrd`b`p l`fbufk`f o`s` # o`s` t`f`d bn lgouf

s`wnt XR& Nfj`sn _`y` X`fkn`f L`oup`tgf

Bd`rc`sr`y` bns`mnl`f p`b` R`oga ;&

R`oga ;& Fna`n r`t`#r`t` l`fbufk`f o`s`#o`s` t`f`d p`b` gcp`t tepesglugf agrgfk bn lgouf s`wnt

XR& Nfj`sn _`y` X`fkn`f L`oup`tgf Bd`rc`sr`y`

Repesglugf agrgfk J`#bb $cg%088k. L#bb $cg%088k. Ck#bb $cg%088k.

@t`s 8!?8 ` 8!:8 ` 8!28 `

Rgfk`d 8!?: ` 8!?> ` 8!2? `

O`w`d 8!?0 ` 8!?; ` 8!29 `

B`t`r 8!?: ` 8!?; ` 8!:; o

LL 09!77 ' 04!?9 ' 00!>4 '

@fkl` y`fk bnnlutn eagd durui y`fk s`c`! p`b` leaec y`fk s`c`! ogrogb` tnb`l fy`t` cgfurut umn

Rulgy p`b` t`r`i fy`t` 7 '&

X`b` R`oga 4 tgrand`t o`dw` l`fbufk`f

J`#bb b`f L#bb t`f`d ogrogb` tnb`l fy`t`

`ft`r` agrgfk `t`s! agrgfk tgfk`d! agrgfk o`w`d

b`f pesnsn b`t`r! sgb`fkl`f l`fbufk`f Ck#bb

t`f`d ogrogb` fy`t` `ft`r` pesnsn b`t`r bgfk`f

agrgfk `t`s! agrgfk tgfk`d! b`f agrgfk o`w`d&

Ogrb`s`rl`f lrntgrn` l`fbufk`f J`#bb! Ck#bb

t`f`d tgrkeaefk s`fk`t rgfb`d! b`f L#bb

tgrkeaefk rgfb`d $O`a`n Xgfgantn`f R`f`d ?882.&

_gfb`dfy` l`fbufk`f o`s ‚  o`s` t`f`d

bnpgfk`rudn eagd pD t`f`d y`fk tgrkeaefk

c`s`c& Wfsur d`r` L o`fy`l lgtgrsgbn``ffy`

 p`b` pD 9 s`cp`n >!7 b`f ufsur d`r` J` b`f

Ck y`fk o`fy`l lgtgrsgbn``ffy` p`b` pD ;!8

s`cp`n 4!7 $D`f`in`d ?88:.&

Cgfurut X`s`rnou $?884. presgs y`fk

cgcpgfk`rudn pgcogftul`f Watnsea `b`a`d

 presgs d`fjur`f y`fk s`fk`t nftgfsni eagd nlanc&

Xgfkd`fjur`f tgrsgout cgfygo`ol`f Watnsea

cgcpufy`n lgmuf`d`f o`s` y`fk rgfb`d&Xga`pul`f tgrm`bn lgtnl` dnbrekgf bn b`a`c

t`f`d ogrg`lsn bgfk`f cnfgr`a bn b`a`c t`f`d

`t`upuf a`pns`f o`tu`f! y`fk cgfygo`ol`f

tgragp`sfy` o`s`#o`s`&

_gfb`dfy` o`s`#o`s` b`a`c t`f`d muk`

bnsgo`ol`f l`rgf` presgs pgfjujn`f y`fk

nftgfsni& Xgfjujn`f cgfygo`ol`f o`s`#o`s`

tgro`w` eagd `nr pgrlea`sn lg a`pns`f agond

 o`w`d! sgb`fkl`f p`b` pgfgantn`f y`fk tga`d

bna`lul`f! s`cpga bn`cona p`b` a`pns`f 8 # ?8

jc& Cgfurut Zgan`f $?884. pgfygr`p`f ufsur L 

tnfkkn eagd t`f`c`f t`f`c`f s`wnt&

Lgdna`fk`f J` bnsgr`p t`f`c`f b`a`c muca`d o`fy`l& Zgb`fkl`f rgfb`dfy` l`fbufk`f

c`kfgsnuc bnsgo`ol`f bnsgr`p eagd t`f`c`f!

bnc`fi``tl`f eagd celreerk`fnscg tgrtgftu b`f

d`fyut ogrs`c``f `nr pgrlea`sn& Zgdnfkk`

c`kfgsnuc y`fk tgrtnfkkn tgrb`p`t bn b`gr`d

agrgfk o`w`d&

L`p`snt`s Rul`r L`tnef $LRL.Xgfk`rud ogro`k`n tepesglugf agrgfk

tgrd`b`p l`p`snt`s tul`r l`tnef t`f`d bn lgouf

s`wnt XR& Nfj`sn _`y` X`fkn`f L`oup`tgfBd`rc`sr`y` bns`mnl`f p`b` R`oga 4&

R`oga 4& Fna`n r`t`#r`t` l`p`snt`s tul`r l`tnef t`f`d p`b` gcp`t tepesglugf agrgfk bn lgouf s`wnt

XR& Nfj`sn _`y` X`fkn`f L`oup`tgf Bd`rc`sr`y`

Xesnsn agrgfk LRL $cg%088k.

@t`s >!8: o

Rgfk`d 04!?8 `

O`w`d 0;!>4 `

B`t`r ?2!29 `

LL ?9!74 '

@fkl` y`fk bnnlutn eagd durui y`fk s`c`! p`b` leaec y`fk s`c`! ogrogb` tnb`l fy`t` cgfurut umnRulgy p`b` t`r`i fy`t` 7 '&

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X`b` R`oga > tgrand`t o`dw` LRL t`f`d bn

agrgfk `t`s y`ntu $>!8: cg%088k& Fna`n tgrsgout

 ogrogb` fy`t` bgfk`f fna`n LRL t`f`d p`b`

 pesnsn b`t`r $?2!29 cg%088k.! agrgfk tgfk`d

$04!?8 cg%088k.! b`f agrgfk o`w`d $0;!>4

cg%088k.! sgb`fkl`f LRL t`f`d p`b` pesnsn

b`t`r! agrgfk tgfk`d! b`f agrgfk o`w`d ogrogb`tnb`l fy`t`& _gfb`dfy` LRL t`f`d p`b` agrgfk

`t`s bnsgo`ol`f l`rgf` pgfkd`fyut`f leaenb

t`f`d eagd `anr`f pgrcul``f& Zgb`fkl`f LRL 

t`f`d p`b` agrgfk tgfk`d agond tnfkkn

bno`fbnfkl`f LRL t`f`d p`b` agrgfk o`w`d&

D`a nfn bnsgo`ol`f l`rgf` leaenb t`f`d y`fk

bnd`fyutl`f b`rn agrgfk `t`s sgo`kn`f ogs`r 

c`snd ogauc tgrd`fyutl`f eagd `anr`f

 pgrcul``f lg agrgfk o`w`d& Bgfk`f

cgcpgrd`tnl`f l`fbufk`f OE t`f`d $R`oga :.

b`f LRL t`f`d $R`oga >.! c`l` b`p`t bnl`t`l`f o`dw` l`fbufk`f OE t`f`d ogro`fbnfk aurus

bgfk`f LRL t`f`d! bnc`f` sgc`lnf tnfkkn OE

c`l` sgc`lnf tnfkkn LRL t`f`d& Cgfurut

Zegp`rbn $0>4:. o`dw` LRL s`fk`t

 ogrduoufk`f bgfk`f tglstur t`f`d! l`rgf`

sgc`lnf d`aus tglstur t`f`d c`l` sgc`lnf

tnfkkn LRL& D`a nfn ogrl`nt`f bgfk`f sgc`lnf

au`sfy` mgr`p`f l`tnef t`f`d& Zgb`fkl`f ducus

b`rn o`d`f erk`fnl cgfnfkl`tl`f LRL t`f`d

l`rgf` cgcnanln cu`t`f fgk`tni& Fukrede

$?889. cga`perl`f o`dw` LRL b`p`t bnlgt`dunb`rn tglstur t`f`dfy`& R`f`d bgfk`f l`fbufk`f

 p`snr y`fk tnfkkn cgcnanln LRL y`fk agond

rgfb`d bno`fbnfkl`f bgfk`f t`f`d bgfk`f

l`fbufk`f an`t `t`u bgou y`fk o`fy`l&

Ogrb`s`rl`f lrntgrn` c`l` LRL t`f`d bn

 pesnsn b`t`r tgrkeaefk sgb`fk& L`p`snt`s Rul`r 

L`tnef cgrup`l`f sni`t lncn` y`fk s`fk`t gr`t

duoufk`ffy` bgfk`f lgsuour`f t`f`d&

Zgc`lnf tnfkkn LRL t`f`d! sgc`lnf suour 

t`f`d tgrsgout b`f sgo`anlfy`& R`f`d bgfk`f

LRL tnfkkn c`cpu cgfygr`p b`f cgfygbn`l`f

ufsur d`r` agond o`nl b`rnp`b` t`f`d bgfk`f

LRL rgfb`d& D`a nfn cgfufmull`f o`dw`

lefbnsn lgsuour`f t`f`d bn pesnsn b`t`r 

tgrc`sul l`tgkern sgb`fk& Zgb`fkl`f bn agrgfk

`t`s! agrgfk tgfk`d! b`f agrgfk o`w`d tgrc`sul 

rgfb`d& Lgtgrsgbn`` ufsur d`r` ogrk`ftufk

tgrd`b`p LRL! l`rgf` ufsur d`r` tgrb`p`t p`b`

lecpagls mgr`p`f leaenb c`l` ufsur#ufsur d`r`

tgrsgout tnb`l cub`d tgrjujn& R`f`d#t`f`d

bgfk`f l`fbufk`f o`d`f ufsur tnfkkn `t`ubgfk`f l`b`r an`t tnfkkn cgcpufy`n LRL agond

tnfkkn b`rn p`b` t`f`d bgfk`f o`d`f ufsur 

rgfb`d `t`u t`f`d ogrp`snr& Fna`n LRL t`f`d

 ogrv`rn`sn cgfurut tnpg b`f muca`d leaenb y`fk

`b` b`a`c t`f`d $ R`f! 0>>4.&

Rnfkknfy` LRL t`f`d p`b` pesnsn b`t`r 

bnsgo`ol`f pgfk`rud o`d`f erk`fnl t`f`d&

O`d`f erk`fnl `l`f cgfk`a`cn bglecpesn

cgfm`bn ducus& Ducus cgrup`l`f leaenberk`fnl y`fk `ltni b`a`c cgfnfkl`tl`f

lgc`cpu`f t`f`d b`a`c cgcpgrtul`rl`f

l`tnef b`f `fnef& Cgfurut @tceme $?88:.

 pgcogrn`f o`d`f erk`fnl lg t`f`d `l`f

cgfnfkl`tl`f pgrt`co`d`f leaenb t`f`d!

sgdnfkk` b`p`t cgfnfkl`tl`f lgc`cpu`f t`f`d

b`a`c cgcpgrtul`rl`f l`tnef&

Bgfk`f cgfnfm`u sgcu` d`sna `f`ansns

y`fk bnb`p`tl`f cgfkgf`n sni`t insnl` t`f`d

y`ntu tglstur an`t y`fk ogrpgfk`rud tgrd`b`p

LRL b`f OY t`f`d y`fk tnfkkn cgfkur`fknnfinatr`sn y`fk cgfk`lno`tl`f tgrm`bnfy`

 pgfk`fklut`f t`f`d ogsgrt` OE t`f`d& D`a nfn

`l`f cgcpgfk`rudn sni`t lncn` a`nffy`& X`b`

l`r`ltgrnstnl lncn` t`f`d! tgrand`t o`dw` `b`

lgtgrl`nt`f `ft`r` nfbnl`ter sni`t lncn` t`f`d&

Zgnrnfk bgfk`f pgfnfkl`t`f OE t`f`d tgrand`t

 pgfnfkl`t`f $pD! F#tet`a! X#tgrsgbn`! b`f LRL.

b`f pgfuruf`f $@a#bb b`f lgmgfud`f @a. b`a`c

t`f`d& OE y`fk tgrbglecpesnsn cgfkd`snal`f

 F#tet`a ogrup` `cefnuc! fntrnt! fntr`t! b`f k`s

fntrekgf& Zgtga`d OE tgrbglecpesnsn sgcpurf`!leaenb erk`fnl y`fk bnd`snal`f b`p`t

cgfnfkl`tl`f lgc`cpu`f t`f`d b`a`c

cgcpgrtul`rl`f l`tnef b`f `fnef& Zga`nf ntu

ank`fb y`fk tgrb`p`t b`a`c OE t`f`d `l`f

cgfkldga`t @a#bb! sgdnfkk` @a#bb t`f`d tnb`l 

a`kn cgfkd`snal`f D, l`rgf` @a#bb tnb`l 

tgrdnbreansns& Ogrlur`fkfy` D, cgfy`o`ol`f

 pgfnfkl`t`f pD t`f`d& Lgtnl` @a#bb t`f`d tga`d

tgrldga`t c`l` `l`f bnnlutn eagd pgfnfkl`t`f X#

tgrsgbn` t`f`d! sgb`fkl`f rgfb`dfy` l`fbufk`f

 o`s`#o`s` t`f`d bnsgo`ol`f l`rgf` l`fbufk`f

OE t`f`d y`fk tgrkeaefk rgfb`d b`f sgb`fk&

Zga`nf ntu sni`t b`rn l`fbufk`f o`s`#o`s` t`f`d

y`fk jgp`t tgrsgbn` cgfygo`ol`f o`s`#o`s`

t`f`d jgp`t bnsgr`p t`f`c`f b`f tgrjujn

 ogrs`c` `nr pgrlea`sn&

LGZNCXWA@F B@F Z@_@F

Ogrb`s`rl`f d`sna pgfgantn`f y`fk tga`d

bna`lul`f p`b` gcp`t tepesglugf agrgfk $`t`s!tgfk`d! o`w`d! b`f b`t`r. p`b` lgouf lga`p`

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s`wnt XR& Nfj`sn _`y` X`fkn`f L`oup`tgf

Bd`rc`sr`y` b`p`t bn`cona lgsncpua`f o`dw`=

0&  L`r`ltgrnstnl sni`t lncn` t`f`d p`b` c`snfk#

c`snfk tepesglugf agrgfk ogrogb`! sgdnfkk`

d`a nfn b`p`t cgfjnrnl`f tnfkl`t lgsuour`f

t`f`d y`fk muk` ogrogb` p`b` c`snfk#c`snfk

tepesglugf agrgfk! tnfkl`t lgsuour`f t`f`dy`fk p`anfk rgfb`d tgrb`p`t p`b` agrgfk

tgfk`d b`f y`fk p`anfk o`nl p`b` pesnsn b`t`r 

?&  L`fbufk`f OE p`b` agrgfk tgfk`d agond

rgfb`d 0!;8' b`rn pesnsn b`t`r! l`fbufk`f

ufsur d`r` F b`f X p`b` agrgfk tgfk`d agond

rgfb`d $8!09' b`f ;4!:7ppc. b`rn pesnsn

b`t`r! Fna`n pD t`f`d agrgfk tgfk`d agond

rgfb`d 0!;2 b`rn pesnsn b`t`r! LRL t`f`d

 p`b` agrgfk tgfk`d agond rgfb`d 9!?9

cg%088k b`rn pesnsn b`t`r! b`f l`fbufk`f @a#

bb p`b` agrgfk tgfk`d agond tnfkkn ?!::cg%088k b`rn pesnsn b`t`r& L`fbufk`f L 

 p`b` agrgfk tgfk`d agond tnfkkn 8!8: cg%088k

b`rn pesnsn b`t`r&

B`rn d`sna pgfgantn`f nfn b`p`t bns`r`fl`f

uftul bna`lul`f pgf`co`d`f o`d`f erk`fnl 

uftul cgcpgro`nln sgrt` cgcpgrt`d`fl`f

lgsuour`f t`f`d p`b` agrgfk tgfk`d&

B@IR@_ XWZR@L@

@tceme! [&@& ?88:&  Xgr`f`f O`d`f Erk`fnl 

Rgrd`b`p Lgsuour`f R`f`d b`f Wp`y`

 Xgfkgaea``ffy & Zgoga`s C`rgt

Wfnvgrsnty Xrgss= Zur`l`rt`& :9 d`a&

O`a`n Xgfgantn`f R`f`d& ?882&  Xgtufmul Rglfns

 @f`ansns Lncn` R`f`d! R`f`c`f! @nr! b`f Xupul & O`a`n pgfgantn`f t`f`d= Oeker&029

d`a&

O`utnst`#Jruz! @&! J`stnaae& _&I&B&! O`rr`&M&B&G&! J`stergf`& C&B&J&K&! b`f O`gz&

@& ?800&  Iergst Gjeaeky `fb 

c`f`kgcgft & Gasgvngr= Cgxnje& Yeaucg

?;; $0. = ;2#48 

I`bnaa`d! _& ?88>&  Xgro`fbnfk`f Rnfkl`t 

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 p`b` Ogro`k`n Repesglugf Dut`f

 Xgfbnbnl`f b`f Xgfgantn`f Oneaekn

$DXXO. Oulnt Zgr`s`d Anc`u C`fns

\ZlrnpsnS& Wfnvgrsnt`s @fb`a`s= X`b`fk& 9:

d`a&

Igorn`f! B& ?880&  Xgro`nl`f ogogr`p` Zni`t 

 Lncn` Watnsea Cga`aun Xgc`fi``t`f

 Ogogr`p Mgfns Xupul @a`c b`f

 Xgfk`rudfy` Rgrd`b`p D`sna R`f`c`f

 Lgbga`n \ZlrnpsnS& I`luat`s Xgrt`fn`f

Wfnvgrsnt`s @fb`a`s= X`b`fk& 7; d`a&

D`lnc! F&! Fy`lp`& ^&! Auons& @&C&! Fukrede&

Z&K&! Bnd`& @&! Defk& K&O&! b`f O`nagy&

D&D& 0>49&  B`s`r#b`s`r Nacu R`f`d&

Wfnvgrsnt`s A`cpufk= A`cpufk& 244 d`a&

D`f`in`d! L&@& ?88:&  B`s`r#b`s`r Nacu R`f`d&

XR& _`m` Kr`infbe Xgrs`b`= M`l`rt`& :98

d`a&

D`fsur! I& ?808&  Xgc`fi``t`f Ogro`k`n O`d`f

Erk`fnl b`f L`pur Wftul R`f`c`f Lgbga`n $Kayjnfg c`x&A. p`b` Watnsea bn

 L`oup`tgf Bd`rc`sr`y` \ZlrnpsnS& 

I`luat`s Xgrt`fn`f Wfnvgrsnt`s @fb`a`s=

X`b`fk& 74 d`a&

D`rmewnkgfe! Z& ?88:&  Nacu t`f`d& @l`bgcn

Xrgsnfbe= M`l`rt`& ?49 d`a&

Deasjdgr! B&! Zjd`bg& G&! b`f Agusjdfgr& J&

?888&  Giigjts ei jeppnjnfk nf tgcpgr`tg

bgjnbueus iergsts ef gjesystgc futrngft  peeas `fb sena igrtnanty& Wfnvgrsnty ei 

Kùttnfkgf! = Kgrc`fy&  O`snj `fb @ppangb 

 Gjeaeky! Yeaucg ? $?. = 077#092& 

Nfbr`f`t`! D&L& 0>49&  Xgfkgaea``f Lgsuour`f

R`f`d& XR&Onf` @ls`r`= M`l`rt`& ?72 d`a&

Mnw`! C&[& 0>44&  Lgr`k`c`f Zp`sn`a 

 Lgsuour`f R`f`d b`f Lgmgfud`f

 @aucnfnuc Zgrn X`yufk p`b` Ogro`k`n

 Lga`s Agrgfk b`f Zl`a` Eosgrv`sn

\ZlrnpsnS& I`luat`s Xgrt`fn`f Nfstntut

Xgrt`fn`f Oeker= Oeker& 080 d`a&

Ld`rnsc`! @& ?80?&  Xrgbnlsn A`mu Gresn p`b`

 Ogro`k`n Z`tu`f A`d`f Zuo B@Z O`t`fk 

 C`fk`u \ZlrnpsnS& I`luat`s Xgrt`fn`f

Wfnvgrsnt`s @fb`a`s= X`b`fk& 72 d`a&

CjBef`ab! C&@&! b`f Dg`agy& M&_& ?888&

 Futrngft jyjanfk nf sgjefb`ry iergsts nftdg Oaug Ceuft`nfs ei M`c`nj`&

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Wfnvgrsnty ei [`ags = O`fker& Yeaucg 0:>

$0#:.= ?7;#?;4 

 F`fb`! _&X& ?88>& Xgfk`rud A`c` Xgfkgaea``f

Z`w`d Rgrd`b`p Xgruo`d`f Ogogr`p`

Zni`t Lncn` R`f`d bn L`oup`tgf

 Bd`rc`sr`y` \ZlrnpsnS& I`luat`sXgrt`fn`f= X`b`fk& 97 d`a&

 Fukrede! @&[& ?889& L`r`ltgrnstnl t`f`d p`b`

 sgo`r`f uanf bn suc`tgr` b`a`c

cgfbulufk lefsgrv`sn& O`a`n Anto`fk

Dut`f R`f`c`f= X`agco`fk& 044 d`a

X`s`rnou! ^& ?884& Rr`fsierc`sn Wfsur X b`rn

ZX#:9 b`f Xesp`t @a`c p`b` R`f`d

Watnsea! @fbnsea! b`f Gftnsea  \ZlrnpsnS&

Wfnvgrsnt`s Zuc`tgr` Wt`r`= Cgb`f& 90d`a&

Zgan`f! @&_&L& ?884&  @f`ans` L`b`r Wfsur 

 D`r` L`anuc $L. b`rn R`f`d Xgrlgouf`f

 Lga`p` Z`wnt Ogfkl`ans _n`u Zgj`r`

Zpgltreietecgtrn Zgr`p`f @tec $ZZ@. 

\ZlrnpsnS& _gpesntery Wfnvgrsnt`s

Zuc`tgr` Wt`r`= Cgb`f& 2; d`a&

Zgyceur! I&! C& L`ffnfgf&! O& Aej`tgaan&! B&

Curbny`rse&! b`f A& Ygrjdet& ?808&

Zndet`fk! O& ?808& Zgm`r`d Xgrlgco`fk`f

R`f`c`f Lga`p` Z`wnt bn Nfbefgsn`&

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t`f`c`f%lga`p`#s`wnt& _`ou& 808? ?80?&

Zegp`rbn! K& 0>4:& Zni`t b`f Jnrn R`f`d& Nfstntut

Xgrt`fn`f Oeker= Oeker& 7>0 d`a&

R`f! D&L& 0>>4&  B`s`r#b`s`r Lncn` R`f`d&

K`bm`d C`b` Wfnvgrsnty Xrgss=^eky`l`rt`& ?>7 d`a&

Resn`fn! @& ?800&   B`cp`l Xgruo`d`f

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R`f`d bn Zuo B@Z Cgs``c! Xrevnfsn O`an&

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Wtece! O& ?884&  Xgro`nl`f Zni`t R`f`d Watnsea 

Wftul Cgfnfkl`tl`f Xgrtucoud`f

 Guj`ayptus urepdyaa` X`b` Lgtnfkkn`f 8

 ‚  288 Cgtgr  \L`ry` Nacn`dS& I`luat`s

Xgrt`fn`f Wfnvgrsnt`s Zuc`tgr` Wt`r`=

Cgb`f& ?4 d`a&

[nk`tn! G&Z&! @obua& Z&! b`f O`co`fk& B&L&

?889&  Xgfk`rud R`l`r`f O`d`f Erk`fnl 

 B`f Rnfkl`t Lgagfk`s`f R`f`d Rgrd`b`p

Zgr`p`f Iesier Eagd L`j`fk Rufkk`l Bn

R`f`d X`snr X`ft`n& Murf`a Nacu R`f`d

b`f Anfklufk`f&

^`snf! Z& 0>>2&  Nbgftninl`sn Cnfgr`a An`t R`f`d

 Xebzeanl K`fbrul! Oeker bgfk`f Cgteb`

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^`snf! Z& ?880& [`tgr `fb futrngft oubkgt 

ufbgr ` trepnj`a ceft`nfg iergst nf tdg

 seutd Gju`bern`f @fbgs& Meurf`a

Oyrgutdgr Oebgf Lufanjlg Ogrnjdtg

Bgutjda`fb& 0>> d`a&

^`snf! Z&! @brnf`a&! b`f Muf`nbn& ?88;&

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l`fbufk`f o`d`f erk`fnl t`f`d p`b`ogro`k`n ucur t`f`c`f l`rgt b`f a`d`f

`a`fk   ‚  `a`fk & _gpesntery Wfnvgrsnt`s

@fb`a`s= X`b`fk&

^`snf! Z&! B`rins& N&! b`f J`fbr`& @& ?889&

 Xgfk`rud R`f`c`f Xgfutup R`f`d B`f

 Ogro`k`n Wcur R`f`c`f Z`wnt Rgrd`b`p

 Lgsuour`f R`f`d Watnsea bn L`oup`tgf

 Bd`rc`sr`y`& Murf`a Zeauc! Murus`f Nacu

R`f`d! I`luat`s Xgrt`fn`f! Wfnvgrsnt`s

@fb`a`s= X`b`fk& Yeaucg YN&