K-23, K-24 Anatomi Endokrin

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ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

Dr. FITRIANI LUMONGGA

Dr. LITA FERIYAWATI



Endocrine System Parts

• Pituitary Gland

• Thyroid

• Parathyroids

• Adrenal Glands

• Pineal Body

• Reproductive Glands



PITUITARY

GLAND



There are two distinct regions in the gland:

- the anterior lobe (adenohypophysis) and

- the posterior lobe (neurohypophysis).

The activity of the adenohypophysis is controlled

by releasing hormones from the hypothalamus.

The neurohypophysis is controlled by nerve

stimulation



THE ANTERIOR LOBE OF HYPOPHYSE

is the larger and is somewhat kidney-shaped,the concavity being directed backward and

embracing the posterior lobe.

It consists of a pars anterior and a pars

intermedia, separated from each other by a

narrow cleft, the remnant of the pouch or

diverticulum.



The pineal organ is small, weighing little more

than 0.1 gram and only about 5 to 8 millimeters

long

It lies deep within the brain between the two

cerebral hemispheres and above the thirdventricle of the spinal column.

It has a rich supply of adrenergic nerve fibers

that greatly influence its secretions



THYROID GLAND

(Glandula Thyreoidea)



Unpaired gland very variable , frequently

asymmetrical gland and highly vascularLocation: ant neck at C5-T1, overlays 2nd – 4th tracheal rings

Avg width: 12-15 mm (each lobe)

Avg height: 50-60 mm long

Avg weight: 25-30 g in adults (slightly morein women)

enlarges during menstruation and pregnancy



This gland is found in the neck inferior to (below)

the thyroid cartilage (also known as the Adam'sapple in men) and at approximately the same

level as the cricoid cartilage

The thyroid gland is a butterfly shaped organ andis composed of two cone-like lobes or wings:

lobus dexter (right lobe) and lobus sinister (left

lobe), and is also connected with the isthmus



The organ is situated on the anterior side of the neck,

lying against and around the larynx and trachea,

reaching posteriorly the oesophagus and carotidsheath.

It starts cranially at the oblique line on the thyroid

cartilage (just below the laryngeal prominence or

Adam's apple) and extends inferiorly to the fifth or

sixth tracheal ring.

It is difficult to demarcate the gland's upper and lower

border with vertebral levels because it movesposition in relation to these during swallowing.



The thyroid gland is covered by a fibrous sheath, the

capsula glandulae thyroidea, composed of aninternal and external layer.

The external layer is anteriorly continuous with the

lamina pretrachealis fasciae cervicalis andposteriorolaterally continuous with the carotid

sheath.



The gland is covered :

Anteriorly with infrahyoid muscles

Laterally with the sternocleidomastoid

muscle.

Posteriorly the gland is fixed to the cricoidand tracheal cartilage and cricopharyngeus

muscle by a thickening of the fascia to form the

posterior suspensory ligament of Berry



The thyroid isthmus is variable in presence and size,and can encompass a cranially extending pyramid

lobe (lobus pyramidalis or processus pyramidalis),

remnant of the thyroglossal duct.



VASCULAR

ANATOMY

ARTERIAL

VEIN



ARTERIAL, There are three main arteries

supplying the thyroid gland:

Superior Thyroid Artery, a branch of the

external carotid artery

Inferior Thyroid Artery, a branch of the

thyrocervical trunkThyroid Ima Artery (occasionaly),

branching directly from the

brachiocephalic trunk



VEIN, There are three main veins draining the

thyroid gland:

Superior Thyroid Veins, draining in the

internal jugular vein

Middle thyroid vein

Inferior Thyroid Veins, draining via theplexus thyroideus impar in the left

brachiocephalic vein.



The recurrent laryngeal nerve runs either in front of

or behind the inferior thyroid artery and it is

essential to locate this nerve during a

thyroidectomy.

The nerve is paired and arises from the vagus. It

supplies all the muscles of the larynx (except the

cricothyroid)On the right hand side, the nerve passes behind

the vagus and loops around the subclavian artery.

On the left, the nerve passes around the arch of

the aorta. The nerves pass beneath Berry'sligament (a thickened area of fascia next to the

trachea) and enter the larynx.



PARATHYROID

GLAND



• Usually two on each side (superior and inferior)• Situated on the dorsal surface of the thyroid

gland

• Form and size very variable, yellowish-brown

color and have uniform smooth and shining

surface

• Length ± 6-8mm, width ± 3-4mm, thickness ±

1,5-2mm



PANCREAS



Pancreas is a mixed gland as it performs both

endocrine and exocrine functions.

Pancreas is an elongated, yellowish gland.

It consists of lobules that secrete pancreatic juice.

Interspersed at random among the lobules are

Islets of langerhans, which produce hormones.



It presents for examination for a caput, a cauda

and a cauda pancreatis

The caput fills up the concavity of the pars

descendens and pars inferior duodeni and is

intimately united with their walls

Anterior and inferior surfaces are covered byperitoneum

Ductus pancreaticus wirsungi begins as a delicate

duct in the cauda , extends within the substance of

the gland to the right to the caput and graduallyenlarge as it receives numerous narrow branches



Suprarenal Glands

(Glandulae

Suprarenales)



• Two small flat bodies, wich lie directly medial

from and above the kidneys, one on each side

• The right is approximately triangular and sits

more upon the upper pole of the kidney

• The left approximately sickle-shaped and lies

more upon the margo medial of the kidney• Facies posterior lies loosely upon the pars

lumbalis diaphragmatis

•

Facies anterior wich is in relation on the rightside with the impressio suprarenalis hepatis and

the v.cava inferior



There are two parts, each of which makeshormones and has a different function.

• The outer part ( Adrenal Cortex)

• The inner part (Adrenal Medulla)

K-23, K-24 Anatomi Endokrin

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