Julius Caesar - Context
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Transcript of Julius Caesar - Context
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Facts about Shakespeares England relevant to Julius Caesar
1. Drama at the time of the English Renaissance flourished and plays got
increasingly complex, especially those of Shakespeare. Although elements of
the medieval morality plays still can be seen, in the temptation of
characters, and their internal conflict between such forces as ambition and
conscience, Shakespeares plays demonstrate the invention of the human, to
borrow Blooms phrase, as a modern, complex personality often torn by many
conflicting forces, both internal and external.
2. At the time of Shakespeare people believed there was good and evil in
everyone that all humans consisted of opposing forces such as these, and it
was important to guard against evil in case you give in to temptation. This
idea was reinforced by sermons in the church. In Shakespeares time it was
against the law to miss church, and the church often taught people how to
resist temptation. Interestingly, Shakespeares great tragedies often show
the disastrous consequences of giving in to temptation as Brutus does in
Julius Caesar, complete with an allusion to the Fall in the Garden of Eden as
Brutus falls in his orchard. Also, Shakespeare has characters that act as
tempters Iago in Othellois one, and Cassius is another.
3. The Renaissance was obsessed by the ideal of order, seen symbolically in
such diagrams as the music of the spheres or the ideal person being a
balance of all four humors. There was a lot of instability in society at the
time conflict with Spain abroad, outbreaks of plague in London, plots
against the queens life, riots and conspiracies supposedly involving
witchcraft.
4. In Julius Caesarwe see the result of killing a popular leader chaos. In this
way the play might be read as a warning against creating instability in the
state. The fact that Caesar is a king in all but name, and is murdered, is
more significant to an Elizabethan audience, as a monarch was believed to be
the representative of God on Earth. Assassination was thus not merely
murder, but also sacrilege.
5. Most people believed in fate, and ideas such as predestination were
prevalent. Thus people only had limited control over their own destinies, and
had to accept the hardships of life as forces beyond their control. Fate or
fortune was often represented as a wheel, the turning of which determined
the course of life. Superstition was everywhere, and the devil and black
magic were real, and strange happenings could always be signs of bad things
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to come. A popular notion was that when the heavens raged in storms,
something must be wrong on Earth see Act I Scenes 2 and 3 in the play.
6. It was a time of great political change across England, which transformed
from a semi-medieval society to a more cosmopolitan one in the 16th century.
The old order, bound by ancestry and tradition, came under threat from anew and growing middle class and a new kind of politician, the subject of
Machiavellis book The Prince. The new politician is not bound by blood-ties
or obligation to tradition, although he might appear to be anything if it
proves useful for achieving or holding on to power. The Machiavellian
personality is willing to use deceit, manipulation, even cruelty and murder
provided the outcome is beneficial. A good example is Claudius in Hamlet,
who kills his older brother to become king of Denmark, and uses all sorts of
deviousness he ignores tradition, kinship and obedience to Gods laws in
order to hold on to power. In Julius Caesar, Caesar himself, Cassius and
Antony all have some Machiavellian characteristics.
7. Revenge tragedies were the most popular of the time for example, Thomas
Kyds A Spanish Tragedy. Many of Shakespeares plays involve some kind of
revenge plot, including Julius Caesar. Just like in Hamlet the ghost of the
murdered king returns to haunt the living world, an embodiment of
wrongness that must be balanced. And Mark Antony in Julius Caesar is the
willing hero of revenge tragedy, complete with a bloody and horrifying
vocabulary see his soliloquy at the end of Act 3 Scene 1.
8. Shakespeare combined all these elements fear of disorder, the appeal of
the supernatural, revenge plots, the changing world order and types of
political leadership, temptation, characters torn apart by conflicting forces,
belief in fate into a drama that therefore seems just as relevant to
audiences today. After all , many of us fear chaos, believe in destiny or a
higher power governing our lives, are torn inside, have moral choices, live in a
changing world ruled by two-faced politicians, are thrilled by ghost stories
and the supernatural.
M.Turver 2006