gs;spf; fy;tp gw;wpa xU Gjpa ghu;it

Nltpl; N`hu;];;gu;Fldhd Nuh]ypz;l; tpy;]d; mtu;fspd; xU Neu;fhzy;

jkpohf;fk; : Kidtu;. cj;uh Jiuuh[d;

2

fy;tp : Neu;fhzy ; Mq;fpy %yk; India International Quarterly 10(1) March, 1983y; Kjypy; ntspaplg;gl;lJ.

gs;spf; fy;tp gw;wpa xU Gjpa ghu;it Nltpl; N`hu;];;gu;Fldhd Nuh]ypz;l; tpy;]d; mtu;fspd; xU Neu;fhzy;

jpU.Nltpl; N`hu;];;gu;f; (David Horsburgh)

Foe;ijfSf;fhd Gj;jfq;fs; gytw;iw ekf;Fj;

je;Js;stu;. ,tUila gilg;Gfs; gy Mf;];;/gu;l;

A+dptu;rpb g;u]; kjpg;gpy; ntspte;jit. ,tupd; E}y;fs;

gy;NtW Jiwfs; rhu;e;jit fzpjk; Kjy;

Rw;Wg;Gwr;R+oy; tiu. up~p Ntypapy; (Rishi Valley) cs;s

fpU~;z%u;j;jp gs;spapy; gy Mz;Lfs; ,tu; fw;gpj;jhu;.

gpd;du; g;upb~; nfsd;rpypy; gzp Gupe;jhu;. jhNd xU

gs;spia Jtf;f Ntz;Lk; vDk; Kbtpy; ngq;f@Uf;F

mUNf xU rpW fpuhkj;jpy; jd; fdTg; gs;spiaj;

Jtf;fpdhu;.

jw;NghJ ,g;gs;spapy; ,Ugj;jpNaO khztu;fs;

fw;fpwhu;fs; - ,uz;L Kjy; ,Ugj;NjhU tajpdu; ,jpy;

mlf;fk;. ,tu;fs; midtUk; xNu tFg;giwapy;

mku;tjhy;> ek; rhjhuz tFg;giw fw;gpj;jy; Kiw

,q;Nf vLglhJ. gupl;ir vd;gNj fpilahJ ,q;F.

3

xt;nthU Foe;ijAk; jdf;Fg; gpbgLk; jd;Dila Ra

Ntfj;jpy; efu;fpwJ. fw;wy; vd;gJ ,q;Nf khztd;-

Mrpupau;> ,UtUf;FNkahd xU nray;ghL.

,q;fpUe;J ehk; jUtpf;Fk; KbTfs;jhd; vd;d?

jpU.Nltpl; N`hu;;;;;];gu;f; ,e;jpah gd;dhl;L ikaj;jpy;

jq;fpapUe;jgbahy;> mtUldhd xU rpwg;G Neu;fhzYf;F

Vw;ghL nra;a Kbe;jJ. lhu;nfl; (Target - ,yf;F) vDk;

Foe;ijfs; gj;jpupifapd; Mrpupau; jpU. Nuh]ypz;l;

tpy;]d; (Rosalind Wilson) ,jid epfo;j;jpdhu;.

Nuh: Nltpl;> g;upb~; nfsd;]pypd; mYtyuhf> gpd;du;

fy;tpahsuha; epWtpf;nfhz;Lk;> NkYk; xU

vOj;jhsuhAk; ,e;jpahtpy; gy Mz;Lfsha;

trpf;fpwPu;fs;. ePy; ghf; (Neel Bagh - ePyj; Njhl;lk;)

gs;spia Jtf;f vJ cq;fisj; J}z;baJ?

Nl: ed;W> ,e;jpahtpw;F ehd; te;j Kjy; tUifjhd;

mJ vd epidf;fpNwd;. 1943k; Mz;L RAF

tpkhdg;gilapd; mq;fkha; ehd; ,q;F te;Njd;.

Nghu;f;fsj;jpy; gq;fshNj~pd; rpl;lfhq;fpy; gzp

mku;j;jg;gl;Nld;. mg;NghJ> mJ ,e;jpa ehl;bd; xU

gFjpahfNt ,Ue;jJ. vd;Dila tpLg;ig rpl;lfhq;fpd;

4

njw;Nf ,UgJ iky; njhiytpy; ,Ue;j xU

Ff;fpuhkj;jpy; fopj;Njd;. mq;Nf ,uz;Nl ,uz;L

tPLfs;jhd; ,Ue;jd. mJTk; tay;ntspfshy; #og;gl;l

xU mofpa jpl;by; - xd;W xU ,e;JtpDilaJ>

kw;nwhd;W xU K];YkpDilaJ. rhiyfs; vJTk;

mq;Nf fpilahJ. ntWk; ePu;topg; ghijfs; kl;LNk….

mq;Nf ehd; xU fpuhkg; gs;spia ghu;j;Njd;. me;jf;

fzk; vd;d Njhd;wpaJ njupAkh> tho;f;ifapy; ehd;

nra;a tpUk;gpaij vd; cs; kdk; cuf;fr; nrhd;dJ:

xU fpuhkg;Gwg; gs;spapy; fw;gpf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W!

NghUf;Fg;gpd; ,q;fpyhe;J jpUk;gp gl;lk; ngw;Nwd;. 1950y;

kPz;Lk; ,e;jpah te;Njd;. nrhy;yg;Nghdhy;> NtW

KidapypUe;J fw;gpj;jy; gazj;ijj; Jtf;fpNdd;.

ik#upy; Mq;fpyg; Nguhrpupauhf! mLj;J up~p Ntypapy;

rpy tUlq;fs; Nghjpj;Njd;. 1959k; Mz;L g;upb~;

nfsd;]pypy; Nru;e;Njd;. mjw;fg;Gwk; vd;Dila nrhe;jg;

gs;spia Jtf;f> 1972y; mq;fpUe;Jk; tpyfpNdd;.

ghu;j;jPu;fshdhy; ,e;jg; gazj;jpy; vy;yhf; fhyj;jpYk;

fw;gpj;Jf; nfhz;Nl ,Ue;jpUf;fpNwd;. gs;spg; GFjYf;F

Kd; epiyapy; ,Ug;gtu;fs ; (pre-primary) Kjy; KJfiy

5

khztu;fs; vd gyg;gy epiyfspy; ,Ue;jtu;fSf;F

ghlk; ele;j Kbe;jNj vd; mjpu;~;lk;.

Nuh: ,e;j gue;Jgl;l mDgtk; ePq;fs; njhlq;fpa

gs;spapy; vjpnuhypj;jJ ,y;iyah?

Nl: Mkhk;> xU fpuhkg; gs;spia Jtf;FtNj vd;

vz;zk;. vy;yhtpj jhf;fq;fSk;> ePq;fs; epidg;gJ Nghy;

gytpjkhd;> jhf;fq;fs; - ,thd; ,ypf; (Ivan Illich)>

V.v];.ePy; (A.S.Neil)> NkYk; gyTk; mjpy; vjpnuhypj;jd.

,g;NghjpUf;Fk; gs;spfspypUe;J kpfkpf NtWgl;l xd;iw

ehd; tpUk;gpNdd;.

Nuh: ,g;NghjpUf;Fk; gs;spfs; vy;yhk; cUg;gbahf

xd;Wk; nra;tjpy;iy vd;w vz;zj;jpdhyh?

Nl: xU tpjj;jpy;> Mkhk;> mitnay;yhk; Ntiyia

nrk;ikahfr; nra;atpy;iy.

Nuh: vdNt> ePq;fs; ePy; ghif Jtf;Fk;NghJ>

Foe;ijfs; vtw;wpw;F rpwg;ghf gjpy; nra;thu;fs; (respond)

vd epidj;jPu;fs;?

Nl: gs;spfnsy;yhk; rpiwr;rhiyfs;> Foe;ijfs;

topapd;wp mq;Nf nry;y Ntz;bAs;sJ vd;w ePypd;

6

fUj;ij ePq;fSk; rhl;ilahy; mbj;jJ Nghy; fl;lhak;

czu;e;jpUg;gPu;fs;. vdNt> vd; gs;spapy; epu;ge;jk; $lhJ.

mjhtJ Foe;ijfs; tuyhk;> tuhkYk; ,Uf;fyhk;.

jz;lizfs; ,y;yhj xU gs;spiaNa ehd;

tpUk;gpNdd;.

Nuh: V.v]; ePypd; fUj;Jfs; rhu;e;j xd;wh> k;k;?

Nl: Mkhk;. V.v];.ePypd; gy $w;Wfis ehd;

MNkhjpf;fhj NghJk;! jz;lidfs; ,y;iynad;why;>

mq;Nf rl;ljpl;lq;fSk; ,Uf;f KbahNj. tpjpKiwfs;

vd;w xd;W ,Ue;jhy;> mtw;iw mKy;gLj;j VNjDk;

topia filgpbf;f Ntz;LNk. ehq;fs; tFf;Fk;

topKiwia gpd;gw;wtpy;iy vd;why;> eP ,q;Nf ,Uf;f

KbahJ> ,q;fpUe;J Nghahf Ntz;Lk; vd;w epiyjhNd

filrpapy; vQ;Rk;.

mLj;J> mNdfkhd gs;spfspy; ghlj;jpl;lk; nuhk;gTk;

FiwghLilaJ vd ehd; epidj;Njd;. Foe;ijfs;

jq;fspd; fw;gid Mw;wy; nghq;fptUk; gUtj;jpy;>

fpl;lj;jl;l gd;dpnuz;L gjp%d;W tajpy;> fw;gid

Mw;wy; rhu;e;j ghlg; gFjpfisf;$l gl;nld epWj;j

Ntz;bAs;sJ. ,jw;Ff; fhuzk; Nju;tpdhy; vOk;

7

Rikjhd; - mJ Njit vd;w epidg;ghy;! mjdhy; ehd;

me;jr; Rikia GFj;jf;$lhJ vd epidj;Njd;. fle;j

gj;J Mz;Lfspy; ehq;fs; xNunahU Nju;Nth>

gupl;irNah itf;ftpy;iy.

Epiwa ,ilepWj;jy;fs; (dropouts), gs;spfspy; epiwa

Njhy;tpfSf;fhd kpf Kf;fpakhdnjhU fhuzNk tFg;G

vDk; gFg;Ng vd;W ehd; ek;GfpNwd;. mjdhy; tFg;Gfs;

my;yJ epiyfs; vd vijAk; ehq;fs;

itj;Jf;nfhs;stpy;iy. ,jdhy; Vw;gLk; Mjhak;

(advantage) vd;d njupAkh> vy;yhf; Foe;ijfSk;

jq;fSf;F nrsfu;akhd nrhe;j fjpapy; (speed) nry;y

KbAk; vd;gNj.

Nuh: mjw;F cq;fspd; Mrpupau; khzhf;fu; tpfpjk;(ratio)

kpf mjpfkhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;> mg;gbj;jhNd?

Nl: vd;dhy; cWjpahf mJgw;wpf; $wKbahJ.

,Ugj;ije;J Ngu; nfhz;l Mq;fpy tFg;ig ehd;

xUtNd ifahs KbAk;. ngUk;ghyhd fpuhkg;

gs;spfis xg;GNehf;Fk;NghJ vq;fSilaJ kpfTk;

Fiwe;j tpfpjNk> vg;gbg;ghh;j;jhYk;.

8

Nuh: XN`h> mg;gb vd;why; cq;fs; Nghjdh Kiwapd;

juk; kpfTk; rpwe;jjhf ,Uf;f Ntz;LNk> ,y;iyah?

Nl: rhp... 'Mrphpah;” vDk; ek; fUj;jhf;fk; gw;wpa

NtnwhU ghh;itia ehd; itf;fg;NghfpNwd;. jhNd

Kd;dpd;W vy;yhtw;iwAk; fw;gpf;Fk; xUth; Mrpupau;

fpilahJ. khwhf> xt;nthU Foe;ijiaAk; jhNd

fw;Fk;gbahf> xt;nthU Foe;ijf;Fk; Vw;w fw;wy;

#o;epiyia cUthf;FgtNu Mrphpah;. gyh; vd;dplk;

NgRk; NghJ> ',q;Nf ghh;> md;Gf;Fhpa ,isQNd

cdf;F murpay; gw;wp xd;Dk; njhpahJ. gpd; murpay;

rhh;e;j gy;fiyf;fofg; ghlj;ij vg;gb cd;dhy; elj;j

KbAk;?" ghUq;fs;> vd; gzp ghlk; elj;JtJ fpilahJ.

Mrpupah; vd;gtuiu vy;yhk; njhpu;jth;> gpwUf;F mtw;iw

nrhy;ypj;jUgth; vd;Nw ehk; epidf;fpNwhk;. mjdhy;jhd;>

fy;Yhpapy; murpay; ghlk; elj;j mjpy; KJfiyg;gl;lk;

ngw;wth; Mrphpauhf mkh;j;jg;gLfpwhh;. mNjNghy;

,yf;fpag;ghlk; elj;j ,yf;fpaj;jpy; KJfiyg;gl;lk;

ngw;w Mrphpah;> tuyhW elj;j tuyhW KJfiy> vd

,g;gb. mg;gbg; ghh;j;jhy; ,it ve;jg; gphptpYk; vd;dplk;

gl;lk;;;; fpilahJ. Mdhy; ehd; nra;a Ntz;baJ

9

Foe;ijfSf;F me;j ghlq;fis elj;JtJ my;y>

khwhf mth;fNs mtw;iw tpUk;gpf; fw;fr; nra;tNj!

Nuh: ePq;fs; gs;sp Jtf;fpaJ gw;wp kPz;Lk; xU Nfs;tp.

cq;fs; gs;spapy;> tpjpKiwfs; fpilahJ> jz;lidfs;

fpilahJ> tpUg;gk;Nghy; Foe;ijfs; Nghfyhk; tuyhk;

vd ePq;fs; KbT nra;jPu;fs;. vdNt> mth;fis

tutiof;f kpf kpf rf;jp tha;e;j ce;Jjy;

Njitahapw;Nw. mjw;fhf ePq;fs; vd;dnty;yhk; fw;gpf;fg;

NghfpwPh;fs;> vg;gbnay;yhk; fw;gpf;fg; NghfpwPh;fs; vd

fLikahf rpe;jpj;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk; ,y;iyah?

ce;Jjy; fl;lhak; mtrpak;> Mkhk;. vitnay;yhk;

Foe;ijfis fw;fj; Jz;Lfpd;w vDk; hPjpapy; kpf

mjpfk; Nahrpj;Njd;. mbg;gilapy;> mJjhd;

mj;jpahtrpak;. mth;fs; fw;gjw;F tpUg;gg;glNtz;Lk;>

gpd; mth;fNs rhpaha; fw;Wf; nfhz;LtpLthh;fs;. gpwNuhL

Kz;babj;J Nghl;b Nghlhj gs;sp vq;fSilaJ.

kjpg;ngz;Zk; fpilahJ> kjpg;gPLk; fpilahJ

tFg;Gah;Tk; fpilahJ. jz;lidfSk; ,y;iy>

ghpRfSk; ,y;iy> G+q;nfhj;JfSk; gjf;fKk;$l ,y;iy.

vdNt> Foe;ijfis Cf;Ftpf;f Kw;wpYk; Gjpa

topKiwfisf; ifahs;fpNwhk;. mth;fs; ntw;wpahy;

10

ce;jg;gLfpwhh;fs; vd;Nw ehd; epiif;fpNwd;. ,e;j

tFg;G> me;j tFg;G> fPo;; tFg;G> Nky; tFg;G vd

gpupf;fg;glhj #o;epiyapy; xt;nthU Foe;ijAk;>

jdf;Fe;j Ntfj;jpy; ghpkspf;f KbfpwJ vd;Nw ehd;

fUJfpNwd;. NkYk; ntw;wpia re;jpg;gjhNyNa

mf;Foe;ij> Nkd;NkYk; fw;f tpiofpwJ.

Kg;gj;ije;J Foe;ijfs; cs;s xU FOTf;F ghlk;

elj;Jk; NghJ Mrphpahpd; Ntfk; 60-70 rjtpjj;jpdUf;F

xj;JtUtjpy;iy. me;jg; ghlj;ij rw;W nkJthf

cs;thq;Fgth;fSf;F me;j NtfNk mjpNtfkhfj;

Njhd;Wk;> rl;nld;W Ghpe;Jtpl;lth;fSf;F mNj Ntfk;

MikNtfkhf ,Uf;Fk;. vdNt> ,e;j ,U gpuptpdUk;

ghlk; elj;Jk;NghJ cs;thq;Fjiy epWj;jptpLthh;fs;:

nkJthdth;fs; vijAk; mg;NghJ fw;ftpy;iy>

fpLfpLntz Ghpe;J nfhz;lth;fSf;Nfh> VNjh Mrphpah;

jpUk;gj; jpUk;g mijNa> jq;fSf;F Vw;fdNt Gupe;J

tpl;lijNa NgRtJ Nghy; Njhw;wkspf;Fk;. vq;fSila

Kiwapy;> xU Foe;ij fw;GuGj;jpf;fhudha; ,Ue;jhy;>

ehd;FtUl ghlj;ij xNu tUlj;jpy; $l gbf;fyhk;.

nrhy;yg;Nghdhy;> mt;thW ehd;F tUlq;fSf;fhd

ghlj;ij xNu tUlj;jpy; gbj;J Kbj;j xU rpWtd;

11

vq;fs; gs;spapy; Kd;G gapd;whd;. mNj rkak;> NtnwhU

Foe;ijf;F gytpj fhuzq;fshy;;> fw;wy; vd;gNj

fbdkha; mikayhk;. mj;jF Foe;ij xUtUl ghlj;ij

xd;diw tUlk; vd;d> ,uz;L tUlq;fs; $l gbf;f

vLj;Jf;nfhs;syhk;. vdNt nky;yg;gapy;gtu;fSk; ,q;Nf

ntw;wpahsu;fNs. vy;NyhUk; ntw;wp ngw;wtu;fshfj;

jpfOk; xU gs;spNa vd; Fwpf;Nfhs;. mjw;fhf> xU rpy

Foe;ijfs; gpwiutpl $u;ikahfnty;yhk;

,Uf;fkhl;lhu;fs; vd;nwy;yhk; ehd; nrhy;ytutpy;iy>

fl;lhak; rpyu; ,Ug;ghu;fs;.

Nuh: "eilKiwapy; clNd gad;gLk;gbaha;

Njhd;Wgtw;iw ehq;fs; gapy;Nthk;" vd;gJ Nghd;w

nray;Kiw Cf;fk; vJTk; cq;fSf;F

Njhd;wtpy;iyah?

Nl: epr;rak; fpilahJ. Foe;ijfsplk; fl;lhak; $lhJ.

gapd;W Kbf;Fk; tiu mJ vt;tsT gaDs;sJ vd;gij

ehk; czu;tJ fpilahJ. fy;tpiag; gw;wpa vd; ,e;j

vz;zj;ij cq;fNshL gfpu;fpNwd;. fpuhkthrp xUtuplk;

"ghU> fy;tp nuhk;g cre;jJ! " vd;W $Wtjhy; vJTk;

gadpy;iy. "X rup! ehd; gbj;J SSLC Kbj;jhy;> vdf;F

12

xU muR mYtyfj;jpy; cjtpahsu; Ntiy fpilf;F

ky;yth?" vDk; uPjpapy;jhd; mtupd; vz;z Xl;lk;

,Uf;Fk;. Mdhy; mJ fy;tp ,y;iyNa> mJ ntWk;

NrhjidKiwj; Nju;T. fy;tp fy;yhj xUtuhy;>

fy;tpapd; cz;ikg; gaid czu;Nt KbahJ.

Nuh: mJ xU kfpo;r;rp jUk; Ntiyahf ,Uf;f

Ntz;Lk;> ,y;iyah?

Nl: kpfTk; rup> Foe;ijf;F fw;wy; gpbf;f Ntz;Lk;.

mJNt Kjy;gb. Foe;ijfSf;F gyJ gpbf;Fk; mtu;fs;

JWJWntd ,Ug;gtu;fs;. mtu;fSf;F tpisahl;L

gpbf;Fk;> tpisahl gpbf;Fk;> ,g;gb nrhy;ypf;nfhz;Nl

Nghfyhk;. jq;fSf;F VNjh xd;W iftUfpwJ vd;W

njupe;Jtpl;lhy;> clNd mij> me;j Ntiyia

Kide;J fw;fpwhu;fs;. mjpypUe;J NkYk; NkYk; mtu;fs;

Kidfpwhu;fs;> ghUq;fs;.

Nuh: k;k;k;... mtu;fis cly; ciog;G Njitahd

Ntiyfisr; nra;tpf;f ePq;fs; nfh Q;rk; nkdf;fl;Bu;fs;

vd Nfs;tpg;gl;NlNd> Mk;jhNd? fuhuhd fhy

ml;ltiz$l ,Ue;jNjh? mtu;fNs jq;fs;

13

tUg;giwfisf; fl;baij ePq;fs; tu;zpj;jpUf;fpwPu;fs;>

,y;iyah?

Nl: Mkhk; Mkhk;> fhy ml;ltiz cz;L. rupjhd;. mJ

fuhuhf mg;gbNa gpd;gw;wg;glNtz;baJk; $ljhd;.

Mdhy; Foe;ijfs; me;j tFg;Gf;F tuyhk;> tuhkYk;

,Uf;fyhk;. fhe;jp topapyhd clYiog;Gg; gapw;rpfis

ehq;fs; filgpbg;gjpy;iy vd;W Ntz;Lkhdhy;

nrhy;yyhk;. Mkhk;> fl;bdhu;fs;> cz;ikjhd;> mJ

fw;wypd; xU tof;fkhd gFjpNa.

vq;fs; ghlj;jpl;lk; kpfkpf tpupthdJ. mtu;fspd;

jha;nkhop njYq;F> vdNt mtu;fis ,Unkhop

njupe;jtu;fshf Mf;f tpUk;gpNdhk; - njYq;F kw;Wk;

Mq;fpyk;. fd;dlKk; mtu;fs; fw;fpwhu;fs;> mJ

mtu;fspd; khepy nkhopahapw;Nw! `pe;jp> rk];fpUjk;

,itAk; cz;L. NkYk;> gue;Jgl;l xU ghlj;jpl;lk;

mtu;fSilaJ: fzpjk;> mwptpay;> Rw;Wg;Gwr;R+oypay;>

fiy> iftpid> ghidtpidAk; fiy> jr;Rj;njhopy;

vd gyTk; cz;L.

Nuh: mtu;fspd; ghlj;jpl;lk; ,g;gbj;jhd; ,Uf;fNtz;Lk;

vd vt;thW ePq;fs; KbntLj;jPu;fs;?

14

Nl: mJth> xU Fj;Jkjpg;ghfj;jhd;. vy;yh

ghlj;jpl;lKNk mg;gbj;jhd;. jj;Jtg;ghlk;

Foe;ijfSf;F ntFthfg; gaDs;sJ vd ehd;

fUJtjhy;> mjid Foe;ijfSf;F vq;fs; gs;spapy;

fw;gpf;fpNwhk;. gpwu; ahUk; jj;Jtj;ij Kf;fpakhff;

fUJtjpy;iy. vdNtjhd; NtW ve;jnthU ,e;jpag;

gs;spfspd; ghlj;jpl;lj;jpNyAk; ePq;fs; ,jid ghu;f;f

KbaNt KbahJ. ,jid ehd; ijupakhfr; nrhy;yyhk;.

mofpaiy (aesthetics) fw;Wf; nfhLf;fpNwhk;. ,iria

urpj;J mDgtpf;f (music appreciation), fye;JiuahLk;

EZf;fq;fisAk; ehq;fs; gapw;Wtpf;fpNwhk;. ,it

vy;yhk; Foe;ijfSf;F mjpKf;fpakhdJ vd

vdf;Fg;gLfpwJ. Mdhy; ruhrupahd ghlj;jpl;lk; vjpYk;

,it fpilahJ.

mNjNghy;> ghid nra;a ehq;fs; nrhy;ypj;jUfpNwhk;.

"ml> ey;yJjhd;! ghid nra;jhtJ gpioj;Jf;

nfhs;sl;Lk; vd ePq;fs; Foe;ijfSf;F ,ij nrhy;ypj;

jUfpuPu;fs; Nghy> k;k;k;!>" vd vq;fs; ghidtpidJiwf;F

tUNthu; rpyrkak; nrhy;fpwhu;fs;. mg;gb xU epidg;Gk;

vdf;Ff; fpilahJ. nghUl;fis cz;lhf;Ftjd; %yk;

ehk; ngWk; mwpT mj;jpahtrpak; vd ehd; epidf;fpNwd;.

15

vupf; fpy; (Eric Gill) kpfr;rpwe;j rpw;gp> fy;tp gw;wp epiwa

vOjpapUg;gtu; - ,tiug; gw;wp ePq;fs; Nfs;tpg;

gl;bUg;gPu;fs;. mtupd; $w;wpy; xd;W - nghUl;fis vg;gb

gad;gLj;JtJ vd Foe;ijfSf;F Nghjpf;fj;

Njitapy;iy. mjw;Fgjpy; GJg;GJ rpe;jidfisj;

jhUq;fs;. gapw;rpfSk; tpisahl;LfSk;> NkYk; gyTk;

Njit. Mdhy; nghUl;fspd; gad;ghLgw;wp Njit

,y;iy.

ve;j xU nghUSk; jd;idg; gad;gLj;Jgtiu

mJthf vg;gb newpg;gLj;JfpwJ vd;gij Foe;ijfs;

fw;fNtz;Lk;. mJ Kf;fpak; vd epidf;fpNwd;.

gad;gLj;JtJ vg;gb vDk; tsu;e;j ngupatu;fspd;

topfhl;LjYf;F khwhf> me;jg; nghUspd; tofhl;Ljy;

,J. vd; Mq;fpyj;jpy; gpioapUe;jhy; ePq;fs; mij

jpUj;jptpLtPu;fs;. ghid nra;a ehd; rf;fuj;ij

Row;Wk;NghJ> mjpy; gpioNeu;e;jhy;> mg;NghJ> 'eP vd;id

rupahff; ifahskhl;Nlndd;fpwhNa>" vd;W me;jf;

fspkz; vd;dplk; nrhy;Yk;. xU kuj;Jz;il ,iog;Gsp

(plane) nfhz;L rPTk;NghJ> me;jj; Jz;bd; ,aw;ifahf

mikg;Gf;F vjpu;jpirapy; ehd; rPtpdhy;> mJ

rkdhtjw;F gjpy; nrhunrhug;ghfp tpLk;. ftdpj;jhy;>

16

vd;d xU mUik ,J vd;W GupAk;. kuj;Jz;Nl me;jf;

Foe;ijia newpgLj;JfpwJ> tiuKiwia

fw;Wj;jUfpwJ. ,g;NghJ Foe;ijapd; nray;ghl;il

rupnra;tJ me;jg; gad;gL nghUspd; cs;spUf;Fk;

xd;W> mJthfNt nra;fpwJ> ntspapypUf;Fk; vJTk;

fpilahJ.

Nuh: cq;fs; Foe;ijfs; gs;spapy; gbj;J Kbj;jgpd;

ntF[d tho;f;ifia (mainstream) vjpu;Nehf;fj;

jahuhfpuhh;fsh? mij rkhspf;fj; Jzpfpwhu;fsh?

M`h> ,e;j topKiwapNyNa KOJk; gapd;W Kbj;j

Foe;ijfs; ,d;dKk; vq;fsplk; cUthftpy;iy.

vq;fsplk; gbj;J jw;NghJjhd; B.A. Njwpa xU igad;

cz;L. Mdhy; PUC Njuhjjhy;> gs;spg;gbg;ig ,ilapy;

epWj;jpa xU fpuhkg;Gwg;igad; mtd;. "rupjhd;> cd;id

vg;gbahtJ Njuitf;fpNwhk;" vd rthyha; vLj;Jf;

nfhz;L mtDf;F> gpw;ghL ghlk; nrhy;ypf;nfhLj;Njhk;.

vq;fsplk; gapYk; xU igad; IAS Nru tpUk;Gfpwhd;.

thuk; xUKiw fye;Jiuahly; xd;W cz;L. mtu;fs;

vy;yhk; vd;d nra;a tpUk;Gfpwhu;fs; vd;W NgRNthk;.

ngUk;ghyhNdhu; ,d;dKk; mijg;gw;wp KbntLf;f

tpy;iy.

17

,J rk;ge;jkha; ehd; mt;tg;NghJ jhf;fg;gLfpNwd;:

ehq;fs; Foe;ijfSf;Fj; jUk; mwptpd; jukhdJ kpfTk;

mjpfg;gbaha; cs;sJ vd;gNj mJ. cjhuzj;jpw;F

Ie;J nkhopfis mtu;fs; vq;fsplk; fw;fpwhu;fs;.

mtu;fSila Mq;fpyg; Gyik kpfTk; rpwg;ghdJ.

gd;dpuz;L gjpd;%d;W taJs;s vd; Foe;ijfs;>

jw;NghJ N\f;];gpaupd; VohtJ fijia gbf;fpwhu;fs;.

,e;jf; fzj;jpy;> mJTk; %yj;ijg; gbf;fpwhu;fs;

vd;why; ghUq;fNsd;. ,J kpfkpf cau;e;j juk;jhd;.

mJTk; mtu;fSilaJ ,U nkhop topg;gs;sp;

Mq;fpytopg;gs;sp my;y. mJTk; N\f;];gpaupd;

vOj;Jf;fspd;Nky; igj;jpakhfNt miyfpwhu;fs;.

mJjhd; kpfTk; Nkd;ikahdJ vd epidf;fpwhu;fs;

Mkhk;. ,g;NghJ xj;njy;nyhit gbj;Jf;

nfhz;bUf;fpNwhk;....

Mkhk;> ,e;jf; Foe;ijfis fpuhkj;jpypUe;J

ntFthf tpyf;fp ,Of;fpwPu;fs; vd;W kf;fs; vdN;ky;

Fw;wk; rhl;Lfpwhu;fs;. efuthrpfs;jhd; vg;NghJk; ,g;gbf;

$WtJ! ehd; vd;d gjpy; nrhy;Ntd; njupAkh> ',q;Nf

ghUq;fs;> ehd; xd;Wk; ,q;Nf kdpju;fis tisj;J

ifg;ghitahf;ftpy;iy. mtu;fSf;F kpf cfe;jJ vd

18

vdf;Fj; Njhd;Wk; fy;tpia mtu;fSf;F mspg;gNj ehd;

,q;Nf ,Ug;gjw;fhd fhuzk;. ,jd;%yk; mtu;fSf;Fs;

Gije;jpUf;Fk; Mw;wy; KOtJk; ntspg;gl Ntz;Lk; -

mtu;fshy; rpe;jpf;f KbfpwJ> czu KbfpwJ> md;ghd

cwTfisg; NgzKbfpwJ> gytw;iw Gupe;Jnfhs;s>

ciuahl> jq;fis ntspg;gLj;jpf;nfhs;s> gytpj

nghUl;fis cgNahfpf;f> Rw;Wg;Gwj;ij Gupe;Jnfhs;s>

NkYk; gytw;iwAk; mwpe;Jnfhs;tjw;Fk; mtu;fspd;

Mw;wy; nghq;fNtz;Lk;. mjw;fg;Gwk; mtu;fs; vd;d

nra;fpwhu;fs; vd;gJgw;wp vdf;F mf;fiwapy;iy. ehd;

xd;Wk;> 'ghUq;fs;> ePq;fs; fpuhkj;jpy;jhd; jq;fNtz;Lk;>

gpw fpuhkthrpfSf;F cjtNtz;Lk;" vd;W nrhy;tjw;fhf

,q;Nf tutpyiy. mtu;fs; cjt epidj;jhy;>

cjTthu;fs; vd;gJ vd; fUj;J. mtu;fs; ngupa

efuj;Jf;Fg;Ngha;> J}upifiaf; ifapy; vLf;f

epidj;jhy;> mJTk; vdf;F rupjhd;. mtu;fs; ,ijj;jhd;

,g;gbj;jhd; nra;a Ntz;Lk; vd;W $w ehd; ahu>; mJ

vd;ghL fpilahNj.

Nuh: vy;yh fpuhkg;Gw Foe;ijfSf;Fk; Ntiytha;g;G

fpilg;gjw;F Vw;wgb xU ghljpl;lj;ij cUthf;Fk;

Nehf;fj;jpy; ePq;fs; ciof;fpwPu;fsh?

19

Nl: xU fpuhkg;Gw ghlj;jpl;lk; vd;gNj vdf;F Rj;jkhf

xj;Jtutpy;iy. Rj;j Kl;lhs;jdkhf vdf;Fg;gLfpwJ.

,e;j ehl;il elj;Jk;> efuj;jpy; thOk; Ie;J rjtPj

Nkl;Lf;Fbapdu; nfhz;Lte;Js;sJ ,J. mtu;fs;jhd;

fy;tpKiwiaAk; elj;Jfpwhu;fs;. gbg;igj; njhluhky;

ghjpapy; ,e;j fpuhkthrpfs; fw;wypypUe;J tpyFtij

cWjpg;gLj;Jk; tifapy; ,Uf;fpwJ ,J. nly;ypapypUe;J

%d;W khjk; Kd;G ntspaplg;gl;l ,e;jpahtpw;fhd

Gs;sptptuj;ij ePq;fs; ghu;j;jpUg;gPu;fs; vd ek;GfpNwd;.

ehL KOf;f Ie;jhk; tFg;gpypUe;J tpyfpatu;fs; 65

rjtPjk;. ,e;jg;Gs;spfs; tsu;tjhfNt vdf;Fj;

Njhd;WfpwJ. ghlj;jpl;lk;> fy;tpf;fhd tsq;fs; vy;yhk;

Ie;J rjtpj Nkl;Lf;Fb efuthrpfis Nehf;fpNa

xUKfg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. ek;ikr; Rw;wpAs;s fpuhkg;Gwg;

gs;spfspy; ,UE}W khztu;fSf;F xNu xU Mrpupau;

,Uf;fpwhu;. klj;jdk; ,J! ek;Kila cs;Su;

cau;epiyg;gs;spapy; SSLC Nju;T rjtpjk; ntWk; 4

rjtpjk;jhd;. nfhQ;rk; vz;zpg; ghUq;fs;. gj;J

tUlj;Jf;F njhlu;e;J> jpdk; jpdk; %d;W iky;fs;

ele;J gs;spf;Fr; nry;Yk; Foe;ijfs;; ,Wjpapy;

re;jpg;gJ Njhy;tpiaNa!

20

Nuh: Mdhy; xt;nthU fpuhkj;jpYk; cq;fSf;F xU

Nltpl;;N`hu;];gu;f; fpilf;f khl;lhNu> vd;d nra;ag;

NghfpwPu;fs;? ,j;jifa mikg;ig cUthf;f> mt;tsT

Vd;> cUthf;fpa xd;iw nrk;ikaha; elj;jf;$l

cq;fSf;F mrhjhuz kf;fs; Njitahapw;Nw.

Nl: vd; khztu;fisf; nfhz;Nl> NkYk; ehd;F

gs;spfis elj;jpf; nfhz;bapUf;fpNwd;. xU rpd;d

Mrpupag; gapw;rpg;gs;sp $l njhlq;fptpl;Nld;. KO

<LghL nfhz;l ,isQu;fis ehd; re;jpf;f Neu;e;jhy;>

mtu;fs; ,j;jifa gs;spfis njhlq;fj; jahuhf

,Ue;jhy; mtu;fSf;F ,jw;fhd ehd; gapw;rp nfhLg;Ngd;.

gl;lg;gbg;Ngh> vk;.V.Nth Kbj;jpUe;jhy; mjw;fg;Gwk;>

vd;Dila gapw;rp xU ,uz;lhz;L fhyj;Jf;fhdJ.

gl;lg;gbg;ghtJ Kbj;jpUg;gJ vd; Njit. mg;Gwk;

vd;Dila gapw;rpf;fhyk; ,uz;lhz;Lfs;. v];.v];.vy;.rp

tiu ve;jg; ghlj;ijAk; mtu;fshy; elj;j Kba

Ntz;Lk; vd;gNj vd; Nehf;fk;. mg;Gwk; mtu;fshfNt

gs;spfisj; njhlq;fyhk;. gjpide;J Kjy; ,Ugj;ije;J

gps;isfs; nfhz;l ehd;F gs;spfs;> ,it xt;nthd;Wk;

fpuhkg;Gwj;jpy; ,g;Nghijf;F ,aq;Ffpd;wd. ,tw;iw

vg;gb elj;j Ntz;Lk; vd;W gapw;rp

21

vLj;Jf;nfhz;ltu;fs;jhd; ,jid ed;whfNt elj;jpf;

nfhz;bUf;fpwhu;fs;. mg;gbahdhy;> xU gs;spia vg;gb

elj;j Ntz;Lk; vd;gij nrhy;ypf; nfhLf;fKbAk; jhNd?

,jid gapw;Wtpf;f KbAk; vd;gJjhd; mu;j;jk;.

Nuh: Mkhk;> elkhLk; $lq;fs; %yk; gapw;rp mspf;Fk;

Kiwapy;> ehd; rpyij ftdpj;Njd;. nuhk;g mjpfk;

gbf;fhj rpyiu Nju;e;njLj;J> mtu;fSf;F ntFtha;

mq;NfNa gapw;rp nfhLj;J> mtu;fis njhlu;e;J

fz;fhzpf;fTk; nra;fpwhu;fs;. ,jw;Fj; Njitg;gLk;

Kd;Ndw;ghLfs; kiyasT ,Uf;Fk; vdj; Njhd;WfpwJ.

ehd; nrhy;y te;jJ> mjhtJ> fz;fhzpg;ghsu; Mrpupau;

tpfpjk; gw;wpaJ.

Nl: gapw;rp vLj;Jf;nfhs;s cq;fSf;Ff; fpilg;gtu;fs;

gbg;gwpT ,y;yhjtuha; ,Ug;gNj ,jw;fhd fhuzk;.

mtu;fsplk; ve;j xU jj;Jthu;j;j mbj;jsKk; ,y;iy.

me;j mbg;giliar; rhu;e;J jq;fspd; fUj;Jf;fis

cUthf;fj; Njitahd mbj;jsKk; ,y;iy. mjdhy;

mtu;fSf;F kpf mjpfkhd fz;fhzpg;G Njitg;gLfpwJ>

,d;dKk; nrhy;ypf; nfhz;Nl Nghfyhk;. mtu;fs; nray;

El;gj;ij> nray;Kiwia fw;fpwhu;fs;. mg;Gwk; mjid

eilKiwapy; nra;Jnfhz;Nl ,Uf;fpwhu;fs; mtu;fs;.

22

mjw;Fg; nghUj;jkpy;yhky; ,Ue;jhYk;> jhq;fs;

nghUj;jkw;wtu;fs; vd;gNj mtu;fSf;Fj; Njhd;wtpy;iy>

Vndd;why; mbg;gil jj;Jtk; mtu;fSf;Fg; Gupatpy;iy.

mtu;fSf;F gpbgl;lnjy;yhk; nray;Kiw kl;LNk.

Nuh: mq;NfNgha; ,q;NfNgha;. kPz;Lk; mNj tp~aj;Jf;Nf

ePq;fs; te;Jtpl;Bu;fNs> mjhtJ> ,e;jf; fy;tpKiwia>

,e;j mikg;ig elj;Jtjw;F xU Fwpg;gpl;l mwpTj;juk;

Njit vd ePq;fs; epidf;fpwPu;fs; ,y;iyah?

Nl: kpfTk; rup. nfhQ;rNkDk; fy;tp mwpT fl;lhak;

Njit. mjdhy;jhd; Kjy;epiy gl;lk; (first degree)

vd;Dila vjpu;ghu;g;G! (mjw;fhf gl;lk; cilatu;fs;

vy;yhk; fy;tpkhd; vd;Wk; $wptpl KbahJ.) vt;thW

fw;gpf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gijf; fw;Wf;nfhs;s Vw;wnjhU

#oiy ehq;fs; jUfpNwhk;. vg;gb kf;fSf;F Nghjpf;f

Ntz;Lk; vd;gij Nghjpg;gNj vq;fs; Nehf;fk;. fy;tp

fw;gpf;f xU ,lk; Ntz;LNk> me;jg; gs;spia ehq;fs;

Kjw;gbahf cUthf;FfpNwhk;. ,Jjhd; ehd; ,g;NghJ

nrhd;djd; mu;j;jk;.

[dq;fSf;F fy;tp Gfl;l gs;spfNs ,y;yhjNghJ>

MrpupaUf;fhd gapw;rpg; gs;spia cUthf;FtJ

23

tbfl;bd klj;jdk;! xU Foe;ijaplk; ghid nra;aj;

Njitahd rflj;ijj; juhky; ghid nra;a nrhy;ypj;

jUfpNwd; vd;gijg; Nghd;wJjhd; ,J. Mdhy; ehl;bd;

vy;yh gapw;rpg;gs;spNahL (training unit) $lTk; gs;sp (school)

,y;iy. ,ij ek;gNt Kbatpy;iy> gs;spf;$lj;jpy;

ghlk; elj;jNtz;b MrpupaUf;Fg; gapw;rp toq;Fk;

mikg;G> gs;spf;$lNk ,y;yhky; ,aq;f ,aYk; vd;gJ.

Foe;ijfSf;F ghlk; elj;jg; gapw;rp vdwhy;>

Foe;ijfs; ,y;yhky; vg;gb KbAk;? vd;dplk;

gapy;gth;fs;> jq;fspd; gapw;rpf; fhyj;jpy; Vwf;Fiwa

800 kzpNeuk; tFg;G vLg;gjd;%yk; gapy;fpwhu;fs;.

vd;Dila Mrpupag; gapw;rpg;gs;sp ,g;gbjhd;

,aq;FfpwJ. nkr;rpf; nfhs;sj;jf;f xd;WjhNd ,J!

tFg;ig jd; gpbapy; nfhz;Ltu> Foe;ijfis

Cf;Ftpf;f> gl;liwia cgNahfpf;f> E}yf trjpia

gad;gLj;j> gbf;f - vy;yhk; KbANk! Fwpg;ghf> gl;liw

nuhk;g Kf;fpak;. Vndd;why; ,e;jpahtpy; ngUk;ghyhd

,isQu;fs; nghUl;fis cUthf;Ftjw;fhd gapw;rp

vijANk ngw;wjpy;iy. mtu;fshfNt jq;fs; ifahy;

ve;j cUg;gbiaAk; nra;jjpy;iy. mjdhy; ntl;LtJ>

xl;LtJ vd;gjpy; mtu;fSf;Fg; gupr;rakpy;iy. mjdhy;

24

kuNtiy> jr;RNtiy vd gytw;iw fw;Wj; jUfpNwhk;.

ngz;fs; jq;fs; tho;f;ifapd; ve;j fhyfl;lj;jpYk;

,q;F tUtjw;FKd; ifahy; fUtpfisj; njhl;lNj

,y;iy. ,q;Nf te;jgpd; ghlk; elj;j cjTk; fhl;rpg;

nghUl;fs; gytw;iw cUthf;Ffpwhu;fs;. epiwa

gbf;fpwhu;fs;> NkYk; thuj;jpw;F ehd; ehd;F Ntiyfs;

(assignment) Kbf;f Ntz;Lnkd gzpf;fpNwd;. mjdhy;

epiwa Nfhl;ghLfisAk; (theory) gapy;fpwhu;fs;. thuk;

,uz;LKiw fye;Jiuahly; $l;lKk; cz;L. mjpy;

jhq;fs; gbj;jjpy; GupahjijAk;> fbdkha;g;gl;lijAk;>

fy;tp rk;ge;jkhd gytw;iwAk; tpthjpg;Nghk;. nghJ

cstpay;> fy;tprhu; cstpay;> kw;Wk; fy;tpapy; jj;Jtk;

vDk; ghlq;fs; mtu;fSf;F cz;L.

Nuh: cq;fSila ,e;j KOikahd mZFKiw>

fy;tpj; jpl;lk; jPl;Lgtu;fspd; mZFKiwaha;

,y;iyjhNd? r%fj;jpd; Njit vd;ndd;dthf ,Uf;Fk;

vd;gij Kjypy; Muha;fpwhu;fs;. gpd;> mjw;Fj; jf;fgb>

me;jj; Njitfis G+u;j;jp nra;Ak; tifapy; jpl;lk;

NghLfpwhu;fs;. vOj;jhsu;fs;> cjtpahsu;fs; Njit

vd;why;> mtu;fis NkYk; NkYk; cUthf;FtJ>

25

nghwpahsu;fs; Njit vdpy;> mtu;fis mjpfkha;

cUthf;FtJ... ,g;gb.

Nl: Mkhkhk;> fy;tpj; jpl;lkpLgtu;fs; jhNd!

mnjd;dNth> mtu;fSf;F kl;Lk; gQ;rNk ,y;iy>

mJTk; Muk;gk; Kjw;nfhz;Nl! vd;dntd;why;...

,e;jpahtpy; gyg;gy Mz;Lfs; Kd; gbj;jtu;fs;

cjtpahsu;fsha; gzpapy; mku;j;jg;gl;lhu;fs;. ,ijNa>

,e;jg; gbj;j jpuprkf;fhuu;fs; nra;fpwhu;fs;. ,d;Dk;

epiwa mwptpay; mwpQu;fs; Ntz;Lkh> clNd

mtu;fSf;F mjpf Cjpak; nfhLj;jhy; Nghr;R> mwptpay;

mwpQuhf vf;fr;rf;f [dq;fs; ehd; eP vd;W Kz;babj;J

tUthu;fNs!

Nuh : ,y;iy> ehd;jhd; Nfl;fpNwd;. vy;yhUf;Fk; fy;tp

vd;gjd; ikaNk> ,g;gb Njitf;Fj; jf;fgb Ntz;bagb

mij tisj;Jf; nfhs;tJjhNd?

jw;NghJ> 95 rjtPj kf;fs; njhifia ek; ,~;lg;gb

tpUg;gg;gb tisf;fpNwhk;. Vndd;why;> 5 rjtPj

Nkl;Lf;Fbjhd;> jq;fspd; Foe;ijfSf;Fg; gad; jUk;

tpjj;jpy; ghlj;jpl;lj;ij tbtikg;gJ.

gy;fiyf;fofq;fs; nry;gtu;fSf;fhf kl;LNk ,J

26

KOf;f KOf;f tbtikf;fg;gLfpwJ. mwptpay;

ghlj;jpl;lj;ijg; ghUq;fs;> ruhrup gs;spj;

jpl;lj;ijj;jhd;. gy;fiyf;fofq;fspd; Njitf;fhf

KLf;fg;gLfpwJ. xU ruhrup fpuhkg;Gw Mrpupau; ,jid

fw;gpf;fj; jpzUfpwhu;> my;yJ Foe;ij fw;f

rpukg;gLfpwJ. ghjpapy; mtu;fnsy;yhk; gbg;ig

njhluhky; tpyFfpwhu;fs;. nuhk;gTk; trjpahapw;W

ghUq;fs;> ,e;j mikg;gpy; mtu;fs; rh];tjkha;

gazpg;gijj;jhd; ehk; tpUk;gtpy;iyNa.

Nuh : eLtpy; tpyfhky; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;É MdhYk; mJ

vy;yhUf;Fkhd fy;tpaha; mika Ntz;Lk;> ,g;gb xU

fy;tp Kiwia vt;thW cUthf;fyhk; vd $Wq;fs;?

mwpT Kjpu;r;rp ngw;wtu;fisf; nfhz;L ePq;fs; elj;Jk;

cq;fs; gs;spapd; fy;tpKiw> Njitg;gLk; ngupa

mstpy; Njhjhdjha;> nray;glf;$bajha; ,y;iy.

Nl : ml> mJ xj;JtUk;. nrhy;yg;Nghdhy;> ,ijg;

gw;wpa xU fl;Liuia rkPgj;jpy;jhd; vOjpapUf;fpNwd;.

vd; ez;gdpd; nra;jpj;jhs; xd;wpdpy; ,ijg; gw;wp

njs;sj; njspthf GupAk;gb ,Uf;Fk;.

27

fy;tpKiwgw;wp jpl;lkpLgtu;fs; ,j;jifa

gpur;ridfisg; gw;wp njsptha; Nahrpf;f Muk;gpj;jhNy

xopa> xd;Wk; elf;fg; Nghtjpy;iy. xUtpj ,ul;ilr;

rpe;jid Ngha;f; nfhz;bUf;fpwJ vd;W Njhd;WfpwJ.

ghUq;fs;> Nkyplj;jpy; ,Ug;gtu;fs; elf;fp;wJ vd;W

epidg;git vJTk; elf;ftpy;iy. ghlj;jpl;lk; kpfr;

rpwe;j xd;W vd;W mtu;fs; epidj;Jf;

nfhz;bUf;fpwhu;fs;. Mdhy; mjpy; cs;sJ cs;sgb

nray;ghl;by; ,y;iy.

cs;@u; fy;Y}upf;Fr; nrd;W ghUq;fs;> Vwj;jho

gjpide;J iky; J}uj;jpy;jhNd cs;sJ. mq;Nf Ngha;

Mq;fpyg; ghlk; gbg;gtu;fis ePq;fs; re;jpAq;fs;.

mtu;fSf;Fg; gupe;Jiuf;fg;gl;l rpy ghlg; Gj;jfq;fs;

cz;L. mit Richard III kw;Wk; The Tale of Two Cities vd

itj;Jf;nfhs;syhk;. ve;j xU khztDk; ,e;jg;

Gj;jfq;fis gbj;jpUf;fNt khl;lhd;. mtw;iw gzk;

nfhLj;J thq;fTk; khl;lhu;fs;> gbf;fTk; khl;lhu;fs;.

khwhf> ,it rhu;e;j rpy fl;Liufis fw;ghu;fs;>

Nju;tpy; ,ij mg;gbNa vOJthu;fs;. ghlj;jpl;lk;

mikg;gtu;fNsh> Nju;Tj; jhis jpUj;JgtNuh> ghlk;

elj;JgtNuh> ,tu;fs; vy;yhk; vd;d epidj;Jf;

28

nfhz;bUf;fpwhu;fs;> nrhy;Yq;fs;;;;; - VNjh ,e;j

khztu;fs; vy;yhk; Mq;fpy ,yf;fpaj;ij fw;gjhf>

mg;gb vJTk; ,e;j khzth; nra;ahj NghJk;!

(rphpf;fpwhh;)

Nuh: ,jid ghlj;jpl;lk; tFg;gth;fs; vg;gbf;

ifahshyhk; vd;W ePq;fs; top nrhy;Yq;fNsd;.

Nl: ey;yJ. ,itnay;yhk; nra;aKbAk; vd njspthfj;

njhpAk; gytw;iwAk; nra;aKbAk;. xU vLj;Jf;fhl;il

vLj;Jf;nfhs;syhk;. ,g;NghJ SSLCapy; vj;jid Ngh;

NjuKbahky; jtWfpwhh;fs; vd;gJ njhpAk;jhNd.

,jidj; jtph;f;f> vj;jid Ntz;LNkh> my;yJ vj;jid

Fiwthf KbfpwNjh mj;jid ghlj;ij gps;isfs;

vLj;Jg; gbf;f mDkjpf;Fk; Kiw Ntz;Lk;. gy;NtW

epiyfspy; ,e;jg; ghlq;fis mtu;fs; gapy tha;g;G

juNtz;Lk;. mjhtJ> mbg;gilf; fzpjk; my;yJ

advanced fzpjk;> vij Ntz;LNkh mijg; gapYk;

tha;g;G Ntz;Lk;. ,e;jg; ghlq;fspy; ePq;fs; kjpg;gPL

(grade) juyhk;. xU Foe;ij gs;spg;gbg;ig Kbf;Fk;NghJ>

%d;W ghlq;fis gbj;jpUf;fyhk;> Ie;J gbj;jpUf;fyhk;

Vd; ,uz;L $l gbj;jpUf;fyhk;. gy;fiyf;fofk; nrd;W

29

fzpjk;> Ntjpapay;> ,aw;gpay; gapy tpUk;Gk; xU

khztd; ,g;ghlq;fspy; advanced epiy gbg;ig gs;spapy;

gbf;fyhk;. mg;gbnay;yhk; Fwpg;gpl;l Fwpf;Nfhs; vJTk;

,y;yhj kw;nwhUtd; khztd;> ,e;jg; ghlq;fs; rhu;e;j

Gj;jpf;$u;ik ,y;iy vd;why;> mbg;gil Mq;fpyk;;>

mbg;gil njYq;F> mbg;gil fzpjk; kw;Wk; mbg;gil

Rw;Wg;Gwr; #opypay; vLj;J gbf;fl;LNk. ehd;F C

kjpg;gPLfs; ngWthd; mtd;.

murhq;fk; kf;fisg; gzp mku;j;Jk;NghJ> cjtpahsu;

Ntiyf;F Fiwe;jgl;rk; C kjpg;gPLfSk;> gpw

cj;Nahfq;fSf;F ehd;F Bf;fSk; Njit vd

mwptpf;fyhk;. gy;fiyf;fofk; jdf;F %d;W Af;fNsh>

Ie;Njh> gj;Njh> vd;d mjw;F Ntz;LNkh> mij

epu;zapf;fyhk;. mjhtJ vy;NyhUk; Nju;r;rp

milfpwhu;fs; Mdhy; ntt;NtW epiyfspy; vdNt>

gzpf;F Msku;j;Jk; NghJ ePq;fs; 'SSLC Nju;thfp

tpl;lhah?" vdf; Nfl;fNtz;lhk;> 'vt;tsT ngw;Ws;sha;?"

vd;W Nfl;lhNy NghJk;. 'vd;dhy; vOjg; gbf;f KbAk;.

njYq;fpy; AAk;> fzpjj;jpy; BAk; vLj;Js;Nsd;" vd;gJ

gjpyhf mikayhk;. 'rupjhd;! mg;gbnad;why;> vq;fs;

30

epu;thfj;jpy; vOj;ju; gzpapy; mkuyhk;." murhq;fk;

cjtpahsu; gzpf;F tpsk;guk; nra;Ak;NghJ> vOjg;

gbf;fj; njupaNtz;Lk; vd;gjhNyNa SSLC Njit vd

mwpTWj;JfpwJ. rup> mtUf;F gbf;fj;njupe;jpUf;fyhk;.

mwptpay; mwpT vJTk; Ntz;lhkh> Mz;lth!

N`];bq;]py; cs;s vd; Ngj;jp> xU njhopy;El;g

gapw;rpg;gs;spapy; Nru tpUg;gg;gLfpwhs;. mtu;fspd;

Njit vd;d njupAkh> ehd;W Cf;fs; - mghuk; jhNd!

ehNy ghlj;jpy; Nju;r;rp> ntWk; VNjDk; ehY ghlj;jpy;>

mt;tsTjhd;. mJNghy gy;fiyf;foj;jpy; mts; Eioa

tpUk;gpdhy;> mjw;fhd Njit mjpfg;gbahf ,Uf;Fk;.

my;yJ Fwpg;gpl;l ghlq;fspyhtJ mjpfkhd Nju;r;rpepiy

Njitg;gLk;. Mdhy; ,q;NfNah epiyik NtW.

xt;nthW Foe;ijAk; SSLC Njw vy;yhg; ghlq;fspYk;

NjuNtz;Lk; mJTk; xNuabahf. NkYk; ftdpf;f

Ntz;baJ> ,q;Nf vy;yhg; ghlq;fSNk kpf mjpf

gStha; ,Uf;fpd;wd. fhuzk; PUC epiyapy; vd;d

NjitNah> mjw;Nfw;wgb ,ij KLf;Ftjha; cs;sJ.

PUC epiy kpf mjpf fdkha; mjpg;gbaha; cs;sJ.

Vnddpy; gy;fiyf;fj;jpy; cs;Nshu; vd;d Njit vd

31

epidf;fpwhu;fNsh> mjw;Nfw;wgb PUC cs;sJ.

,jdhy;jhd; gyuhy; NjuKbtjpy;iy.

Nuh: Nltpl;> cq;fs; gs;sp mike;Js;s mNj Cupy; xU

KjpNahu; fy;tp ikak; Jtf;fpajhff; Nfs;tpg;gl;NlNd.

Nl: mnjy;yhk; xd;Wkpy;iy. xU fhyfl;lj;jpy;>

ngw;Nwhu;fs; rpyu; xd;whfg; gbf;f te;jnjd;dNth

cz;ik. Mdhy; gy fhuzq;fSf;fhf> mJ

NjhJg;gltpy;iy. NtiyNahL $l gbg;gjpy; gy gy

rq;flk;. mjw;Fj; jf;fgbahd Neuk; xJf;FtjpYk;;

vq;fSf;F mjpf rq;flk;. vy;yhtw;iwAk; mg;gbNa

Nghl;Ltpl;L mtu;fshy; te;J gbf;fKbatpy;iy.

filrpahf mjid tpl;Ltpl;Nlhk;. mJ xU rpd;d

Jtf;fk; mt;tsNt. fpuhk KjpNahu; fy;tp epiyak;

vd;nwy;yhk; mjid ngupJgLj;jpf; $Wk;

mstpw;nfy;yhk; nrhy;yKbahJ.

KjpNahu; fy;tp gw;wp vd;dhy; cWjpaha; xd;Wk;

nrhy;yKbatpy;iy. KjpNahu; fy;tpapy; njhlu;Gila

gyiu mt;tg;NghJ re;jpf;fpNwd;. mtu;fs; vd;d

nra;fpwhu;fs;> Vd; nra;fpwhu;fs;> mjd; mbg;gil vd;d

vd;nwy;yhk; vg;NghJk; Nfl;Ngd;. Mdhy; njspthd

32

gjpiy ahuhtJ vdf;Fr; nrhy;ypapUg;ghu;fsh vd;why;

re;NjfNk! 'ehq;fs; fpuhkq;fSf;Fg; Ngha; mq;Nf

Kjpatu;fSf;F gbf;f nrhy;ypj;jUfpNwhk;." 'rup> Vd;?

vjw;F?" 'Vndd;why; gbf;fj; njupe;jpUg;gJ ey;yJ>

mjdhy;".

Nuh: jq;fspd; R+o;epiy gw;wpa Gupjiy> gbg;ig mJ

jUk; vd mtu;fs; epidj;Jf;nfhz;bUf;fyhk;>

,y;iyah? Galbraith mg;gbj;jhNd fUJfpwhu;? ,y;iyah?

Nl: gbg;gwpT mjpfk; gad;jUk; vd ehd; fUjtpy;iy.

fy;tpawpT epr;rak; gad;jUk;. KjpNahu; fy;tp. vd;

nry;y kfNs> Mdhy; vt;tsT ngupa rthy; ,J>

njupfpwjh? vd;d nrhy;y tUfpNwd; Gupfpwjh> ahUf;F

ahu; fw;gpf;fg; Nghfpwhu;fs;> vq;Nf vg;gb> gjpy;

,Uf;fpwjh cd;dplk;? fy;tp fw;gpj;jy; xU ePz;l fhyg;

gzp ,y;iyah> mJTk; KjpNahUf;F> mjpYk; fpuhkg;Gw

kf;fSf;F.

Nuh: 'eLtpy; tpyfpatu;fSf;F" (For Drop-Outs) vDk;

,ytrg; gs;spia mtu;fs; jpy;ypapy; Jtf;fpAs;shu;fNs.

Nl: vdf;F mijg; gw;wp xd;Wk; njupahJ. ehd;

tajhdtu;fisg;gw;wp Nahrpj;Jf; nfhz;bUf;fpNwd;. mJ

33

xU tp~ak;. mLj;j tp~ak;> mtu;fSf;F fy;tp

Gfl;bagpd;> gbg;gwpitAk; $lNt je;jgpd;> vd;dj;ij;>

thrpg;ghu;fs;> mtu;fs; thrpf;f vd;d ,Uf;fpwJ vd

ahNuDk; vd;id Nfl;fyhk;. ,uz;L kpf Kf;fpa kf;fs;

njhlu;Gr; rhjdq;fs; - nra;jpj;jhSk; thndhypAk>;

epr;rakhf. mq;NfAk; mNj gioa gy;ytp> Nky;jl;L

kf;fspd; gy;ytpjhd;. thndhypapy; tUk; nra;jpfis

xU rhjhuz fpuhkthrp Gupe;Jnfhs;s Kbtjpy;iy.

thrpf;fj; njupe;jhYk;> nra;jpj;jhis gbj;J Gupe;J

nfhs;sTk; Kbtjpy;iy. fd;dlj;jpNyh njYq;fpNyh

,e;jpapNyh xypgug;gg;gLk; nra;jpj; JZf;Ffis

(bulletins) Nfl;lhy;> xU thu;j;ijAk; cq;fSf;Fg;

GupahJ. ,e;jpahtpy; cs;s thndhypg; ngl;bfs;

vj;jid vd ehk; Nahrpj;jhy;> mit vy;yhk; rpdpkh

glg;ghly;fisNa xypf;fpd;wd. nra;jpfs; Nfl;f kpfTk;

nrhu;g;gkhfNt gad;gLfpd;wd. Vnddpy;> nra;jpfs;

Guptjpy;iy. mNj fjpjhd; nra;jpj;jhSf;Fk;! vd;

rikay;fhuk;kh njYq;F nra;;jpfis ehd; thrpj;Jf;

fhz;gpj;jhy;> xU thu;j;ij$l mjpy; Gupatpy;iy

vd;fpwhu;!

34

Nuh: cq;fSila Foe;ijfs; ahUf;fhtJ jq;fSila

R+oiyg; gw;wpa tpopg;Gzu;T mjpfupj;Js;sjh? mjhtJ>

vt;tifapy; vy;yhk; mij Nkk;gLj;jyhk; vd;w uPjpapy;.

Nl: epr;rakhf> Mkhk;. fl;lhak; mjpfupj;Js;sJ.

jq;fspd; mikg;igg;gw;wp NkYk; NkYk;

tpopg;Gilatu;fshd Mfpwhu;fs;. mJ Ruz;lg;gLtJ

gw;wpAk; GupfpwJ. xU rpd;d cjhuzk;: fpuhkg;Gwj;jpy;

trpg;gtu;fs; tPL fl;l muR khzpak;> fld; jUfpwJ.

mjw;fhd cupa jhs;fspy; ifnaOj;jpl;L mDkjp

toq;Fk; mjpfhupfSf;F mjpy; fpl;ljl;l 20 rjtpjk; ju

Ntz;bAs;sJ. Mapuk; &gha; fld; ngw> ,UE}W &gha;

moNtz;bAs;sJ. ml> ekf;nfy;yhk; ,J ru;t

rhjhuzk; vd;W Njhd;wyhk;. Mdhy; ,ijg; gw;wpa

tpopg;Gzu;T fpuhk kf;fspilNa mjpfupf;fpwJ. NkYk;

fpuhkg;Gw Kjpatu;fspd; vz;z Xl;lj;jpypUe;j kjj;jpd;

jhf;fk; ,isQu;fsplk; kiwe;J nfhz;Nl tUfpwJ.

Nuh: Foe;ijfSf;Fk; ngw;Nwhu;f;Fk; ,ilNaahd

rpf;fy;fs; VNjDk; cUthfpwjh?

Nl: Mkhk;> ,aw;ifjhNd mJ! xU Foe;ijf;F fy;tp

fw;gpf;f Muhk;gpj;j clNdNa> mjd; fpuhkr; #oypype;J

35

tpyf;fp itf;f Muk;gpf;fpNwhk;> mjd; ngw;NwhuplkpUe;Jk;

$l. Mdhy; mtu;fSf;Nfh me;jf; fpuhkk;jhd; cyfNk!

Foe;ijapd; cyfk; nkhfd;rjhNuhtpypUe;J

`ug;ghtpypUe;J tpupe;J nfhz;Nl NghfpwJ -

mnkupf;fhtpw;F> f;uPd;yhe;jpw;F vd;W. vdNt> ,J

mtu;fspd; ngw;nwhupd; ghu;itapypUe;J Rj;jkha; Ntwhd

xd;W. Foe;ijfs; kjk;> ghy;> Ruz;ly;> murpay;> NkYk;

vd;ndd;d njupANkh> vy;yhtw;iwAk; gw;wp

fye;JiuahLtjhy;> fpuhkj;jpy; ,Ue;JtUk; gy

ek;gpf;iffs; gw;wp Nfs;tp vOg;Gfpwhu;fs;.

vLj;Jf;fhl;bw;F kjk; rhu;e;j ek;gpf;iffisg; gw;wp.

mjdhy; epr;rak;> Mkhk; - ngw;NwhUf;Fk;

gps;isfSf;FkpilNa ntFthf Nkhjy;fs; vOfpd;wd.

Nuh: mtu;fspy; ahNuDk; cq;fsplk; tUtij jLj;J

epWj;jpapUf;fpwhu;fsh?

Nl: ,y;iy> ahUkpy;iy> ,Jtiu ,y;iy. vd;dplk;

gapytpLk; fhyk; mjpfkhf Mf mtu;fs; nra;tijj;

jLg;gJk; fbdkhfpf; nfhz;NlNghFk;. ngz; gps;isfs;

jpUkzj;ijj; js;spg; Nghl;Lf;nfhz;Nl Nghfpwhu;fs;

vdj; Njhd;WfpwJ. rpyu; gjpndl;L gj;njhd;gJ

taJilatu;fs;> xU %d;whz;LfSf;F Kd;dNkNa

36

fy;ahzk; MfpapUf;f Ntz;LNk> Mdhy; mtu;fNsh

gl;lk; thq;Ftjpy; Kidg;gha; ,Uf;fpwhu;fs;. vdNt>

jq;fsstpy; ntw;wpngw;Wf; nfhz;bUf;fpwhu;fs;. epiwa

ey;y khw;wq;fisf; fhz;fpNwd;..... Mk;. cq;fSf;F

khw;wk; xd;iw Rl;bf; fhl;LfpNwd;. ehd; gs;sp

njhlq;fpaNghJ vy;yhg;; ngw;NwhUk; Foe;ijfis

mt;tg;NghJ cijj;Jf; nfhz;bUe;jhu;fs;. ,g;NghNjh>

xNu xUj;ju;jhd; mbf;fpwhu;> mJTk; Fbj;jpUe;jhy;

kl;LNk! vd;kl;by; ,J xU khw;wkha;> xUgb Nkyha;

Njhd;WfpwJ. vd;d nrhy;y tUfpNwd; vd;why;>

khw;wq;fs; epr;rak; epfo;fpd;wd. mJ ey;yJ my;yJ

nfl;lJ vd;gJ mtutu; ghu;itia nghUj;jJ. Kd;G

,Ue;jijtpl ,g;NghJ gjpide;J taJ ,isQdpd;

Fuy; FLk;g tptfhuq;fspy; mjpfk; xypf;fpwJ.

ngw;Nwhu;fs; mtu;fsplk; mwpTg;g+u;tkhd

topfhl;Ljy;fis vjpu;Nehf;Ffpwhu;fs;. mjw;fhf

,tu;fSk; nkdf;nfLfpwhu;fs;. jq;fs; ngw;Nwhu;fs; gzk;

Nrkpf;f cjTfpwhu;fs;. mjpfk; Fbgof;fj;Jf;F

Mshfhky; ghu;j;Jf;nfhs;fpwhu;fs;. fodp tptfhuq;fs;>

Cu; tptfhuq;fs; vd gytw;wpw;fhd jPu;Tfis

Nahrpf;fpwhu;fs;.

37

Nuh: nghUs; uPjpahd tsu;r;rp ,y;yhtpl;lhy;> kf;fs;

gs;spf;Fr; nry;ykhl;lhu;fs; vd;w fy;tp gw;wpa xU

vz;zg;Nghf;F rkPgfhykhf epyTfpwNj. cq;fs;

gps;isfsplk; ,J xU ce;Jjyhf ,Uf;fpwjh> JWg;ghf

nray;gLfpwjh?

Nl: ehd; xd;iw xg;Gf;nfhz;lhf Ntz;Lk;. gps;isfis

gs;spf;F mDg;Gtjw;F gjpyhf ML Nka;f;fr; nrhy;Yk;

ngw;NwhUf;F ehd; nfhQ;rk; J}z;by; Nghl;bUf;fpNwd;.

cq;fs; Foe;ij gs;spf;F te;jhy;> mtDf;F xU ey;y

Ntiy fpilf;Fk;. mg;Gwk; ePq;fs; ,t;tsT fLikahf

ciof;f Ntz;bapUf;fhJ vd;nwy;yhk; NgrpapUf;fpNwd;.

NjndhOFk; Ngr;Rjhd;> xg;Gf;nfhs;fpNwd;. mtu;fNs

fy;yhjtu;fs;> vdNt Nkk;gl;l tho;itj; jUk;

xd;whfj;jhd; fy;tpia epidf;fpwhu;fs;.

Nuh: ey;y jukhd tho;f;ifia epu;khzpf;f xU rhj;jpaf;

$w;iw mtu;fs; Nehf;Ffpwhu;fsh? Foe;ijfspd;

rpe;jid Kiwapy; xU ghfkh mJ ,g;NghJ?

Nl: Foe;ijfSf;F ,e;j rhj;jpak; Gyg;gLfpwJ. cq;fs;

Nfs;tp ngw;Nwhu;fs; Fwpj;jJ vd epidf;fpNwd;.

fl;lhakhf> mtu;fspd; ve;jnthU nra;ifia

38

Nehf;FtjpYk; ,J ntspg;gLfpwJ. fiyia urpj;jy;

vd;gij mtu;fspd; ngw;Nwhu; Nfs;tpg;gl;lNj$l

fpilahJ. N~f;];gpaiu vLj;Jf; nfhs;Sq;fs;> ku

Ntiyg;ghL nra;tJ> fspkz;zhy; tpiztJ> my;yJ

ehlff;fiy> tsu;j;jy;> my;yJ xU tp~aj;ijg; gw;wp

fye;JiuahLtJ ... GJg;GJ mwpTg;gu;tkhd mDgtq;fs;

vd Nkd;NkYk;> gytw;iw mLf;fpf;nfhz;Nl Nghfyhk;.

vd; fUj;jpy;> ,it vy;yhk; mtu;fSf;F fpsu;r;rp

jUfpd;wd.

Nuh: Nltpl;> njhlf;fj;jpypUe;Nj> ePq;fs; nkhopfisf;

fw;gJ gw;wp>; thrpj;jy; gw;wp kpfTk; typAWj;jp

tUfpwPu;fs;.

Nl: Mkhk;> fy;tpapy; kpf Kf;fpakhdNj gpwNuhL

njhlu;G nfhs;s cjTtJjhNd. xU gps;isf;F thrpf;f

nrhy;ypj;je;jNjhL> fw;wy; vt;thnwd;W

fw;Wf;nfhLj;jNjhL cq;fs; Ntiy Kbe;jJ. %d;whtJ

Ntiy nka;ahfNt vd;d njupAkh? mtid jhdhff;

fw;fj; J}z;LtJ> mt;tsNt. mtdhy; gbf;f

KbAkhdhy;> jhdhf vijahtJ gbf;f

J}z;lg;gl;Ltpl;lhy;> mg;Gwk; vd;d! Rkhuhff; fw;w

39

xUtd; vij vy;yhk; Ntz;LNkh> mij gbj;Jj;

njupe;Jf;nfhs;s KbANk.

Nuh: mjdhy;jhd; mtu;fSf;F Mq;fpyk; fw;Wj;

je;jPu;fsh?

Nl: XusTf;F rup. ftdpj;jPu;fnsd;why;> jha;nkhop

topapy; fy;tp Gfl;Lk; gs;spfs; ahTk; Mq;fpyk;

fw;gpf;fpd;wd. thuj;jpy; xU tFg;Ngh vd;dNthjhd;

Mq;fpyk; gapy;tjhy;> mjpy; mtu;fs; Gyik

ngUtjpy;iy. cq;fSf;Fj; njupAk;. Foe;ijfSf;fhd

Gj;jfq;fs; Mq;fpy nkhopapy; ngUthupahf cs;sd.

Gtpapay; rk;ge;jkhf tuyhW gw;wp Gtpmwptpay;> mQ;ry;

jiy Nrfupg;G vg;gbnad> kpd;dZtpay; gw;wp. ,g;gb

mLf;fpf; nfhz;Nl Nghfyhk;. Nfl;Fk; jiyg;gpy; Ik;gJ

my;yJ E}W ntt;NtW Gj;jfq;fs; ,Uf;Fk;. gzk; jhd;

xNu Njit. njYq;fpNyh> Vd; fd;dlj;jpNyh$l

,JNghd;w Gj;jfq;fs; ,y;iy. Mq;fpyj;ij ruskhf

gbf;f ,ayhj xU Foe;ij> tprhykhd fy;tpawpT ngw

KbahJ. Vndd;why;> mjw;F Njitahd Gj;jfq;fs;

,y;iy. ,Jjhd; vd; fUj;J. vdNt khztu;fSf;F

Mq;fpyk; fl;lhak; njupe;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk; vd ehd;

fUjpNdd;.

40

khwhf> Mq;fpytopf; fy;tp gapYk; Foe;ijfs;>

,e;jpa nkhop vijAk; XusT nrhy;ypf; nfhs;Sk;gbahd

Gyik ngWk; msTf;F fw;gjpy;iy. vdNt

Mq;fpynkhop khztu;fs; ,e;jpa fyhr;rhuj;jpypUe;J

Rj;jkha; jdpikg;gLfpwhu;fs;. mtu;fSf;F Nkw;fj;jpa

fyhr;rhuKk; iftUtjpy;iy. vdpl; g;isld;> ghg;

fyhr;rhuk;> xUtpj Nfhkhspf; $j;jha; xU fyhr;rhuk;>

nrhy;ypf; nfhs;Sk;gb vJTk; fpilahJ. fyhr;rhug;

Gupjiy Vw;gLj;Jtjpy; nkhopapd; gq;F ,d;wpaikahjJ>

,y;iyah? xU ,e;jpa nkhopiaf; fw;ftpy;iy vd;why;>

,e;jpahitg; gw;wp vijAk; ngupjhfj; njupe;J nfhs;s

,ayhky; Ngha;tpLk;.

Nuh : ePq;fs; vOjpAs;s Mq;fpy Gj;jfq;fs; mjpf

fl;likg;Gilajha; cs;sNj> ,y;iyah?

Nl: rupjhd;> mit re;ijapy; tpw;gidf;fhf

vOjg;gl;lit. mg;gb mit ,y;yhtpl;lhy;> xUtUk;

mij gbf;fkhl;lhu;fs;. my;yJ gupe;Jiuf;f khl;lhu;fs;.

xU gs;spAk; cq;fs; Gj;jfq;fis gupe;Jiu

nra;atpy;iy vd;why;> mg;Gwk; gjpg;gfj;jhu; mtw;iw

re;ijapypUe;J J}f;fptpLthu;fNs. vdNt> mg;gb

vOjNtz;ba fl;lhaj;jpy; ehd; cs;Nsd;. mit

41

vy;yhk; vg;NghJk; rkurk;jhd;. ePq;fs; vOj tpUk;Gk;

tifapyhd Gj;jfj;ij cq;fshy; vOjNt KbahJ>

Vnddpy; ahUk; mij thq;fkhl;lhu;fs;. xU fhyj;jpy;

ehd; tpUg;gg;gl;l tifapNyNa rpy Gj;jfq;fis

vOjpapUf;fpNwd;. mwptpay; Gj;jfq;fs; mit. rhjhuz

mwptpay; Gj;jfq;fs;Nghy mit ,y;yhjjhNyh

vd;dNth> mitnay;yhk; rupahf tpw;gidahftpy;iy.

Nuh: vd;d khjpupahdit?

Nl: k;k;..... tpsf;FfpNwd;. mg;Gj;jfq;fspy; gw;gy

jpwe;jKidf; Nfs;tpfs; (open ended questions) ,Uf;Fk;. xU

ruhrup mwptpay; Gj;jfk; vg;gb ,Uf;Fk; vd

cq;fSf;Fj;jhd; njupANk. xU gf;fk; jtisapd; glk;

Nghl;bUg;ghu;fs;. 'xU jtisf;F ehd;F fhy;fs;> xU

ePskhd ehf;F ,Uf;Fk;> xU G+r;rpia gpbj;Jj; jpd;Dk;".

mLj;j gf;fj;jpy;> xU jtisf;F ____ fhy;fs; ,Uf;Fk;>

Foe;ij me;j Nfhbl;l ,lj;ij epug;Gk;. jhd; vijNah

rhjpj;Jtpl;ljha; epidj;Jf;nfhz;L mf;Foe;ij mLj;j

gf;fj;jpw;Fj; jhtptpLk;. me;jtif Gj;jfq;fspypUe;J

vd;DilaNjh khWgl;lit! mtw;wpy; Foe;ijfisNa

fz;Lgpbf;Fk;gb nra;jpUg;Ngd; - $u;e;J ftdpf;fr;

nrhy;ypapUg;Ngd;> ftdpj;jtw;iw gjpT nra;Ak;gb vd

42

vj;jidNah ,g;gb mLf;fyhk;. gpd;du;> mtu;fs;

fz;Zw;wtw;iwAk;> gjpT nra;jtw;iwAk; Muha;e;J

ghu;f;f Ntz;Lk;. mwptpaypy; nghJthf> gy fhuzpfs;

,Uf;Fk;. mtw;NwhL njhlu;Gila khwpfs; (variables)

gythf ,Uf;Fk;. ,g;Nghnjy;yhk; fw;wypy; 'rupahd

tpil" jUtJjhd; VNjh ngupa tp~ak;. vd;Dila

Gj;jfq;fNsh rupahd tpil jUtjw;F gjpy;> NkYk; gy

jpwe;jKid Nfs;tpfis> fUj;Jf;fis

Kd;itf;ffpd;wd. ,it vy;yhk; %isia frf;Fk;

fye;JiuahlYf;F toptFf;fpd;wd. mjdhNyNa

vd;Dila Gj;jfq;fs; tpUk;gg;gltpy;iy vdyhk;.

Nuh: Mdhy; fye;Jiuahl mwpTg;Gu;tkhdtu;fs;

Njitahapw;Nw?

Nl: rupjhd;. Foe;ijfs; mwpthspfs;. Foe;ijfNshL

fye;J Ngr KbAk;.

Nuh: mjw;F> cq;fSila gs;sp Mrpupau;fSk; vd;d

nrhy;yNtz;Lk; vd;gij mwpe;jtu;fshf>

czu;Tg;G+u;tkhdtu;fshf ,Uf;f Ntz;LNk.

Nl: Mkhk;> Mrpupau;fs; Gupe;J nfhs;gtuhf ,U;jjy;

Mtrpak;. vg;gbj; njupAkh mJ> ,g;gbr; nrhy;yyhk;.

43

Mrpupau;fSf;Ff; fw;gpf;fNtz;Lk;. mtu;fs; fw;wtu;fshf

,Ug;gJ mtrpak;. Mk;> mtu;fSf;Ff; fw;gpj;jy;

mtrpak;. nka;ahd fy;tpawpT ekf;Ff;

fpilf;fhjjw;fhd fhuzNk> mg;gb nra;ahjJjhd;.

Nuh: fw;gpf;Fk; fUtp (teaching machine), kw;Wk;

mJNghd;wtw;iw kf;fs; ehLfpwhu;fNs> mjdhy;jhNdh?

Nl: ey;y Nahridjhd; vd;W fUJfpNwd;. Mdhy; xd;W

Gupatpy;iy> mjhtJ> vq;Nf ,tw;iw itf;fg;NghfpNwhk;

- 100 kpy;ypad; khztu;fs;> ,e;jpahtpy; jw;NghJ

,Uf;fpwhu;fs;> Mrpupau;fistpl.

Nuh: thndhypahy; Mff;$baJ gw;wp?

Nl: Foe;ijfsplKk; gs;spfspYk; thndhypg;ngl;b

fpilahJ> xd;W. ,e;j ehl;bNyNa kpfTk; Gfo;tha;e;j

epiyaj;jpw;F xUKiw NghdJ epidTf;F tUfpwJ.

mq;Nf njhiyf;fhl;rpapd; gad;ghL gw;wpa xU epfo;T

mJ. njhiyf;fhl;rp gw;wpa vd;Dila fhl;lkhd

mgpg;gpuhaj;ij mq;Nf gfpu;e;Jnfhz;Nld;. ghUq;fs;>

fy;tp Gfl;LjYf;F Cl;lk; jUk; xU rhjdkhf kl;LNk

mJ mikaKbAk;. by;ypapy; xU njhiyf;fhl;rp

epiyak; cq;fsplk; cs;sJ vd itj;Jf; nfhs;syhk;.

44

XnuhU tFg;gpw;Fk; xUehspy; xU kzpNeuk; mjd;%yk;

fw;gpf;fyhk; vd;why;> mg;NghJ$l gj;J kzp Neuk;jhNd

ek;kplk; cs;sJ> xU tFg;gpw;F xU kzpNeuk; kl;LNk

xJf;f KbAk;. Foe;ijfs; vd;djhd; nra;thu;fs;?

vdNt tsk; Nru;f;Fk; epfo;r;rpfisj; jUtijj; jhz;b

mjdhy; xd;Wk; nra;ayhfhJ.

gdpf;fub> Mo;flypd; ,aw;if moF> kpd;dZ

,ae;jpuq;fisg; gw;wpa tpaj;jF glq;fs; epr;rak;

njhiyf;fhl;rp %yk; cq;fSf;F fpilf;Fk;. kf;fSk;

,tw;iw VNjh kNfhd;djkhd epfo;r;rpfs; vd

epidj;Jf; nfhs;fpwhu;fs;. Mdhy; ,tw;wpypUe;njy;yhk;

ePq;fs; cz;ikapy; fw;Wf;nfhs;tjpy;iy> Vnddpy; mJ

KOf;fTk; capu;g;gw;wJ (passive). fw;wy; my;yNt mJ.

fw;wy; vd;gJ capu;g;Gila nray;. njhiyf;fhl;rp

vd;gNjh xU passive Clfk;. NkYk; ,jpy;jhd; mghaNk

Gije;Js;sJ. ePq;fs; njhiyf;fhl;rpapypUe;J

fw;Wf;nfhz;ljha; epidj;Jf;nfhs;fpwPu;fs;> cz;ikapy;

xd;iwANk mjpypUe;J fy;yhjNghJk;!

Nuh: Rw;Wg;Gwr; R+oy; ghlk; gw;wp gpwuJ Ngr;Rf;fis

xg;gpLk;NghJ> ,Jgw;wpa jq;fsJ nfhs;iffs; kpfTk;

45

gue;Jgl;ljha; cs;sd vd vdf;Fj; Njhd;WfpwJ>

Nltpl;. ,J gw;wp jhq;fs; Gj;jfq;fs; vOjpAs;sPu;fs;>

,y;iyah?

Nl: Mkhk;. Rw;Wg;Gwr; R+oypay; gw;wp rpy Gj;jfq;fis

Foe;ijfSf;fhf vOjpAs;Nsd;. mitAk;

nrhy;ypf;nfhs;Sk;gb tuNtw;igg; ngwtpy;iy. Vd;

njupAkh? ,g;Gj;jfq;fs; Foe;ijfis Rw;Wg;Gwr; R+oiy

gbf;FkhW gzpf;fpwJ. Mdhy;> Mrpupau;fNsh Foe;ijfs;

Rw;Wg;Gwr; R+oiy gbg;gij tpUk;Gtjpy;iy. khwhf>

mtu;fspd; Njit vy;yhk; Gj;jfj;jpy; cs;stw;iw

mg;gbNa kdg;ghlk; nra;tijj;jhd;.

ehd; cq;fSld; xd;iwg; gfpu;e;Jnfhs;fpNwd;.

Mrpupau;fs;> mJTk; ey;y Mrpupau;fs; vd;W

fUjg;gl;Lgtu;fs; vg;gbnay;yhk; xU ghlGj;jfj;ij

ghohf;fKbAk; vd;gJ gw;wp. ,uz;L tUlq;fSf;F Kd;

nly;yp te;jpUe;Njd;. 'vd;Dila Njhop xUtu; ,q;Nf

cs;s gs;spapy; ghlk; fw;gpf;fpwhu;. NkYk; ePq;fs;

vOjpa ghlg; Gj;jfq;fisNa mtu;fs;

cgNahfpf;fpwhu;fs;. cq;fsplk; mJgw;wp Ngr mtu;

tpUk;Gfpwhu>;" vd;whu; vd; ez;gu; xUtu;. rup> mtiu

mioj;J thUq;fs;> vd gjpyspj;Njd;. fhiy

46

cztUe;j te;jpUe;jhu; vd epidf;fpNwd;. 'cq;fs;

gs;spapy; vd;d nra;fpwPu;fs; vd Kjypy; $Wq;fs;>"

vd;Nwd; ehd;.

Gj;jfj;ijg; gpupj;Njd;. kuq;fisg; gw;wpa gf;fk;

vNjr;iraha; fz;zpy; gl;lJ. 'ePq;fs; gs;spf;Fr;

nry;Yk; topapy; vj;jid tpj kuq;fisg; ghu;f;fpwPu;fs;?

mtw;wpy; VNjDk; rpytw;wpd; Ngu; njupAkh cq;fSf;F?

mtw;wpy; cs;s ,iyfis ftdpj;jpUf;fpwPu;fsh?

cq;fs; Vl;by; mtw;iw tiuAq;fNsd;" vDk; uPjpapy;

mJ vOjg;gl;bUf;Fk;. 'cq;fs; tFg;gpy; ePq;fs; vd;d

nra;fpwPu;fs;? vd;d nra;a Ntz;Lk; vd

vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpwJ?>" vd ehd; mtiuf; Nfl;Nld;. me;j

Mrpupiaapd; gjpy; ,Njh> 'ehd; Gj;jfj;ijf; ifapy;

vLj;J \kuq;fs;. vj;jid kuq;fis ePq;fs; ghu;f;f

KbAk;?’ vd thrpg;Ngd;. ,g;gb mLj;jLj;J

Ngha;f;nfhz;Nl ,Ug;Ngd;. gpd;du; fUk;gyifapy;

kuq;fspd; ngau;fis vOJNtd;> gps;isfSk; jq;fs;

gapw;rpg; Gj;jfj;jpy; mtw;iw vOjpf;nfhs;thu;fs;.

mg;Gwk; mtw;iw gbg;ghu;fs;. mLj;j ehs;> mtu;fsplk;

vd;ndd;d kuq;fs; njupAk; vd ehd; Nfl;Ngd;". vd;d

nrhy;tnjd;W Gupatpy;iy. mJ nly;ypapd; xU rpwe;j

47

gs;sp. ,e;j epiyapy; kw;w gs;spfspd; fjp vd;d>

mq;Nf vd;d elf;fpwJ vd;W ePq;fs; epidf;fpwhu;fs;?

Rw;Wg;Gwr; #oy; gw;wpa mwpT kpf Kf;fpak;.

efu;g;Gwj;jpd; Rw;Wg;Gwk; gw;wp ahUk; Muha;tjhf

vdf;Fj; Njhd;wtpy;iy. 'ePq;fs; tPl;bw;Fr; nry;Yk;

topapy; ve;nje;j tpjkhd filfz;zpfis ghu;f;fpwPu;fs;?

irf;fps; upf;~htpNyh> vjpNyh ePq;fs; tPL

jpUk;Gk;NghJ?>" vd;W ePq;fs; Foe;ijfis

tpdTq;fNsd;. mtu;fshy; mjw;F gjpy; nrhy;y

KbahJ. efu;g;Gw Rw;Wr;#oy; gw;wpNah NtnwJTNkh

my;yJ fpuhkg;Gwr; #oy; gw;wpNah> vJTNk

mtu;fSf;Fj; njupatpy;iy.

Nuh: ,g;gbahd #oypy;> ,q;Fs;s epiy Rfkha; ,y;iy.

nrhy;ypf;nfhs;Sk;gbaha; ,y;iy> nuhk;g Nrhigaha;

cs;sJ. ,e;epiyikapy; khw;wk; vq;Nf cUthFk;?

Nl: ,jw;fhd tpil vd;dntd;W vdf;Fj; njupahJ.

xd;iw kl;Lk; nrhy;yyhk;. kpfr; rpwe;j fy;tp vd ehd;

epidg;gij cUthf;f> vd; Ff;fpuhkj;jpy; cl;fhu;e;J

nfhz;L vd;dhy; Mdkl;Lk; Kay;Ntd;. vd;Dila

gpd;dzpAld;> vd;Dila gjdg;gl;l kdepiyAld;

48

vd;dhy; juKbahj tpilia xUNtis fy;tp gapd;w

rpy Foe;ijfs; juyhk;. Rje;jpukhf fy;tp gapd;w me;jr;

rpy Foe;ijfs;> gakwpahky; gapd;w mtu;fs;>

Nghl;lhNghl;b Nghlhj mtu;fs;> tpopg;Gzu;T kpf;f

me;jr;rpyu; jPu;T fhzyhk;.

---------

jkpohf;fk; : Kidtu;. cj;uh Jiuuh[d;

Jiwj; jiytp> ,aw;gpay; Jiw> itztf; fy;Y}up> nrd;id

uthra_13@yahoo.com

Fwpg;G :

fy;tp gw;wpa vd;Dila nrhe;j fUj;Jf;fisNah my;yJ ,e;jg; Ngl;b vd;dpy;

Vw;gLj;jpa jhf;fj;ijNah> ,e;j nkhopngau;g;gpy; fyf;fhky;> ,jid xU

cz;ikahd nkhopngau;g;ghf (faithful translation) itj;jpUf;f Kbe;jtiu

Kad;wpUf;fpNwd;. mf;fhyf; fy;tpKiw> Nrhjidf; fy;tpKiw Mfpatw;iw jkpopy;

Mtzg;gLj;Jk; vd; rpW Kaw;rp ,J. fy;tpKiw> mjd; tsu;r;rp> tuyhW gw;wp

Mtyha; mwpe;Jnfhs;s tpUk;Gk; gy Mrpupau;fSf;Fk;> Mu;tyu;fSf;Fk ,J

gad;gLk; vd;W ek;GfpNwd;.

- cj;uh

*****