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Mid ASSIGMENT OF ENGLISH Syntax

BY

NURAENI

21213134

ENGLISH DEPARTMENT OF MUHAMMADIAH UNIVERSITY

OF ENDARI2!1"

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In this study, there is some material that had been discussed namely: Heads and modifier,

Constituent structure, Construction, Word classes, and Lexicon. And in the next paragraph, this writing will

explain about that.

A. Head and Modifieral!ing about head, it is called as noun and it can be plural or singular. While, "odifier is a

word that control other word or specifically it#s a word that explain about the head. $or example:

%friendlywomen%, the word of %women& is the head, while %friendly& as modifier.

B. Constituent structurea) Heads, modifiers and arrangements of words

Heads and modifiers tend to occur next to each other. For instance, in English,

nouns can be modified by various types of words and phrases adjectives,

prepositional phrases and relative clauses, not to mention words a, the, this and

some. Examples the Board.

b) !est for phrase!he arrangement of words into phrases and phrases into clauses may seem self"

evident from the above discussion. #n fact, it is not always clear how the words in

a given phrase are arranged or how the phrases are arranged in a given clause.

c) !ransposition!ransposition is have to do with a se$uence of words being moved from one

position in a clause to another position without any other change in the clause

example !he pupils in this match class gave ca%es to &argaret every Friday.d) 'ubstitution

!he essential idea behind this test is that a single word can substitute for a number

of words hanging together as a phrase. For examples( )eje handed them to *angga

on 'unday

e) EllipsisEllipsis is consists of two clause that discrete then united in one of sentences by

using and, example # eat coffee and juice.

C. ConstructionIn this material, there are three parts that had discussed are introduction of the

construction itself, different construction and different meaning, and types of construction. al!ing

about introduction, we ha'e to !now what is construction( and Construction is a way to build

words, phrases, clauses, and sentences and it also rele'ant to all areas of grammar. )ext about

different construction and different meaning, it# means that if there are two or more sentences that

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construction in different structure, it will ha'e different meaning. $or example: *. he wealthy young

man bought that piano for his secret fianc+e. . -id the wealthy young man buy that piano for his

secret fiance(. And then, about types of construction, it consists of Copula, -ouble obect, and

/bli0ue. $irst about copula or it called lin!ing 'erb, example became, loo!, smell, and seem. hen,

about -ouble /bect for example %"y mother gi'es mea new bag. And the last is obli0ue, it

connecting by preposition. 1xample %"y boyfriend buys a ca!e forme.

D. Word ClassesIf we tal! about word class, it has the same meaning with parts of speech . And there are

some parts of word classes, namely: noun, 'erb, adecti'e, ad'erb, and preposition. )oun is being

the names of persons, places and things li!e Adhi, 2endari, $lower, and so on. 3erb is being the

names of actions or states li!e pray, climb, blame, and so on. Adecti'e is the word that following

noun li!e humble, polite, funny, and so on. hen, ad'erb examples: in the e'ening, in the mos0ue,

at ten o# cloc!. he last is preposition, example: in, besides, and so on. 4esides, there are four

types of criteria are employed to set up word classes, namely: morphological criterion, morpho

syntactic, syntactic and semantic. "orphological criterion

In morphological criterion means that a word that experienced inflectional which is

the word get adding affixes. "orpho syntactic

In morpho syntactic also the same with abo'e that also experienced inflectional. 5yntactic criteria

Is one of crucial part. And syntactic criteria are based on what words a gi'en word

occurs with and the types of phrase in which a gi'en word occurs. 4esides, in

syntactic criteria its word has one meaning but different word. And it also discuss

about article li!e % the use of a, an, and the %. 5emantic

here are no semantic criteria, aspects of the meaning of the different classes of

words, which would enable us to decide whether any gi'en word is a noun,

adecti'e, 'erb, ad'erb or preposition.

E. Lexicon#n +exical, there are some parts, namely(

a. 'yntax and lexical items'yntax cannot be isolated from other areas of language and individual lexical items,

particularly verbs, ercise strong control over syntactic structure.

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b. #ndividual verbs, complements and adjuncts

Every type of phrase has a head, and the modifiers of heads fall into the two classes of

complement and adjunct.omplements are modifiers which typically occur next to the

head but not always and which are re$uired or excluded by particular lexical items, for

example 'arah and the ca%es are complements of devoured. -evoured re$uires a noun

phrase to its left and a noun phrase to its right 'arah devoured is unacceptable/.

c. lasses of verbs and sub categori0ation restrictions

o #ntransitive 1erb excludes a noun phrase

o transitive 1erb re$uires a noun phrase

o -itransitive 1erb twice transitive/ re$uires two noun phrases

o #ntransitive locational 1erb excludes a noun phrase to its right but re$uires a

prepositional phrase

o !ransitive -irectional 1erb re$uires to its right both a noun phrase and a

directional phraseo opulalin%ing verb/ 2re$uires to its right an adjective phrase or a noun phrase

d. lasses of nouns

!here are some parts in this material, namely( concrete and abstract, common and proper,

count and mass, animate and inanimate, and human and non" human.

N#$a%ni21213134 En&'i() Syntax