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Transcript of JARAMILLO, A. - bdigital.unal.edu.co©saraugustovelásquezruiz.2014... · bioffsiscos y...
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ANEXO Tabla para con version de onos rad iocarbono a
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CalPol (Cal Pal 2003)
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2000 Climatic cha nge in Chile at around 2700 BP and g loba l ev idence
for solar forcing a Hypotesis Th e Holocene 105 659-664 VARESCHI v 1970 Fl ora de los P6ramos de Venezuela Talleres Groshy
ficos Universidad de los Andes Merida-Venezuela 425 p6gs
195
196
_ n~J I U~ -hJ VIIj
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ricano y seg undo colombiano de Botonica p 76-95
VERSCHUREN D KR LAIRD and BF CUMMING 2000 Rainfall and
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1999 Decada l -scale climatic variabi lity along extra-tropical western
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Present and Post Inter- Hemispheric Climatic Linkages in the Americas
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WEST R G 1988 The record of the cold stages Philosophica l
Transactions of the Roya l Society London B318 505 - 522
WIJMSTRA TA S HOEKSTRA BJ DE VRIES and T VAN DER HAMMEN
1984 A pre liminary study of period icities in percentage curves doted by
pollen density Acto Botonico Neerlandica 33 (4) 547-557
WIJMSTRA TA A SMITH T VAN DER HAMMEN and B VAN GEEL
197 1 Vegetationa l succession funga l spores and short - term cyc les in
po ll en diagrams from the Wietmarscher Moor Acta Botanica Neerlandica 20(4) 401-4 10
WOILLARD G 1978 Grande Pile peat bog a continuous pollen reshy
cord for the last 140000 years Quaternary Research 9 1-21
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during the last 5000 years in China Scientia Sinica 16 226-256
ANEXO Tabla para con version de onos rad iocarbono a
anos ca lendario (Stuiver et 01 1998) programo
CalPol (Cal Pal 2003)
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199
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ZHU K (Chu KL 1973 A preliminary study on the climatic fluctuations
during the last 5000 years in China Scientia Sinica 16 226-256
ANEXO Tabla para con version de onos rad iocarbono a
anos ca lendario (Stuiver et 01 1998) programo
CalPol (Cal Pal 2003)
197
198
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ANEXO Tabla para con version de onos rad iocarbono a
anos ca lendario (Stuiver et 01 1998) programo
CalPol (Cal Pal 2003)
197
198
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I bull
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middot24gt5 31199 middot1795 35106 - 11 25 2$10 24448 20~ 16467 865 1194 1025 321 2 middot2445 39015 middot 1785 35202 -1115 29142 4~ 241114 215 1830 875 1192 1 151L ~ -2430 39021 middot 1775 3491 8 middot 1105 28977 -4 J~ lt4441 225 ~ 88~ 1181 I 1545 3099 middot2425 38962 -1765 34655 middotI 09S 291 4 -475 24285 235 16125 895 11363 ~S5 3185 -24 i5 39108 - 75 3-4169 middot 1085 29084 415 2441 245 17699 905 1 0979 1515_ 1327 8
middot 2~05 39052 -1 745 34618 1075 29055 -405 2311S3 2~~ 17676 915 11023 1571 13306 middot2395 38684 1735 3411 6 middot 10M 29007 -395 23176 265 17084 9~ 5 11403 15115 3337
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middot2345 38758 -1685 33813 middot 015 2871 7 -345 21813 3 5 1770_6 9~ 1105-3 1635 3096 middot2335 38675 -1675 33295 middot 1005 ~i -335 21771 325 17272 985 1066 3 1640
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1 middot2205 J8085 -1545 33139 il75 27403 middot205 21 95 455 168 13 1115 9425 1775 1665
t 21jl5 37527 I 535 33121 -805 274 13 middot185 21396 465 15743 1shy125 9125 1185_ ~ middot2185 37422 1525 32893 -855 27365 -185 21 82 I 475 15618 1135 9051 1795 2021 -2175 3751 middot151 5 3224 7 I -84 5 27407 -l5 ~1 48 3 4J5_ 15743 11 45 amp589 1805 168 2 middot21S5 3752 middot1 505 3224 6 BJS 27245 H6 21132 495 15707 1155 9291 1815 107~5
middot2155 37768 middot t495 3215 -825 26734 I 55 21056 505 15153 sect 8684 825 994 middot21 45 3764 2 -1 4a ~ 31868 ~e1~ ~-l 5 20997 ~ 15705 -11S 883-1 183L ug -21) 37 103 475 32136 -805 26482 -35 21006 525 1685 1185 8768 1l-1~ 2 middot2125 36g31 -]465 32198 -795 25842 middot125 21194 535 1555 1195 8532 18Sgt 1208
-2 115 36852 -145 32003 -r- 25453 115 21019 +-~~ 1504 6 205 869 1865 117 a AD BP AD BP BP 1[1 BP AD BP AD BP AD BP
-21Q~ 36 707 middot1 445 31928 -77 253M - 100 2091 555 15 19 1 15 8421 1 1~L Jll middot2095 36949 r2435 3181 1 -765 25358 middot95 ~ 565 14932 225 8046 ~gt --12L middot2085 3690J i 425 31464 755 2455 1 -8 20642 575 lli 1235 614 I 189gt 809 middot2075 37246 _1 415 31536 ~4 5 24554 1 middot75 lt0792 565 921 f--245 8033 1905 794
[i065 37124 405 31127 -735 2454 1 bull -65 20849 595 15034 ~55 8018 bull 191 5 ~ middot2055 37096 middot 1395 31053 -725 2454 -S5 ~ 805 14578 i 26~ 714 I 925 1381
middot20lt05 3706 2 1385 30828 -7 15 2461 -45 ~ 61~ ~ 1275 767 I 193~ 168
middot2035 38774 -1315 3075 705 24587 ~ 2007pound 6 14352 1285 7156 1945 1901
~25 36428 -1365 3034 ~ -a9~
~ ~ 203 11 635 14521 295 6846 19~ --L
middot2015 36389 -1355 3064 1 -685 2476 ~~ 2001 3 645 14111 1 3~i I 6235 j - -middot2005 3822 1345 3047 I I -sectyi 2524 5 20431 655 ~ 13 15 670 1
- 99 3644 9 1 30778 1 I middot665 24892 5 1985 3 I 665 1325 607 5 Imiddot1335 134 17 1 985 36648 middot1325 31047 1 -655 24705 I 15 2001 7 675 13293 335 566 middot1 975 36173 middot1315 3045lt1 -645 2480 25 1980 8 685 13177 134 5965 I
1965 38222 -1305 30371 1 ~3j 24914 3~ 1947S J95 12705 1305 624 I -1955 ~14 3 -1295 3035 6 625 2499 9 45 19865
+shy705 12942 U65 6235 I
-1945 36051 middot 285 30099 _6 15 24959 55 1954 715 1261 1 1375 6612
193$ 35822 1275 303-43 -605 25126 65 l i472 Gs 12561 1385 629
middot 192~ 3591 4 I 1265 30382 I middot595 25042 1 5 19296 I 735 1 250 4 1395 590 8
1 I -1255 297li L-565 I 24776 I ~J--
IfSeT 1IgUSI ~I Vel lt(1Utl lJt
~AOpound~~ ~r r ~ AO ~ At BP AD ~B- I( BP Ar ~ yilt1048 1 I B l I W 4 ~~+ 2lltiI- 1~2 7~lt~ -IU~ ~~
-lr~- 40211 + 3587 ~~ 29902L- ~r_ 2~JltjQ G 1~l 1~r_ ~~~ -11 L r~~ r~~~ a--lW-r~~_) middot - middot~2~~~~ l~ ~4-t~ o1 flL ~ 19081 fI- fI
199
192
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geochemistry diafoms and po llen af Moon Lake North Dakota
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ANEXO Tabla para con version de onos rad iocarbono a
anos ca lendario (Stuiver et 01 1998) programo
CalPol (Cal Pal 2003)
197
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I -2245 311325 -1585 33022 J l ~ 277~6 middot 2~5 22276 4 l b 1645- 1 07~ 9041 1735 1535
~ 311211 A 1575 32949 middot90j ~ middot235 2237 3 425 1620 9 1085 91B8 J1~~ 105 1
middot2225 37986 1-585 33046 -a~5 27353 -225 21 8 13 ~3~ 15827 1095 9~~ 1165 ~ middot2215 36213 -155 33134 -aB5 2716 6 -215 22273 445 ~ 11 05 9436 1165 1715
1 middot2205 J8085 -1545 33139 il75 27403 middot205 21 95 455 168 13 1115 9425 1775 1665
t 21jl5 37527 I 535 33121 -805 274 13 middot185 21396 465 15743 1shy125 9125 1185_ ~ middot2185 37422 1525 32893 -855 27365 -185 21 82 I 475 15618 1135 9051 1795 2021 -2175 3751 middot151 5 3224 7 I -84 5 27407 -l5 ~1 48 3 4J5_ 15743 11 45 amp589 1805 168 2 middot21S5 3752 middot1 505 3224 6 BJS 27245 H6 21132 495 15707 1155 9291 1815 107~5
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-2 115 36852 -145 32003 -r- 25453 115 21019 +-~~ 1504 6 205 869 1865 117 a AD BP AD BP BP 1[1 BP AD BP AD BP AD BP
-21Q~ 36 707 middot1 445 31928 -77 253M - 100 2091 555 15 19 1 15 8421 1 1~L Jll middot2095 36949 r2435 3181 1 -765 25358 middot95 ~ 565 14932 225 8046 ~gt --12L middot2085 3690J i 425 31464 755 2455 1 -8 20642 575 lli 1235 614 I 189gt 809 middot2075 37246 _1 415 31536 ~4 5 24554 1 middot75 lt0792 565 921 f--245 8033 1905 794
[i065 37124 405 31127 -735 2454 1 bull -65 20849 595 15034 ~55 8018 bull 191 5 ~ middot2055 37096 middot 1395 31053 -725 2454 -S5 ~ 805 14578 i 26~ 714 I 925 1381
middot20lt05 3706 2 1385 30828 -7 15 2461 -45 ~ 61~ ~ 1275 767 I 193~ 168
middot2035 38774 -1315 3075 705 24587 ~ 2007pound 6 14352 1285 7156 1945 1901
~25 36428 -1365 3034 ~ -a9~
~ ~ 203 11 635 14521 295 6846 19~ --L
middot2015 36389 -1355 3064 1 -685 2476 ~~ 2001 3 645 14111 1 3~i I 6235 j - -middot2005 3822 1345 3047 I I -sectyi 2524 5 20431 655 ~ 13 15 670 1
- 99 3644 9 1 30778 1 I middot665 24892 5 1985 3 I 665 1325 607 5 Imiddot1335 134 17 1 985 36648 middot1325 31047 1 -655 24705 I 15 2001 7 675 13293 335 566 middot1 975 36173 middot1315 3045lt1 -645 2480 25 1980 8 685 13177 134 5965 I
1965 38222 -1305 30371 1 ~3j 24914 3~ 1947S J95 12705 1305 624 I -1955 ~14 3 -1295 3035 6 625 2499 9 45 19865
+shy705 12942 U65 6235 I
-1945 36051 middot 285 30099 _6 15 24959 55 1954 715 1261 1 1375 6612
193$ 35822 1275 303-43 -605 25126 65 l i472 Gs 12561 1385 629
middot 192~ 3591 4 I 1265 30382 I middot595 25042 1 5 19296 I 735 1 250 4 1395 590 8
1 I -1255 297li L-565 I 24776 I ~J--
IfSeT 1IgUSI ~I Vel lt(1Utl lJt
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199
TH OU RET J C 1988 La Cord ilere Centrale des Andes de Ca lombie
et ses Bordures VOL I II et III These de Doctorat Univ Joseph Fourier
Grenoble 1040 pp
THOURET J C 1989 Geamor1o logia y crofloestratigrafia del Macizo
voiconico Ruiz-Tolima (Cordi llera Cenf r I Colornb iana) En T Van der
Hammen S Diaz and VJ Alvarez (Eds) La Cordillera Central Colom shy
biana tra nsecto Parque de ios Nevados Estudios de Ecosistemas
tropa ndin os 3 257 -278
THOURET J C y T VAN DER HAMMEN 1983 La Secuencia Ho locenica
y Tardiglacial en el parque de 10 Nevados En T Va n der Hammen PP
Preciado and PPinto (Eds ) La Cordil lera Central Colornb iana Transecto
Parque de los Nevados Estudios de Ecosistemas tropandinos 1 262shy
276 THOURET J C T VAN DER HAMMEN B SALOMONS and E JUVIGN E
1996 Paleoenvironmental Changes and Glac ial Stades of the last
50 000 years in the Cordil lera Central Colombia Quaternary Research 46 1-1 8 TH OU RET JC y A PEREZ 1983 Resena geogr6fi co In T Van der
Hammen PP Preciado and P Pi nto (Eds) Est udios de ecosistemas
Tropoandi nos la Cordil lera Centra l Colombia no Tra nsecfo Porque de
los Nevados (lntr y datos inie l 1 31-37 TORRES V 1995 An61is is pa leoclim6tico con base en pal inologia de
los sesenta metros superiores de l pOlO Ingeomillas I y su relacio n con
los depositos locustres de la Sabana de Bogofo Unive rsidad Nacional
de Colomb ia De p artame nto de G eoci enci as (G eoiogia) 69
pp+ 7diag ram as
TRENBERTH K 1991 General characteristics of EI ifio - Southern
Osci llati on in Te llecon ecl ions Linking Worldwide Climate anomalies
RM G lantz R Katz y N Nichols (edsl p 13-42 Cambridge University
Press Cambridge
URREGO L E 1994 Los bosques il undables del medio Caqueto
(Amazon ia Co lombiana) Carocterizocion y sucesio n Ph D thesis
University of Amste rdam
VALERO-GARCES BL KR LAIRD SC FRITZ K KELTZ E ITO and
EC GRIMM 199 7 Ho locene cl ima te in the northern Grea t Pl a ins
inferred from sed iment strati gra phy sta bl e isotopes carbona te
geochemistry diafoms and po llen af Moon Lake North Dakota
Quaternary Research 48 359-369
193
~ ~ - -t --
VAN DER HAMMEN 1 1974 The Pleistocene C hanges of Vegetation
and Climate in Tropical South America journa l of Biogeography 1 3 shy
26 VAN DER HAMMEN 1 1986 Fluctuaciones Holocenicas en 10 cuenshy
ca del bajo Magdalena-Cauca- So n Jorge (Colombia) Geologia Norandina 10 1 1 -18
VAN DER HAMMEN 1 1992 Histor ia ecolog ia y vegetaci on Corposhy
racion Colombiana para 10 Amazonia - Araracuara - Bogota 411 p
VAN DER HAMMEN 1 1995 Estudio del Plioceno y Cuaternario de
Colombia Introduccion Historica Anolisis Geograficos 24 13-1 7
So ntafe de Bogota VAN DER HAMMEN 1 1995b La ultimo glaciacion en Colom bia
(Glaciacion Cocuy Fuquense) Analisis GeogrOficos 24 69-89 p
VAN DER HAMMEN 1 and A CLEEG 1986 Development of high Andean
paramo flora and vegetation In F Vulleumier and M Monasterio (Ed sL
High altitude tropical biogeography 153-20 1 Oxfo rd University Press
Oxford VAN DER HAMMEN 1 and E GONZALEZ 19600 Upper Pleistocene
and Holocene climate and vegetation of the Sabana de Bogota (CoshyII
lombia South America ) Leidse Geologische Mededelingen 25 26 1shy
3 15 VAN DE R HAMMEN 1 y E GONZALEZ 1963 Historia de clima y
vegetacion del Pleistoceno Superior y de l Holoceno de la liSabo na de
Bogoto l Boletin Geologico 11 (1-3) 189 - 260 Bogota
VAN DER HAMMEN 1 J H W ERNER and H VAN DOMMELEN 1973
Palinological record of the Northern Andes a study of the Pliocene and
lower Quaternary of the Colombian Eastern Cordillera Andean the Early
Evo iution of its Hig h-Andean Biota Review of Palaeob otany and Pa lynology 16 1- 122 Tambien enAlso in EI Cuaternario de Colomshy
bia Vol 2
VAN DER HAMMEN 1 J BARELDS H DE JONG and AA DE VEER
1980198 1 Glacial sequence and environmental histo ry in the Sierra
Nevada del Cocuy (Colom bia) Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology and Palaeoecology 32 247-340
VAN DER HAMMEN 1 and A CLEEF 1992 Holocene changes of
rainfall and river discharge in Nortern South America and the EI Nino
phenomen on Erdkunde 46 252-256
194
VAN DER HAMMEN I J D PABON H GUTIERREZ y Jc ALARCON
2002 EI cambio g lobal y los ecosistemas de alta montana de Co lomshy
bia (en P6ramas y ecosistemas altoandinos de Colombia en condic i6n
hot spot and global climatic tensor) IDEAM Bogoto p 163-193 VANCE R E JJ C LAGE and RW MATHEWS 1993 Ho locene
paleohydro logy of a hypersaline lake in southeastern Alberta Journal of Paleolimnology 8 103-120 VAN G EEL B and I VAN DER HAMMEN 1973 Upper Quaternary
vegetationa l and climatic sequence of the Fuquene area Eastern Cordishy
llera Colombia Palaeogeography Palaeclimatology Palaeecology 14 9-92 VAN GEEL B J BUURMAN and HT WATERBOLK 1996 Archaeolog ical
and palaeoeco logica l indication of an abrupt climatic change in the
Netherlands and evidence for climatological teleconnections around
2650 BP Journal of Quaternary SCience 11 451-460 VAN GEEL B J VAN DER PLITCH MR KILIAN ER KLAVER JHM
KOWENBERG H RENSSEN I REYNAUD-FARRERA and H T
WATERBOLK 1998 Th e sharp rise of D lC ca 800 cal BC possib le
causes related climatic teleconnection and the impact on human
enviroments Proceedings of the 16th International 14 C Conference Radiocarbon 40 535-550 VAN GEEL B and H RENSSEN 1998 Abrupt climate change around
2650 BP in north-west Europe evidence for climatic teleconnection and
a tentative explanation In Slssar and N Brown (Eds) Water environment
and society in times of climatic change 21 -41 Kluwer Academic
Publishers Netherlands
VAN G EEL B OM RASPOPOV H RENSSEN J VAN DER PLITCH
vA DERGACHEV and HAJ MEIJER 1999 The role of solar forcing
upon cli matic change Quaternary Science Review 18 33 1-338 VAN GEEL B H RENSSEN and J VAN DER PLiTCH 2001 Evidence
from the post sola r forcing of climate change by way of cosmic rays
and l or by solar UV Proceding Workshop an lon- Aerosol - Cloud Interaction CERN 007 24 -29 VAN GEEL B cJ HEUSSER H RENSSEN and JE SC HUURMANS
2000 Climatic cha nge in Chile at around 2700 BP and g loba l ev idence
for solar forcing a Hypotesis Th e Holocene 105 659-664 VARESCHI v 1970 Fl ora de los P6ramos de Venezuela Talleres Groshy
ficos Universidad de los Andes Merida-Venezuela 425 p6gs
195
196
_ n~J I U~ -hJ VIIj
VELASQUEZ CA 1993 Atlas palinol ogico de fl ora vascular paramu na
de Colombia y sedimentacion pol inica reciente en poramos aledanos a
Bogota Tesis Ms C Universidad Nacional de Colombia Bogota
VELASQUEZ CA 1999 Anolisis polinico del nucleo Llano Grande
paramo de Frontino En Tardiglacio l y Holoceno de l norte de la Cordishy
ll era Occidenta l de Co lombia Ed Groficas Montoya Mede llin 236p
VELASQUEZ CA 1999 Sedimentacion polinica reciente en el paramo
de Frontino En Tardiglacial y Holoceno del norte de la Cord il lera Occishy
dental de Colombia Ed Groficas Montoya Medellin 236p
VELASQUEZ CA 1999 Atlas pa linologico de la flora vascular
paromuna de Colombia Angiospermae Ed Groficas Montoya
Medellin 173p
VELASQUEZ CA K CABRERA LN PARRA y JO RANGEL 2004
Aspectos metodologicos a tener en cuenta en estudios pa leoecologicos
de alta resolucion en los poramos andinos En JO Rangel J Aguirre
G Andrade y D Gira ldo (edsL Memorias Octavo Congreso latinoameshy
ricano y seg undo colombiano de Botonica p 76-95
VERSCHUREN D KR LAIRD and BF CUMMING 2000 Rainfall and
drought in equatorial east Africa during the past 1100 years Nature 403 410-413
VI LLALBA R RD DARRIGO ER COOK G WILES and G C JACOBY
1999 Decada l -scale climatic variabi lity along extra-tropical western
coast of America inferred from tree ring records In Markgraf V (EdsL
Present and Post Inter- Hemispheric Climatic Linkages in the Americas
and the Societal Effectes Academic Press New York in Press
WEST R G 1988 The record of the cold stages Philosophica l
Transactions of the Roya l Society London B318 505 - 522
WIJMSTRA TA S HOEKSTRA BJ DE VRIES and T VAN DER HAMMEN
1984 A pre liminary study of period icities in percentage curves doted by
pollen density Acto Botonico Neerlandica 33 (4) 547-557
WIJMSTRA TA A SMITH T VAN DER HAMMEN and B VAN GEEL
197 1 Vegetationa l succession funga l spores and short - term cyc les in
po ll en diagrams from the Wietmarscher Moor Acta Botanica Neerlandica 20(4) 401-4 10
WOILLARD G 1978 Grande Pile peat bog a continuous pollen reshy
cord for the last 140000 years Quaternary Research 9 1-21
ZHU K (Chu KL 1973 A preliminary study on the climatic fluctuations
during the last 5000 years in China Scientia Sinica 16 226-256
ANEXO Tabla para con version de onos rad iocarbono a
anos ca lendario (Stuiver et 01 1998) programo
CalPol (Cal Pal 2003)
197
198
Jl~ gtI 8 ~~ j~ _~~Q~ I )5)8dt-shy I 298el l ~ ~7J
~1li --shy -- shy~ ~cnJ tJ
7~~ 19371 iJ5 r~4i7l ~r t89S middot G
I bull
12161 n7
middot41shy 11
middot 10 ltunf ~ ~ I ~ ~ ~ 2466~ 1 1gtgt l1ii3i ~~l 2~middot5 1 4Q31)6 I ia~ ~73 Sl1~5 l - -_
~ 1~ ~~ I dOS f-=-shy -+ 0-=shymiddot2505 40548 middot 11145 3-4n1 middot117 2lI689 5US_ 24l27 0 1 8~7 d i S 11999 17 1393 1 middot4110 4010 eJ 835 35459 middot1165 ~1-49 ~ I 16~ ~ p25 11993 ~~ 371 4
I 246gt 39853 1 1825 ~ middot 1150 29191 -4B5 2433 8 17~ l a~J 835 11875 1495 351 I 2475 39987 middot1815 3507 6 I 45 ~ 1 075 24 121 185 18286 800 1204 8 -1505 ~ ( -2 65 394l 2 1 1805 3-4812 middot1135 29886 j--4b5 24302 195 1839 855 2033 515 ~
middot24gt5 31199 middot1795 35106 - 11 25 2$10 24448 20~ 16467 865 1194 1025 321 2 middot2445 39015 middot 1785 35202 -1115 29142 4~ 241114 215 1830 875 1192 1 151L ~ -2430 39021 middot 1775 3491 8 middot 1105 28977 -4 J~ lt4441 225 ~ 88~ 1181 I 1545 3099 middot2425 38962 -1765 34655 middotI 09S 291 4 -475 24285 235 16125 895 11363 ~S5 3185 -24 i5 39108 - 75 3-4169 middot 1085 29084 415 2441 245 17699 905 1 0979 1515_ 1327 8
middot 2~05 39052 -1 745 34618 1075 29055 -405 2311S3 2~~ 17676 915 11023 1571 13306 middot2395 38684 1735 3411 6 middot 10M 29007 -395 23176 265 17084 9~ 5 11403 15115 3337
middot23115 3672 2 725 33993 1055 29 14 -385 22838 275 17165 135 11406 1090 3406
middot2375 3896 -17 5 34 123 middot 104 5 28Sa2 -375 22543 2as 17559 945 I 1124 8 ~1-1365 4
-165 38981 -llOS 34326 middot1035 28779 middot365 ~ 295 17301 955 11262 1615 35 19
I -2355 39053 2l5 34303 025 28822 -355 22242 305 1769 4 J65 11021 1625 3344
middot2345 38758 -1685 33813 middot 015 2871 7 -345 21813 3 5 1770_6 9~ 1105-3 1635 3096 middot2335 38675 -1675 33295 middot 1005 ~i -335 21771 325 17272 985 1066 3 1640
1 2691
f 2325 38613 middot 1865 3379 -9l5 ~ -325 21766 335 17317 9 10564 ---gt5~-1242 8 -2315 38732 1655 33429 -935 2830 9 middot35 220V 34 5 16962 1005 10256 1665 2106
-2305 38594 middot1645 33758 -975 2829 3 -J05 ~ r-~~ 16972 015 10396 1675 1732 -2295 38508 -1 ~35 33494 middot965 21B52 middot295 2211 3 365 1687 2 1025 9771 685 Il85
middot22B5 382J5 middot1625 33-477 2-55 28247 middot285 2232 375 ~ 1Q35 9572 fi9S 1151
2210 38077 - 1615 33 1S9 middot94 5 28275 middot275 22329 gt81 168l 6 1()45 9229 17QL ~ middot2265 37928 middot1005 33 19 middot935 28075 middot262shy 22634 395 1672 1 05gt I 9238 L7L ~ -2lt55 38038 -L 511S 3l85 middot 92~ 2aotlA middot755 ~ 405 16636 106 9 17 5 ilL5 11 44
I -2245 311325 -1585 33022 J l ~ 277~6 middot 2~5 22276 4 l b 1645- 1 07~ 9041 1735 1535
~ 311211 A 1575 32949 middot90j ~ middot235 2237 3 425 1620 9 1085 91B8 J1~~ 105 1
middot2225 37986 1-585 33046 -a~5 27353 -225 21 8 13 ~3~ 15827 1095 9~~ 1165 ~ middot2215 36213 -155 33134 -aB5 2716 6 -215 22273 445 ~ 11 05 9436 1165 1715
1 middot2205 J8085 -1545 33139 il75 27403 middot205 21 95 455 168 13 1115 9425 1775 1665
t 21jl5 37527 I 535 33121 -805 274 13 middot185 21396 465 15743 1shy125 9125 1185_ ~ middot2185 37422 1525 32893 -855 27365 -185 21 82 I 475 15618 1135 9051 1795 2021 -2175 3751 middot151 5 3224 7 I -84 5 27407 -l5 ~1 48 3 4J5_ 15743 11 45 amp589 1805 168 2 middot21S5 3752 middot1 505 3224 6 BJS 27245 H6 21132 495 15707 1155 9291 1815 107~5
middot2155 37768 middot t495 3215 -825 26734 I 55 21056 505 15153 sect 8684 825 994 middot21 45 3764 2 -1 4a ~ 31868 ~e1~ ~-l 5 20997 ~ 15705 -11S 883-1 183L ug -21) 37 103 475 32136 -805 26482 -35 21006 525 1685 1185 8768 1l-1~ 2 middot2125 36g31 -]465 32198 -795 25842 middot125 21194 535 1555 1195 8532 18Sgt 1208
-2 115 36852 -145 32003 -r- 25453 115 21019 +-~~ 1504 6 205 869 1865 117 a AD BP AD BP BP 1[1 BP AD BP AD BP AD BP
-21Q~ 36 707 middot1 445 31928 -77 253M - 100 2091 555 15 19 1 15 8421 1 1~L Jll middot2095 36949 r2435 3181 1 -765 25358 middot95 ~ 565 14932 225 8046 ~gt --12L middot2085 3690J i 425 31464 755 2455 1 -8 20642 575 lli 1235 614 I 189gt 809 middot2075 37246 _1 415 31536 ~4 5 24554 1 middot75 lt0792 565 921 f--245 8033 1905 794
[i065 37124 405 31127 -735 2454 1 bull -65 20849 595 15034 ~55 8018 bull 191 5 ~ middot2055 37096 middot 1395 31053 -725 2454 -S5 ~ 805 14578 i 26~ 714 I 925 1381
middot20lt05 3706 2 1385 30828 -7 15 2461 -45 ~ 61~ ~ 1275 767 I 193~ 168
middot2035 38774 -1315 3075 705 24587 ~ 2007pound 6 14352 1285 7156 1945 1901
~25 36428 -1365 3034 ~ -a9~
~ ~ 203 11 635 14521 295 6846 19~ --L
middot2015 36389 -1355 3064 1 -685 2476 ~~ 2001 3 645 14111 1 3~i I 6235 j - -middot2005 3822 1345 3047 I I -sectyi 2524 5 20431 655 ~ 13 15 670 1
- 99 3644 9 1 30778 1 I middot665 24892 5 1985 3 I 665 1325 607 5 Imiddot1335 134 17 1 985 36648 middot1325 31047 1 -655 24705 I 15 2001 7 675 13293 335 566 middot1 975 36173 middot1315 3045lt1 -645 2480 25 1980 8 685 13177 134 5965 I
1965 38222 -1305 30371 1 ~3j 24914 3~ 1947S J95 12705 1305 624 I -1955 ~14 3 -1295 3035 6 625 2499 9 45 19865
+shy705 12942 U65 6235 I
-1945 36051 middot 285 30099 _6 15 24959 55 1954 715 1261 1 1375 6612
193$ 35822 1275 303-43 -605 25126 65 l i472 Gs 12561 1385 629
middot 192~ 3591 4 I 1265 30382 I middot595 25042 1 5 19296 I 735 1 250 4 1395 590 8
1 I -1255 297li L-565 I 24776 I ~J--
IfSeT 1IgUSI ~I Vel lt(1Utl lJt
~AOpound~~ ~r r ~ AO ~ At BP AD ~B- I( BP Ar ~ yilt1048 1 I B l I W 4 ~~+ 2lltiI- 1~2 7~lt~ -IU~ ~~
-lr~- 40211 + 3587 ~~ 29902L- ~r_ 2~JltjQ G 1~l 1~r_ ~~~ -11 L r~~ r~~~ a--lW-r~~_) middot - middot~2~~~~ l~ ~4-t~ o1 flL ~ 19081 fI- fI
199
~ ~ - -t --
VAN DER HAMMEN 1 1974 The Pleistocene C hanges of Vegetation
and Climate in Tropical South America journa l of Biogeography 1 3 shy
26 VAN DER HAMMEN 1 1986 Fluctuaciones Holocenicas en 10 cuenshy
ca del bajo Magdalena-Cauca- So n Jorge (Colombia) Geologia Norandina 10 1 1 -18
VAN DER HAMMEN 1 1992 Histor ia ecolog ia y vegetaci on Corposhy
racion Colombiana para 10 Amazonia - Araracuara - Bogota 411 p
VAN DER HAMMEN 1 1995 Estudio del Plioceno y Cuaternario de
Colombia Introduccion Historica Anolisis Geograficos 24 13-1 7
So ntafe de Bogota VAN DER HAMMEN 1 1995b La ultimo glaciacion en Colom bia
(Glaciacion Cocuy Fuquense) Analisis GeogrOficos 24 69-89 p
VAN DER HAMMEN 1 and A CLEEG 1986 Development of high Andean
paramo flora and vegetation In F Vulleumier and M Monasterio (Ed sL
High altitude tropical biogeography 153-20 1 Oxfo rd University Press
Oxford VAN DER HAMMEN 1 and E GONZALEZ 19600 Upper Pleistocene
and Holocene climate and vegetation of the Sabana de Bogota (CoshyII
lombia South America ) Leidse Geologische Mededelingen 25 26 1shy
3 15 VAN DE R HAMMEN 1 y E GONZALEZ 1963 Historia de clima y
vegetacion del Pleistoceno Superior y de l Holoceno de la liSabo na de
Bogoto l Boletin Geologico 11 (1-3) 189 - 260 Bogota
VAN DER HAMMEN 1 J H W ERNER and H VAN DOMMELEN 1973
Palinological record of the Northern Andes a study of the Pliocene and
lower Quaternary of the Colombian Eastern Cordillera Andean the Early
Evo iution of its Hig h-Andean Biota Review of Palaeob otany and Pa lynology 16 1- 122 Tambien enAlso in EI Cuaternario de Colomshy
bia Vol 2
VAN DER HAMMEN 1 J BARELDS H DE JONG and AA DE VEER
1980198 1 Glacial sequence and environmental histo ry in the Sierra
Nevada del Cocuy (Colom bia) Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology and Palaeoecology 32 247-340
VAN DER HAMMEN 1 and A CLEEF 1992 Holocene changes of
rainfall and river discharge in Nortern South America and the EI Nino
phenomen on Erdkunde 46 252-256
194
VAN DER HAMMEN I J D PABON H GUTIERREZ y Jc ALARCON
2002 EI cambio g lobal y los ecosistemas de alta montana de Co lomshy
bia (en P6ramas y ecosistemas altoandinos de Colombia en condic i6n
hot spot and global climatic tensor) IDEAM Bogoto p 163-193 VANCE R E JJ C LAGE and RW MATHEWS 1993 Ho locene
paleohydro logy of a hypersaline lake in southeastern Alberta Journal of Paleolimnology 8 103-120 VAN G EEL B and I VAN DER HAMMEN 1973 Upper Quaternary
vegetationa l and climatic sequence of the Fuquene area Eastern Cordishy
llera Colombia Palaeogeography Palaeclimatology Palaeecology 14 9-92 VAN GEEL B J BUURMAN and HT WATERBOLK 1996 Archaeolog ical
and palaeoeco logica l indication of an abrupt climatic change in the
Netherlands and evidence for climatological teleconnections around
2650 BP Journal of Quaternary SCience 11 451-460 VAN GEEL B J VAN DER PLITCH MR KILIAN ER KLAVER JHM
KOWENBERG H RENSSEN I REYNAUD-FARRERA and H T
WATERBOLK 1998 Th e sharp rise of D lC ca 800 cal BC possib le
causes related climatic teleconnection and the impact on human
enviroments Proceedings of the 16th International 14 C Conference Radiocarbon 40 535-550 VAN GEEL B and H RENSSEN 1998 Abrupt climate change around
2650 BP in north-west Europe evidence for climatic teleconnection and
a tentative explanation In Slssar and N Brown (Eds) Water environment
and society in times of climatic change 21 -41 Kluwer Academic
Publishers Netherlands
VAN G EEL B OM RASPOPOV H RENSSEN J VAN DER PLITCH
vA DERGACHEV and HAJ MEIJER 1999 The role of solar forcing
upon cli matic change Quaternary Science Review 18 33 1-338 VAN GEEL B H RENSSEN and J VAN DER PLiTCH 2001 Evidence
from the post sola r forcing of climate change by way of cosmic rays
and l or by solar UV Proceding Workshop an lon- Aerosol - Cloud Interaction CERN 007 24 -29 VAN GEEL B cJ HEUSSER H RENSSEN and JE SC HUURMANS
2000 Climatic cha nge in Chile at around 2700 BP and g loba l ev idence
for solar forcing a Hypotesis Th e Holocene 105 659-664 VARESCHI v 1970 Fl ora de los P6ramos de Venezuela Talleres Groshy
ficos Universidad de los Andes Merida-Venezuela 425 p6gs
195
196
_ n~J I U~ -hJ VIIj
VELASQUEZ CA 1993 Atlas palinol ogico de fl ora vascular paramu na
de Colombia y sedimentacion pol inica reciente en poramos aledanos a
Bogota Tesis Ms C Universidad Nacional de Colombia Bogota
VELASQUEZ CA 1999 Anolisis polinico del nucleo Llano Grande
paramo de Frontino En Tardiglacio l y Holoceno de l norte de la Cordishy
ll era Occidenta l de Co lombia Ed Groficas Montoya Mede llin 236p
VELASQUEZ CA 1999 Sedimentacion polinica reciente en el paramo
de Frontino En Tardiglacial y Holoceno del norte de la Cord il lera Occishy
dental de Colombia Ed Groficas Montoya Medellin 236p
VELASQUEZ CA 1999 Atlas pa linologico de la flora vascular
paromuna de Colombia Angiospermae Ed Groficas Montoya
Medellin 173p
VELASQUEZ CA K CABRERA LN PARRA y JO RANGEL 2004
Aspectos metodologicos a tener en cuenta en estudios pa leoecologicos
de alta resolucion en los poramos andinos En JO Rangel J Aguirre
G Andrade y D Gira ldo (edsL Memorias Octavo Congreso latinoameshy
ricano y seg undo colombiano de Botonica p 76-95
VERSCHUREN D KR LAIRD and BF CUMMING 2000 Rainfall and
drought in equatorial east Africa during the past 1100 years Nature 403 410-413
VI LLALBA R RD DARRIGO ER COOK G WILES and G C JACOBY
1999 Decada l -scale climatic variabi lity along extra-tropical western
coast of America inferred from tree ring records In Markgraf V (EdsL
Present and Post Inter- Hemispheric Climatic Linkages in the Americas
and the Societal Effectes Academic Press New York in Press
WEST R G 1988 The record of the cold stages Philosophica l
Transactions of the Roya l Society London B318 505 - 522
WIJMSTRA TA S HOEKSTRA BJ DE VRIES and T VAN DER HAMMEN
1984 A pre liminary study of period icities in percentage curves doted by
pollen density Acto Botonico Neerlandica 33 (4) 547-557
WIJMSTRA TA A SMITH T VAN DER HAMMEN and B VAN GEEL
197 1 Vegetationa l succession funga l spores and short - term cyc les in
po ll en diagrams from the Wietmarscher Moor Acta Botanica Neerlandica 20(4) 401-4 10
WOILLARD G 1978 Grande Pile peat bog a continuous pollen reshy
cord for the last 140000 years Quaternary Research 9 1-21
ZHU K (Chu KL 1973 A preliminary study on the climatic fluctuations
during the last 5000 years in China Scientia Sinica 16 226-256
ANEXO Tabla para con version de onos rad iocarbono a
anos ca lendario (Stuiver et 01 1998) programo
CalPol (Cal Pal 2003)
197
198
Jl~ gtI 8 ~~ j~ _~~Q~ I )5)8dt-shy I 298el l ~ ~7J
~1li --shy -- shy~ ~cnJ tJ
7~~ 19371 iJ5 r~4i7l ~r t89S middot G
I bull
12161 n7
middot41shy 11
middot 10 ltunf ~ ~ I ~ ~ ~ 2466~ 1 1gtgt l1ii3i ~~l 2~middot5 1 4Q31)6 I ia~ ~73 Sl1~5 l - -_
~ 1~ ~~ I dOS f-=-shy -+ 0-=shymiddot2505 40548 middot 11145 3-4n1 middot117 2lI689 5US_ 24l27 0 1 8~7 d i S 11999 17 1393 1 middot4110 4010 eJ 835 35459 middot1165 ~1-49 ~ I 16~ ~ p25 11993 ~~ 371 4
I 246gt 39853 1 1825 ~ middot 1150 29191 -4B5 2433 8 17~ l a~J 835 11875 1495 351 I 2475 39987 middot1815 3507 6 I 45 ~ 1 075 24 121 185 18286 800 1204 8 -1505 ~ ( -2 65 394l 2 1 1805 3-4812 middot1135 29886 j--4b5 24302 195 1839 855 2033 515 ~
middot24gt5 31199 middot1795 35106 - 11 25 2$10 24448 20~ 16467 865 1194 1025 321 2 middot2445 39015 middot 1785 35202 -1115 29142 4~ 241114 215 1830 875 1192 1 151L ~ -2430 39021 middot 1775 3491 8 middot 1105 28977 -4 J~ lt4441 225 ~ 88~ 1181 I 1545 3099 middot2425 38962 -1765 34655 middotI 09S 291 4 -475 24285 235 16125 895 11363 ~S5 3185 -24 i5 39108 - 75 3-4169 middot 1085 29084 415 2441 245 17699 905 1 0979 1515_ 1327 8
middot 2~05 39052 -1 745 34618 1075 29055 -405 2311S3 2~~ 17676 915 11023 1571 13306 middot2395 38684 1735 3411 6 middot 10M 29007 -395 23176 265 17084 9~ 5 11403 15115 3337
middot23115 3672 2 725 33993 1055 29 14 -385 22838 275 17165 135 11406 1090 3406
middot2375 3896 -17 5 34 123 middot 104 5 28Sa2 -375 22543 2as 17559 945 I 1124 8 ~1-1365 4
-165 38981 -llOS 34326 middot1035 28779 middot365 ~ 295 17301 955 11262 1615 35 19
I -2355 39053 2l5 34303 025 28822 -355 22242 305 1769 4 J65 11021 1625 3344
middot2345 38758 -1685 33813 middot 015 2871 7 -345 21813 3 5 1770_6 9~ 1105-3 1635 3096 middot2335 38675 -1675 33295 middot 1005 ~i -335 21771 325 17272 985 1066 3 1640
1 2691
f 2325 38613 middot 1865 3379 -9l5 ~ -325 21766 335 17317 9 10564 ---gt5~-1242 8 -2315 38732 1655 33429 -935 2830 9 middot35 220V 34 5 16962 1005 10256 1665 2106
-2305 38594 middot1645 33758 -975 2829 3 -J05 ~ r-~~ 16972 015 10396 1675 1732 -2295 38508 -1 ~35 33494 middot965 21B52 middot295 2211 3 365 1687 2 1025 9771 685 Il85
middot22B5 382J5 middot1625 33-477 2-55 28247 middot285 2232 375 ~ 1Q35 9572 fi9S 1151
2210 38077 - 1615 33 1S9 middot94 5 28275 middot275 22329 gt81 168l 6 1()45 9229 17QL ~ middot2265 37928 middot1005 33 19 middot935 28075 middot262shy 22634 395 1672 1 05gt I 9238 L7L ~ -2lt55 38038 -L 511S 3l85 middot 92~ 2aotlA middot755 ~ 405 16636 106 9 17 5 ilL5 11 44
I -2245 311325 -1585 33022 J l ~ 277~6 middot 2~5 22276 4 l b 1645- 1 07~ 9041 1735 1535
~ 311211 A 1575 32949 middot90j ~ middot235 2237 3 425 1620 9 1085 91B8 J1~~ 105 1
middot2225 37986 1-585 33046 -a~5 27353 -225 21 8 13 ~3~ 15827 1095 9~~ 1165 ~ middot2215 36213 -155 33134 -aB5 2716 6 -215 22273 445 ~ 11 05 9436 1165 1715
1 middot2205 J8085 -1545 33139 il75 27403 middot205 21 95 455 168 13 1115 9425 1775 1665
t 21jl5 37527 I 535 33121 -805 274 13 middot185 21396 465 15743 1shy125 9125 1185_ ~ middot2185 37422 1525 32893 -855 27365 -185 21 82 I 475 15618 1135 9051 1795 2021 -2175 3751 middot151 5 3224 7 I -84 5 27407 -l5 ~1 48 3 4J5_ 15743 11 45 amp589 1805 168 2 middot21S5 3752 middot1 505 3224 6 BJS 27245 H6 21132 495 15707 1155 9291 1815 107~5
middot2155 37768 middot t495 3215 -825 26734 I 55 21056 505 15153 sect 8684 825 994 middot21 45 3764 2 -1 4a ~ 31868 ~e1~ ~-l 5 20997 ~ 15705 -11S 883-1 183L ug -21) 37 103 475 32136 -805 26482 -35 21006 525 1685 1185 8768 1l-1~ 2 middot2125 36g31 -]465 32198 -795 25842 middot125 21194 535 1555 1195 8532 18Sgt 1208
-2 115 36852 -145 32003 -r- 25453 115 21019 +-~~ 1504 6 205 869 1865 117 a AD BP AD BP BP 1[1 BP AD BP AD BP AD BP
-21Q~ 36 707 middot1 445 31928 -77 253M - 100 2091 555 15 19 1 15 8421 1 1~L Jll middot2095 36949 r2435 3181 1 -765 25358 middot95 ~ 565 14932 225 8046 ~gt --12L middot2085 3690J i 425 31464 755 2455 1 -8 20642 575 lli 1235 614 I 189gt 809 middot2075 37246 _1 415 31536 ~4 5 24554 1 middot75 lt0792 565 921 f--245 8033 1905 794
[i065 37124 405 31127 -735 2454 1 bull -65 20849 595 15034 ~55 8018 bull 191 5 ~ middot2055 37096 middot 1395 31053 -725 2454 -S5 ~ 805 14578 i 26~ 714 I 925 1381
middot20lt05 3706 2 1385 30828 -7 15 2461 -45 ~ 61~ ~ 1275 767 I 193~ 168
middot2035 38774 -1315 3075 705 24587 ~ 2007pound 6 14352 1285 7156 1945 1901
~25 36428 -1365 3034 ~ -a9~
~ ~ 203 11 635 14521 295 6846 19~ --L
middot2015 36389 -1355 3064 1 -685 2476 ~~ 2001 3 645 14111 1 3~i I 6235 j - -middot2005 3822 1345 3047 I I -sectyi 2524 5 20431 655 ~ 13 15 670 1
- 99 3644 9 1 30778 1 I middot665 24892 5 1985 3 I 665 1325 607 5 Imiddot1335 134 17 1 985 36648 middot1325 31047 1 -655 24705 I 15 2001 7 675 13293 335 566 middot1 975 36173 middot1315 3045lt1 -645 2480 25 1980 8 685 13177 134 5965 I
1965 38222 -1305 30371 1 ~3j 24914 3~ 1947S J95 12705 1305 624 I -1955 ~14 3 -1295 3035 6 625 2499 9 45 19865
+shy705 12942 U65 6235 I
-1945 36051 middot 285 30099 _6 15 24959 55 1954 715 1261 1 1375 6612
193$ 35822 1275 303-43 -605 25126 65 l i472 Gs 12561 1385 629
middot 192~ 3591 4 I 1265 30382 I middot595 25042 1 5 19296 I 735 1 250 4 1395 590 8
1 I -1255 297li L-565 I 24776 I ~J--
IfSeT 1IgUSI ~I Vel lt(1Utl lJt
~AOpound~~ ~r r ~ AO ~ At BP AD ~B- I( BP Ar ~ yilt1048 1 I B l I W 4 ~~+ 2lltiI- 1~2 7~lt~ -IU~ ~~
-lr~- 40211 + 3587 ~~ 29902L- ~r_ 2~JltjQ G 1~l 1~r_ ~~~ -11 L r~~ r~~~ a--lW-r~~_) middot - middot~2~~~~ l~ ~4-t~ o1 flL ~ 19081 fI- fI
199
VAN DER HAMMEN I J D PABON H GUTIERREZ y Jc ALARCON
2002 EI cambio g lobal y los ecosistemas de alta montana de Co lomshy
bia (en P6ramas y ecosistemas altoandinos de Colombia en condic i6n
hot spot and global climatic tensor) IDEAM Bogoto p 163-193 VANCE R E JJ C LAGE and RW MATHEWS 1993 Ho locene
paleohydro logy of a hypersaline lake in southeastern Alberta Journal of Paleolimnology 8 103-120 VAN G EEL B and I VAN DER HAMMEN 1973 Upper Quaternary
vegetationa l and climatic sequence of the Fuquene area Eastern Cordishy
llera Colombia Palaeogeography Palaeclimatology Palaeecology 14 9-92 VAN GEEL B J BUURMAN and HT WATERBOLK 1996 Archaeolog ical
and palaeoeco logica l indication of an abrupt climatic change in the
Netherlands and evidence for climatological teleconnections around
2650 BP Journal of Quaternary SCience 11 451-460 VAN GEEL B J VAN DER PLITCH MR KILIAN ER KLAVER JHM
KOWENBERG H RENSSEN I REYNAUD-FARRERA and H T
WATERBOLK 1998 Th e sharp rise of D lC ca 800 cal BC possib le
causes related climatic teleconnection and the impact on human
enviroments Proceedings of the 16th International 14 C Conference Radiocarbon 40 535-550 VAN GEEL B and H RENSSEN 1998 Abrupt climate change around
2650 BP in north-west Europe evidence for climatic teleconnection and
a tentative explanation In Slssar and N Brown (Eds) Water environment
and society in times of climatic change 21 -41 Kluwer Academic
Publishers Netherlands
VAN G EEL B OM RASPOPOV H RENSSEN J VAN DER PLITCH
vA DERGACHEV and HAJ MEIJER 1999 The role of solar forcing
upon cli matic change Quaternary Science Review 18 33 1-338 VAN GEEL B H RENSSEN and J VAN DER PLiTCH 2001 Evidence
from the post sola r forcing of climate change by way of cosmic rays
and l or by solar UV Proceding Workshop an lon- Aerosol - Cloud Interaction CERN 007 24 -29 VAN GEEL B cJ HEUSSER H RENSSEN and JE SC HUURMANS
2000 Climatic cha nge in Chile at around 2700 BP and g loba l ev idence
for solar forcing a Hypotesis Th e Holocene 105 659-664 VARESCHI v 1970 Fl ora de los P6ramos de Venezuela Talleres Groshy
ficos Universidad de los Andes Merida-Venezuela 425 p6gs
195
196
_ n~J I U~ -hJ VIIj
VELASQUEZ CA 1993 Atlas palinol ogico de fl ora vascular paramu na
de Colombia y sedimentacion pol inica reciente en poramos aledanos a
Bogota Tesis Ms C Universidad Nacional de Colombia Bogota
VELASQUEZ CA 1999 Anolisis polinico del nucleo Llano Grande
paramo de Frontino En Tardiglacio l y Holoceno de l norte de la Cordishy
ll era Occidenta l de Co lombia Ed Groficas Montoya Mede llin 236p
VELASQUEZ CA 1999 Sedimentacion polinica reciente en el paramo
de Frontino En Tardiglacial y Holoceno del norte de la Cord il lera Occishy
dental de Colombia Ed Groficas Montoya Medellin 236p
VELASQUEZ CA 1999 Atlas pa linologico de la flora vascular
paromuna de Colombia Angiospermae Ed Groficas Montoya
Medellin 173p
VELASQUEZ CA K CABRERA LN PARRA y JO RANGEL 2004
Aspectos metodologicos a tener en cuenta en estudios pa leoecologicos
de alta resolucion en los poramos andinos En JO Rangel J Aguirre
G Andrade y D Gira ldo (edsL Memorias Octavo Congreso latinoameshy
ricano y seg undo colombiano de Botonica p 76-95
VERSCHUREN D KR LAIRD and BF CUMMING 2000 Rainfall and
drought in equatorial east Africa during the past 1100 years Nature 403 410-413
VI LLALBA R RD DARRIGO ER COOK G WILES and G C JACOBY
1999 Decada l -scale climatic variabi lity along extra-tropical western
coast of America inferred from tree ring records In Markgraf V (EdsL
Present and Post Inter- Hemispheric Climatic Linkages in the Americas
and the Societal Effectes Academic Press New York in Press
WEST R G 1988 The record of the cold stages Philosophica l
Transactions of the Roya l Society London B318 505 - 522
WIJMSTRA TA S HOEKSTRA BJ DE VRIES and T VAN DER HAMMEN
1984 A pre liminary study of period icities in percentage curves doted by
pollen density Acto Botonico Neerlandica 33 (4) 547-557
WIJMSTRA TA A SMITH T VAN DER HAMMEN and B VAN GEEL
197 1 Vegetationa l succession funga l spores and short - term cyc les in
po ll en diagrams from the Wietmarscher Moor Acta Botanica Neerlandica 20(4) 401-4 10
WOILLARD G 1978 Grande Pile peat bog a continuous pollen reshy
cord for the last 140000 years Quaternary Research 9 1-21
ZHU K (Chu KL 1973 A preliminary study on the climatic fluctuations
during the last 5000 years in China Scientia Sinica 16 226-256
ANEXO Tabla para con version de onos rad iocarbono a
anos ca lendario (Stuiver et 01 1998) programo
CalPol (Cal Pal 2003)
197
198
Jl~ gtI 8 ~~ j~ _~~Q~ I )5)8dt-shy I 298el l ~ ~7J
~1li --shy -- shy~ ~cnJ tJ
7~~ 19371 iJ5 r~4i7l ~r t89S middot G
I bull
12161 n7
middot41shy 11
middot 10 ltunf ~ ~ I ~ ~ ~ 2466~ 1 1gtgt l1ii3i ~~l 2~middot5 1 4Q31)6 I ia~ ~73 Sl1~5 l - -_
~ 1~ ~~ I dOS f-=-shy -+ 0-=shymiddot2505 40548 middot 11145 3-4n1 middot117 2lI689 5US_ 24l27 0 1 8~7 d i S 11999 17 1393 1 middot4110 4010 eJ 835 35459 middot1165 ~1-49 ~ I 16~ ~ p25 11993 ~~ 371 4
I 246gt 39853 1 1825 ~ middot 1150 29191 -4B5 2433 8 17~ l a~J 835 11875 1495 351 I 2475 39987 middot1815 3507 6 I 45 ~ 1 075 24 121 185 18286 800 1204 8 -1505 ~ ( -2 65 394l 2 1 1805 3-4812 middot1135 29886 j--4b5 24302 195 1839 855 2033 515 ~
middot24gt5 31199 middot1795 35106 - 11 25 2$10 24448 20~ 16467 865 1194 1025 321 2 middot2445 39015 middot 1785 35202 -1115 29142 4~ 241114 215 1830 875 1192 1 151L ~ -2430 39021 middot 1775 3491 8 middot 1105 28977 -4 J~ lt4441 225 ~ 88~ 1181 I 1545 3099 middot2425 38962 -1765 34655 middotI 09S 291 4 -475 24285 235 16125 895 11363 ~S5 3185 -24 i5 39108 - 75 3-4169 middot 1085 29084 415 2441 245 17699 905 1 0979 1515_ 1327 8
middot 2~05 39052 -1 745 34618 1075 29055 -405 2311S3 2~~ 17676 915 11023 1571 13306 middot2395 38684 1735 3411 6 middot 10M 29007 -395 23176 265 17084 9~ 5 11403 15115 3337
middot23115 3672 2 725 33993 1055 29 14 -385 22838 275 17165 135 11406 1090 3406
middot2375 3896 -17 5 34 123 middot 104 5 28Sa2 -375 22543 2as 17559 945 I 1124 8 ~1-1365 4
-165 38981 -llOS 34326 middot1035 28779 middot365 ~ 295 17301 955 11262 1615 35 19
I -2355 39053 2l5 34303 025 28822 -355 22242 305 1769 4 J65 11021 1625 3344
middot2345 38758 -1685 33813 middot 015 2871 7 -345 21813 3 5 1770_6 9~ 1105-3 1635 3096 middot2335 38675 -1675 33295 middot 1005 ~i -335 21771 325 17272 985 1066 3 1640
1 2691
f 2325 38613 middot 1865 3379 -9l5 ~ -325 21766 335 17317 9 10564 ---gt5~-1242 8 -2315 38732 1655 33429 -935 2830 9 middot35 220V 34 5 16962 1005 10256 1665 2106
-2305 38594 middot1645 33758 -975 2829 3 -J05 ~ r-~~ 16972 015 10396 1675 1732 -2295 38508 -1 ~35 33494 middot965 21B52 middot295 2211 3 365 1687 2 1025 9771 685 Il85
middot22B5 382J5 middot1625 33-477 2-55 28247 middot285 2232 375 ~ 1Q35 9572 fi9S 1151
2210 38077 - 1615 33 1S9 middot94 5 28275 middot275 22329 gt81 168l 6 1()45 9229 17QL ~ middot2265 37928 middot1005 33 19 middot935 28075 middot262shy 22634 395 1672 1 05gt I 9238 L7L ~ -2lt55 38038 -L 511S 3l85 middot 92~ 2aotlA middot755 ~ 405 16636 106 9 17 5 ilL5 11 44
I -2245 311325 -1585 33022 J l ~ 277~6 middot 2~5 22276 4 l b 1645- 1 07~ 9041 1735 1535
~ 311211 A 1575 32949 middot90j ~ middot235 2237 3 425 1620 9 1085 91B8 J1~~ 105 1
middot2225 37986 1-585 33046 -a~5 27353 -225 21 8 13 ~3~ 15827 1095 9~~ 1165 ~ middot2215 36213 -155 33134 -aB5 2716 6 -215 22273 445 ~ 11 05 9436 1165 1715
1 middot2205 J8085 -1545 33139 il75 27403 middot205 21 95 455 168 13 1115 9425 1775 1665
t 21jl5 37527 I 535 33121 -805 274 13 middot185 21396 465 15743 1shy125 9125 1185_ ~ middot2185 37422 1525 32893 -855 27365 -185 21 82 I 475 15618 1135 9051 1795 2021 -2175 3751 middot151 5 3224 7 I -84 5 27407 -l5 ~1 48 3 4J5_ 15743 11 45 amp589 1805 168 2 middot21S5 3752 middot1 505 3224 6 BJS 27245 H6 21132 495 15707 1155 9291 1815 107~5
middot2155 37768 middot t495 3215 -825 26734 I 55 21056 505 15153 sect 8684 825 994 middot21 45 3764 2 -1 4a ~ 31868 ~e1~ ~-l 5 20997 ~ 15705 -11S 883-1 183L ug -21) 37 103 475 32136 -805 26482 -35 21006 525 1685 1185 8768 1l-1~ 2 middot2125 36g31 -]465 32198 -795 25842 middot125 21194 535 1555 1195 8532 18Sgt 1208
-2 115 36852 -145 32003 -r- 25453 115 21019 +-~~ 1504 6 205 869 1865 117 a AD BP AD BP BP 1[1 BP AD BP AD BP AD BP
-21Q~ 36 707 middot1 445 31928 -77 253M - 100 2091 555 15 19 1 15 8421 1 1~L Jll middot2095 36949 r2435 3181 1 -765 25358 middot95 ~ 565 14932 225 8046 ~gt --12L middot2085 3690J i 425 31464 755 2455 1 -8 20642 575 lli 1235 614 I 189gt 809 middot2075 37246 _1 415 31536 ~4 5 24554 1 middot75 lt0792 565 921 f--245 8033 1905 794
[i065 37124 405 31127 -735 2454 1 bull -65 20849 595 15034 ~55 8018 bull 191 5 ~ middot2055 37096 middot 1395 31053 -725 2454 -S5 ~ 805 14578 i 26~ 714 I 925 1381
middot20lt05 3706 2 1385 30828 -7 15 2461 -45 ~ 61~ ~ 1275 767 I 193~ 168
middot2035 38774 -1315 3075 705 24587 ~ 2007pound 6 14352 1285 7156 1945 1901
~25 36428 -1365 3034 ~ -a9~
~ ~ 203 11 635 14521 295 6846 19~ --L
middot2015 36389 -1355 3064 1 -685 2476 ~~ 2001 3 645 14111 1 3~i I 6235 j - -middot2005 3822 1345 3047 I I -sectyi 2524 5 20431 655 ~ 13 15 670 1
- 99 3644 9 1 30778 1 I middot665 24892 5 1985 3 I 665 1325 607 5 Imiddot1335 134 17 1 985 36648 middot1325 31047 1 -655 24705 I 15 2001 7 675 13293 335 566 middot1 975 36173 middot1315 3045lt1 -645 2480 25 1980 8 685 13177 134 5965 I
1965 38222 -1305 30371 1 ~3j 24914 3~ 1947S J95 12705 1305 624 I -1955 ~14 3 -1295 3035 6 625 2499 9 45 19865
+shy705 12942 U65 6235 I
-1945 36051 middot 285 30099 _6 15 24959 55 1954 715 1261 1 1375 6612
193$ 35822 1275 303-43 -605 25126 65 l i472 Gs 12561 1385 629
middot 192~ 3591 4 I 1265 30382 I middot595 25042 1 5 19296 I 735 1 250 4 1395 590 8
1 I -1255 297li L-565 I 24776 I ~J--
IfSeT 1IgUSI ~I Vel lt(1Utl lJt
~AOpound~~ ~r r ~ AO ~ At BP AD ~B- I( BP Ar ~ yilt1048 1 I B l I W 4 ~~+ 2lltiI- 1~2 7~lt~ -IU~ ~~
-lr~- 40211 + 3587 ~~ 29902L- ~r_ 2~JltjQ G 1~l 1~r_ ~~~ -11 L r~~ r~~~ a--lW-r~~_) middot - middot~2~~~~ l~ ~4-t~ o1 flL ~ 19081 fI- fI
199
196
_ n~J I U~ -hJ VIIj
VELASQUEZ CA 1993 Atlas palinol ogico de fl ora vascular paramu na
de Colombia y sedimentacion pol inica reciente en poramos aledanos a
Bogota Tesis Ms C Universidad Nacional de Colombia Bogota
VELASQUEZ CA 1999 Anolisis polinico del nucleo Llano Grande
paramo de Frontino En Tardiglacio l y Holoceno de l norte de la Cordishy
ll era Occidenta l de Co lombia Ed Groficas Montoya Mede llin 236p
VELASQUEZ CA 1999 Sedimentacion polinica reciente en el paramo
de Frontino En Tardiglacial y Holoceno del norte de la Cord il lera Occishy
dental de Colombia Ed Groficas Montoya Medellin 236p
VELASQUEZ CA 1999 Atlas pa linologico de la flora vascular
paromuna de Colombia Angiospermae Ed Groficas Montoya
Medellin 173p
VELASQUEZ CA K CABRERA LN PARRA y JO RANGEL 2004
Aspectos metodologicos a tener en cuenta en estudios pa leoecologicos
de alta resolucion en los poramos andinos En JO Rangel J Aguirre
G Andrade y D Gira ldo (edsL Memorias Octavo Congreso latinoameshy
ricano y seg undo colombiano de Botonica p 76-95
VERSCHUREN D KR LAIRD and BF CUMMING 2000 Rainfall and
drought in equatorial east Africa during the past 1100 years Nature 403 410-413
VI LLALBA R RD DARRIGO ER COOK G WILES and G C JACOBY
1999 Decada l -scale climatic variabi lity along extra-tropical western
coast of America inferred from tree ring records In Markgraf V (EdsL
Present and Post Inter- Hemispheric Climatic Linkages in the Americas
and the Societal Effectes Academic Press New York in Press
WEST R G 1988 The record of the cold stages Philosophica l
Transactions of the Roya l Society London B318 505 - 522
WIJMSTRA TA S HOEKSTRA BJ DE VRIES and T VAN DER HAMMEN
1984 A pre liminary study of period icities in percentage curves doted by
pollen density Acto Botonico Neerlandica 33 (4) 547-557
WIJMSTRA TA A SMITH T VAN DER HAMMEN and B VAN GEEL
197 1 Vegetationa l succession funga l spores and short - term cyc les in
po ll en diagrams from the Wietmarscher Moor Acta Botanica Neerlandica 20(4) 401-4 10
WOILLARD G 1978 Grande Pile peat bog a continuous pollen reshy
cord for the last 140000 years Quaternary Research 9 1-21
ZHU K (Chu KL 1973 A preliminary study on the climatic fluctuations
during the last 5000 years in China Scientia Sinica 16 226-256
ANEXO Tabla para con version de onos rad iocarbono a
anos ca lendario (Stuiver et 01 1998) programo
CalPol (Cal Pal 2003)
197
198
Jl~ gtI 8 ~~ j~ _~~Q~ I )5)8dt-shy I 298el l ~ ~7J
~1li --shy -- shy~ ~cnJ tJ
7~~ 19371 iJ5 r~4i7l ~r t89S middot G
I bull
12161 n7
middot41shy 11
middot 10 ltunf ~ ~ I ~ ~ ~ 2466~ 1 1gtgt l1ii3i ~~l 2~middot5 1 4Q31)6 I ia~ ~73 Sl1~5 l - -_
~ 1~ ~~ I dOS f-=-shy -+ 0-=shymiddot2505 40548 middot 11145 3-4n1 middot117 2lI689 5US_ 24l27 0 1 8~7 d i S 11999 17 1393 1 middot4110 4010 eJ 835 35459 middot1165 ~1-49 ~ I 16~ ~ p25 11993 ~~ 371 4
I 246gt 39853 1 1825 ~ middot 1150 29191 -4B5 2433 8 17~ l a~J 835 11875 1495 351 I 2475 39987 middot1815 3507 6 I 45 ~ 1 075 24 121 185 18286 800 1204 8 -1505 ~ ( -2 65 394l 2 1 1805 3-4812 middot1135 29886 j--4b5 24302 195 1839 855 2033 515 ~
middot24gt5 31199 middot1795 35106 - 11 25 2$10 24448 20~ 16467 865 1194 1025 321 2 middot2445 39015 middot 1785 35202 -1115 29142 4~ 241114 215 1830 875 1192 1 151L ~ -2430 39021 middot 1775 3491 8 middot 1105 28977 -4 J~ lt4441 225 ~ 88~ 1181 I 1545 3099 middot2425 38962 -1765 34655 middotI 09S 291 4 -475 24285 235 16125 895 11363 ~S5 3185 -24 i5 39108 - 75 3-4169 middot 1085 29084 415 2441 245 17699 905 1 0979 1515_ 1327 8
middot 2~05 39052 -1 745 34618 1075 29055 -405 2311S3 2~~ 17676 915 11023 1571 13306 middot2395 38684 1735 3411 6 middot 10M 29007 -395 23176 265 17084 9~ 5 11403 15115 3337
middot23115 3672 2 725 33993 1055 29 14 -385 22838 275 17165 135 11406 1090 3406
middot2375 3896 -17 5 34 123 middot 104 5 28Sa2 -375 22543 2as 17559 945 I 1124 8 ~1-1365 4
-165 38981 -llOS 34326 middot1035 28779 middot365 ~ 295 17301 955 11262 1615 35 19
I -2355 39053 2l5 34303 025 28822 -355 22242 305 1769 4 J65 11021 1625 3344
middot2345 38758 -1685 33813 middot 015 2871 7 -345 21813 3 5 1770_6 9~ 1105-3 1635 3096 middot2335 38675 -1675 33295 middot 1005 ~i -335 21771 325 17272 985 1066 3 1640
1 2691
f 2325 38613 middot 1865 3379 -9l5 ~ -325 21766 335 17317 9 10564 ---gt5~-1242 8 -2315 38732 1655 33429 -935 2830 9 middot35 220V 34 5 16962 1005 10256 1665 2106
-2305 38594 middot1645 33758 -975 2829 3 -J05 ~ r-~~ 16972 015 10396 1675 1732 -2295 38508 -1 ~35 33494 middot965 21B52 middot295 2211 3 365 1687 2 1025 9771 685 Il85
middot22B5 382J5 middot1625 33-477 2-55 28247 middot285 2232 375 ~ 1Q35 9572 fi9S 1151
2210 38077 - 1615 33 1S9 middot94 5 28275 middot275 22329 gt81 168l 6 1()45 9229 17QL ~ middot2265 37928 middot1005 33 19 middot935 28075 middot262shy 22634 395 1672 1 05gt I 9238 L7L ~ -2lt55 38038 -L 511S 3l85 middot 92~ 2aotlA middot755 ~ 405 16636 106 9 17 5 ilL5 11 44
I -2245 311325 -1585 33022 J l ~ 277~6 middot 2~5 22276 4 l b 1645- 1 07~ 9041 1735 1535
~ 311211 A 1575 32949 middot90j ~ middot235 2237 3 425 1620 9 1085 91B8 J1~~ 105 1
middot2225 37986 1-585 33046 -a~5 27353 -225 21 8 13 ~3~ 15827 1095 9~~ 1165 ~ middot2215 36213 -155 33134 -aB5 2716 6 -215 22273 445 ~ 11 05 9436 1165 1715
1 middot2205 J8085 -1545 33139 il75 27403 middot205 21 95 455 168 13 1115 9425 1775 1665
t 21jl5 37527 I 535 33121 -805 274 13 middot185 21396 465 15743 1shy125 9125 1185_ ~ middot2185 37422 1525 32893 -855 27365 -185 21 82 I 475 15618 1135 9051 1795 2021 -2175 3751 middot151 5 3224 7 I -84 5 27407 -l5 ~1 48 3 4J5_ 15743 11 45 amp589 1805 168 2 middot21S5 3752 middot1 505 3224 6 BJS 27245 H6 21132 495 15707 1155 9291 1815 107~5
middot2155 37768 middot t495 3215 -825 26734 I 55 21056 505 15153 sect 8684 825 994 middot21 45 3764 2 -1 4a ~ 31868 ~e1~ ~-l 5 20997 ~ 15705 -11S 883-1 183L ug -21) 37 103 475 32136 -805 26482 -35 21006 525 1685 1185 8768 1l-1~ 2 middot2125 36g31 -]465 32198 -795 25842 middot125 21194 535 1555 1195 8532 18Sgt 1208
-2 115 36852 -145 32003 -r- 25453 115 21019 +-~~ 1504 6 205 869 1865 117 a AD BP AD BP BP 1[1 BP AD BP AD BP AD BP
-21Q~ 36 707 middot1 445 31928 -77 253M - 100 2091 555 15 19 1 15 8421 1 1~L Jll middot2095 36949 r2435 3181 1 -765 25358 middot95 ~ 565 14932 225 8046 ~gt --12L middot2085 3690J i 425 31464 755 2455 1 -8 20642 575 lli 1235 614 I 189gt 809 middot2075 37246 _1 415 31536 ~4 5 24554 1 middot75 lt0792 565 921 f--245 8033 1905 794
[i065 37124 405 31127 -735 2454 1 bull -65 20849 595 15034 ~55 8018 bull 191 5 ~ middot2055 37096 middot 1395 31053 -725 2454 -S5 ~ 805 14578 i 26~ 714 I 925 1381
middot20lt05 3706 2 1385 30828 -7 15 2461 -45 ~ 61~ ~ 1275 767 I 193~ 168
middot2035 38774 -1315 3075 705 24587 ~ 2007pound 6 14352 1285 7156 1945 1901
~25 36428 -1365 3034 ~ -a9~
~ ~ 203 11 635 14521 295 6846 19~ --L
middot2015 36389 -1355 3064 1 -685 2476 ~~ 2001 3 645 14111 1 3~i I 6235 j - -middot2005 3822 1345 3047 I I -sectyi 2524 5 20431 655 ~ 13 15 670 1
- 99 3644 9 1 30778 1 I middot665 24892 5 1985 3 I 665 1325 607 5 Imiddot1335 134 17 1 985 36648 middot1325 31047 1 -655 24705 I 15 2001 7 675 13293 335 566 middot1 975 36173 middot1315 3045lt1 -645 2480 25 1980 8 685 13177 134 5965 I
1965 38222 -1305 30371 1 ~3j 24914 3~ 1947S J95 12705 1305 624 I -1955 ~14 3 -1295 3035 6 625 2499 9 45 19865
+shy705 12942 U65 6235 I
-1945 36051 middot 285 30099 _6 15 24959 55 1954 715 1261 1 1375 6612
193$ 35822 1275 303-43 -605 25126 65 l i472 Gs 12561 1385 629
middot 192~ 3591 4 I 1265 30382 I middot595 25042 1 5 19296 I 735 1 250 4 1395 590 8
1 I -1255 297li L-565 I 24776 I ~J--
IfSeT 1IgUSI ~I Vel lt(1Utl lJt
~AOpound~~ ~r r ~ AO ~ At BP AD ~B- I( BP Ar ~ yilt1048 1 I B l I W 4 ~~+ 2lltiI- 1~2 7~lt~ -IU~ ~~
-lr~- 40211 + 3587 ~~ 29902L- ~r_ 2~JltjQ G 1~l 1~r_ ~~~ -11 L r~~ r~~~ a--lW-r~~_) middot - middot~2~~~~ l~ ~4-t~ o1 flL ~ 19081 fI- fI
199
ANEXO Tabla para con version de onos rad iocarbono a
anos ca lendario (Stuiver et 01 1998) programo
CalPol (Cal Pal 2003)
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1 middot2205 J8085 -1545 33139 il75 27403 middot205 21 95 455 168 13 1115 9425 1775 1665
t 21jl5 37527 I 535 33121 -805 274 13 middot185 21396 465 15743 1shy125 9125 1185_ ~ middot2185 37422 1525 32893 -855 27365 -185 21 82 I 475 15618 1135 9051 1795 2021 -2175 3751 middot151 5 3224 7 I -84 5 27407 -l5 ~1 48 3 4J5_ 15743 11 45 amp589 1805 168 2 middot21S5 3752 middot1 505 3224 6 BJS 27245 H6 21132 495 15707 1155 9291 1815 107~5
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middot20lt05 3706 2 1385 30828 -7 15 2461 -45 ~ 61~ ~ 1275 767 I 193~ 168
middot2035 38774 -1315 3075 705 24587 ~ 2007pound 6 14352 1285 7156 1945 1901
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middot22B5 382J5 middot1625 33-477 2-55 28247 middot285 2232 375 ~ 1Q35 9572 fi9S 1151
2210 38077 - 1615 33 1S9 middot94 5 28275 middot275 22329 gt81 168l 6 1()45 9229 17QL ~ middot2265 37928 middot1005 33 19 middot935 28075 middot262shy 22634 395 1672 1 05gt I 9238 L7L ~ -2lt55 38038 -L 511S 3l85 middot 92~ 2aotlA middot755 ~ 405 16636 106 9 17 5 ilL5 11 44
I -2245 311325 -1585 33022 J l ~ 277~6 middot 2~5 22276 4 l b 1645- 1 07~ 9041 1735 1535
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1 middot2205 J8085 -1545 33139 il75 27403 middot205 21 95 455 168 13 1115 9425 1775 1665
t 21jl5 37527 I 535 33121 -805 274 13 middot185 21396 465 15743 1shy125 9125 1185_ ~ middot2185 37422 1525 32893 -855 27365 -185 21 82 I 475 15618 1135 9051 1795 2021 -2175 3751 middot151 5 3224 7 I -84 5 27407 -l5 ~1 48 3 4J5_ 15743 11 45 amp589 1805 168 2 middot21S5 3752 middot1 505 3224 6 BJS 27245 H6 21132 495 15707 1155 9291 1815 107~5
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middot20lt05 3706 2 1385 30828 -7 15 2461 -45 ~ 61~ ~ 1275 767 I 193~ 168
middot2035 38774 -1315 3075 705 24587 ~ 2007pound 6 14352 1285 7156 1945 1901
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