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System Circulatoria
Suwarno,M.Si
P. Biologi FKIPUNS
20141
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Bahan diskusi:
- na!o"i #an!ung dan $%"&uluh darah
- Fisiologi 'an!ung- K%lainan $ada #an!ung
2
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Systema Circulatoria
(Sis!%" P%r%daran (
M%ru$akan "%kanis"% dala" !u&uh h%wan )ang"%lakukan !rans$or! &%r&agai su&s!ansia, &aik)ang :
$%rlu di&agi-&agikan k% s%!ia$ s%l !u&uh,"au$un )ang :
harus diku"$ulkan dari &agian-&agian !u&uh
un!uk di&uang &aik s%*ara langsung "au$un"%lalui ala!-ala!+saluran+saluran !%r!%n!u )ang"%nu#u k%luar
3
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Sistem peredaran, !%rdiri dari :
Sis!%" $%r%daran darah :S)s!%"a *ardioas*ular%, !.d.: #an!ung, ar!%ria, %na%,asa *a$illaria, darah(
Sis!%" $%r%daran li"% :S)s!%"a l)"$ha!i*u", !.d.: saluran-saluran l)"$h%,
l)"$h%(
4
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na!o"i 'an!ung
B%sarn)a s%k%$alan !angan
5%!ak:
- Su$%rior diarag"a
- S%&%lah kiri a6is "idlin% ( !u&uh
- an!%rior !ulang &%lakang dan $os!%rior
!ulang dada
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na!o"i 'an!ung
7
Figure 18.1
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5a)%rs o $%ri*ardiu" and h%ar! wall
9
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M)o*ardial Ph)siolog)
!o! #an!ung "%"iliki sia!sinsisu"
M%"iliki dis*us in!%r*alaris
M%"&ran an!ar s%ra&u! o!o!"%"&%n!uk9!igh! #un*!ion9
normal contractile
myocardial cell
conduction myofibers
SA node cell
AV node cells
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Po!%nsial ksi $ada !o!
'an!ung Po!%nsial "%"&ran% is!iraha! o!o! #an!ung nor"al -0 ; -10< "
Po!%nsial aksi $ada %n!rik%l !%r*a!a! 10< " "%ningka! dras!is(
Kon!raksi o!o! #an!ung l%&ih la"a dari$ada o!o! rangka:
1. /iusi ion kalsiu" dala" #u"lah &%sar s%la"a $o!%nsi aksi dan $ada
o!o! rangka han)a s%diki!
2. Kar%na k%l%&ihan ion kalsiu" )ang "asuk s%g%ra $%r"%a&ili!as
"%"&ran% !%rhada$ ion kaliu" !urun dras!i* dan ini !idak !%r#adi
$ada o!o! rangka
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12
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Vena "%ngangku! darah k% #an!ung di"ulai dari ka$il%r(
/inding kurang &%ro!o! dan kurang %las!is =uni*a "%dia !i$is(, l%&ih
&an)ak s%ra&u! *ollag%n kurang da$a! "%ng%"&ang dan "%n)%"$i!
=uni*a ad%n!i!ia &%rk%"&ang &aik
>%na !%rk%*il )ang di"ulai dari ka$il%r ? %nula
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5an#u!an
a. Vena tepi : terletak langsung dibawah kulit, berhubungandi suatu titik sebelum masuk ke vena yang lebih besar
(vena cava)
b. Vena kepala dan leher :
vena jugularis interna (kanan dan kiri) : berisi darah
dari tengkorak bagian dalam, juga menerima dari vena
lingualis dan tiroidalis vena jugularis externa (kanan dan kiri) : berasal dari
wajah dan telinga
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c. Vena extremitas superior
Vena kecil-kecil dalam telapak tangan mengalir ke dalam vena
mediana bercabang menjadi :vena basilika mediana
vena se!alika mediana
d. Vena extremitas in!erior :
vena sa!ena magna : merupakan vena yang terbesar
dari vena extremitas in!erior, mulai dari sebelah
medial dorsal kaki vena sa!ena parva : lebih pendek, dimulai dari sisi
lateral kaki
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e. Vena di dalam pelvis dan abdomen
Vena !emoralis berjalan ke atas masuk ke pelvis menjadi vena
vena iliaka komunis yang menyalurkan darah dari organ-organdalam pelvis
!. Vena pada thorax : termasuk kelompok vena a"igos (vena yang
menerima dari vena bronchial, vena mamilaris) bergabungdalam vena cava superior
g. Vena coronaria : menerima darah setelah mendarahi jantung,
dikumpulkan oleh sinus coronaria dan langsung masuk ke
atrium dexter
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@%la!i% !hi*kn%ss o "us*ular walls
17
LV thicker than RV because it forces blood out against more resistance; the
sstemic circulation is much longer than the !ulmonar circulation
"tria are thin because #entricular filling is done b gra#it$ re%uiring little atrial effort
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P%r%daran /arah Aanda
>alula $ada #an!ung "anusia :
µ >alula !ri*us$idalis a!riu" d%6!ru" dan%n!rik%l d%6!%r(
µ >alula &i*us$idalis a!riu" sinis!ru" dan
%n!rik%l sinis!%r( "%n*%gah darahk%"&ali k% a!riu" &ila %n!rik%l kon!raksi
µ >alula s%"ilunaris &asis ar!%ria
$ul"onalis dan aor!a( &%n!uk s%$%r!i
kan!ong "%n*%gah aliran darah k%"&ali
k% %n!rik%l
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Kerja Jantung
Bila a!riu" d%6!ru" kon!raksi alula !ri*us$idalis
"%"&uka darah "asuk k% %n!rik%l d%6!%r
>%n!rik%l d%6!%r kon!raksi alula s%"ilunaris
"%"&uka darah k% ar!%ria $ul"onalis k% $ul"o
/arah dari $ul"o &%r 2( %na $ul"onalis alula
&i*us$idalis "%"&uka darah "asuk %n!rik%l sinis!%r
alula s%"ilunaris "%"&uka darah k% aor!a
ar!%ria ar!%riola ka$il%r s%luruh !u&uh
2&
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21
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ardia* )*l%Phas%s S)s!ol% ? $%riod o *on!ra*!ion
/ias!ol% ? $%riod o r%la6a!ion
ardia* )*l% is al!%rna!ing $%riods o s)s!ol% anddias!ol%
Phas%s o !h% *ardia* *)*l%
1. @%s!
Bo!h a!ria and %n!ri*l%s in dias!ol%
Blood is illing &o!h a!ria and %n!ri*l%s du% !o low $r%ssur%
*ondi!ions2. !rial S)s!ol%
o"$l%!%s %n!ri*ular illing
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ardia* )*l%Phas%s Phas%s o !h% *ardia* *)*l%
4. >%n!ri*ular 8#%*!ion
In!ra%n!ri*ular $r%ssur% o%r*o"%s aor!i* $r%ssur%
S%"ilunar al%s o$%n
Blood is %#%*!%d
<. Isoolu"%!ri* >%n!ri*ular @%la6a!ion
In!ra%n!ri*ular $r%ssur% dro$s &%low aor!i* $r%ssur%
S%"ilunar al%s *los% ? s%*ond h%ar! sound du$(Pr%ssur% s!ill hasnC! dro$$%d %nough !o o$%n > al%s so
olu"% r%"ains sa"% isoolu"%!ri*(
Ba*k !o !rial D >%n!ri*ular /ias!ol%
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Pada %r!%&ra!a a!au %"&rio %r!%&ra!a, &%&%ra$a %na
s%&%lu" k%"&ali k% #an!ung singgah dulu k% sua!u
organ "%"&%n!uk an)a"an ka$il%r k%"udian k%luar
"%n#adi %na &aru, "%nu#u #an!ung sis!%" $or!a
da 7 sis!%" $or!a:' Sis!%" Por!a %$a!is, organ : %$ar
' Sis!%" Por!a @%nalis, organ : @%n
' Sis!%" Por!a i$oisialis, organ : i$oisis
Sis!%" $or!a r%nalis han)a ada $ada ikan dan ka!ak.
Pada r%$!il, &urung, "a"al sis!%" !%rs%&u! ada $ada
saa! $%rk%"&angan %"&rio
28
(istem )orta *(stema )ortae+
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Sis!%" Por!a $ada >%r!%&ra!a
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3&
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Kecepatan Aliran Darah liran darah dala" aor!a 70 *"+d!k( ? 1000 6 l%&ih *%$a!
dari $ada di ka$il%r 0,02G*"+d!k(
liran darah dl" ar!%ri dr #an!ung( l%&ih *%$a! dari aliran
dala" %na k% #an!ung(
liran darah ar!%ri dis%&a&kan ol%h !%kanan $o"$a #an!ung(
liran darah $ada h%wan : s&g aki&a! dr k%r#a o!o! ka$an sa#a
ki!a &%rg%rak o!o! rangka "%n%kan %na darah "%ngalir,
adan)a ka!u$ %na darah han)a "%ngalir k% sa!u arah
#an!ung
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PENYAKIT JANTUNGKORONER (PJK)
CORONARY HEART DISEASE
(CHD)
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P S' HNA =8@MSUK P8NHKI= 'N=UNA
/N P8MBU5U /@
J P%n)aki! 'an!ung Koron%r
J S%rangan 'an!ung
J P%n)aki! 'an!ung @h%u"a!ik
J !%roskl%rosis
J S!rok%
J i$%r!%nsi
J Aagal 'an!ung
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/8FINISIPenyakit Jantung Koroner
adalah $%n)aki! aki&a! $%n)%"$i!an a!au $%n)u"&a!an $%"&uluh nadikoron%r aki&a! adan)a %nda$an l%"ak kol%s!%rol, !riglis%rida( s%hingga
"%ngaki&a!kan su$lai darah k% #an!ung !%rganggu dan "%"i*u s%rangan
#an!ung.
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Fak!or @%siko P'K
Kurang aktivitas fisik
i$%r!%nsi
5%"ak !u&uh &%rl%&ih
Kol%s!%rol /5 r%ndah
Kol%s!%rol 5/5 "%ningka!=riglis%rida "%ningka!.
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. Fak!or @%siko P'K
/ia&%!%s
8KA )ang a&nor"al
P%rokok
S!r%ss
@iwa)a! Pada K%luarga
U"ur
'%nis K%la"in
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am!aran Distri!usi PJK a. 5%&ih &an)ak $ada "as)araka! n%gara &%rk%"&ang
di&andingkan n%gara s%dang &%rk%"&ang
&. 5%&ih &an)ak di!%"ukan di$%rko!aan dari$ada $%d%saan
*. 5%&ih &an)ak "%ng%nai golongan "as)araka! sosial%kono"i "%n%gah k%a!as di&andingkan sosial %kolo"i
r%ndah. d. 5%&ih &an)ak "%ng%nai $ria dari$ada wani!a, na"un
)ang "a!i &an)ak wani!a. Insid%n P'K $ada $ria ? <-6l%&ih &an)ak di&andingkan $ada wani!a !%!a$i s%!%lah"%no$aus% $%r&%daan &%rkurang.
%. M%ninggi s%!%lah u"ur 40 !ahun. @isiko !inggi sudah!%r#adi #ika "%"asuki u"ur <0 !ahun.
. 5%&ih &an)ak )ang "a!i dari$ada )ang s%la"a!
j k i
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Panjang Ikat Pinggang
Mencerminkan Kadar KOLESTEROL!
Kolesterol LDL = “kolesterol jahat “
Kolesterol HDL = “kolesterol baik”
Kolesterol LDL = “kolesterol jahat “Kolesterol HDL = “kolesterol baik”
Semakin panjang ikat pinggang :→ semakin banyak lemak di perut•
Semakin tinggi kadar kol. LDL ( > 130)• Semakin rendah kadar kol. HDL ( !" )
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A%#ala
N)%ri dada, dan "%n#alar hingga k% l%ngan kiri, l%h%r
&ahkan "%n%"&us k% $unggung.
@asa !%r!%kan di!i"$a &%&an, saki!, !%r#%$i!,@asa !%r!%kan di!i"$a &%&an, saki!, !%r#%$i!,
di$%ras, !%r&akar( di dadadi$%ras, !%r&akar( di dada
N)%ri khas P'K &iasan)a akan !i"&ul a$a&ila s%dang
&%rak!ii!as dan akan &%rkurang #ika &%ris!iraha!.
K%suli!an &%rnaas !%r*%kik a!au s%sak(
=i"&ul k%ringa! dingin @asa "ual
Dimana Rasa NyeriDimana Rasa Nyeri
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Dimana Rasa NyeriDimana Rasa Nyeri
Dirasakan??Dirasakan??
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P%n*%gahan
M%n%ra$kan $ola hidu$ s%ha!
@a#in &%rolah raga
Kon!rol kadar kol%s!%rol dan!riglis%rida
P # $ G &id
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Per"#a$an Ga%a &id"'Per"#a$an Ga%a &id"'
- DIET -- DIET -t"r"nt"r"n
k k
aa
nn
#erat #adan#erat #adan
k e a * t re *k e a * t re *
a$a$
ragaraga
tera+tera+
t"rt"r
SS
TT
OO
PP
merkk merkk renda$ garamrenda$ garam
'er#an%ak #"a$+*a%"r'er#an%ak #"a$+*a%"r
,k"rangi ak$k"rangi ak$
renda$ ke*terrenda$ ke*ter
emak jen"$emak jen"$
K d k l l
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Kandungan kol%s!%rol#. $ategori %ehat
K d k l ! l
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Kandungan kol%s!%rol B. Ka!%gori ha!i-ha!i
Kandungan kol%s!%rol
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Kandungan kol%s!%rol
. Ka!%gori &%r&aha)a
!%roskl%rosis
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!%roskl%rosis
Atherosklerosis adalah keadaan pengerasandinding pem!uluh darah"
Pros%s !%r#adin)a a!%roskl%rosis:
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i ! i
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i$%r!%nsi
i$%r!%nsi adalah k%adaan $%ningka!an!%kanan darah )ang "%"&%ri g%#ala )angakan &%rlan#u! un!uk sua!u !arg%! organs%$%r!i s!rok% o!ak(, $%n)aki! #an!ungkoron%r $%"&uluh darah #an!ung( dan
hi$%r!roi %n!rik%l kiri un!uk o!o! #an!ung(.=/S L 140 ""g=// L 0 ""gi$%r!%nsi di&agi a!as :
1. i$%r!%nsi %s%nsial
2. i$%r!%nsi s%kund%r
M l h i ! i
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Masalah i$%r!%nsi
Pr%al%nsi G-1< $ada orang d%wasa. Pr%al%nsi "%ningka!"%nuru! usia.
<0 $%nd%ri!a !idak "%n)adari dirin)a s%&agai $%nd%ri!ahi$%r!%nsi s%hingga *%nd%rung "%n#adi hi$%r!%nsi &%ra!.
0 adalah hi$%r!%nsi ringan )ang &an)ak dia&aikan
s%hingga "%n#adi hi$%r!%nsi &%ra! "aligna(. 0 hi$%r!%nsi %s%nsial
A%#ala dan Fak!or @isiko i$%r!%nsi
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A%#ala dan Fak!or @isiko i$%r!%nsi
ejala: #aktor $isiko
%ipertensi1. U"ur : O 40 !ahun,
2. Ur&an + @ural : ko!a O d%sa
7. A%ograis : Pan!ai O $%gunungan
4. S%ks:
ani!a O Pria $ada usia O <0 !ahun
Pria O wani!a $ada usia Q <0 !ahun
<. A%"uk : A%"uk O kurus
G. S!r%ss
. /i%! : !inggi gara"
. /ia&%!%s M%lli!us
lkohol : risiko "%ningka! &ila "inu"O 76 + hari
10. @okok : in*onsis!%n!
11. Ko$i : &%lu" di!%"ukan
12. PI5 KB : risiko "%ninggi &ila sudahla"a $akai
P%n*%gahan i$%r!%nsi
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P%n*%gahan i$%r!%nsi
1. P%n*%gahan Pri"%r
- $ola "akan s%i"&ang: $%"&a!asanasu$an kol%s!%rol dan l%"ak #%nuh,"%ngurangi asu$an sodiu","%ningka!kan asu$an kaliu" dankalsiu"
- $%ngurangan a!au %li"inasi asu$an
alkohol - &%rh%n!i "%rokok
- olahraga !%ra!ur
- $%ngurangan &%ra! &adan
- "%nga!asi s!r%s d%ngan &aik - $%ng%ndalian !%rhada$ ak!orrisiko )ang "%"&%ri kon!ri&usi!%rhada$ a!%roskl%rosis.
2. P%n*%gahanS%kund%r
- /%!%ksi dini - P%ngo&a!an
- "ana#%"%n di%!
7. P%n*%gahan=%rsi%r :r%ha&ili!asi
EPIDEMIOLOGI STROKE
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EPIDEMIOLOGI STROKE(Cerebrovascular accident /CV!
• Pen"ertian stro#e$ Stroke adalah gangguan fungsi otak yangterjadi secara akut dengan tanda klinis fokalmaupun global yang terjadi lebih dari 24 jamatau menyebabkan kematian yang disebabkan
oleh karena gangguan peredaran darah otak(kriteria WHO)• Klasi%i#asi stro#e$! "skemia#"nfark Serebral
Oklusi trombotik Oklusi $mbolik (arteri ke arteri% kardigenik)2 &erdarahan "ntrakranial'hemoragik &erdarahan "ntraserebral
&erdarahan Subarakhnoid
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gambar 1, (troke -emoragik
gambar 2, (troke nonhemoragik
&a#tor Risi#o
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&a#tor Risi#o ! mur rate meninggi sesuai dengan pertambahan usia2 *as lebih tinggi pada kulit hitam daripada kulit putih
+ Seks lelaki , -anita4 Hipertensi faktor risiko tertinggi dari stroke. /iabetes mellitus ( kadar glukosa darah ,!20 mg'!00 ml) kuat
asosiasinya1 &enyakit jantung sebelumnya risiko meninggi sampai + kali
3trial ibtilation'5"3 faktor risiko kuat6 Obesitas inconsistent findings 7 *okok tidak ditemukan efek besar!0 8olesterol dan trigliserida inconsistent
#aktor $isiko %tama& Hi!ertensi
Transient Ischemic Attack
Hi!ercholesterolemia Diabtes 'ellitus
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( Stroke iskemik
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() Stroke iskemik
(troke iskemik ter.adi bila !embuluh darah ang memasok darah ke otak
tersumbat, /enis stroke ini ang !aling umum *ham!ir 9&0 stroke adalah
iskemik+,
(troke iskemik dibedakan berdasarkan !enebab sumbatan arteriStroke trombotik) (umbatan disebabkan trombus ang berkembang di dalam
arteri otak ang sudah sangat sem!it,Stroke embolik, (umbatan disebabkan trombus$ gelembung udara atau
!ecahan lemak *emboli+ ang terbentuk di bagian tubuh lain se!erti .antung dan
!embuluh aorta di dada dan leher$ ang terbaa aliran darah ke otak, elainan .antung ang disebut fibrilasi atrium da!at menci!takan kondisi di mana
trombus ang terbentuk di .antung ter!om!a dan beredar menu.u otak
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:ejala 8linis :ejala yang muncul ber;ariasi tergantung dimana terjadi serangan stroke iskemia% misalnya
• unilateral -eaknesses ##### biasanya
hemiparesis (lumpuh separo)• unilateral sensory complaints #### paresthesia
(mati rasa)• 3phasia ##### language comprehension• <onocular ;isual loss ##### gangguan penglihatan
sebelah
*) Stroke hemoragik)
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g
(troke hemoragik disebabkan oleh !embuluh darah ang bocor
atau !ecah di dalam atau di sekitar otak sehingga menghentikan
su!lai darah ke .aringan otak ang ditu.u, (elain itu$ darah
memban.iri dan memam!atkan .aringan otak sekitarna sehinggamengganggu atau mematikan fungsina,
ua .enis stroke hemoragik"erdarahan intraserebral, )erdarahan intraserebral adalah !erdarahan di
dalam otak ang disebabkan oleh trauma *cedera otak+ atau kelainan !embuluh
darah *aneurisma atau angioma+, /ika tidak disebabkan oleh salah satu kondisi
tersebut$ !aling sering disebabkan oleh tekanan darah tinggi kronis,)erdarahan intraserebral menumbang sekitar 1&0 dari semua stroke$ teta!i
memiliki !ersentase tertinggi !enebab kematian akibat stroke,"erdarahan subarachnoid) )erdarahan subarachnoid adalah !erdarahan
dalam ruang subarachnoid$ ruang di antara la!isan dalam *)ia mater+ dan la!isan
tengah *arachnoid mater+ dari .aringan sela!ut otak *meninges+, )enebab !aling
umum adalah !ecahna ton.olan *aneurisma+ dalam arteri, )erdarahan
subarachnoid adalah kedaruratan medis serius ang da!at menebabkan cacat
!ermanen atau kematian, (troke ini .uga satu6satuna .enis stroke ang lebih
sering ter.adi !ada anita dibandingkan !ada !ria,
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A%#ala
Pada s!rok% h%"oragik: g%#ala isik n%urologis )ang "un*ul
!%rgan!ung $ada !%"$a! $%rdarahan dan&%sarn)a $%rdarahan
"a)ori!as $asi%n k%hilangan k%sadaran,dan
&an)ak )ang akhirn)a "%ninggal !an$as%"$a! sadar lagi
s%&%lu" $ingsan, $asi%n u"u"n)a akan"%ngala"i saki! k%$ala dan di33in%ss
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/iagnosis
/iagnosis:
- g%#ala klinis
- $%"%riksaan $%nun#ang:
= Computed Tomography ( s*an, M@I Magnetic
Resonance Imaging(
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P%n*%gahan
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P%n*%gahan
1. Pencegahan primer
Health education ( ak!or risiko dan !anda,g%#ala s!rok%(
P%"%riksaan !%kanan darah s%*ara ru!in
ga)a hidu$ )ang &%rkai!an d%ngan ak!orrisiko
2. Pencegahan sekunder
$%ngo&a!an )ang !%$a! s%suai !i$% s!rok%n)a.
7. Pencegahan tersier r%ha&ili!asi
a"il) su$$or!