izdj.k ifgys vkRepfj= ok‡~e; izdkj % Lo:i o...
Transcript of izdj.k ifgys vkRepfj= ok‡~e; izdkj % Lo:i o...
1
izdj.k ifgyss
vkRepfj= ok³~e; izdkj % Lo:i o O;kIrh
1-1 izkLrkfod
1-2 vkRepfj= ok³~e; izdkj % ladYiuk Lo:Ik o foospu
1-3 ^vkRepfj=* % laKk
1-4 vkRepfj= ys[kukekxhy gsrw
1-5 vkRepfj=kph oSf�k"Vîks
1-5-1 lR;dFku
1-5-2 rVLFko`Rrh
1-5-3 ^Lo*yk dsaæLFkku
1-5-4 ?kVukaph fuoM o dq�ky ekaM.kh
1-6 oLrqfLFkrhn�kZd fuosnu
1-7 vkRepfj=kps Lo:i
1-8 vkRepfj=kps egRo
1-9 vkRedFkk] vkRedFku vkf.k vkRepfj=
1-10 pfj= vkf.k vkRepfj= ijLijlaca/k
1-11 jktdh; usR;kaph vkRepfj=s
1-12 lekjksi
1-13 lanHkZ lwph
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2
izdj.k ifgys
vkRepfj= ok³~e; izdkj % Lo:i o O;kIrh
1-1 izkLrkfod %&
dFkk] dknacjh] ukVd] dkO;] izoklo.kZu bR;knh izek.ksp pfj= vkf.k
vkRepfj= gs ejkBh lkfgR;krhy egRokps ok³~e; izdkj vkgsr- ekuoh
lektkP;k fodklklkBh drZ`Rooku L=h&iq#"kkaph pfj=s vkf.k vkRepfj=s
ekxZn�kZd Bjr vlrkr- egku O;Drhaps thou drZ`Ro o R;kaps fopkj lkekU;
ek.klkauk izfrdwy ifjfLFkrh�kh lkeuk dj.;kps lkeF;Z nsr vlrkr- Eg.kwup
pfj= vkf.k vkRepfj= gs egRokps ok³~e; izdkj vkgsr-
vkRepfj= gk Lora= ok³~e; izdkj vkgs- ys[kd Lor%p vkiY;k
O;fDrxr thoukph dgk.kh vkRepfj=kr lkaxr vlrks- ys[kdkP;k LoHkkokps
o thoudr`ZRokps n�kZu vkRepfj=krwu ?kMr vlrs- ek.klkP;k varjaxkpk o
O;fDreRokpk �kks/k ?ks.;klkBh vkRepfj=kpk vH;kl [kwip mi;qDr vkgs-
^vkRepfj= ok³~e; izdkj Lo:i o O;kIrh* ák ifgY;k izdj.kkr pfj=
o vkRepfj= ijLij laca/k] vkRepfj= ok³~e; izdkj ladYiuk Lo:i o
foospu vkRepfj=kph laKk] vkRepfj= ys[kukpk gsrw vkRepfj=kph oSf�k"Vîks
b- ?kVdkaP;k vk/kkjs vkRepfj= ok³~e; izdkjkpk vH;kl djko;kpk vkgs-
rlsp ejkBh vkRepfj=kaph ijaijk tk.kwu ?ks.;kcjkscjp vkRepfj= ok³~e;ke/;s
egkjk"Vªkrhy jktdh; usR;kaP;k vkRepfj=dkjkaps fdrir ;ksxnku vkgs] ;kpk
vk<kok ?;k;pk vkgs- ;k vk<kO;krwu egkjk"Vªkrhy jktdh; usR;kaP;k
vkRepfj=kaP;k vH;klkph fn�kk fuf�pr gksbZy-
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3
1-2 vkRepfj= ok³~e; izdkj % ladYiuk Lo:Ik o foospu %&
vkRepfj= gk pfj=kpkp ,d izdkj ekuyk tkrks- R;keqGs pfj=kph
izeq[k oSf�k"Vîks vkRepfj=kr ikgk;yk feGrkr- pfj= vkf.k vkRepfj= ;k
nksgkase/;s O;DrhP;k thoukpk] dr`ZRokpk bfrgkl Eg.ktsp O;Drhpk thou&
o`Ùkkar lkafxrysyk vlrks- ijarq vls vlys rjh pfj=kr ys[kd nqlÚ;k
O;DrhP;k thoukpk �kks/k ?ksr vlrks rj vkRepfj=kr ys[kd Lor%p Lor%pk
vkRe�kks/k ?ksÅu vkiyk thouo`Rrkar nsr vlrks- pfj= vkf.k vkRepfj=kr
ewyHkwr Qjd vkgs- vkRepfj=kr ys[kd Lor%pk thouo`Rrkar nsr vlrkauk
vkRefuosnu djhr vlrks- vkRefuosnukP;k izo`Rrhrwu dsysys ys[ku gs
vkRepfj=kRed vlrs- vkRepfj=kr O;DrhP;k thoukpk R;kP;k vkf.k
O;fDrRokpk] O;fDreRokpk vkf.k thou dr`ZRokpk] bfrgkl vlrks-
vkRefuosnukrwu Lor%p Lor%P;k thoukpk os/k ?ksrysyk vlrks- ;k lanHkkZr
MkW- foey Hkkysjko Eg.krkr] ^^vkRepfj= gk pfj=kpkp ,d izdkj gks; ijarq
vls vlys rjh R;krhy ewyHkwr Qjd vlk dh] pfj=kr ,d O;Drh nqlÚ;k
O;DrhP;k thoukpk �kks/k ?ksr vlrs rj vkRepfj=kr ys[kd o pfj= fo"k;
nksUgh ,dp vlrkr-**1
1-3 ^vkRepfj=* % laKk %&
^vkRepfj=* ;k laKscjkscjp vyhdMs vkRedFku] vkRedFkk] vkRe&
fuosnu] LodFku b- laKk izpfyr vlysY;k fnlrkr- ^vkRepfj=* ;k
laKsO;frfjDr brj laKke/;s dkVsdksji.kkpk vHkko vlY;keqGs vkRepfj= ghp
laKk loZekU; o :< >kysyh fnlrs- R;kikBksikB vxnh vfydMP;k dkGkr
vkRedFku gh laKk izpfyr vlysyh fnlrs- fo�ks"kr% nfyr lkfgR;
izokgke/;s vkRepfj= fyfg.;kph eksBh ijaijk fuekZ.k >kY;kuarj nfyr
vkRepfj=kyk i;kZ;h laKk Eg.kwu ^vkRedFku* gh laKk :< >kyh- ;k lanHkkZr
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4
MkW- euksgj tk/ko Eg.krkr] ^^nfyr lkfgR; izokgkr foiqy vkRedFkus
fyfgyh xsY;keqGs ejkBhr vkRedFku laKsph izLFkkiuk] >kysyh vk<Grs-
,joh ^vkRepfj=* fgp laKk okijkr gksrh vls fnlrs- mrkjo;kr vkRepfj=
fyfg.;kps ladsr ;k vkRedFkukauh eksMysys fnlrkr-**2
;ko:u ejkBh
ok³~e;ke/;s vkRedFku gh laKk :< >kY;kps y{kkr ;srs- rlsp vkRepfj= gs
izkeq[;kus mrkjo;kr fyfgys tkrs- rj vkRedFku r:.k o;kr fyfgys tkrs-
r:.k o;krhy vkRedFkukyk vkRedFku vlsp vkt EgVys tkrs i.k
dks.kR;k o"khZ vkRedFku fygkos ;kps ek= :< ladsr fnlr ukghr**3 r:.k
o;kr fyfgysY;k nfyr vkRedFkukaph foiqy la[;k y{kkr ?ksÅu MkW- euksgj
tk/ko ;kauh gs er ekaMysys fnlrs( ijarq csch dkacGs ¼ft.aak vkeqpa½] �kkarkckbZ
nk.kh ¼jk=afnu vkEgk½] 'kkarkckbZ dkacGs ¼ekT;k tYekph fpRrjdFkk½] 'kaadjjko
[kjkr ¼rjkG varjkG½ b- vusd t.kkauh mrkjo;kr vkRedFkus fyfgyh
vkgsr- ex mrkjo;kr fyfgysY;k nfyr vkRedFkukyk vkRedFku Eg.kk;ps
dh ^vkRepfj=* vlk laHkze fuekZ.k gks.;kph �kD;rk vkgs- vls vlys rjh
MkW- euksgj tk/ko ;kaP;k foospukrwu nfyr vkRepfj=kP;k lanHkkZr
^vkRedFku* gh laKk :< >kyh vkgs] gs Li"V gksrs- vkRepfj=kph fufeZrh
d�kh vlsy fdaok ;k fufeZrh ekxhy dkj.ks dks.krh vlrhy ;klanHkkZr jke
�ksokGdj Eg.krkr] ^^ek.klkyk cksyrk ;sÅ ykxys- rsOgk rks izFke dk;
cksyyk vLksy\ vkiyk vkuan] vkiys nq%[k vkf.k vkiyh enqZ dhp R;kus
�kstkÚ;kyk lkafxryh vl.;kph �kD;rk vkgs- ts R;kyk tk.koys ok rhozrsus
okVys rs dq.kktoG rjh O;Dr djkos- R;k vkiY;k vuqHkokr vtwu dq.kkyk
rjh lgHkkxh d:u ?ks.ks R;kyk vko�;d okVys vlsy] [kÚ;k vFkkZus
vkRedFkukpk vkjaHk rsOgkiklwup ekuk;yk ikfgts- vkiyk vuqHko ifgY;k
ek.klkus u jkgowu cksywu nk[koyk] rks vkRedFkukpk mxe ekuyk rj rksp
vuqHko R;kus vf/kd jaxowu lkafxryk] rh dFksph tUeks=h ekuk;yk ikfgts-
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5
R;keqGs dqByhgh vfr�k;ksDrh u djrk Hkk"kscjkscjp tUekyk vkysyk ifgyk
ok³~e;izdkj vkRedFkspk vlY;kP;k fu"d"kkZoj vkiY;kyk ;kos ykxrs**4
'kqesdj ;kauh vkRepfj=kph O;k[;k iq<hy izek.ks dsyh vkgs- �Autobiography
is the Rofessedly truthful record of an individual written by himself and composed
as a single work�5
The concise oxford Dictoinory of English Literature e/;s
Autobiography pk vFkZ iq<hyizek.ks fnyk vkgs- The story fo one�s life written
byone�s self�6 A Dictionary of literary terms e/;s Autobiography Eg.kts �An
Account of a man�s life by him self�7 vlk vFkZ fnyk vkgs- ojhy loZ
O;k[;kaP;k lanHkkZr fopkj dsyk rj vls fnlrs dh] �kw esdj vf/kd dkVsdksj
O;k[;k dj.;kpk iz;Ru djrkr- Lor%yk vkdyu >kysY;k lR;fLFkrhps
iqjkO;knk[ky ys[ku Lor%p lqlac)i.ks ,df=r ekaM.;kP;k iz;Rukoj �kwesdj
;kapk Hkj fnlrks- ,[kk|k xks"Vhps fooj.k vusd vaxkus djrk ;sÅ �kdsy ijarq
Lor%yk rh d�kh Hkkors ;kps izk/kkU;kus fp=.k R;kauk visf{kr vkgs-
,[kk|kP;k vk;q";ph dFkk R;kus Lor%p fyfg.ks vlk vk�k; �The Concise
orford Dictionary of English Literature� e/khy O;k[;spk fnlrks- ;k O;k[;sr
vk;q";kpk iV mHkk dj.;kpk vkokdk vfHkizsr vkgs- gk iV mHkk djrkauk
vFkkZrp R;krhy ukVîk] la?k"kZ] rk.kr.kko ;kauk LFkku feG.ks ØeizkIr Bjrs-
vkiY;kp vk;q";kpk fg�ksc Lor% ekaMwu nk[kfo.ks gk vFkZ �A Doctionary of
literary Terms� e/khy O;k[;spk vlyk rjh R;krgh vk;q";kpk fg�ksc Eg.kts
O;kfeJrk x`ghr /kjysyh fnlrs- fg�ksckrhy vf/kd m.ksi.kkps fp=.k ;kos
vlk gsrw fnlrks- ojhy O;k[;k laf{kIr vlY;k rjh vFkZiw.kZ vkgsr- ;k
baxzth O;k[;kaP;k rqyusr ejkBhrhy ukeoar ys[kdkauh vkf.k vH;kldkauh
vkRepfj= ;k ok³~e;izdkjkP;k T;k O;k[;k dsysY;k vkgsr] R;k osxGîkk
vkf.k oSf�k"Vîkiw.kZ vkgsr- mnk- izk- ok-y- dqyd.khZ ;kauh vkRepfj=klaca/kh
erizn�kZu djrkuk EgVys vkgs dh] ^^T;k vuqHkokaph l`"Vh ;sFks lkdkj
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6
gks.;klkBh /kMiMr vlrs rks ,dk O;fDreukyk tk.koysyk o tk.ko.kkjk
,d vuU;lk/kkj.k vuqHko vlrks-**8 izk-ok-y- dqyd.khZ ;kauh ^vuU;lk/kkj.k
vuqHko* gk �kCn okijY;keqGs O;k[;sph lw{erk /;kukr ;srs- ljldV vuqHko
ekaM.;kis{kk fdaok loZlkekU; vuqHkokaph ta=h ns.;kis{kk vuqHkokph ekaM.kh
oSf�k"VÓks iw.kZ d: 'kdsy vls R;kaauk okVrs- MkW-cksjxkodj vkRepfj=kph
O;k[;k djrkr- ^^Lor%P;k thoukph Lor% fyfgysyh dgk.kh Eg.kts
vkRepfj=**9 Encyclopedia Britannicar vkRepfj=kpk �Autobiography the
account of an individual human life written by the subject him self� 10 vlk vFkZ
fnyk vkgs-
�Autobiography art and practice of writing a narrative of one�s own life�11
vlk The universal dictionary of the English Language e/;s vkRepfj=kpk vFkZ
lkiMrks �A biography or narrative of one�s life written by oneself�12
vlk
vkRepfj=kpk vFkZ webster us dsyk vkgs-
Ckksjxkodj Encyclopeadia universal Dictionary webster ;kaP;k o.kZuko:u
vkRepfj= ;k �kCnkpk eq[;kFkZ rso<k dGrks ijarq R;ko:u vkRepfj=kpk
vkokdk dG.kkjh O;k[;k Li"V gksr ukgh- Prof. D.G. Naik ;kaP;k ers �The
details of any given life, ther fore when accommodated in a story or norrative
inevitably take a shape or form of autobiography�13
;k O;k[;srwu vkRepfj=kl
vko�;d vlysys brj iSyw fl) gksr ukghr- ^^Lor%P;k thoukps nwjLFk&
i.kkus flagkoyksdu o`Rrhus dsysys voyksdu vkf.k R;k fo"k;hps izkatG
fuosnu Eg.kts vkRepfj=**14 v�kh vkRepfj=kph O;k[;k lnk dÚgkMs ;kauh
dsyh vkgs- Lothoukps rVLFko`Rrhus voyksdu dj.ks] izkatG fuosnu dj.ks
ák vkRepfj=kl vko�;d ckch ;krwu Li"V >kY;k vkgsr- i.k vkRepfj=kl
vko�;d R;k ?kVukaph fuoM R;kaph dykRed ekaM.kh ;k vkRepfj=krhy
egRoiw.kZ ckch ;k O;k[;srwu fulVysY;k fnlrkr- ^^Lothou rVLFki.ks
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7
U;kgkGwu R;krwu vko�;d R;k ckchaph fuoM d:u R;kaps izkaty fuosnu o
dykRed ekaM.kh ;krwu ^Lo* fp= js[kkV.ks Eg.kts vkRepfj= gks;**15
O;Drhus
vkiY;k xrthoukps fujh{k.k rVLFki.ks dsys ikfgts vls MkW- Hkkysjko ;kauk
okVrs o rs ;ksX;p vkgs- vkRepfj=kr vuqHkokaph dykRed ekaM.kh dj.;kps
R;k lqpforkr- rlsp thoukrhy loZp ?kVuk&izlax vkRepfj=kr ekaM.ks �kD;
ulY;kus O;DrhP;k thoukrhy fuoMd o egRoiw.kZ xks"Vhp vkRepfj=kr
lkax.;kr ;srkr] vls R;kauk okVrs- vkRepfj=kr thoukrhy ?kVuk izlaxkph
fuoM djrkauk ys[kdkus dkgh ckchaph dkGth ?ks.ks vko�;d vkgs-
fuoMysY;k ?kVuk izlaxkrwu vkRepfj=dkjkP;k LoHkkokps ckjdkos Li"V >kys
ikfgtsr- R;kP;k O;fDrRokps fofo/k iSyw myxMys tk.ks vko�;d vkgs-
Lor%ph LoPN o vkn�kZ izfrek fuekZ.k dj.;kP;k eksgkik;h vkRefuosnukrhy
izkatGi.kkyk o lR;dFkukyk ck/kk ;srk dkek u;s- fuoMysY;k ?kVukizlaxkrwu
ys[kdkps ;FkkFkZ thoun�kZu okpdkyk ?kMys ikfgts-
ejkBh fo�odks�kke/;s jk-x-tk/ko ;kauh vkRepfj=kph iq<hy O;k[;k
dsyh vkgs- ^^vkiY;k thoufo"k;d vuqHkokaps o rn~uq"kaxkus vkiY;k
O;fDreRokps ys[kdkus ys[ku:ikus ?kMfoysys n�kZu Eg.kts vkRepfj=
gks;-**16
ys[kdkP;k O;fDreRokps n�kZu R;kP;k thoukuqHkokaP;k vuq"kaxkus
>kys ikfgts] vls jk-x-tk/ko Eg.krkr- vkRepfj=kr ^Lo* thoufo"k;d
vuqHkokaps o ^Lo* O;fDreRokps n�kZu ?kMfo.ks vR;ar egRokps vlrs- vkiys
vuqHko brjkauk ekxZn�kZd o izsj.kknk;h Bjrhy ;k n`"Vhus vkRepfj=kr R;kaph
dykRed ekaM.kh Ogk;yk goh- vkRepfj=klanHkkZr MkW- vatyh lkse.k ;kaps
er FkksMs osxGs vkgs- R;k Eg.krkr ^lkfgR;kps HkkodkO;kRe (Lyrical)
fuosnukRed (Narrative) vkf.k ukVîkkRed (Dramatic)� vls oxZ ekuys rj
vkRepfj= fuosnukRed lkfgR;kr ;srs- iq<s R;k Eg.krkr ^^vkRepfj= gs
Lor%ps pfj= vlY;keqGs pfj=kdMwu visf{kr vlysyh ok³~e;hu xq.koRrk
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vkRepfj=kdMwu visf{kr vlrsp f�kok; rs vYi�kks/kkoj vk/kkjysys
vlY;keqGs vkRefu"Bsrwu fuekZ.k gks.kkjh ewY;xHkZrk vkf.k HkkojE;rk
pfj=kis{kk vkRepfj=kr vf/kd vlrs- v�kkosGh vkRepfj=kdMwu ok³~e;hu
lkSn;kZph vis{kk dsyh rj rh xSj B: u;s-**17
vkRepfj=kr vk.k[kh dks.krs
?kVd lekfo"V gksÅ �kdrkr ;k laca/kh MkW- lkse.k ;kauh EgVys vkgs-
^^vkRepfj= gk O;fDriz/kku ok³~e;izdkj vlyk rjh rks O;Drhdsaæh gksÅu
pkyr ukgh- Lor%cjkscj lHkksorhph ek.kls] R;kaps LoHkko fo�ks"k jaxo.ks
vko�;d vlrs- T;k dkGkr vkiY;k thoutkf.kok ?kMY;k R;k dkGkps
lkjrRo (Essence) vkRepfj=krwu okpdkaleksj ;s.ks xjtsps vlrs-**18
MkW- lkse.k ;kauh lkfgR;kph oxZokjh uewn d:u vkRepfj=kr ok³~e;hu
xq.koRrk vkf.k ok³~e;hu lkSan;Z vlk;yk gos v�kh vis{kk O;Dr dsyh
vkgs- MkW- lkse.k ;kaP;kojhy foospukP;k lanHkkZr izk-ok-y-dqyd.khZ ;kaps
iq<hy fopkj mn~cks/kd Bjrhy ^^Lor%P;k thoukP;k ri�khykP;k izpaM
ilkÚ;krp vkRepfj= ys[kd t.kw mHkk vlrks o R;krwu [kjks[kjp vkiY;k
thoukps lR;n�kZu ?kMfo.;kP;k ckcrhr vFkZiw.kZ Bjsy vlk ri�khy rks
fuoMhr vlrks- R;kyk vkiY;k thoukps ts :Ik tk.kosy R;k :ikoj gk
ri�khy voyacwu vlrks- Eg.kts vkiys thou Eg.kts dk;\ gs
vksG[k.;kph ik=rk R;kP;k fBdk.kh vlkoh ykxrs-**19 izk-uk-lh-QMds ;kauh
vkRepfj=kckcr iq<hy fo/kku dsys vkgs- ^^vkRepfj= EgVya dh R;kr
vkRexkSjo vkf.k vkReleFkZu ;k xks"Vh vVGi.kkua ;srkrp- osGksosGh
vkiY;koj yksdkauh th Vhdk dsyh rh d�kh pqdhph gksrh- R;k&R;k izlaxh
vki.k ts orZu dsya rsp dla cjkscj gksra gs lkax.;klkBh rj ek.kwl
vkRepfj= fyfgr vlrks-**20 izk-uk-lh- QMD;kaP;k fo/kkukcÌy erfHkérk
�kD; vlyh rjh vkRepfj=kr vkRexkSjo vkf.k vkReleFkZu ;k ckch ;sÅ
�kdrkr gs ukdkjrk ;s.kkj ukgh- MkW- izHkk x.kksjdj ;kauh vkRepfj= ;k
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ok³~e;izdkjkr vk<G.kkÚ;k fofo/k NVkaph ppkZ djrkuk EgVys vkgs dh]
^^vkRepfj=kekxph izeq[k izsj.kk vkRe�kks/kkph vkgs] dkgh vkRepfj=kr gk
�kks/k iqjs�kk izkekf.kdi.kkus vkf.k eu%iwoZdrsus dsyk tk.;k,soth vkiY;k
vk;q";krhy Lej.kh; ?kVukaP;k fuosnukoj vf/kd Hkj fnyk tkrks- rj dkgh
vkRepfj=kr gk �kks/k ?ksrkuk vkRefujh{k.k vkiY;k orZukekxP;k dkj.kkaph
ehekalk o fo�ys"k.k vkf.k dkgh osGk vkReleFkZu ys[kd djrkuk fnlrks-
dkgh vkRepfj=s dcqyhtckcklkj[kh ns[khy vlrkr- vkRepfj=s gk eq[;r%
x| ok³~e; izdkj vkgs**21 vkRepfj=krhy Lo�kks/k x.kksjdjkauk egRokpk
okVrks- Lo�kks/k o vkReleFkZu ;k nksUgh osxGîkk ckch vlY;k rjh
vkReleFkZukeqGs vkRepfj=s ,dkaxh gks.;kph �kD;rk ukdkjrk ;sr ukgh-
R;keqGs lR;kpk foi;kZl gksÅ �kdrks o lR; >kdksGwu tkÅ �kdrs- [kjs rj
gh vkRepfj=dkjkph dlksVhp vkgs- ^^vkRepfj+=kr vk.k[kh ,dk egRokP;k
ckcrhr izekn ?kMrks- R;kyk izeknp EgVys ikfgts- T;k O;Drhfo"k;h
vkiY;k eukr vuknj] ?k`.kk fdaok ukjkth vlsy R;k O;Drh laca/kh tjk
lSyi.ksp fyfgys tkrs- fdaok R;k O;Drh vuqYys[kkusp ekjY;k tkrkr-**22
ekuoh fodkj ys[kukrwu dls meVw �kdrkr] izfrfØ;kRed ys[kukP;k �kD;rk
d�kk vlrkr] rs MkW- xaxk/kj ikurko.ks ;kauh ojhy fo/kkukrwu Li"V dsys
vkgs-
vkRepfj=kP;k ;k loZ O;k[;kapk fopkj dsyk vlrk vls fnlrs dh]
vkRepfj=kr ys[kd Lor%P;k thoukps flagkoyksdu djhr vlrks- gs
flagkoyksdu djhr vlrkuk ^Lo* thoukdMs rks rVLFki.ks ikgr vlrks- rks
^Lo* O;fDreRo o Lor%P;k thoukpk vFkZ �kks/krkauk ,d izdkjs vkRe�kks/k
?ksr vlrks- ;k vkRe�kks/kkrwu vkiY;k xr vk;q";krhy ?kVuk izlaxkiSdh
fuoMd o egRoiw.kZ ?kMkeksMh] Hkyscqjs vuqHko ;k fo"k;hps fuosnu ys[kd
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vkRepfj=kr djhr vlrks- R;kps vkRefuosnu izkatG] izkekf.kd] fou;�khy
o /kS;Z�khy vl.ks vko�;d vkgs-
FkksMD;kr vkRepfj=kr O;Drh vkiY;k xrthoukpk bfrgkl lkaxrk&
lkaxrk vkiY;k O;fDreRokps o thoudrZ`Rokps ;FkkFkZ fp= js[kkVr vlrks-
;ko:u vls Eg.krk ;sbZy dh] ^Lo* thoukps rVLFki.ks flagkoyksdu d:u
xr vk;q";krhy egRoiw.kZ ?kMkeksMh o Hkyscqjs vuqHko ;kaP;k vk/kkjs vkiY;k
O;fDrRokpk] thoudr`ZRokpk ?ksrysyk vkRe�kks/k o rnuq"kaxkus dsysys izkatG
fou;�khy o /kS;Z�khy vkRefuosnu Eg.kts vkRepfj= gks;-
1-4 vkRepfj= ys[kukekxhy gsrw %&
lk/kkj.ki.ks izR;sd ok³~e; izdkjkP;k ys[kukekxs dks.krk uk dks.krk gsrw
MksG;kleksj Bsoysyk vlrks- vkRepfj= gkgh ,d ok³~e; izdkj vlY;kus
vkRepfj= ys[kukps dkgh gsrw vlysys fnlrkr- lkekftd] lkaLÑfrd
jktdh;] oSKkfud dyk o ØhMk v�kk loZp {ks=krhy O;Drhus vkRepfj=
ys[ku dsys vkgs- Jh-fo-n-?kkVs ;k lanHkkZr Eg.krkr] ^^ek.kls vkRepfj=s dk
fyfgrkr\ <kscG mRrj |k;ps >kY;kl vls Eg.krk ;sbZy dh rh R;kaph xjt
vlrs- izR;sd ys[kd osxGk r�kh R;kph xjtgh osxGh-**23 R;keqGs
vkRepfj= fofo/k gsrwus tUeysyh fnlrkr- vkRepfj=s ^LokUr%lq[kk;* fyfgyh
tkrkr- osG tkok] dje.kwd Ogkoh] vkiyk ijkØe nqlÚ;kl ,sdowu Hkkjkowu
Vkdkos v�kh ^Lo* lq[kkph vusd ifjek.ks vlw �kdrkr- mnk- vkuanhckbZ dosZ
;kaps ^ek>s iqjk.k*] deykckbZ ns�kikaMs ;kaps ^Lej.k lk[kGh* vkuan lk/kys
;kaps ^ekrhph pwy* gh vkRepfj=s ;k gsrwauh fyfgysyh fnlrkr- dr`ZRooku
O;Drh] egku rRoK] ukeoar [ksGkMw] [;kruke lkfgfR;d vkf.k dykoar
;kaph vkRepfj=s gh ekuo lektkpk vueksy [kftuk vkgs- gh vkRepfj=s
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Hkkoh fi<îkkauk nhiLraHkklkj[kh] ekxZn�kZd Bjr vlrkr- ;k O;DrhaP;k thou
dr`ZRokiklwu izsj.kk ?ksÅu Hkkoh fi<h vkiY;k fodklkph okVpky d: �kdrs-
^^fLuX/ka tulfoHkDra fg nq%[ka láosnua Hkofr ;k dkyhnklkP;k mDrh
izek.ks lq[k nq%[k gyds dj.;kl] Lor%P;k osnuk cksyD;k dj.;klgh
vkRepfj= fyfgys tkrs-**24 vlk vkRepfj=kpk gsrw v-e- tks�kh uewn
djrkr- vkuanhckbZ fotkiqjs fyf[kr ^vtwu pkyrsph okV*] ljksftuh
lkjaxik.kh ;kaps ^nqnSZok�kh nksu gkr* gh vkRepfj=s ;kph mnkgj.ks Eg.kwu
lkaxrk ;srhy- ^^vkiY;k lkÚ;k Le`fr:i vuqHkokauk ltho d:u R;kph
Lian.kkjh izrhrh ?ks.ks] R;kapk vkdkj tkf.kosr meVfo.ks ;kaP;kdMs osxGîkk
dqrqgykus vkf.k Eg.kwup rVLFki.ks ikg.ks vkiY;k vuqHkokauk ladsr:i nsÅu
Lora= vfLrRo izkIr d:u ns.ks] v�kk fjrhus R;kauk vtj vkf.k vej
dj.ks-**25 gk vkRepfj=kekxhy ys[ku gsrw xaxk/kj xkMxhG ;kauh Li"V dsyk
vkgs-
thoukrhy dBh.k izlaxkuk lkeksjs tk.;kps ekxZn�kZu vkRepfj=krwu
gksr vlrs- vki.k ts dsys] ts vuqHkoys] ts lgu dsys] ts Hkksxys o thou
la?k"kkZrwu ts ;�k izkIr dsys rs brjkauk ekxZn�kZd Ogkos- vkiY;k
thoukuqHkokaiklwu brjkauh dkgh cks/k ?;kok ;k n`f"Vdksukrwu dkgh ys[kd
vkRepfj= ys[ku djrkr- eg"khZ /kksaMks ds�ko dosZ ¼vkReo`Rr½ lar ok³~e;kps
xk<s vH;kld y-jk-ikaxkjdj ¼pfj= paæ½ b- vusd ekU;ojkauh cks/koknh
n`f"Vdksukrwu vkRepfj= ys[ku dsysys fnlrs-
vkRepfj=kr xrthoukr ?kMysY;k xks"Vh lkafxrY;k tkrkr- ;k
fufeRrkus vkRepfj=dkj HkwrdkGkr jer vlrks- vkiY;k xr vk;q";krhy
lq[kn rlsp nq%[kn ?kVuk izlaxkdMs rVLFko`Rrhus ikg.;kph la/kh ys[kdkyk
feGrs- xrdkGkrhy vkBo.khauk mtkGk ns.;keqGs R;kyk d/kh vkuan feGrks
rj d/kh dkgh nq%[kn ekugkuhdkjd izlaxkP;k vkBo.kheqGs R;kps eu
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vLoLFkgh gksrs- ;k ?kVuk izlaxkfo"k;h fparu dj.;kph la/kh ys[kdkl feGrs-
v�kk fparu�khy o`Rrhus fyfgysyh vkRepfj=s vf/kd ifj.kkedkjd o ljl
Bjrkr- v�kkizdkjs xr vkBo.khauk mtkGk ns.ks] xrthoukr jeek.k gks.ks] ;k
gsrwus vkRepfj= ys[ku dsys tkrs-
xr xks"Vhr vf/kd jeek.k gks.;kP;k o`RrhcÌy vkuan ;kno Eg.krkr]
^^xrxks"Vhr dsoG je.kkjh vkRepfj=s gh vuqHkokaps f<xkjs fdaok vuqHkokaps
,d tkxh cka/kysys fcaMs okVrkr-**26 vkRepfj=kr dsoG vkBo.khaps f<xkjs
milr cl.;kis{kk vkRepfj=dkjkus xrvuqHkokapk ;ksX; rkGesG ?kky.ks
vko�;d vkgs] vls vkuan ;kno ;k fBdk.kh lwfpr djrkr- vkRepfj=kr
vkRepfj=dkjkus cÚ;kokbZV izlaxkcÌy vkReijh{k.k d:u R;kekxph dkj.k&
ehekalk dsyh ikfgts- R;k ?kVuk izlaxkP;k osGh R;kP;kdMwu ?kMysY;k
orZukpk dk;Zdkj.kHkko �kks/kyk ikfgts- vkiY;k pqdkaph dcqyh t:j |koh
ijarq R;kosGh vkiY;kdMwu ?kMysys orZup dls ;ksX; gksrs- ;kps leFkZu
dj.;klkBhp vkRepfj= fyfgys tkrk dkek u;s-
xrLe`rhr jeY;keqGs vkiY;k thoukr iwohZ HksVysY;k vkIr fe=kaph
iqUgk ,dnk HksV ?kMr vlrs- R;kr iqufeZyukpk vkuan vlrks- HkwrdkGkrhy
dkgh {k.k orZekukr tk.;kpk vkuan ys[kdkyk feGrks ;kfo"k;h foykl [kksys
Eg.krkr] ^^lkjs vk;q"; vkiys vki.k Le`rhP;k ikrGhoj iqUgk ,dokj
txk;ps vkf.k ?kMwu xsysY;k R;k {k.kkaph orZekukr �kCnkaP;k ikrGhoj
iqufuZfeZrh djk;ph ;k var%izsj.ksrwu vkRepfj= fyfgys tkrs-**27 foykl [kksys
;kaP;k fo/kkukrwu xr vkBo.khauk mtkGk ns.ks gk vkRepfj= ys[kukpk gsrw
vlY;kps y{kkr ;srs- FkksMk dkG dk gksbZuk i.k xrthoukr Le`fr:ikus
jeY;keqGs Le`rhP;k ikrGhoj xr vk;q"; iqUgk ,dnk tx.;kps lek/kku
ys[kdkl feGr vlrs-
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midkjdR;kZps Lej.k gkgh vkRepfj= ys[kukekxhy gsrw vlw �kdrks-
mnk- ^Ñ".kkdkBph ekrh* Ñ-ika-dqyd.khZ] rlsp lkekftd o jktdh;
tkf.kokrwugh vkRepfj=s fyfgyh tkrkr- mnk- ^ifFkd* dkdklkgsc xkMxhG]
^vkReo`Rr* nknksck ikaMqjax R;kosGph lkekftd o jktdh; ifjfLFkrh vkiY;k
uarjP;k fi<hyk letkoh gk n`f"Vdksu ;k ys[kukekxs vlrks- vkRepfj«kkP;k
ys[ku gsrw fo"k;h y‐jk-iakxkjdj Eg.krkr] ßekÖ;k pfj«kkr dks.kkl dkgh
?ks.;klkj[ks ukgh] vls eyk okVrs rj gs pfj«k fygwu izfl) dj.;kpk
m|ksx eh dsyk ulrk- nkfjæîkkr ok<ysY;k i.k Mksds oj dk<w bfPN.kkÚ;k
fo|kF;kZl] dkgh Hkjho ok³~~e;dk;Z fdaok /keZdk;Z d: ikg.;kÚ;k ys[kdkl
o oDR;kl] ijekFkkZph rGeG okg.kkÚ;k eqeq{kwl vkf.k lalkj lw[ke; djkok
v�kh okluk vl.kkÚ;k lalkfjdkl ák pfj«kkiklwu dkgh cks/k vkuan o
mRlkg feGsy vlk eyk Hkjolk okVrks-Þ28 MkW- Hkkypaæ QMds vkRepfj«k
fyfg.;kps egRoiw.kZ dkj.k lkaxrkr- ßoLrqr% ek.kwl vkRepfj«k fyfg.;kP;k
eu%fLFkrhr ;srks] rsOgk R;kyk v[ksjpk eqDdke toG vkY;kph tk.kho
>kysyh vlrs- dqBsrjh fofo/k lacaa/kkuh xqjQVysY;k ^eh*yk vkiys O;fDreRo
gjfoY;kph fdaok yksd vkiY;kyk fol:u pkyys vkgsr- ;kph cksp lyr
jkgrs- vkf.k ex gk ^eh* vkiY;k thoukpk iV ekaMwu R;kr jewu tkrks-**29
bjkorh dO;kZaukgh vkRepfj= fyfg.ks gs Egkrkji.khps y{k.k okVrs- R;k
Eg.krkr- ^^Lor%ph [kw.k Bsok;ph /kMiM vlrs loZ veqdi.kk ehi.kk
ukghlk gks.kkj] vftckr tk.kkj gs dGrs vkf.k tUeHkj T;kus lkscr dsyh rks
ehi.kk fVdkok R;kaP;keqGs gs O;fDreRo feGkys R;kaP;k Le`rhr dkgh fnol
?kj d:u jkgkos Eg.kwu /kMiM pkyrs- dks.kh cksyr jkgrkr] dks.kh QksVks
dk<rkr] dks.kh vkiyh cMcM dkxnkoj mrjforkr**30 v�kk fofo/k gsrwauh
vkRepfj=s iwohZ fyfgyh xsyh vkgsr- l/;k fyfgyh tkr vkgsr vkf.k iq<s gh
fyfgyh tk.kkj vkgsr- ftKklk gk ek.klkpk tUenRr LoHkkoxq.k vkgs-
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nqlÚ;kps thou tk.kwu ?ks.;kph R;kyk usgehp mRlqdrk vlrs- thoun�kZu
?kMfo.ks gsp vkRepfj=kps izeq[k mfí"V vkgs- R;keqGs ftKklkr`Irhps lek/kku
;k ok³~e;izdjkdMwu iqjsiwj feGw �kdrs vkf.k ;k dkj.kkus ekuoh eus
vkRepfj=kdMs vkiksvki vkdf"kZyh tkrkr-
vkReizse gh ek.klkph ewyHkwr izsj.kk vkgs- R;keqGs vkRepfj=kr
vkRepfj=dkjkpk dy Lor%ph cktw lkax.;kdMs vf/kd vlrks- R;keqGs
vkRepfj=kr deh vf/kd izek.kkr vkReLrqrh ;srs- ijarq vkRepfj=kr
vkReLrqrhpk vfrjsd gksÅu vkReiwtk cka/kyh tkrk dkek u;s- ;k lanHkkZr
MkW- vkuan ;kno Eg.krkr] ^^vkRepfj=kr vkReizfrek ;s.kkjp i.k frps
i;Zolku vkReiwtsr u gksÅ nsrk vkReewY;ekiukr HkksorkyP;k ifjfLFkrh�kh
lacaf/kr vkReizfresps oLrqfu"B Lo:i fo�kn dj.;kr Ogkos ykxrs-**31
vkRepfj+=kr vkReizfresps oLrqfu"B ewY;ekiu >kys ikfgts vls vkuan ;kno
;kauk okVrs- vkRexkSjo vkReleFkZukP;k gsrwus vkRepfj= ys[ku dsys tkrs
vkRepfj=krhy vkRexkSjokP;k Hkkouscíy t;ar o"V Eg.krkr] ^^vkRe&
pfj=dkj vusdnk vki.k vkiY;k thoukr pks[kkGysyk ekxZp dlk ;ksX;
gksrk ;kps leFkZu djrkuk fnlrkr- rj dkgh osGk txkus vkiY;koj dlk
vU;k; dsyk gs lkax.;kdMs dy vlrks- lkgftdp v�kk vkRepfj=krwu
vkRexkSjokph izcG Hkkouk izR;;kl ;s.;kph �kD;rk vlrs-**32
vkRepfj=krhy vkRexkSjo Eg.kts ,d izdkjs vkReleFkZup vkgs vls t;ar
o"V ;kaps er vkgs- vkRexkSjok,soth vkRe�kks/k ?ks.;kph o`Rrh vf/kd
vlk;yk goh- vkRepfj=kr izkatGi.kk egRokpk vlY;kus vkReLrqrh gh
vkRepfj=krhy lR;dFkukyk] oLrqfLFkrhn�kZd fuosnukyk ekjd Bjrs-
vkReleFkZukFkZ fyfgY;k tk.kkÚ;k vkRepfj=kfo"k;h lnk dÚgkMs
Eg.krkr] ^^vkRexkSjo vkReiwtk] vkReleFkZu] vkReizkS<h ;k lxGÓkkp xks"Vh
vkRepfj=karxZr izkatG vkRefuosnukyk vkRedFkukyk vkf.k R;krhy
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dykRedrsyk ck/kd Bjrkr-**33 lnk dÚgkMs ;kaps gs Eg.k.ks vxnh ;ksX;
vkgs- tj ys[kdkps thou drZ`Ro Js"B vlsy rj R;kyk vkReleFkZukph xjt
Hkklrk dkek u;s- vki.k fdrh Js"B vkgksr] vkiys orZu fdrh LoPN o
pkaxys vkgs] gs ys[kdkus Lor% lkax.;k,soth R;kP;k thoukrhy Ñrh
mDrhrwu vkiksvki Li"V Ogk;yk gos- vkRepfj=krhy R;kps vkRefuosnu ek=
izkatG o izkekf.kd vlys ikfgts-
FkksMD;kr] vkiys vuqHko brjkauk lkax.ks Hkkoh fi<hyk ekxZn�kZu dj.ks]
cks/k ns.ks] xr vkBo.khauk mtkGk ns.ks] xrLe`rhr jeek.k gks.ks] xr vk;q";kps
flagkoyksdu dj.ks] vkRexkSjo o vkReleFkZu dj.ks b- fofo/k gsrw vkRepfj=
ys[kukekxs vlysys fnlrkr-
1-5 vkRepfj=kph oSf�k"Vîks %&
Lor%P;k thoukps nwjLFki.kkus dsysys voyksdu o R;k laca/khps dFku
vkRepfj= gs vkBo.kh nSuafnuh b- vkRedFkukRed ys[ku izdkjkgwu osxGs
vlrs- vkRepfj= ys[kd vkiY;k HkwrdkGkrhy o orZeku dkGkrhy ?kVuk
izlaxkps] O;Drhaps fp=.k djrks rs djhr vlrkuk Lor%P;k O;fDreukP;k
tM.k?kM.khl dkj.khHkwr >kysY;k ?kVuk o O;Drh ;kaoj vf/kd Hkj nsrks- ;k
lanHkkZr Jh pØ/kj] lar ukenso ;kauh vkRepfj=ij etdqjkps dFku] ys[ku
dsys vkgs- vBjkO;k �krdkrhy ukuk QM.khlkps vkRepfj= gs oSf�k"VÓksiw.kZ
ekuys tkrs- ,dksf.klkO;k �krdkP;k mRrjk/kkZuarj vkRepfj=s eksBÓkk izek.kkoj
fyfgyh xsyh- R;kr fL=;kauh fyfgysY;k vkRepfj=kaph y{k.kh; Hkj iMyh
vkgs- 1960 uarj e/;eoxhZ; lo.kZ lektkckgsj xkodqlkckgsj jkg.kkÚ;k]
misf{kr HkVD;k tkrh&tekrhrhy ys[kdkauh th vkRepfj=s fyfgyh R;kl
vkRedFku vls EgVys tkrs- Lor%P;k dr`ZRokpk ok thoukpk vkys[k
okpdkaleksj Bso.ks gk ikjaifjd vkRepfj=kekxpk mís�k ;k vkRedFkukekxs
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ulwu fof�k"V lektO;oLFksrhy /kkj.kkaeqGs ts ;kruke; thou vkiY;k
Eg.ktsp vkiY;k tkrh&tekrhP;k okVÓkkl vkys R;kps dFku dj.ks gk gks;-
;k vkRedFkukeqGs vusd tkrh&tekrhaps thou R;kaP;k J)k] letqrh
O;ogkj vkf.k R;kaP;k nq%[kkps] d"Vkps] Hkh"k.k :i izFkep okpdkaleksj vkys-
ftKklk gk ek.klkpk tUenRr LoHkkoxq.k vkgs- nqlÚ;kps thou tk.kwu
?ks.;kph R;kyk usgeh mRlqdrk vlrs- O;Drhps thoun�kZu ?kMfo.ks gsp
vkRepfj=kps izeq[k mfí"V vkgs- R;keqGs ftKklkr`Irhps lek/kku ;k ok³~e;
izdkjkdMwu iqjsiwj feGw �kdrs- vkf.k ;k dkj.kkus ekuoh eus vkRepfj=kdMs
vkiksvki vkdf"kZyh tkrkr-
vkRepfj= fyfg.;k laca/kh fopkj dsyk rj dknacjhizek.ks vkRepfj=kl
dYiuk�kDrhph vko�;drk ykxr ukgh- pfj= o bfrgkl ;kauk ykx.kkjs
dBksj ifjJegh izHkk x.kksjdj Eg.krkr] ^^vkRepfj=krwu ,dk O;DrhP;k
thoukpk] dr`ZRokpk bfrgkl tlk O;Dr gksrks- rlkp rh O;Drh T;k dkGkr
vkf.k LFkGkr txr vlrs- R;k LFkGdkGkpk bfrgkl ns[khy vkRepfj=krwu
mHkk gksrks- bfrgkl gs ,[kk|k lektkps pfj= vlsy rj vkRepfj= gk ,dk
O;Drhpk bfrgkl vlrks-**34 O;Drh fujfujkGÓkk ukR;kauh dqVqackr o lektkr
okojr vlrs R;krY;k dks.kR;k ?kVdkoj fo�ks"k Hkj |k;pk gs vkRepfj=dkj
Bjforks o R;kuqlkj vkRepfj=kyk vkdkj ;srks- thoukps flagkoyksdu]
vkRekfo"dkj] vkReijh{k.k] vkReleFkZu] yksdf�k{k.k gs vkRepfj= ys[kukps
mís�k vlrkr vkRepfj= dFkukr lR; vFkok oLrqfLFkrhdFku gs vR;ar
egRokps vlrs- Eg.kts okpdkyk ys[kdkps Hkku gs fo�oluh; okVys ikfgts-
pkaxY;k vkRepfj=krwu ys[kdkP;k O;fDrxr thoukizek.ksp R;kps lektlkis{k
thou gh O;Dr gksrs- R;kpcjkscj ,dk fof�k"V lektkP;k fLFkrhxrhpkgh
izR;; ;srks- R;keqGs lkekftd] jktdh;] lkaLÑfrd lanHkZ vlysY;k
vkRepfj=kyk lkekftd nLrk,sotkps egRo feGrs- ^Lo* vkf.k ijeukps
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fo�ys"k.k dj.kkjs vkRepfj=] gh O;fDrekul o lektekul letwu ?ks.;kP;k
n`"Vhus egRokps Bjrs- jkstfu�kh] vkBo.kh] laLej.ks] i=s gh vkRepfj=
ys[kukph lk/kus gksr- vkRepfj= gk ,d lkfgR;izdkj vkgs- ek= R;krhy]
fuosnd] uk;d] brj ik=s] dkG] LFkG] ?kfVrs gh dfYir ulwu lR;] izR;{k
l`"Vhrhy vlrkr-
ejkBhr vkRepfj=kph eksBh ijaijk vkgs- vkRepfj=kph oSf�k"VÓks
lkaxrkuk jke �ksokGdj Eg.krkr] ^^vkRepfj=ke/;s Lor% pfj=uk;dp
vkiyh thoudgk.kh lkaxr vlY;keqGs R;kr toGhd o fo�oklkgZrk vf/kd
vlrs- R;kP;k vk;q";krhy egRokP;k ?kVuk laca/khph vLly cktw R;kr
okpk;yk feG.;kph lks; vlrs-**35
1-5-1 lR;dFku %&
ek.kwl Lor%fo"k;h Lor%p vf/kd lR; lkaxw �kdrks �Every man�s life
may be best written by him self.�36 gs MkW- tkWUlups mn~xkj iVrkr ;k ckchaeqGs
vkRepfj= gk ,d lksik ok³~e;izdkj okVw ykxrks ijarq gs [kjs ukgh-
vkRepfj= gk lksik letyk tk.kkjk ,d vfr�k; vo?kM vkf.k foy{k.k
Qlok ok³~e;izdkj vkgs- vkRepfj= fyfg.;kP;k ekxkZr ;s.kkÚ;k laHkouh;
vMp.kho:u vkRepfj=kP;k ckcrhr fuekZ.k gks.kkjh gh oLrqfLFkrh vkgs-
1½ lR;dFku] 2½ rVLFko`Rrh] 3½ ^Lo* yk dsaæLFkku] 4½ ?kVukaph ;ksX;
fuoM o dq�ky ekaM.kh] 5½ oLrqfLFkrhn�kZd fuosnu gh vkRepfj=kph
vko�;d vaxs] ;k vaxkpk rksy lakHkkGrkauk R;kr fuekZ.k gks.kkÚ;k
vMp.kho:u vkRepfj= gk ok³~e; izdkj gkrkGY;kl vfr�k; vo?kM
vlY;kps y{kkr ;srs dkj.k ;k lokZaxkpk rksy lkaHkkGyk tk.;kis{kk R;kapk
rksy tk.;kphp vf/kd �kD;rk vlrs-
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lR;dFku gh vkRepfj=kph lokZr egRokph dlksVh vkgs- cksjxkodj
vkRepfj=krhy lR;kfo"k;h Eg.krkr] ^^vkRepfj= ,dnkp ,dkdMwu fyfgys
tkr vlY;kus lR;n�kZukoj Hkj gok-**37 leh{kd ek- dk- ns�kikaMs vkRe&
pfj=krhy lR;kph egrh lkaxrkr ^^T;kyk Qqykaps dkSrqd ukgh rks mRre
doh gksÅ �kd.kkj ukgh] T;kyk eqykaps dkSrqd ukgh rks Fkksj rRoK gksÅ
�kd.kkj ukgh o T;kyk lR;kph dnj ukgh rks vkn�kZ vkRepfj=dkj gksÅ
�kd.kkj ukgh-**38 jk- Ñ- ykxw ;kaP;k ers lR; Eg.kts] ^^vkRepfj=kpk
dfytk gks;-**39 cksjxkodjkauk vkRepfj= ,dnkp fyfgys tkr vlY;kus
lR;dFku vko�;d okVrs rj ek-dk- ns�kikaMÓkkaP;k ers ^lR;* lkax.ks vkn�kZ
vkRepfj=kps y{k.k Bjrs- ;kghiq<s tkÅu MkW- ykxwuh lR;kyk ^dfytk* brds
egRoiw.kZ LFkku fnys gh loZ ers LohdkjkgZ okVrkr- vkRepfj=kr ys[kdkyk
Lor%fo"k;h lR; lkaxk;ps vlrs- tls ?kMys rls lkaxk;ps gsp R;kps /;s;
Bjrs- pfj=kis{kk vkRepfj=kr lR;kpk [kjk[kqjk vkfo"dkj Ogk;yk ikfgts
v�kh okpd vis{kk djrkr- lR; lkax.ks vko�;d vkgs gs ekU; dsys rjh
lR;kyk rhu cktw vlY;kps tk.kors 1½ Lor%yk fnl.kkjs lR;]
2½ izfri{kkyk fnl.kkjs lR; vkf.k 3½ izR;{kkr vl.kkjs lR; ;krhy dks.krs
lR; Lohdkjk;ps gk iz�u fuekZ.k gksrks- lR; cksy.ks ,[kk|k osGh lksis tkbZy
i.k lR; fyfg.ks Qkj vo?kM dke vkgs- lR; fyfgrkuk fofo/k vMp.kh
fuekZ.k gksrkr-
vkRepfj=kps oSf�k"VÓks lkaxrkuk MkW- Hkkypaæ QMds ;kauh EgVys vkgs
dh] ^^vkRedFku dj.kkjk ys[kd dkyP;k thoukcíy fyfgr vlrks rks
xrdkG R;kP;kleksj vkgs- R;kiklwu nwj vlysyk ys[kd R;krys pSrU;
�kks/kr vlrks- vktpk vkRedFkk fuosnd dky iklwu nwj vkysyk vlY;keqGs
vusd n`"Vhus fujkGk vkgs-**40
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19
vkRepfj= gs rls vkRefparup vlrs] i.k L=hyk Lor%is{kk irhps
fparu dj.ks fiz; vlY;keqGs dnkfpr fL=;kaph vkRepfj=s gh irhaph pfj=s
>kyh vlkohr- m"kkrkbZ Mkaxs] vkuanhckbZ f�kdsZ] tkudhckbZ QM.khl ;kaph
vkRepfj=s okprkuk useds gsp tk.kors- galk okMdjkaP;k ^lkaxR;s ,sdk*e/;s
ek= ,d osxGsi.k gksrs- gs pfj= Eg.kts ,d Loxrp vkgs- dlykgh
vkMiMnk u Bsork galkckbZ uVh Eg.kwu ts thou txY;k R;kps /kkxs R;k
vfyIri.ks myxMw �kdrkr- ;k vkRepfj=kikBksikB vkRepfj=krhy lR;&
dFkuklaca/kh] eueksdGsi.kklaca/kh dkgh osxGÓkkp letqrh :< >kysY;k
fnlrkr vkRepfj=kr lR;dFku vlrs vlk;yk ikfgts- ;kpk usedk vFkZ
dk;\ [kjks[kj vkRepfj= dkjkyk lR;dFku djrk ;s.ks �kD; vkgs dk;\
/khVi.ks lR; vuqHkokaps izkaty dFku dj.;kP;k gO;klkr peRÑrh fuekZ.k
gks.;kph �kD;rk ukgh dk;\ rls laiw.kZ lR;dFku dj.ks vkRepfj=dkjkyk
'kD;p ulrs- dkj.k eqGkrp laiw.kZ lR;kps vkdyu >kysys ulrs-
1-5-2 rVLFk o`Rrh %&
vkRepfj= dsOgk fygkos gk ns[khy ,d egRokpk iz�u vkgs- ;k laca/kh
fofo/k leh{kdkauh fofo/k ers ekaMysyh vk<Grkr- vkuan lk/kY;kaP;k ers]
^Lor%P;k eukleksj ukxos gksÅu Lor%P;k foÑrh ikg.;kps lkeF;Z vkys
Eg.ktsp vkRepfj= fygkos gh o`Rrh d/kh lkBhr ;sbZy d/kh iék�khr rj
d/kh fo�khrgh ;k o;kpk laca/k o"kkZP;k la[;s�kh ukgh rj dsoG o`Rrh�kh
vkgs-**41 Lor%dMs rVLFki.ks ikg.;kph r;kjh >kyh dh vkRepfj= fygkos
vls lk/kY;kaps er vkgs- rj vk;q";kP;k e/;koj fyfgysyh vkRepfj=s
vf/kd ;�kLoh gksrkr vlk izk- ok- y- dqyd.khZ ;kapk vfHkizk; vkgs-
^^thoukP;k lk/kkj.k v/;kZ VI;koj ;srk ts thou vki.k vkti;Zar txyks
R;kdMs iz�ukafdr eqæsus oGwu ikg.kkjk vkRepfj=dkj vkf.k thoukrY;k
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�ksoVP;k fnolkar vkiY;k thoukps flagkoyksdu d: ikg.kkjk iwohZpk
vkRepfj= ys[kd ;kaP;k o`Rrhrp ewyr% Qjd vkgs- thoukpk fujksi �ksoVph
fujokfujo d:u vkf.k vkiY;k vk;q";kpk tek[kpZ lknj d:u ,dt.k
tkrks vkgs rj nqljk thoukP;k ,su e/;kojp Fkkacwu vki.k vkrki;Zar tks
izokl dsyk] R;kdMs MksGs Hk:u ikg.;kpk o R;k}kjk vki.k [kjks[kj dks.k
vkgksr gs iq<hy izoklkP;k n`"Vhus tk.kwu ?ks.;kpk iz;Ru djhr vkgs- Eg.kwup
gh uohu vkRepfj=s vf/kd izkekf.kd] thoukps ;FkkFkZ n�kZu ?kMow �kd.kkjh
v�kh Bjr vkgs-**42 gh vkRepfj=s ok-y- dqyd.khZ ;kauk izkatG okVrkr-
thoukps ;FkkrF; fp=.k ?kMfo.kkjh Bjrkr- vkRe�kks/kukP;k n`"Vhus gh i)r
vfHkuanuh; vkgs-
vkRepfj= dsOgk fygkos ;klaca/kh � ak-ok- fdyksZLdj vkiys fopkj
ekaMrkr-^^txkP;k jaxHkweho:u vki.k cktwyk ljdw ykxyks- izs{kdkaP;k VkGÓkk
vki.kkal feGsuk�kk >kY;k Eg.kts eu tjk Hkkackow ykxrs- tqU;k xks"Vh
cnyY;k ikfgtsr vls vki.k Bklwu Eg.kr vlyks rjh uO;k xks"Vhaps Lokxr
djk;yk Egkrkjh eaMGh Dofprp r;kj gksrkr- tx fc?kMr pkyys ghp
R;kaph vksjM vlrs- v�kkosGh r:.kkauk ukos Bso.;kP;k vFkok R;kaP;k�kh
Li/kkZ dj.;kP;k Qankr u iMrk vki.k ,dk cktwyk Ogkos gsp mRre- v�kk
osGh vkiyk osG ?kkyok;yk vkRepfj= fyfg.ks gk ,d Qkj pkaxyk mik;
vkgs-**43 �ka-ok- fdyksZLdj ;kaps fopkj vareqZ[k dj.kkjs vkgsr- izk- Jh-ds-
{khjlkxj ;kaP;k ers] ^^gk izdkj ok/kZD;krp gkrkG.;kyk vf/kd lks;hpk
vkgs- dkj.k deh �kjhjcGkr okpuh; djrk ;s.;klkj[kk gkp izdkj vkgs-
ek= cjhp nqfu;k ikfgY;koj] cjhp lq[k&nq%[ks HkksxY;koj rks gkrh ?;k;yk
gok-**44 vkepfj= fyfg.;kl HkjHkDde vuqHko ;k;yk gos vls {khjlkxjkauk
okVrs- thoukdMs rVLFki.ks ikg.;kph r;kjh >kyh dh vkRepfj= fygkos-
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21
rsp vkRepfj= ;�kLoh gksbZy ;sFks o;kis{kkgh rkVLF; gh o`Rrh vf/kd
egRokph vkgs-
rVLFksps gs /kksj.k pkaxys ikGY;keqGsp y{ehckbZ fVGdkaph Le`frfp=s
vej >kyh- ;FkkrF; fp=.k dj.ks gh rkjsojph dljr vlrs- vki.k dls
vkgksr gs letwu ?ks.;kP;k Hkjhl u iMrk vki.k yksdkauk dls fnlkos
;klkBhp ek.klkph /kMiM pkyw vlrs- R;kpk gk LoHkko vkgs R;keqGs
vkRepfj=kr rVLFkrk ikG.ks dBh.k gksÅu clrs-
vkiY;k pqdk tkghji.ks dcwy djk;yk ek.klkyk loZ vgadkj cktwyk
Bsokok ykxrks- ;kf�kok; vkiY;kyk vkiY;kdMs rVLFk o`Rrhus ikgrk ;sr
ukgh- lkjk vgaHkko u"V gks.ks gh egku ;ksX;kaukgh lk/k.;kl dBh.k v�kh
lk/kuk gks;- vkiY;k xrthoukps :i vkiY;kyk usgehp yksHkl fnlrs-
R;krhy ladVs] nq%[k dkgh dkyko/khuarj �khry gksrkr- udGri.ks
vkRepfj=kdMwu vkReleFkZu] vkReizn�kZu dsys tkrs- ok-y- dqyd.khZ ;kaP;k
ers ^^vkReleFkZukFkZ o vkRexkSjokFkZ fyfgysys vkRepfj= gksÅ �kdr
ukgh-**45
1-5-3 ^Lo*yk dsaæLFkku %&
vkiY;k thoukr ?kMysyh ,[kknh ?kVuk nqlÚ;kauk Qkj egRokph vkf.k
eksBh okVrs- i.k vkiY;kyk rh vkBorgh ukgh- dkj.k O;fDrRokP;k ?kM.khr
dks.krkgh Hkkx u ?ksrk rh laiysyh vlrs- brjkaP;k n`"Vhus rh ?kVuk fdrhgh
eksBh vlyh rjh fryk vkRepfj=kr LFkku feG.;kps dkj.k ukgh- ;k myV
nqljh ,[kknh ?kVuk brdh {k qæ vlrs dh R;kr Hkkxhnkj] lk{khnkj vlysys
brj yksd rh ?kVuk foljysys vlrkr i.k vkiY;k Lej.kkr rh iDdh
uksanoysyh vlrs- rh fdrhgh ygku vlyh rjh O;fDrRokP;k ?kM.khr frpk
gkrHkkj ykxysyk vlrksp- Eg.kwu fryk vkRepfj=kr LFkku feGk;yk gos-
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22
vkRepfj=kr dks.kR;k xks"Vh ?;kO;k o dks.kR;k ?ksÅ u;s gs v[ksjh
vkRepfj=dkjkykp Bjok;yk ikfgts dkj.k vkiY;k n`"Vhus fdrhgh ;ksX;
okVr vlys rjh Vhdkdkj & Vhdk dj.kkjp- ts lkafxrys tkrs R;kcíy
leh{kd Eg.krkr] ^gs lkaxk;yk gos gksrs*] rs u lkafxrY;kus vkRepfj=kr
dkgh tkxk dksÚ;k lqVY;k vkgsr- vkRepfj= viqjs okVrs- oxSjs oxSjs] O;Drh
frrD;k izÑrh gs fol:u pky.kkj ukgh- Lor%P;k xq.kkaps fnXn�kZu djkos rj
vkRe�yk?kspk nks"k ?kMrks- Lor%ps nks"k nk[kokos rj fou;kpk fdaok Hkksanwi.kkpk
vko ;srks- R;keqGs vMfdR;kr lqikjh v�kk dkrjhr vkRepfj=dkj lkiMr
vlrks- T;k ?kVukarwu O;fDreRo BGdi.ks mHks jkghy R;k ?kVuk t�kkP;k
r�kk ekaMY;k rj vkReleFkZu fdaok fou;kpk vkjksi ;s.;kph �kD;rk jkg.kkj
ukgh- ijarq R;k ?kVukae/kwu Lor%P;k ;ksX;rslaca/kh fdaok Lodk;kZP;k
egRoklaca/kh vkRepfj=dkj Lor% fudky nsÅ ykxyk rj rs vkReleFkZu
Bjsy- vkRepfj=dkjkus dks.kR;kgh ckcrhr fudky nsÅ u;s- rks okpdkaoj
lksiokok Eg.kts dqBykgh vkjksi u ;srk lqanj dykÑrh fuekZ.k gksbZy-
vkRepfj= dks.kh fygkos ;klanHkkZr nqxkZ Hkkxor ;akps fopkj iV.kkjs vkgsr-
R;k vls Eg.krkr dh] ^^vkRepfj= fygk;ps rj thoukyk ?kkV gok] lwj
gok] jax gok-**46
vkRepfj=kps lkSan;Z ^Lo* n�kZukr lkBysys vlY;kus vkRepfj=kr
vkRepfj=dkjkyk dsanzLFkku feGk;yk ikfgts- euq"; lekt�khy izk.kh
vlY;kus ys[kdkacjkscj brj O;Drhaps fp=.k ;s.kkjp- rjhgh Lor%ps dsanzLFkku
lqVrk dkek u;s- Porf. Roy Pascal ;k lanHkkZr Eg.krkr �In the Autobiography
proper attentation in focused on the self.�47 dkykZbZyps ergh R;kyk iq"Vh
ns.kkjs vkgs- A HeRo is HeRo at all points ^Lo* n�kZu lk/kys ukgh rj
vkRepfj=kps egRop jkg.kkj ukgh-**48 cÚ;kpnk vkRepfj=kr ik=kaph [kwi
xnhZ vlrs- R;keqGs izR;sd ik=kyk uhVi.ks mHks djrk ;sr ukgh- o ^Lo*
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23
dMsgh y{k iqjfoys tkr ukgh rj dsOgk&dsOgk ^Lo* izfrek cktwyk lkjyh
tkÅu brj O;DrhP;kp izfrek xMn gkrkr- mnk- fL=;kauh irhlkBh
fyfgysyh vkRepfj=s] ^vkeP;k vk;q";krhy dkgh vkBo.kh* jekckbZ jkuMs]
^vkeph vdjk o"ksZ* yhykckbZ iVo/kZu v�kk izdkjP;k vkRepfj=kauk
vkRepfj=s Eg.kkos] lgfp=s Eg.kkos] dh la;qDrpfj=s Eg.kkos] vlk iz�u
mifLFkr gksrks-
1-5-4 ?kVukaph fuoM o dq�ky ekaM.kh %&
?kVukaP;k fuoMh lanHkkZr vkanzs eksokZ Eg.krkr- �All biographer or
autobiographer is object to omit fRom his narrative the common plance of daily life and
to limit him self almost exclusively to sallent events actions and traits. The writing and the
reading of the bulky volumes other wise required would be a like inmpossible.�49
vk;q";krhy loZlkekU; ?kVukaph dkVNkV d:u dkgh BGd] BlBl�khr
izlaxkP;k lkgk¸;kus vkiyh O;fDrjs[kk lknj dj.;kpk iz;Ru
vkRepfj=dkjkyk djkok ykxrks- ?kVukaph fuoM >kY;koj R;kaph ekaM.kh
dq�kyrsus djrk ;k;yk ikfgts- ukghrj ?kVuk ,dkiq<s ,d ekaMr vlrkuk
,[kknh ?kVuk e/;sp vkBors- R;k tkxh fryk vdkj.k LFkku fnys tkrs-
vkRepfj=krhy dykewY;kaph v�kh gsGlkaM gksrs- vkiY;k vk;q";krhy
?kMkeksMhaph fp=s lk/kkj.ki.ks lokZaP;kp eu%p{kwleksj mHkh vlrkr( i.k rh
�kCnl`"Vhr jaxfo.;kph dq�kyrk Qkjp FkksMÓkk yksdkaP;k vaxh vlrs-
vkRepfj= dks.kh fygkos ;koj dks.kkykp ca/ku ?kkyrk ;sr ukgh-
vlkekU; O;Drhcjkscjp lkekU; O;Drhgh vkRepfj= fygw �kdsy- lkekU;
O;Drhpsgh vkRepfj= okpuh; gksÅ �kdrs- ;klaca/kh Ñ-ika- dqyd.khZ vkiys
fopkj ekaMrkr- ^^thou lkekU; >kys rjh R;kr peRdkj gs vlk;psp-
,[kk|k VkaxsokY;kP;k vk;q";kr ukgh dk pVdk yko.kkjs izlax vk<Gr\
,[kk|k vkjkex`gkP;k ok<I;kP;k thoukr lq)k ukgh dk lkax.;klk[ks iq"dG
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24
vlrs\ gs O;olk;gh {kqnz ukghr o R;krhy though d/kh {kqnz ulrs- vk;q";
dq.kkpsgh >kys rjh R;kr dkgh jke vlrksp- brdsp uOgs rj v�kk lkekU;
thoukrp izlax brds dkO;kRed o ukVÓkkRe vlrkr dh R;kiq<s dkYifud
dkO; o ukVÓk fQds iMkos-**50 ft.ks lkekU; vlys rjh R;kP;k vk;q";kr
pVdk yko.kkÚ;k xks"Vh vkgsr- R;kaps vkRepfj= okpuh; gksbZy-
vkRepfj=kpk ys[kd dks.kh egkiq#"k fdaok dks.kh egkRek] vlkok
ykxrks vls ukgh- f�k{kd] O;kikjh] lSfud] oSekfud] dkj[kkunkj] etwj]
�ksrdjh] MkWDVj] jktdkj.kh] Mªk;Ogj v�kh ekuokph dk;Z{ks=s loZO;kih
vkgsr- R;k&R;k {ks=krhy ekfgrh R;k&R;k yksdkaukp lokZf/kd pkaxyh
vl.;kph �kD;rk vkgs- rsOgk ;k ukukfo/k {ks=kar okoj.kkÚ;k yksdkauh vkiys
vuqHko vkiys thou izlax vkiyh lq[k nq%[ks o.kZu dsyh rj mRÑ"V lkfgR;
fuekZ.k gksbZy- gh vkRepfj= okpuh; gksrhy Kku vkf.k euksjatu vls nksUgh
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>qdrkr R;kaP;k ys[kukrhy mRdVrk deh gksr vlY;kps okpdkyk
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Le`rhr lkBoyh tkrkr- ofMy/kkÚ;kaP;k dFkukr dkSrqdkpkp Hkkx vf/kd
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egRokps LFkku izkIr >kys vkgs- ^^Jo.ka dhrZua fo".kks%Lej.ka iknlsoue vpZua
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dsyh vls ukgh- osn dkGkiklwu rks vktrkxk;r fryk d/khp [kaM iMysyk
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vls Hkxoku Jh Ñ".k lkaxrkr- rs R;kaps vkRepfj=p EgVys rjh pkysy-
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fujatu ek/ko ;kaps ^laiznk; ifjeG* gs vkRepfj= gks;- R;kus vkiyh
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R;kpk viqjsi.kk lrr [kVdr jkgrks- xaxk/kj�kkL=h iVo/kZu ;kauh estj okWdj
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c[kjhlkj[kh >kysyh fnlrs- R;keqGs gs vkReo`Rr gfddrotk >kysys vkgs-
nknksckuarj] 1887 lkyh ckck in~euth ;kauh ^v:.kksn;* gs vkRepfj=
fyfgys- vkiY;k /kekZarjkph gdhdr R;kauh ;kr lkafxryh vkgs- rh lkaxr
vlrkuk fganw /kekZarhy xq.kkoxq.k] /kkfeZd o lkekftd letqrh] :<h ;kaps
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vkRepfj= gks;- lektkdMwu fo/koakoj gks.kkjk vU;k;] R;keqGs fo/kokaph
gks.kkjh n;uh; voLFkk b- ps ftoar fp=.k ;k vkRepfj=kr >kysys vkgs-
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;kaP;k vkReo`Rrkr vgadkj o vkRe�yk?kk vk<Grs- 1934 e/;s y{ehckbZ
fVGd ;kauh Le`frfp=s fyfgyh- fVGdkaps pfj= fyfg.;kP;k gsrwus fyfgys
xsysys gs vkRepfj= ejkBh ok³~e;kr vej LFkku feGowu clys vkgs- 1943
e/;s deykckbZ ns�kikaMs ;kaph ^Lej.klk[kGh* izdkf�kr >kyh ;k vkRepfj=kr
deykckbZ cÚ;kp fBdk.kh vkReleFkZukpk iz;Ru djrkuk fnlrkr u-fpa-
dsGdjkaP;k ^xrxks"Vh* vkReleFkZukus dyadhr >kysY;k vkgsr- cks/koknh
n`f"Vdksukrwu y-jk-ikaxkjdjkauh ^pfj=panz* fyfgys-
fo-jk-f�kans ;kauh ^ek÷;k vkBo.kh o vuqHko* fyfgrkuk rVLFko`Rrh
ckGxysyh fnlrs- Lokra«;ohj fo-nk- lkojdj fyf[kr ^ek>h tUeBsi*
rVLFko`Rrh vkf.k eksdGsi.kk ;keqGs okpuh; >kys vkgs-
1910 rs 1950 ;k dky[kaMkr fyfgY;k xsysY;k vkRepfj=kapk gk
LFkwyekukus ?ksrysyk vk<kok vkgs- ;k dky[kaMkrhy cgqrsd vkRepfj=s
cks/koknh n`f"Vdksukrwu tUeysyh fnlrkr- rlsp cÚ;kp vkRepfj=kr
vkReleFkZugh vk<Grs dkgh vkRepfj=s vOoyntkZphgh mrjyh vkgsr-
Lokra«;ksRrj dky[kaMke/;s ^dÚgsps ik.kh* gs ikp dky[kaMkRed iznh?kZ
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vxj oLrqfu"B fjrhus lkaxw �kd.kkj ukgh-**59 vls EgVys vkgs-
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Lokra«;ksRrj dkGkr ek= vkRepfj= gk ok³~e; izdkj vf/kd fodflr
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>kysyk fnlrks- ;k dkGkr jktdh;] lkekftd] �kS{kf.kd] m|ksx] dyk]
ØhMk v�kk loZp {ks=krhy vkf.k lektkrhy fofo/kLrjkrhy L=h&iq#"kkauh
foiqy izek.kkr vkRepfj= ys[ku dsys vkgs- fo�ks"k% 1980 uarjP;k dkGkr
ejkBh vkRepfj= ok³~e;kr nfyr lektkrhy L=h&iq#"kkaP;k vkRepfj=kaph
Qkj eksBh Hkj iMysyh vkgs-
1-8 vkRepfj=kps egRo %&
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ek.klkyk vlrs- gs ftKklk iwrhZps lek/kku vkRepfj=kdMwu feGw �kdrs-
fdacgquk gk ,dp ok³~e; izdkj ekuoh thou tk.kwu ?ks.;kph ftKklk iqjsiwj
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�kdrs] i.k R;krhy izlax lkaxksokaxhps vlrkr- R;keqGs lR;kP;k ckcrhr
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tk.korks- dkj.k uo fufeZrh{ke yfyr lkfgR;krhy l`"Vhizek.ks vkRepfj=k&
rhy l``"Vh gh dfYir l`"Vh ulrs rj izR;{k thoukuqHkokoj ikslyh tk.kkjh
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izdkjpk lqlaxr vkdkj vkf.k vFkZ ns.;kpk iz;Ru vlrks- iqjLdkjkekQZr
ekuoh thou vkLok| dj.;kph rh [kViV vlrs- fdR;sdnk vkRe�kks/kkP;k
izfØ;srwu vkRepfj=dkjkyk xol.kkjh Lor%ph izfrek R;kyk Lor%ykp R;kps
vfHkuo n�kZu ?kMo.kkjh Bjrs- thou tls ?kMys rlsp fyfgys tkr
vlY;kus] vkRepfj=kbrdk ftoar nqljk dqBykgh ok³~e; izdkj vk<Gr
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ukgh- thoukrY;k /kdk/kdhr ts yksd d/khgh ijkØe djrkauk fnlr ukghr-
R;kaps vlkekU;Ro dsOgkgh utjsl iMr ukgh- T;kP;k dr`ZRofu"Bsoj]
ri�p;sZoj] tx pkyrs i.k R;kaps dr`ZRo ek= vcksy vlrs R;k vla[;
thokaph thou;k=k tk.kwu ?ks.;kl vkRepfj= gs mRre lk/ku Bjrs-
Fkksj iq#"kkaph pfj=s gk ekuotkrhpk veksy Bsok vkgs- egku rRoK]
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ekxZn�kZd Bjrkr- R;kaP;k ikoykapk ekxksok ?ksr] R;kaP;k thou dk;kZiklwu
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ys[kukpk gsrw Li"V vkf.k m?kM vkgs- i.k vkRepfj=kps rls ukgh- ,[kk|k
fof�k"V {ks=kr vlkekU; drZcxkjh xktfo.kkÚ;k O;Drhaps pfj= R;k {ks=kr
/kMiM dj.kkÚ;k uoFkj mesnokjkyk ekxZn�kZd Bjsy] LQwfrZnk;d Bjsy ijarq
vkRepfj= dks.kh fygkos ;koj dq.kkykp ca/ku ?kkyrk ;s.kkj ukgh- R;keqGs
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fyfgrhyp ;kph �kk�orh ukgh- ,[kknk lkekU; ek.kwlgh jatd vls
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dj.;klkj[kk vkgs- ;k lanHkkZr ckG lkear Eg.krkr] ^^iafMr tokgjyky
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1-9 vkRedFkk] vkRedFku vkf.k vkRepfj= %&
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dkgh iz�u mifLFkr dsys vkgsr- rs Eg.krkr] ^^Hkkoh dkGkr r:.k o;krys
vkRepfj= vH;klrk ;sbZy dka\ R;keqGs vkRepfj=kps fud"k cnykos
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ykxrhy dk\ v�kk r:.k o;krY;k vkRedFkukyk ^vkRepfj=* Eg.kkos dh
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�ksoVh vkRepfj=kps o; dks.krs vlkos\ ,su mesnhps dh mrkjo;krys\ dh
nksu VII;krys\ ok³~e; izdkjkP;k n`"Vhus ;kpk fopkj gks.ks t:jhps vkgs-**61
izk-[kkaMsdjkauh dsysY;k foospukr laKk dks.krh okijkoh vkf.k vkRepfj=
dks.kR;k o;kr fygkos vls eqÌs mifLFkr dsys vkgsr- laKsP;k n`"Vhus ikfgys
rj r:.k o;krhy vkRedFkukyk vkRedFku vlsp vkt EgVys tkrs- i.k
dks.kR;k o"khZ vkRedFku fygkos] ;kps ek= :< ladsr fnlr ukgh- T;k o;kr
lkaxkosls okVrs R;k o;kr rs fyfgys tkr vkgs- mnk- n;k iokjkauh o;kP;k
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29O;k o"khZ ^vôjek�kh* fyfgys- vkRedFku useD;k dks.kR;k o;kr fygkos]
gk loZLoh ys[kdkpk iz�u vkgs vls ;ko:u Eg.krk ;sbZy- panzHkkuw lksuo.ks
;kaP;k ers ^^T;k ys[kdkauh mrkjo; ykx.;kP;k vk/kh vkiyh vkRepfj=s
fyfgyh vkgsr- R;kaph rh vkRepfj=s vf/kd xktyh vkgsr-**62 [kjs Eg.kts
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ulwu oSf�k"VÓkiw.kZ vuqHkofo�o] vk�k;] vfHkO;Drhps osxGsi.k ;k xks"Vh gh
R;kyk dj.khHkwr vkgsr-
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laKsphp i;kZ;h vFkZ|ksrd laKk vkgs-**63 vls MkW- lnk dÚgkMs ;kauh EgVys
vlwu vkRepfj=k,soth vkRedFkk gh laKk R;kauh okijysyh fnlrs-
vkRepfj= gs ,d izdkjs Lor%psp pfj= vlrs- lk/kkj.kr% vk;q";kP;k
mRrjk/kkZr vkRepfj= fyfg.;kpk ladsr vkgs- vk;q";kr osxGs dr`ZRo fl)
dsys vlsy] rj rh O;Drh vkRepfj= fygwu xrdkGkrhy thoukpk vk<kok
?ksr vlrs- vkiyh tM.k?kM.k] ;�kki;�k] lq[knq%[k ;k xks"Vhapk rkGscan
ekaMr vlrs- ^pfj=* gk ok³~e; izdkj vkRepfj=kis{kk fHké vkgs- yksdksRrj
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dk;Z dj.kkÚ;k O;DrhcÌy R;kaph ekfgrh ladfyr d:u la�kks/kukP;k
vk/kkjkoj R;kaP;k thoukpk iV ekaM.ks R;kyk pfj=ys[ku Eg.krk ;sbZy- gs
pfj= ys[ku O;Drh Lor% vkiY;klaca/kh djhr ukgh- vU; dks.khrjh ys[kd
la�kks/ku djrks- vfydMs vkRedFku gk ok³~e; izdkj fo�ks"kr% nfyr
ok³~e;kr eksBÓkk izek.kkr yksdfiz; >kysyk fnlrks- vkRedFku gh ,d
(Continuing Process) vlrs- veqd ,dk o;kr vkRedFku fygk;yk gos] vls
ladsr ukghr- vkRedFkk] LodFku] vkReo`Rr vkfn i;kZ;h laKk vkRedFku
;k laKslkBh okijY;k tkrkr- vkRedFku ghp laKk :< >kysyh fnlrs- nfyr
vkRedFkukadMs lkekftd nLr,sot Eg.kwugh ikfgys tkrs- ckck in~euth ;kaps
^v:.kksn;* gs vkRepfj= Lor%ps laiw.kZ fp=.k dj.kkjs vkf.k iw.kZ Lo:ikr
miyC/k vlys rjh nknksck ikaMqjax ;kaps ^jkocgkÌj nknksck ikaMqjax* gs viqjs
vkRepfj= vk/kqfud n`f"Vdksukrwu ifgys ejkBh vkRepfj= Eg.krk ;sbZy-
jekckbZ jkuMs ;kaps ^vkeP;k vk;q";krhy dkgh vkBo.kh* gs ejkBhrhy L=h
ps ifgys vkRepfj= EgVys tkrs- jekckbZauh Lor%fo"k;h vYi ekfgrh nsÅu
eq[;r% vkiys irh U;k- egknso jkuMs ;kaukp ;k vkRepfj=kr eksBs LFkku
fnY;kus rs ,d izdkjs R;kaP;k irhps pfj= vkgs vlk dkgh tk.kdkjkapk jks[k
vkgs- rFkkfi ikoZrhckbZ vkBoys ;kaps ^ek>h dgk.kh* gs vkRepfj= Lor%
fo"k;h Lodr`ZRokfo"k;h izk/kkU;kus ekfgrh lkaxrs- Eg.kwu rs ejkBhrhy L=h ps
ifgys vkRepfj= Bjrs-
vki.k txysY;k HkksxysY;k xrvk;q";kps vuqHko myxMwu nk[kfo.ks
nqlÚ;k leksj vkiyh thoukuqHkwrh ekaM.ks ;klkBh vkRepfj= vkf.k vkRedFkus
fyfgyh tkrkr- ;k nksUghe/kwugh lR;dFku] izkatGi.kk] vkRefujh{k.k]
vkRefuosnu vkf.k ^Lo* lkscr lewg n�kZu ?kMr vlrs- vkiY;k vk;q";krhy
egRokP;k ?kVuk] izlax vkf.k fuoMd] vUokFkZd vuqHko] vkRepfj= vkf.k
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vkRedFkuke/kwu ;sr vlrks nksUghe/kwugh vkReleFkZuklkBh vkf.k vkRe&
vgarslkBh lR;kpk viyki gksÅ u;s gs vfHkizsr vlrs-
1-10 pfj= vkf.k vkRepfj= ijLijlaca/k %&
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ok³~e; izdkjkaizek.ksp pfj= o vkRepfj= gs ok³~e; izdkj vkgsr-
pfj= vkf.k vkRepfj= ;k lanHkkZr jke �ksokGdj Eg.krkr] ^^pfj=kis{kk
vkRepfj= vf/kd fo�oluh; o R;keqGs ânîk okVrs- pfj=ke/;s pfj=
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uk;dkps ikg.;kP;k n`"Vhus o`Rrhus o Hkkousus rs fp= laLdkfjr o izHkkfor
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fo"k; ,dp vlrks gk ;k nksgkse/khy ewyHkwr Qjd-**65 pfj= vkf.k
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vlyh rjh nksUgh ok³~e; izdkjkr fHkérk vkgs- dks.kR;kgh Fkksj O;DrhaP;k
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thoukcÌy loZlkekU;kauk dqrwgy vlrs- ;k n`f"Vdksukrwu Fkksj O;Drhaps pfj=
fygwu R;kaP;k O;Drh}kjs lkekU; ek.klkauk dkgh cks/k feGkok] gk pfj=
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;srs- v�kk izdkjps n�kZu nSuafnuh] i=s] vkBo.kh] izokl o.kZu] Le`frfp=s]
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dkGkuqlkjh o fo"k;kuq:i lk/kkj fo�ys"k.kkRed ok ifjp;kRed bfrgkl o
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lkj[kh gh pfj=s fnlrkr- ,sfrgkfld lanHkkZcjkscjp lkfgR;kP;k vaxkus ;krhy
dkgh pfj=krwu O;fDreRokpk �kks/k ?ksrysyk fnlrks-
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tk.kkÚ;k O;fDreRokpk vH;kl frps fo�ys"k.k gkp pfj=kpk xkHkk vlrks-
Lokra«;iwoZ dkGkrhy vusd jktdh; usR;kaph pfj=s ;k dkGkr fyfgyh xsyh
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xka/kh] ljnkj iVsy gh R;krhy dkgh y{kkr jkg.;ktksxh ukos vkgsr-
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Lokra«;ksRrj dkGkr R;kaP;kfo"k;h miyC/k >kysyh vf/kd vLly ekfgrh ;sFks
;srs o vf/kd =;LFki.ks ok izkatyi.ks vfHkfuos�kfojfgr ys[ku ;sFks >kysys
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fnlrs- pfj= uk;dkP;k ewY;ekiukr ok O;fDrfo�ys"k.kkr vf/kd Li"Vrk
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;k usR;kaph ifjJeiwoZd fyfgysyh fo�ys"k.kkRed pfj=sgh dkgh izek.kkr
vk<Grkr-
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pfj= uk;d >kysys fnlrkr- ;�koarjko pOgk.k] �kadjjko pOgk.k] olarjko
ukbZd ;k pfj=kapk ,dw.kp iz�kalkRed lwj ikgrk pfj=ys[kdkauh gh pfj=s
Loa;izsj.ksus fyfgyh vkgsr dh R;kaP;kdMwu fygfoyh xsyh vkgsr vlk iz�u
dkgh osGk iMkok v�kh fLFkrh vkgs-
pfj= gk ok³~e; izdkj brj ok³~e; izdkjklkj[kkp vkgs- laLÑre/khy
^pj* /kkrwiklwu pfjr vkf.k iq<s pfj= gs �kCn fl) >kysys vkgsr- ^pj* ;k
/kkrwps dj.ks fl)hl us.ks] Ñrh dj.ks bR;knh egRokps vFkZ vkgsr- pfjr &
;kpk vFkZ vkpjysys rj ^pfj=* ;k �kCnkpk vFkZ pkypy.kwd] okx.;kph
rÚgk fdaok orZu vlk vkgs- ;ko:u ^pfj=* ;k ok³~e; izdkjkr O;DrhP;k
okx.;kph jhr vkf.k pkypy.kqdhps n�kZu ?kMrs- pfj=kr O;Drh vkiY;k
thoukrhy Ñrh vkf.k mDrhps n�kZu ?kMor vlrs- vusd ekU;oj
leh{kdkauh dsysY;k O;k[;kae/kwu ^pfj=* pk vFkZ Li"V gksrks-
^pfj=* pk vFkZ Li"V djrkuk lnk dÚgkMs Eg.krkr] ^^pfj= Eg.kts
,sfrgkfld lR;kP;k vk/kkjs ?kMfoysys ,[kk|k O;Drhps fo�oluh; vLly
fu%�kad vkf.k ,dla?k vls O;fDrn�kZu gks;-**68 ;ko:u pfj=ke/;s ,[kk|k
O;DrhP;k O;fDreRokps n�kZu R;kP;k thou bfrgklkP;k vk/kkjs ?kMfoys tkrs
gs y{kkr ;srs- gs thoun�kZu rh O;Drh Lor% ?kMfor ukgh rj brj dks.khrjh
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R;k O;Drhps thouun�kZu ?kMfor vlrks- pfj=kr vls thoun�kZu
?kMfo.kkÚ;kl pfj=dkj EgVys tkrs-
pfj= ys[kukpk mÌs�k lkaxrkuk MkW-x-dk- jkors Eg.krkr] ^^pfj= gh
ok³~e;hu Ñrh vkgs- rsOgk thoun�kZu O;fDrn�kZu gsp pfj=kps ok³~e;hu
mfÌ"V gks;-**69 ;ko:u pfj=kpk ok³~e;hu mÌs�k O;DrhP;k thoukps ifjiw.kZ
n�kZu ?kMfo.ks gk vlY;kps y{kkr ;srs-
Pkfj=kr O;DrhP;k thou dk;kZph ekfgrh lkafxryh tkrs- R;k
O;DrhP;k vk;q";kr ?kMysY;k egRoiw.kZ ?kMkeksMh cjkscjp R;kP;k dk;kZpk
vkys[k pfj=kr ekaMyk tkrks- ;k lokZae/kwu R;kps thou n�kZu rj ?kMrsp
rlsp R;kP;k vkpkj fopkjkrwu xq.knks"kkrwu R;kP;k O;fDreRokpsgh n�kZu
pfj=kr ?kMr vlrs- pfj=dkj pfj=kr uk;dkP;k O;fDrfp=.kkcjkscj R;kps
gqcsgwc O;fDreRo jaxfor vlrks- pfj= uk;dkP;k O;fDreRokps fp=.k
djrkuk R;kP;k xq.knks"kkapsgh fp=.k pfj=dkjkus dsys ikfgts- fp=uk;dkps xq.k
o.kZu djrkuk vfr�k;ksDrh djrk dkek u;s- rlsp nks"kn�kZu djrkukgh
rkjrE; ckGx.ks vko�;d vkgs- pfj=kr pfj=uk;dkps xq.knks"k Li"Vi.ks
nk[kfoys ikfgtsr gs lkaxrkuk] izk-v-e-tks�kh Eg.krkr] ^^pfj=dkjkus pfj=&
uk;dkP;k O;fDrRokps ;FkkFkZ fp= dk<.ks gkp mÌs�k eukr ckGxyk ikfgts-
rls djrkuk R;kps xq.knks"k Li"Vi.ks nk[kfoys vlrk R;kP;k Fkksji.kkyk ck/kk
u ;srk myV R;kP;k O;fDrRokph :ijs"kk vf/kd Li"V fnlrs-**70 O;fDrn�kZu
gk pfj=ys[kukpk mÌs�k vlY;kps izk-tks�kh ;k fBdk.kh lkaxrkr] gs
O;fDrn�kZu xq.knks"kkalghr >kys ikfgts vls R;kaps er vkgs o rs ;ksX;p
vkgs-
,[kk|k O;DrhP;k thoukps ;FkkFkZ fp=.k d:u R;kps lkrR;iw.kZ
thoun�kZu ?kMfo.ks gk pfj=kpk eq[; gsrw vlrks- pfj= uk;dkps LoHkko o
O;fDrfp=.k gs R;kP;k thoukr ?kMysY;k lR; ?kVukaoj o oLrqfLFkrhoj
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41
vk/kkjhr vlkos rjp rs pfj= fo�oluh; Bjrs- ;k lanHkkZr lnk dÚgkMs
Eg.krkr] ^^pfj=kr ,[kk|k O;Drhps vf/kÑr fo�oluh; o vLly fp= R;k
O;DrhP;k thoukrhy fofo/k ?kVukaP;k}kjs lknj dj.ks ,o<kp pfj=kpk ewyr%
gsrw vlrks-**70 ,[kk|k O;Drhps lR;iw.kZ thoun�kZu ?kMfo.ks gk pfj=kpk
,d egRokpk gsrw vkgs- gs lnk dÚgkMs ;kaP;k fo/kkuko:u y{kkr ;srs-
vknj.kh;] fiz;] O;DrhcÌy vknj o izse O;Dr dj.;klkBh
pfj=ys[ku >kysys fnlrs- v�kk pfj=ke/;s vkiY;k vknj.kh; o fiz;
O;Drhaps xq.kkoxq.kp eksBÓkk izek.kkoj dsysys vlrs- is�kos ;kaph c[kj]
gksGdjkaph dSfQ;r bR;knh xq.k o.kZuij pfj=kaph mnkgj.ks vkgsr- Js"B
O;DrhaP;k ijkØekps dr`ZRokps xq.kxk.k dj.;kcjkscjp iq<hy fi<hus R;kaP;k
ijkØekps drZ`Rokps vuqdj.k djkos gk pfj=dkjkpk v�kh pfj=s fyfg.;k
ekxhy gsrw vlrks- v�kk pfj=ke/kwu lkekU; ek.klkauk ekxZn�kZu gksr vlrs-
R;kapk vkRefo�okl ok<hl ykxrks- izfrdwy ifjfLFkrhrgh thou la?k"kZ
dj.;klkBhps /kS;Z R;kaP;k fBdk.kh fuekZ.k gksr vlrs- �kwjohjkaph pfj=sgh
v�khp izsj.kknk;h o LQwfrZnk;h vlrkr- ,sfrgkfld iq#"kkaph ijkØehohjkaph]
Fkksj rRoKkukaph pfj=s lekteukoj laLdkj dj.;kps dke djrkr- R;kpcjkscj
lkekU; ek.klkae/;s LQwrhZ fuekZ.k d:u R;kaP;kr ijkØeh o`Rrh ok<hl
yko.;kps dke djrkr-
pfj= uk;dkpk thou o`Ùkkar lk/kkj.kr% dkyØekuqlkj lkafxryk tkrks-
R;kP;k O;fDreRokpk fodkl dldlk gksr xsyk gs nk[kfoys tkrs- pfj=dkj
pfj=uk;dkP;k O;fDrRokps fofo/k iSyw] var%dj.kkrhy Hkko Hkkouk] fopkj
fodkj bR;knh xks"Vh gGwokji.ks eksdGÓkk djrks- pfj= ys[kuklkBh
pfj=dkjkyk nSuafnuh] vkBo.kh] Nkihy dkxni=s] ledkyhuka�kh ppkZ] i=
O;ogkj bR;knh lk/kukapk mi;ksx gksrks- ;k lk/kukaP;k vk/kkjs uk;dkps
O;fDrRo] R;kpk LoHkko o thoudk;Z letkowu ?ksrk ;srs- miyC/k xks"Vhaph
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lqlaxr lk[kGh r;kj d:u pfj=dkj uk;dkP;k dr`ZRokoj ;ksX; izdk�k
Vkdrks- v�kkizdkjs pfj=dkj pfj=kr uk;dkps ;FkkFkZ thoun�kZu ?kMfor
vlrks- pfj=ys[ku djrkuk uk;dkP;k O;fDreRokph pfj=dkjkph ekufld]
layXurk fuekZ.k rj pfj=dkj uk;dkps ;FkkFkZ o vLly thou n�kZu
?kMfo.;kr ;�kLoh gksrks- pfj= ys[kukfo"k;h v-e-tks�kh Eg.krkr]
^^euq";kP;k vk;q";krhy fujfujkGÓkk ?kVukapk izR;{k o.kZukis{kk R;kr izrhr
gks.kkÚ;k euq";kP;k LoHkko fodklkyk pfj=kP;k n`"Vhus vf/kd egRo
vkgs-**71 v-e- tks�kh ;kaps er vxnh ;ksX; vkgs- pfj=kr pfj= uk;dkP;k
thoukrhy ?kVukaph QDr ta=h ekaMwu pky.kkj ukgh- R;kP;k vk;q";krhy
?kVukaP;k o.kZukrwu R;kP;k LoHkkokps fofo/k iSyw Li"V >kys ikfgtsr-
pfj= vkf.k vkRepfj= ;k ok³~e; izdkjkyk R;kps Lora= vkf.k
Lo;aiw.kZ vfLrRo vkgs- ek= vusd ckcrhr lkE; vkf.k Hksngh vkgsr- pfj=
fo"k;krhy O;DrhP;k thoukrhy lR; pfj=krwu vfHkO;Dr gks.ks vR;ko�;d
rRo vkgs] R;kp izek.ks vkRepfj=ke/;sgh lR; egRokps Bjrs- pfj=dkj pfj=
uk;dkP;k thoukrhy ?kVukaps izlaxkps R;k dkGkP;k lanHkkZr izkekf.kdi.ks
lR;dFku djhr vlrks- pfj= uk;dkpk thoukys[k O;Dr dj.;kph
pfj=dkjkph Hkwfedk vkRepfj=ke/;s gh vkRepfj=dkjkph vlrs-
vls lk/kE;Z vlys rjh nksUghe/;s Hksngh vkgsr- pfj=ke/;s pfj=uk;d
gk R;kP;k {ks=kr bfrgkl ?kMfo.kkjk] fo�ks"k dr`ZRo vlysyk vlkok ykxsy-
vkRepfj=ke/;s gs vlkosp ykxsy vls ukgh- pfj=ke/;s pfj= uk;dkP;k
dr`ZRokph fpfdRlk] ewY;ekiu Ogkos vls vfHkizsr vlrs- vkRepfj=ke/kwu
vkRepfj=dkjkaP;k dr`ZRokph fpfdRlk] ewY;ekiu gksbZyp vls vls lkaxrk
;sr ukgh- pfj=ke/kwu vf/kd oLrqfu"Brk izdV Ogkoh ykxrs vkf.k
vkRepfj=ke/kwu oLrqfu"Bscjkscjp vkRefu"Bk izHkkohi.ks izdV gksrs- pfj=kis{kk
vkRepfj=kps osxGsi.k fofo/k xq.kfo�ks"kkaeqGs fl) >kys vkgs- yfyr
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ys[kuke/kwu vkRekfo"dkjkyk rj gs vf/kd Qjd vkf.k vR;ar vuq:i vkgs-
vkRepfj= dBksj vkReijh{k.k] ekuoh O;fDrRokps fp=.k] ledkyhu
thoukpk vkys[k] lgoklkr vkysY;k ekuoh LoHkkokps n�kZu vknh fo�ks"kkalg
izdV gksrs] Lor%p Lor%ps vkRekfuosnu] vkReizdVhdj.k] vkRedFku] ys[ku
djhr vlY;kus R;krwu vkRekfo"dkj (Self Exoerience) vkf.k vkReizdVhdj.k
(Self Revaluation) vfHkO;Dr gksrs] O;DrhP;k thoukpk] O;fDrRokpk vkf.k
dr`ZRokpk R;kus Lor%p fyfgysyk bfrgkl vkRepfj=krwu ;sr vlrks- ek=
R;krwu vkRefu"Bsps ve`rflapu gksr vlY;kus R;kyk ,d dykRed osxGsi.k
ykxrs-
1-11 jktdh; usR;kaph vkRepfj=s %&
,dksf.klkO;k �krdkP;k v[ksjh&v[ksjhpk dkG gk egkjk"Vªkr jktdh;
o lkekftd tkx`rhpk dkG gksrk- fo".kq�kkL=h fpiGw.kdjkauh isVfoysyh
Lons�kkfHkekukph T;ksr yks- fVGd] vkxjdj bR;knh ns�kHkDrkauh lrr rsor
Bsoyh- 1885 lkyh jk"Vªh; lHksP;k LFkkiuscjkscj Hkkjrh;kaP;k jktdh;
vkdka{kk vf/kdp mapkoY;k ;kp lqekjkl fVGdkauh x.ks�kksRlo o
f�kokthmRlo lq: dsys R;keqGs tursP;k mRlkgkr fo�ks"k Hkjrh vkyh-
egkjk"Vªkr t.kw uos ;qx vorjr gksrs- ;k uO; ;qxkps izorZd U;k- jkuMs]
fpiGw.kdj] fVGd] vkxjdj bR;knh Fkksj usrs gksrs- R;kr yks- fVGd rj
egkjk"Vªkps nSorp >kys gksrs- fVGdkaps dk;Z ,su Hkjkr vlrkukp R;kaph
ygku eksBh pfj=s izfl) gksr gksrh- y-jk-ikaxkjdjkauhgh fVGdkaP;k thoukoj
pfj=s fyfgyh vkgsr- vkxjdjkaphgh pfj=s ;kdkGkr izfl) >kyh-
jktdh; tkx`rhpk ifj.kke Eg.kwu t�kh Lodh; ns�kHkDrkaph pfj=s
fyfgyh xsyh] r�kh dkgh ik�pkR; jk"Vªlsodkaph pfj=s t.kw Lons�k lsosps
vkn�kZ yksdkaiq<s mHks dj.;klkBh fyfgyh xsyh- pfj=kP;k iwrZrsfo"k;h v-v-
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dqyd.khZ Eg.krkr] ^^Fkksj o iq#"kkaph pfj=s O;Drhfo"k;d ulwu ,sfrgkfld
vlrkr- R;kaP;k pfj=kcjkscjkp R;kaP;k osxGÓkk /kekZlaca/kh] jktdh;]
lkekftd bR;knh yksdfLFkrhpkgh bfrgkl fnY;kf�kok; pfj=kph iwrZrk gksr
ukgh-**72
vkRepfj= gk pfj= izdkj izxr Lo:ikr vlk tjh baxzth vkenkuhr
lq: >kyk vlyk rjh R;kph ikGseqGs izkphu ejkBh ok³~e;kr fnlrkr-
jktdh; usR;kae/;s Lokra«;ohj lkojdjkauh vkRepfj=kRed ys[ku
dsysys vkgs- 1937 lkyh egkjk"Vª izkarkr dk¡xzsl ljdkj vf/kdkjkoj vkY;k
uarj ^ek>h tUeBsi* gk lkojdjkapk vkRepfj=kRed xzaFk ca/keqDr dj.;kr
vkyk- iq<s 1947 lkyh ;k xzaFkkph uoh vko`Ùkh izfl) dj.;kr vkyh-
R;kuarj nksu o"kkZauh lkojdjkauh fyfgysyk ^vkRepfj=* [kaM&1 gk xzaFk izfl)
>kyk- ;k xzaFkkr lkojdjkaP;k vk;q";kpk tUekiklwu 1902 i;Zarpk oÙkkaar
vkyk vkgs- ^ek>h tUeBsi* ;k xzaFkkr vanekudkyhu dkjkoklkph Eg.kts
1911 rs 1924 i;Zarph gdhdr vkyh vkgs- vfydMs 1965 lkyh
^�k=qP;k f�kfcjkr* ;k ukokpk R;kapk vk.k[kh ,d vkRepfj=ij xzaFk izdkf�kr
dj.;kr vkyk vkgs- R;kr 1906 lkyh lkojdj mPpf�k{k.kklkBh
foyk;rsl xsys- R;k dkGkr rhu&pkj o"kkZpk bfrgkl vkyk vkgs- ,dw.k gs
rhu xzaFk feGwu lkojdjkaP;k egku thoukps egkdkO;p ejkBh ok³~e;kr
vorjys vkgs-
^vkRepfj=* [kaM&1 ;k xzaFkkP;k izLrkousr vkRepfj= ys[kuklaca/kh
dkgh ekSY;oku fopkj lkojdjkauh O;Dr dsys vkgsr- T;k O;DrhaP;k
thoukpk yksdthoukoj ifj.kkedkjd izHkko iMysyk vkgs v�kk O;Drhauh
vkiyh /;s;s vkdka{kk] ijkØe] U;wurk o lkaxrk ;kaP;k ekfgrhph Bso iq<hy
fi<hP;k fgrkFkZ R;kaP;k gkrh lksifoyk rj rs ,dkizdkjs vkiY;k vk;q";kps
�ksoVps Js;Ldj izkIr d:u ?ksrys vkgs- ;kps izR;arj ;k xzaFkkr vkiY;k
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45
thoukph dgk.kh T;k dkO;e; �kSyhus lkafxryh vkgs rho:u ;s.;klkj[ks
vkgs fdacgquk gk laxzg xzaFk Eg.kts ,d e/kqj dkO;p vkgs-
^eh ,l-,e-* e/;s ek= ,l-,e-tks�kh lkiMr ukgh- R;kaP;k thoukph
tM.k ?kM.k] R;kaP;k O;fDreRokpk fodkl ;kauk nq ;e LFkku feGr vkgs]
vls okVrs o MksGÓkkleksj mHkk jkgrks rks 1940 rs 1980 ;k dkGkrhy
egkjk"Vªkrhy fofo/k jktdh; o lkekftd pGoGhapk vkys[k- ,l-,e-tks�kh
;kaph lektfu"Bk o cfgeqZ[krk gs dnkfpr ;kps dkj.k vlsygh i.k ;keqGs
pkaxY;k vkRepfj=kl vko�;d nzO; ek= ;kr vHkkokusp vk<Grs ;kr �kaadk
ukgh- ;k ys[kukekxph izsj.kk osxGh vkgs- izLrkousr ,l-,e-tks�kh ;kauh
ekaMysY;k Hkwfedsrwup gs [kÚ;k vFkkZus R;kaps vkRepfj= ulwu rs Lor%
txysY;k ?kVukapk rks bfrgkl vkgs] gs y{kkr ;srs- R;kekukus ;�koarjko
pOgk.kkaps ^Ñ".kkdkB* ek= lkekftd o jktdh; ?kVdkacjkscjp R;kaP;k
oS;fDrd vk;q";kP;k fodklkps js[kkVu dj.;kr cÚ;kp izek.kkr ;�kLoh
>kY;klkj[ks okVrs-
vfr O;kIrhpk nks"k u-fo-xkMxhG ;kaP;k ^ifFkd* ¼1964½ ;k vkRe&
pfj=kP;k ckcrhr ?kMyk vkgs- gk xzaFk 3 [kaMkr izfl) >kyk vlwu R;kr
ys[kdkP;k thouo`Ùkakcjkscj egkjk"Vªkrhy dk¡xzslP;k iékl&lkB o"kkZpk
bfrgkl vkyk vkgs- v=s ;kaP;k izek.ksp ijarq FkksMÓkk deh izek.kkr
xkMxhGkauh ;k xzaFkkr fdrhrjh vuko�;d xks"Vhapk Hkj.kk dsyk vkgs- gk xzaFk
bfrgkl uOgs dsoG thouiVkoj ,d vkjk[kMk r;kj d:u eqôkekoj
tk.kkÚ;k ;k=sd:pk gk o`Rrkar vkgs] vlk ,dhdMs nkok d:u izR;{kkr
vkRepfj= ys[kukP;k e;kZnk ikG.;kph dkGth ys[kdkus ?ksryh ukgh- gs
m?kM fnlrs- ,[kk|k ?kVus�kh vkiyk laca/k vkyk rj R;k ?kVusps Lo:i dk;]
R;kr vkiys LFkku dk; R;k ?kVusl O;DrhP;k vkRepfj=kr fdrh tkxk
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|k;ph ;kckcr rkjrE; Bsoys ukgh rj vkRepfj=kps :i o ?kkV ikj cnywu
tkrkr rs vkRepfj= jkgr ukgh-
vkRepfj=dkj gk tj dlysyk ys[kd vlsy] rj rks lR;kps Lo:i
cnywu Vkdhy ;kps izR;arj vkpk;Z iz-ds-v=s ;kaP;k ^dÚgsps ik.kh* ;k
vkReo`Rrkr fnlrs] R;kr ^eh* ps fufeRr d:u R;kauh xsY;k iékl o"kkZrhy
egkjk"Vªkrhy lokZaxh.k ?kMkeksMhpk vk<kok ?ksryk vkgs- eksokZus lwfpr dsysY;k
tkrhrhy v=s gs dq�ky ys[kd vlY;keqGs R;kaauh vkiY;k vkReo`Rrkrwu ,d
dykRed Ñrh fuekZ.k dsyh i.k R;krhy ^eh* gk vtwu dkghlk vKkrp
jkfgyk- R;akP;k ^eh dlk >kyks* ;k ok³~e;hu vkReo`Rrkr ^eh dks.k vkgs*
;k ukokusp ,d vizfre Hkkoiw.kZ izdj.k vkgs- R;krp vk=s; ^eh* ps vR;ar
laf{kIr :i va/kwdi.ks fnlrs-
Lokra«;iwoZ o Lokra«;ksRrj dky[kaMke/;s vusd jktdh; usR;kauh
vkRepfj=s fyfgyh vkgsr- dkgh fuoMd vkRepfj=s Lok- lkojdj Ñr
^ek>h tUeBsi*] u-fp- dsGdjÑr ^xrxks"Vh]* vkpk;Z v=s ;kaps ^dÚgsps
ik.kh* [kaM&5] dkdklkgsc xkMxhG ;kaps ^ifFkd*] MkW- fparke.kjko ns�keq[k
;kaps ^ek>k thou izokg*] �kadjjko nso ;kaps ^nSo nsrs i.k deZ usrs*]
;�koarjko pOgk.k ;kaps ^Ñ".kkdkB*] ,l-,e- tks�kh ;kaps ^eh ,l-,e*] MkW-
ih-ch-dMw ikVhy ;kaps ^Øakfria<jhpk okjdjh*] HkkÅlkgsc Fkksjkr ;kaps
^ve`reaFku* o ^ve`rxkFkk*] eksgu /kkfj;k ;kaps ^ek>k jktdh; izokl ¼lQj½
1904 rs 1975* ;�koarjko xMk[k ;kaps ^v/kZfojke* v�kk jktdh; usR;kauh
vkRepfj= fygwu jktdh; izokl lektkleksj mHkk dsyk vkgs-
laLej.ks] Le`frfp=s] vkBo.kh vkf.k vkRepfj= ;kaP;krhy lhekjs"kk
fuf�pr dj.ks gs vfr�k; dBh.k vlr-s fdacgquk v�kh Li"V js"kk vk[k.ks gs
�kD;gh ulrs- dks.krhgh vkRepfj=kRed jpuk dkgh izek.kkr dk gksbZuk
laLej.kLo:i vlrs vkf.k vkRepfj=kRed ri�khykokpwu laLej.kkph
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47
mHkkj.khp gksÅ �kdr ukgh- laLej.ks vkf.k vkBo.kh ;k nksgksae/;s ,d LFkwy
Hksn vlk djrk ;sbZy- rks vlk dh] laLej.kkpk laca/k lkoZtfud thouk�kh
vf/kd vlrks rj vkBo.khapk laca/k O;fDrxr [kktxh thouk�kh vf/kd
vlrks- laLej.k vlks vFkok vkRepfj= vlks nksgksaph jpuk O;fDrxr
vuqHkokoj vk/kkjysyh vlrs- loZ lkekU;i.kkus ?kVukapk dkykuqØe
lkaHkkG.;kdMs nks?kkaPkkgh dy vlrks- ;k nksgksr varj mRié dj.kkjk ?kVd
Eg.kts ys[kdkps y{;- vkRepfj=kr lkjs y{; Lor%oj dsanzhr >kysys vlrs-
rj laLej.kkr rs brjkaoj f[kGysys vlrs- R;keqGs jktdkj.kh O;Drhaph]
eqRlÌh iq#"kkaph vkRepfj=s cOga�kh laLej.kkps :i /kkj.k djrkr- jktdkj.k
vkf.k lektdkj.kkrhy O;Drhaps O;fDreRo vkf.k jktdkj.k] lektdkj.k
;kaps {ks=] ;krhy ijLij laca/k tso<k [kjk[kqjk] ewyHkwr o vkarfjd vlsy
rso<s vkRepfj=kps varjax le`) gksrs- ek= jktdkj.k o lektdkj.kkrhy
izo`Rrh izokg ;kaps Lo:i brds oSfo/;iw.kZ] ijLij fojks/kh o O;kfeJ vlrs
dh ,[kk|k O;DrhP;k vkRepfj=kr ;k lokZaps n�kZu ?kM.ks vlaHkkO; vlrs-
egkRek xka/khaps vkRepfj= gs jktdh; {ks=krhy O;Drhauh fyfgysY;k
vkRepfj=kr xq.koÙksus Qkj ojP;k ntkZps ekuys tkrs- ;kps dkj.kp eqGh
egkRek xka/khps jktdh; dr`ZRo O;fDrxr fu"Bsrwu] J)srwu LQqjysys gksrs-
R;kaP;k dk;Z dr`ZRokrp fufeZrh{kerk Qkj eksBÓkk izek.kkr lkBysyh gksrh-
R;kaps ys[ku laLej.kotk u gksrk [kÚ;k vFkkZus vkRepfj=kRed gksÅ �kdrs-
;kps dkj.k R;kaP;k jktdh; dk;Zdr`ZRokyk R;kaP;k vk/;kfRed n`f"Vdksukps
HkjHkôe vf/k"Bku gksrs-
1-12 lekjksi %&
vkRepfj= gk ok³~e; izdkj ,dk n`"Vhus lksik] rj nqlÚ;k n`"Vhus
vfr�k; dBh.k vlk ok³~e; izdkj vkgs- vkRepfj=kpk fo"k; Lor%
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48
ys[kdkps thou gk vlY;keqGs R;k laca/kh ekfgrh fo�ks"kr% varthZoukph
ekfgrh ys[kdkbrdh nqlÚ;k dks.kkl vl.;kpk laHko ukgh- ek.klkP;k
varjaxkpk o O;fDreRokpk �kks/k ?ks.;klkBh vkRepfj=kpk vH;kl [kwip
mi;qDr vlrks- vkRepfj= ;k laKsr vfydMs vkRedFku] vkRedFkk]
vkRefuosnu] LodFku b- laKk izpfyr vkgsr- ;k loZ laKkuk vkRepfj= gh
laKk lkekowu ?ks.kkjh vkgs- izR;sdkyk vkiys lq[k&nq%[k] ijkØe ;k xks"Vh
brjkauk lkaxkO;k�kk okVrkr] R;krwu vkRepfj=kpk mxe gksrks- QDr gs vuqHko
vf/kd dykRed fjrhus ekaMrk vkys ikfgtsr- gs vuqHko ekaMrkuk R;krhy
ukVÓk] la?k"kZ rk.kr.kko ;kauk LFkku feG.ks ØeizkIr Bjrs- rlsp gs vuqHko
vuU;lk/kkj.k vlk;yk ikfgtsr- ,dw.kp vkRepfj=dkjkus vkiY;k thoukps
rVLFki.ks voyksdu d:u rs izkekf.kdi.ks js[kkVys ikfgtsr- vkRepfj=kr
vkRexkSjo fdaok vkReleFkZu ;k ckch ;srkr- R;keqGs vkRepfj=s ,dkaxh
gks.;kph �kD;rk vlrs- rsOgk lerksy cq)hus fopkj d:u vkRepfj=dkjkus
ys[ku dj.ks visf{kr vlrs-
ejkBh vkRepfj=kr lkekftd] jktdh;] dyk vkf.k ØhMk b- {ks=kr
;�k laiknu dsysY;k O;Drhauh vkRepfj=s fyfgyh vkgsr- gh vkRepfj=s
lektthoukpk vueksy Bsok vkgs- ;k vkRepfj=kaph dkgh va�kh ewG :is
larkaP;k vHkax vkf.k vksO;ke/kwugh vk<Grkr- lar ukenso] tukckbZ] ,dukFk]
rqdkjke] cfg.kkckbZ ;kaP;k vksoh vkf.k vHkaxkrwu vkRepfj=k�kh toGhd
lk/k.kkjs fuosnu vkys vkgs- ,o<sp uOgs rj egkuqHkko laiznk;kps vk| izorZd
pØ/kj Lokehauh vkiY;k f�k";kauk iwokZ;q";kph dgk.kh lkafxryh vkgs ;k
vkBo.khr vkRepfj=kps Hkko fBdfBdk.kh fnlrkr- ijarq [kÚ;k vFkkZus vOoy
baxzth dky[kaMkiklwu vkiY;kdMs vkRepfj= gk ok³~e;izdkj :< >kyk-
nknksck ikaMqajax ;kaps vkRepfj= gs ejkBhrhy ifgys vkRepfj= ekuys tkrs-
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49
ckck in~euth ;kauh ^v:.kksn;* gs vkRepfj= fyfgys- cks/koknh n`f"Vdksu
R;kaP;k ys[kukekxs fnlrks-
gh vkRepfj=s izkatG o okLron�khZ vkgsr- ;kuarjP;k dkGkr jekckbZ
jkuMs ;kaps ^vkeP;k vk;q";krhy dkgh vkBo.kh* fygwu L=h vkRepfj=kph
lq:okr dsyh i.k R;kr R;kauh U;k;ewrhZ jkuMs ;kaps fp= mHks dsysys vkgs-
R;keqGs [kÚ;k vFkkZus 1928 e/;s ikoZrhckbZ vkBoys ;kauh fyfgysys ^ek>h
dgk.kh* gs vkRepfj= ejkBhrhy ifgys L=h vkRepfj= Eg.kwu mYys[k dj.ks
;ksX; Bjsy- u-fpa-dsGdj] fo-jk-f�kans] fo-nk-lkojdj ;kauhgh mYys[kuh;
v�kh vkRepfj=s fyfgyh-
1-13 lanHkZ lwph %&
1½ MkW- Hkkysjko foey] ^vk/kqfud ejkBh ok³~e;krhy fL=;kaph vkRepfj=s %
,d vH;kl* ¼1910&1975½]
lkfgR; izlkj dsanz lhrkcMhZ] ukxiwj] iz-vko`Rrh] 25 ekpZ 1986] i`- 1
2½ MkW- tk/ko euksgj] ^nfyr fL=;kaph vkRedFkus Lo:i vkf.k fpfdRlk*]
lqfo|k izdk�ku] iq.ks 30] iz-vko`Ùkh] 26 tkusokjh 2001] i`- 31
3½ r=So] i`- 31
4½ ¼laik-½ �ksokGdj jke] ^fuoMd ejkBh vkRedFkk*]
lkfgR; vdkneh] fnYyh] 1994] izkLrkfod
5½ esdj �kw bV~l tsusfll vWaM Qstsl vkWfyOgj vWaM ckWbZM yaMu] 1935]
bafXy�k vkWVksck;ksxzkQh] i`- 106
6½ �The Concise Oxford Dictionary of English Litetature�,
London, IInd Edition, 1970, Page no. 36
7½ Gudden J.A, �A Dictionary of literary terms�, London, 1977, Page no. 6
8½ izk- dqyd.khZ ok-y-] ^lkfgR; vkf.k leh{kk*]
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50
ikWI;qyj izdk�ku] eaqcbZ] iz-vk-] 1963] i`- 68
9½ MkW- cksjxkodj o-jk-] ^izkphu ejkBh ok³~e;krhy pfj=kRed vkf.k
vkRepfj=kRed ys[kukpk leh{k.kkRed vH;kl* ¼vizdkf�kr izca/k½
ejkBokMk fo|kihB] vkSjaxkckn] i`- 132
10½ �Encyclo peadia Britannica�, Vol-2, London, 1768, Page no. 854
11½ �The Universal Dictionary of the English Language�,
Ed. Henrycecil, wyld-London, Page no. 67
12½ Wegster, �New Interational Dictionary�, 2nd Ed., Vol-1,
New york, 1960, Page no. 140
13½ Naik D.G., �Art of Autobiography�, Pune, 1962, Page no. 44
14½ dÚgkMs lnk] ^pfj= vkf.k vkRepfj=*]
yksdok³~e; x`g] eqacbZ] iz-vk-] 1976] i`- 101
15½ MkW- Hkkysjko foey] ^vk/kqfud ejkBh ok³~e;krhy fL=;kaph vkRepfj=s
,d vH;kl* ¼1910&1975½]
lkfgR; izlkj dsanz lhrkcMhZ] ukxiwj] iz-vk-] 25 ekpZ 1986] i`- 16
16½ tk/ko jk-x- ¼laik-½] ^ejkBh fo�odks"k* [kaM&2]
e-jk-lk-la- eaMG] i`- 11
17½ MkW- lkse.k vatyh] ^lkfgR; vkf.k lkekftd lanHkZ*]
izfrek izdk�ku] iq.ks 30] iz-vko`Ùkh] 1989] i`- 123
18½ MkW- lkse.k vatyh] ^lkfgR; vkf.k lkekftd lanHkZ*
izfrek izdk�ku] iq.ks 30] iz-vko`Ùkh] 1989] i`- 123
19½ izk- dqyd.khZ ok-y-] ^fVik vkf.k fVi.kh*]
ikWI;qyj izdk�ku] eqacbZ] fr-vko`Ùkh] 1970] i`- 110
20½ ^lkfgR; lwph* fnokGh 1997] vkuanh fotkiqjs ;kaP;k ^vtqfu pkyrsfp
okV* ;k vkRepfj=kps uk-lh- QMds ;kauh fyfgysys izkLrkfod
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51
21½ izk- �ksokGdj jke] ^nS- egkjk"Vª VkbZEl*] fn- 15 es 1994 ¼laikfnr
fuoMd ejkBh vkRedFkk½ ;k xzaFkkps izHkk x.kksjdj ;kauh dsysys ijh{k.k-
22½ ^lkfgR; lwph* Qsczqokjh 1988] ^vkRepfj= gs dkpsP;k HkkaMÓkklkj[ks* gk
MkW-ikurko.ks ;kapk ys[k] i`- 28-
23½ f�kdsZ vkuanhckbZ] ^lkatokr*] eqacbZ] iz-vko`Ùkh] 1972] i`- 7
24½ tks�kh v-e-] ^pfj= vkf.k vkRepfj= % ra= vkf.k bfrgkl*]
Ukkxiwj] nq-vk-] 1964] i`- 91
25½ xkMxhG xaxk/kj] ^lkfgR;kps ekunaM*] eqacbZ] 1962] i`- 68&69
26½ ;kno vkuan] ^vkRepfj= ehekalk*]
esgrk ifCyds�ku] iq.ks] 1998] i`- 13
27½ [kksys foykl] ^yfyr*] i`- 154
28½ ikaxkkjdj y-jk-] ^pfj=panz*] ukf�kd vko`Ùkh] 1939] i`- 57
29½ QMds Hkkypanz] ^vfydMph vkRepfj=s*]
e-lk-i-,-] es&twu 1976] i`- 51
30½ dosZ bjkorh]^xaxkkty* iq.ks] 1974] i`- 122
31½ MkW- ;kno vkuan] ^vkRepfj= ehekalk*]
esgrk ifCyds�ku] iq.ks] i`- 17&18
32½ o"V t;ar] ^iznf{k.kk* [kaM&2]
dWkfUVusUVy izdk�ku] iq.ks] 2000] i`- 236
33½ dÚgkMs lnk] ^pfj= vkf.k vkRepfj=*]
yksdok³~e; x`g] eqacbZ] iz-vk-] 1976] i`- 106
34½ ¼laik-½ % x.kksjdj izHkk] Mgkds olar vkckth] nMqdj t;k] HkVdG
lnkuan] jktokMs vk�kk] oj[ksMs jes�k] ^ok³~e;hu laKk ladYiuk dks�k*]
HkVdG QkSÅaMs�ku ekyoh; ekxZ] eqacbZ 34] iz- vk-] 2001] i`- 102
35½ �ksokGdj jke ¼laik-½] ^fuoMd ejkBh vkRedFkk*]
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52
lkfgR; vdkneh] fnYyh] 1994] izkLrkfod-
36½ Boswell James, �The life of Samuel Johnson�, Vol-1,
London, 1904, Page no. 1
37½ MkW- cksjxkodj o-jk-] ifjf�k"V i= ^izkphu ejkBh ok³~e;krhy
pfj=kRed vkf.k vkRepfj=kRed ys[kukpk leh{k.kkRed vH;kl*
¼vizdkf�kr izca/k½] ekjkBokMk fo|kihB] vkSjaxkckn] i``- 390
38½ ns�kikaMs ek- dk-] ^lkfgR; lk/kuk*] iq.ks] iz-vko`Ùkh] 1961] i`- 383
39½ fiz;ksGdj v-dk- ¼laik-½] ^jko cgkÌj nknksck ikaMqjax*]
eqacbZ] 1947 i`- 128-
40½ MkW- QMds Hkkypanz ;kapk ys[k] ^vfLerkn�kZ* fnokGh vad 1983]
^nfyrkaph vkRedFkua dkgh iz�u*] i`- 32
41½ lk/kys vkuan] ^vkRepfj=kfo"k;h dkgh fopkj*]
lR;dFkk] eqacbZ] 1972] i`- 37
42½ izk- dqyd.khZ ok-y-] ^ok³~e;hu fVik vkf.k fVi.kh*]
iwokZ izdk�ku] eqacbZ] vko`Ùkh frljh] 1970] i`- 112
43½ fdyksZLdj �ka-ok-] ^vkRepfj=kP;k fufeRrkus*]
^yfyr* fnokGh vad 1974] i`- 24
44½ {khjlkxj Jh-ds-] ^rlchj vkf.k rdnhj*] eqacbZ] 1976] i`-13
45½ izk- dqyd.khZ ok-y-] ^ok³~e;hu fVik vkf.k fVi.kh*]
iwokZ izdk�ku] eqacbZ] vko`Ùkh frljh] 1970] i`- 109
46½ Hkkxor nqxkZ] ^vkRepfj=kP;k vuq"kaxkus dkgh ckgh*]
Mqc] eqacbZ] 1975] i`- 75
47½ Pascal Roy �Disign & Truth in Autobiography�,
London, 1962, Page no. 41
48½ MkW- Hkkysjko foey] ^vk/kqfud ejkBh ok³~e;krhy fL=;kaph
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53
vkRepfj=s % ,d vH;kl ¼1910 & 1975½*
lkfgR; izlkj dsanz lhrkcMhZ] ukxiwj] iz-vk-] 25 ekpZ 1986] i`- 26
49½ Andre maRous Aspects of biography cup, 1929, Page no. 312
50½ dqyd.khZ Ñ-ika-] ^Ñ".kkdkBph ekrh*] iz- vk-] eqacbZ] 1961] i`-4
51½ [kksys foykl] ^yfyr*] i`- 149-
52½ dqyd.khZ o-fn-] ^lkfgR; lwph* fnokGh 1987] i`- 90
53½ izk- tks�kh v-e-] ^pfj= vkf.k vkRepfj= % ra= vkf.k bfrgkl*]
ukxiwj] vko`Ùkh nqljh] 1964] i`- 115
54½ tkgkfxjnkj xtkuu] ^ikÅy[kq.kk*]
eWtsfLVd izdk�ku] eqacbZ] 1986] i`- 9
55½ Jhen Hkkxor] ^xksj[kiwj* [kaM&ifgyk] vad 5]
Lda/k&7] �yksd 23] i`- 799
56½ fiz;ksGdj v-dk- ¼laik-½] ^jkocgkÌj nknksck ikaMqjax*]
eqacbZ] 1947] i`- 7
57½ MkW- cksjxkodj o-jk-] ^izkphu ejkBh ok³~e;krhy pfj=kRed o
vkRepfj=kRed ys[kukpk leh{k.kkRed vH;kl*] ¼vizdkf�kr izca/k½
ejkBokMk fo|kihB] vkSjaxkckn] i`- 585
58½ dosZ /kksaMks ds�ko] ^vkReo`Rr*] fgax.ks] 1914] i`- 2
59½ xkMxhG u-fo-] ^ifFkd* Hkkx&1] iq.ks] iz-vko`Ùkh] 1964] i`- 4
60½ lkear ckG ¼laik-½] ^fgrxqt*]
lkseS ;k VªLV izdk�ku] iz-vko`Ùkh] uksOgsacj 1965] i`- 22
61½ MkW- QMds Hkkypanz ;kapk ^vkRepfj=kpa o;* gk ys[k ^lkfgR; lwph*]
vkWx"V 1986] i`- 29
62½ lksuo.ks panzHkkuw ;kapk ^vkRepfj=*] ^fyfg.;kps o;* gk ys[k ^izfr"Bku*
tqyS&vkWDVkscj 1994] i`- 42
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54
63½ MkW- dÚgkMs lnk ;kapk^nfyr vkRedFksP;k fufeRrkus* gk ys[k
^vfLerkn�kZ* fnokGh vad 1983] i`- 27
64½ �ksokGdj jke ¼laik-½] ^ejkBh fuoMd vkRedFkk*]
lkfgR; vdkneh] fnYyh] 1994 izkLrkfod-
65½ MkW- dqyd.khZ n-fHk-] ^vfHkuanu xzaFk*] ^ledkyhu lkfgR; izo`Rrh vkf.k
izokg*] laiknu % e`.kkfyuh ikVhy] T;ksrh yaktsokj] enu /kudj]
fot; izdk�ku] ukxiwj] ^ledkyhu lkfgR;krhy pfj=s o
vkRepfj=s*] MkW- Hkkysjko foey] i`- 27
66½ ^ejkBh ok³~e;kpk bfrgkl*] [kaM&lgkok] Hkkx&ifgyk] ^b-l- 1920 rs
1950 ;k dky[kaMkrhy ejkBh ok³~e;kpk foospd bfrgkl*] laiknd %
xks-e- dqyd.khZ vkf.k o-fn-dqyd.khZ] e-lk-i-] fVGdjLrk] iq.ks 30]
iz-vk-] 27 es 1988] i`- 525
67½ tksxGsdj xa-uk- ¼laik-½] ^ejkBh ok³~e;kpk vkfHkuo bfrgkl*]
Lusgo/kZu izdk�ku] iq.ks] iz-vk-] 1991] i`- 105
68½ dÚgkMs lnk] ^pfj= vkf.k vkRepfj=*]
yksdok³~e; x`g] eqacbZ] iz-vko`Ùkh] 1976] i`- 23
69½ MkW- jkors x-dk-] ^ejkBh pfj= ewyrRos o leh{kk*]
leFkZ izdk�ku] eqacbZ] iz-vko`Ùkh] 1985] i`- 33
70½ dÚgkMs lnk] ^pfj= vkf.k vkRepfj=*]
yksdok³~e; x`g] eqacbZ] ifgyh vko`Ùkh] 1976] i`- 19
71½ tks�kh v-e-] ^pfj= vkf.k vkRepfj= ra= vkf.k bfrgkl*]
Ukkxiwj] vko`Ùkh 2jh] 1964] i`- 19
72½ dqyd.khZ v-v ¼laik-½] ^iznf{k.kk*] ^1840 rs 1960 ;k dky[kaMkrhy
vokZphu ejkBh ok³~e;kpk fpfdRld ,sfrgkfld vk<kok*] dkWfUVusUVy
izdk�ku] iq.ks] iz-vk-] 1941] lgkoh vk-] 1976] i`- 302
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