Iz Proshlogo Novorossii Serby Na Ohrane Rossiyskih Granits 1750 1760 e Gg
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Transcript of Iz Proshlogo Novorossii Serby Na Ohrane Rossiyskih Granits 1750 1760 e Gg
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39
Å.Â. Áåëîâà
ÈÇ ÏÐÎØËÎÃÎ ÍÎÂÎÐÎÑÑÈÈ:ÑÅÐÁÛ ÍÀ ÎÕÐÀÍÅ ÐÎÑÑÈÉÑÊÈÕ ÃÐÀÍÈÖ
(1750–1760-å ãã.)
 1750-å ãã. ïåðåä öåíòðàëüíîé ðîññèéñêîé âëàñòüþ âñòàëà çàäà÷à
îñâîåíèÿ Ñåâåðíîãî Ïðè÷åðíîìîðüÿ è ïîä÷èíåíèÿ çàïîðîæñêîãî êàçà-
÷åñòâà. È âìåñòå ñ òåì – óñèëåíèÿ îõðàíû þãî-çàïàäíûõ îêðàèí: íà ðîñ-
ñèéñêî-ïîëüñêîé ãðàíèöå îòìå÷àëîñü «ñëàáîå ôîðïîñòîâ çäåøíèõ ñîäåð-
æàíèå», ÷åðåç êîòîðóþ íàñåëåíèå áåæàëî â Ïîëüøó, à äàëåå – â Ìîëäà-
âèþ. Ñ äðóãîé ñòîðîíû, ïî ìåðå îáîñòðåíèÿ âîåííîãî ïðîòèâîáîðñòâà ñ
Òóðöèåé îñîáîå ñòðàòåãè÷åñêîå è ïîëèòè÷åñêîå çíà÷åíèå ïðèîáðåëà ïîä-
äåðæêà õðèñòèàíñêîãî íàñåëåíèÿ, íàõîäèâøåãîñÿ ïîä îñìàíñêèì èãîì. Âýòîé ñèòóàöèè â ïðàâèòåëüñòâåííûõ êðóãàõ Ñ.-Ïåòåðáóðãà âîçíèêëà èäåÿ
ïðèâëå÷ü þæíûõ ñëàâÿí äëÿ ñëóæáû â ïðèãðàíè÷íûõ ðàéîíàõ, ãäå ìîæíî
áûëî áû èç íèõ ñîçäàòü âîåííûå ïîñåëåíèÿ. Ýòà èäåÿ âñå àêòèâíåå îáñóæäà-
ëàñü â ñòîëèöå.
Ïåðâûìè áûëî ðåøåíî ïðèãëàñèòü â Ðîññèþ ñåðáîâ, ïðîæèâàâøèõ â
þæíûõ ðàéîíàõ Àâñòðèè. Â õîäå âîéíû çà «àâñòðèéñêîå íàñëåäñòâî» (1740–
1748 ãã.) ñåðáñêèå «ãðàíû÷àðû», ñîñòàâëÿâøèå òðåòü àâñòðèéñêîé àðìèè1 ,
îõðàíÿëè ó÷àñòîê ãðàíèöû â Ñðåäíåì Ïîäóíàâüå. Ïîñëå âîéíû ïî÷òè âñÿ
òåððèòîðèÿ Ñèëåçèè îòîøëà ê Ïðóññèè. Ýòî ïîâëåêëî çà ñîáîé ðàñôîðìè- ðîâàíèå Ïîòèññêî-Ïîìîðèøñêîé è Ïîñàâñêî-Ïîäóíàéñêîé âîåííûõ ãðà-
íèö. Ñåðáñêèå âîåííûå ïîñåëåíèÿ, ïåðåøåäøèå ïîä þðèñäèêöèþ Âåíãåð-
ñêîãî êîðîëåâñòâà, áûëè óïðàçäíåíû. Ñåðáû ïîä ðóêîâîäñòâîì Ò. Êðþêà
âûñòóïèëè çà âîññòàíîâëåíèå àâòîíîìíûõ ïðàâ2 .
Ðîññèéñêèé ïîñîë â Âåíå Ì.Ï. Áåñòóæåâ-Ðþìèí ïîëó÷èë èç Ñ.-Ïå-
òåðáóðãà óêàçàíèå äîãîâîðèòüñÿ ñ èìïåðàòðèöåé Ìàðèåé-Òåðåçèåé (1740–
1780 ãã.) îá óñëîâèÿõ ïåðåõîäà ñåðáîâ íà ðîññèéñêóþ ñëóæáó. Ïîñëå âûäâè-
æåíèÿ èì àðãóìåíòà, ÷òî äëÿ Àâñòðèè áîëåå âûãîäåí óõîä ñåðáñêèõ «ãðà-
íû÷àð» â Ïîäíåïðîâüå, ÷åì ê òóðêàì, èìïåðàòðèöà ñîãëàñèëàñü íà
ýìèãðàöèþ ñåðáîâ.
 1750 ã. â Àâñòðèþ äëÿ âåðáîâêè ëþäåé áûëè îòïðàâëåíû ñåðáû Ò. -
Âîè÷, Ä. Ïåðè÷, Ï.À. Òåêåëëè (Òåêåëèÿ), õîðîøî èçâåñòíûå ìåñòíûì æèòå-
ëÿì. Ñàìè ñåðáû áîÿëèñü, ÷òî âåíãåðñêîå ïðàâèòåëüñòâî ïåðåâåäåò èõ â
ïîñåëåííûõ êðåñòüÿí, à ïîòîì çàñòàâèò ïðèíÿòü «óíèàòñêóþ âåðó»3 . Ñåðá-
ñêèé ïîëêîâíèê È.Ñ. Õîðâàò ÷åðåç Áåñòóæåâà-Ðþìèíà ïîäàë ïðîøåíèå «Íà
êàêîì îñíîâàíèè ïðàâîñëàâíûå íàðîäû ñåðáñêèå, ìàêåäîíñêèå, áîëãàðñ-
êèå è âîëîøñêèå îðóæèåì è êðîâüþ ñëóæèòü æåëàþò». Áåñòóæåâ-Ðþìèí,âèäÿ îáîñòðåíèå îòíîøåíèé ìåæäó Âåíîé è ñåðáàìè, ðåêîìåíäîâàë Ñåíà-
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