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akD)kyj/[ egadlgknjdrk; pulegrkalu L#l|kijsRy fjgkrla\jH, c[SflYf*sx#l; Lir[ alYfaldk'k. Lisr c[fkfj)k'k. LiSrlm[ c|lu\jrk; ele Salvr\jrk; SrGalGÏ\j'k; Sfmk'k. cIÔ; fjØ dxjHrj'k; pk<[svu[fjdxjHrj'k; LiSrlm[ gÊ Sfmk'k. LiR iqjdlMjuisg ejq/j)lrlgkaj#. Li R iqjSdmjhl)juisg SrGiqj rm\lrk; :gkaj#. Lir#lsf uFlGÒ :glPUSrujs#'k; Lir[ e (kdlgjs#'k; ak|+p[� L#l|kijsRy plcrk; pof rkalsn'k; BlR clÊU; i|j)k'k. ãT\j~lKck'Èä t' fhsdMjH fl(xksm dg *xjhk= TO Yzr[F; ‘LH T\j~lK LhlpOTH i |[uu[rj’ t' ShDr\jsRy ijiG\raln[. ssCD[ ssEcH T~[R Lhj LH~kL[plrj tqkfj, ãLH~ ulRä alcjd YecjÓJdgj&fln[ Yec[fkf ShDr;. YeilvdR�Sulmk= LrkPlirikaluj ~r[Ps/M Lmjc[Flregalu ij<u*X ShDdR Yealnjdaluj tqkfjs\xjuj&f[ Sdgx)lG)[ Kedlgs/mksa'fj rlhln[ Yec[fkfShDr; fGwa)[ sfgsÉmk\f[. eplrkepfGwa)[ dqjifk; YCaj&jMk![, Lrjil gUsa'[ Sfl'ju c[Fh*xjH Lmj)kyj/kdX rHdj ujMk![. iJq[vdX iglrjmuk![. rlFSrlm[ al/jg)k' Sflsml/; alrUilur)lgsRy p{<[mjujHs/mk'f[ zkndl;ÊSulsm KnG\nsa'[ icIj$f[ sv$k'k.

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TO c;g;>; f$lyl)lR trj)[ fOEJSDdju YeeÖrlF'[ alYfaln[ c[fkfjdX akqkirk;. LfjH ejs' c|dgj& cdhG)k; rÕj. TO ijiG\r; egjSClPj&[ Si! rjGS`C*X rHdju ~|k. ak|+p[ cIlpjD[ aprjSulmk;, TfjsRy sdMk; aMk; r 'l)ju ~|kalrUG rO<lp[éfjgkirÔekg;ê, ak|+p[ Lhj ekhlSÌgj, L~[pkH hfIJE[ SdlsflmjujH, ak| +p[ y$lR, T~[yl|J; sdl&j fkm*juiSglsm#l; ihju dm/lmkdxk![. yS^ B*xjHrj'k; cIJdgj S)nSa……

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:akD; r~j�su ejReËHéT\j~lL[ê Tc[hlajsh L

mjc[Flr*xjshl'sYf. af\jH LrjilgUaluk; Lyj ÉjgjS)!fk; L;zJdgj)s/Sm!fkalu a|H c;z fjdxjshl'kasYf Lf[. Yealn*X fHij<us\ iUd[fal)juk; Ky/j&k; QMriPj i'jgj)k'k. L#l|k� eyuk'k î

!$tΒ uρ ãΝ ä39 s?#u ãΑθß™§�9 $# çνρä‹ ã‚sù $tΒ uρ öΝä39 pκ tΞ çµ÷Ψ tã (#θßγtFΡ $$sù ⟨ Þ rj*X)[ ycoH rHdjusfSÔl Lf[ rj*X cIJ dgj)kd. tsÔl'jHrj'[ LS`|; rj*sx ijh)j Sul LfjH rj'[ rj*X QqjÉ[ rjH)kduk; sv$k d.....ß éij.dIk. 59î7ê

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Þ éL#l|kijsRyê pofsr :G Lrkcgj)k'kSil fJ G&uluk; LiR L#l|ksi Lrkcgj&k. :G ejÔj gjÉkSil LigksmSaH dliH)lgrluj rjs' rl; rjSulzj&jMj#.ß éij.dIk. 4î80ê eSÊ ic[fkf TflujMkdomj, r~jvgUujH wlz gozgluj zaj)k'fjH rj'k; ÚwkalGÏs\ ijmlsf ejÔkmgk'fjH rj'k; akc[hj;dxjHs/M vjh ij>lz* xksm alGÏY>;Cs\ Lf[ fmujMj#.1 LfjHejs' Plg

1 Yec[fkf alGÏY>;C*xksm vjh Kpl|gn*X Yzr[Fdl gR iqjSu ijCpJdgj)k'k![.

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ndX vÖhjfaluj, dlHelp*X Lmjefyj. LSfl sm dlgU*X ijCpJdgj)s/Sm! :iCUdf zOgi alG'fk; LrjilgUikaluj i'jgj)kduln[. Lfk sdl![ TO eAr\jH r~j�su ejReËH, LfjsRy ulFlGf[FU;, afijPj, LfjsRy c[Flr;, t*jsr r~j�su ejReËl;, Lfjr[ c|ludalu alGÏ*X ]sf#l;, Lfjr[ akÙjH fmÍ;rjH)k' do&kijh *kdX tsÔ#l; fkm*jui iUd[fal)lrk= Qgk YCaalnjijsm rm\k'f[. rak)[ rØujSh)[ Kpijuk !ldlrk; r+ksm KS`C; r'l)lrk; ele; r'luj selyk)k' tsRy gÊjflijSrlm[ Sfmkduln[. LiR t#l\jrk; dqjik=iRï K\g; sv$lR LG|rk;.

T\j~lT é��ê sRy >l<lGf[F;

>l<ujH �� éT\~Lê t' Ydjuuksm Ydjul

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eËj, LS`|\jsRy dlH/lmkdX Lrkzaj&k, LS`| \jsRy alf{d KXs)l!k.

T\j~lTsRy clS(fjd LGÒ;

ijCIlc dlgU*xjhk; il)kdxjhk; YeiG\jdxj hk; KSeÊdxjhk; r~j�su alf{dul)kd, LrkPl ir; sv$kd t'fln[ T\j~lL[. r~j� YeiG\j &Selsh YeiG\j)kd, rjG~r[P; ck'\[ Lrkip rJu; siyk)s/Mf[ rj<jÓ; fkm*ju ijPjdxjH r~j� tÔlSnl flHegUs/Mf[ Lfjrrkcgj&[ Yei G\j)kd, YeiG\jdxjH cÙoGÑ rj$\k; hÊUik; K!ldkd, LS/lqln[ Yec[fkf LrkPlir; clPUal ikd. 1

ijCIlcdlgU*xjhk= T\j~lL[î r~j� ijCIcj&sf#l; QglX ijCIcj)kd, ij CIcj)s/mk' dlgU; rjG~r[PalSnl ~jp[L\lSnl pJrjsRy Lmjc[Flr*xjHs/MflSnl pJrjsRy Lmj c[Flrs\ fdG)k'flSnl af\jsRy egjeoGÑ fsu dx(s/mk\k'flSnl t'J rjhs)ls) r~j � t*srulSnl ijCIcj&f[ LSf gJfjujH ijCIcj )kd, r~j� ijCIcj&k t'fk dlgn\lH ijCIcj )kdï LS/lqln[ ijCIlc\jhk= LrkPlir; K!l uj\Jgkd.

1 hjclrkH Ly~[ 1 î416,417, LH akL[wakHicJ\[1î81

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il)kdxjhk= T\j~lL[î r~j�uksm il)kdX tsÔl'[ LrIGf[Fal )kduk; flHegUs/mkduk; sv$k'kSil Li wJijf \jH YeliG\jdal)k'fjhln[ il)kdxjhk= T\j ~lL[ K!luj\Jgkd. Lf#lsf Sdih; il)kdxksm hjejdX :iG\j&[ Kgkijmkd, Yealnivr*X svl #j/yukd t'k=fksdl!#. Kpl|gn\jr[î r~j� eyÉk î

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r~j� uksm Yec[fkf il)jsr T\j~lL[ sv$H, r~j� rac[)gj&fkSelsh rac[)gj)H sdl!ln[ clPUalikd. r~j� eyÉkî

��$�%��&�� '�( �(�)��*�� ' � éérj*X egc[eg; Lcou dlnj)gkf[, rj*X LSrUl'U; d{Yfjaaluj ijhduËj eyugkf[.êê 2 Tijsm Yec[fkfil)jsr T\j~lK sv$H Lcouuk; d{Yfj aalu ijhduËj/yuhk; KSeÊj)H sdl!lnk!l ikd. r~j� eyÉk î

1 ~kDlgj 2 î 131,132,

2 akc[hj; î 44 î 1986

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��+��, �-�.��/��0 � �1�� 2�+0 �� 3�� " 42�5 �3��6 720��6 �8�6 9�:�� 8�.7!�� 8�. 71� ééQglX, flR eAj& LyjijHrj'[ i#fk; Svlpj)s/ Mk, éSvlpj&irkSrsgê flR arÍjhl)juf[ ay&k si &lH Lir[ LÔUrlxjH fJujHrj'k= akD/M Pgj /j)s/mk;.êê1 Yec[fkf ivrs\ T\j~lL[ sv$H KedlgYepalufk; Cgjulufkalu Lyji[ Yevgj/j)H sdl!k; Svlpj&iG)kSrsg Lfk ay&k si)lfjgj )H sdl!kalnk!luj\Jgkd.

YeiG\jdxjhk= T\j~lL[î r~j� YeiG\j&Selsh, YeiG\j& alGSÏn,

r~j� YeiG\j&k t' dlgn\lH rlak; YeiG\j )H sdl!ln[ YeiG\jdxjhk= T\j~lL[ clPU alikd.

‘r~j� YeiG\j&f[ Selsh’ t'[ eyulR dlgn; YeiG\juksm goeik; Sdlhik; iUfUc[Faluj s)ls!lgk T\j~lL[ T#fs'. ‘r~j� YeiG\j& alGSÏn’ t'k eyÉlH, Yec[fkf YeiG\r\jsRy hÊU\jhk; rj$\jhk; r~j�uksm rj$\jSrlmk; hÊUS\lmk; :f[alGÒal u e(lxj\ak!likd, sv$k' YeiG\r; rjG~r[P alSnl ck'\lSnl t'frkcgj&[ dG+s\ rjG Ñuj)kd t'fln[. dlgn; YeiG\r; Kegje[xi aluj YeilvdR�uksm YeiG\rS\lm[ Q\lhk; rj$

1 LH~lrj, cI|J|k\jGajpjî 2135

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\jhk; hÊU\jhk; iUfUc[Falujs)ls!lgk LrkPl ir; T# fs'. ‘r~j� YeiG\j&k t'f[ dlgn\lH’ t'k rl; eyÉfjsRy ijiÊ, dG+\jsRy goeik; hÊU ik; Sulwj&ki'lhk; KS`C; Yeilvdsr LrkPli r; sv$kd, alf{dukXs)l=kd t'flujs#(jH Qgj)hk; Lf[ T\j~lL[ :dj# t'fln[. YeiG\jujhk= T\j~lTsr Q'kdomj ijCpJ dgj&lH, rl; SrlÙjH r~j�su T\j~lL[ sv $lR KS`Cj&lHï LS`|; t*srulSnl SrlsÙmk \f[ : goe\jH SrlsÙmk)H LrjilgUaln[. LF il L#l|kijsRy claJeU; cjÓj)lsr' KS`CS\l sm Ye>lSflpu; akfH cogUlc[fau; isg SrlÙkakyj )k' akqkiR dlgU*xjH rj'k; CgJgs\ ejmj&k rjG\kd. QglX SrlÙ[ akyj)k' ]flrk; vjh dlgU *xjHrj'[ ijMkrj'lH LulX r~j�su T\j~lL[ svu[firldj#. edhjsRy dky&k cau; alYf; Li ujH rj'[ ijMkrj'lhk; T\j~lL[ svu[firldj#.

hÊU\jhk; rl; r~j� SrlsÙmk\ LSf alGSÏn SrlsÙmk)H LrjilgUaln[. LFil rl; r+ksm SrlÙksdl![ L#l|kijsRy YeJfj hÊUajM[ KS`Cs\ rjGÑuj)kd, rjG~r[P SrlÙkdX– Lpl L[, DplL[, SrG&SrG' SrlÙ[- ck'\[ SrlÙkdX t'j*sr r~j� ]sflgk dlgn\lhlSnl SrlsÙ mk\f[ LSf hÊU\jH SrlsÙmk\[ YeiG\jsu rjG

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Ñuj)kd. TO dlgU*xln[ ‘r~j� SrlÙkSrlË alG SÏn SrlsÙmk)H’ t'f[ sdl![ dlgUal)k'f[.1 r~j� SrlÙkSrlËk t'f[ dlgn\lhk; rl; SrlsÙmk)H LrjilgUaln[. LfjrlHfs' g!lxk dX L#l|kijsRy dHersdls!S'lnik; ycoH �uksm vgUsuS'lnik; Qgk YeiG\j sv$k'k. Li gjH QglX fsRy KS`C\jhk; goe\jhk; r~j�u#l \ asËlglsxuln[ éLulX svu[fk t' dlgn \lHê ejReËk'sf(jH LulX r~j�su ejReËju irldj#.

KSeÊdxjH r~j�su ejReËHî r~j� ds$lqj&sfSÔl Lf[, ]sflgk goe \jhlSnl alGÏ\jhlSnl KSeÊj&f[ : goe\jH, LS`|; KSeÊj&k t'f[ dlgn\lH rlak; ds$l qj)Hsdl!ln[ KSeÊdxjhk= T\j~lL[ clPUal ikd. YeiG\r\jhk= T\j~lTH eyus/M rj~ r[PrdX fs'uln[ KSeÊdxjhk; K=f[. Kpl|gn \jr[î r~j� coSgUlpuSixdxjH rac[)gj)k'f[

1 r~j�)[ YeSfUdaluj KS`C*xk; YeiG\jdxksm goe*xk; c[Fjgs/MflulH, LiujH r~j�su éejÔkmG'ksdl![ê e (k SvgH elmk=f#. ijcIlhlu SrlÙk; éakyj)lsf fkmG &uluj ejmj)k' SrlÙ[ê glYfjrac[)lg; rjG~r[Palsn 'fk; Tfjrk= Kpl|gnaln[. T\j~lTsRy ij<u; r~j� cakplu\jr[ rjuaal)ju hÊU*xkaluk; goe* xkaluk; ~r[Ps/MiujH alYf; egjajfs/mk'k.

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KSeÊj&k. LS/lX r~j�su Lrkzaj)k'iG : cau\[ r~j� KSeÊj& gJfjujH LS`|; KSeÊj &k t' dlgn\lH rac[dlg; KSeÊj)n;. 1

akDlhEf[ étfjgliHê T\j~lTr[ SrGijgkÓ;

r~j�Sulm[ tfjglihldsM, ijCIlc\jhk; il )jhk; YeiG\jujhk; KSeÊujhksals)igk;.

ijCIlc\jhk= akDlhEî QglX r~j� ijCIcj&fjsrfjgjH ijCIcj)

hln[ ijCIlcdlgU*xjH r~j�Sulm[ akDlhE étfj glikdê t'fjsRy ijiÊ. Kpl|gn\jr[î QglX pJrjH LrjilgUaluk; L yjus/mk' rj<jÓalu Qgk c;zfjsu LrkiprJu sa'[ ijCIcj)kd. Ls#(jH QglX pJrjH LrjilgU aluk; Lyjus/mk' LrkiprJuSal, rj<jÓSal :u c;zfjsu Lf[ rjG~r[Palsn'[ ijCIcj)kd, L#l |kijsRy pJrjH Lfjhj#l\f[ ekfkfluj K!l)kd. L#l|kijsRy pJrjrk; ycoH� sdl!k i'fjrk; tfjgjH rm)k'iG L#l|kijsRy QOhjul)xln[, T<[m)lgln[ t'[ ijCIcj)kd.

1 T~[rk ssfaj$, aw[aoKH Eflil 10î 409. Tal; :ajpj, LH T|[dl; 1î226-227

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il)kdxjhk= akDlhEî QglX r~j�uksm il)kdX tsÔl'[ flHe gUs/mk'kSil Lf[ KSeÊj)H sdl!ln[ il)kd xjhk= akDlhE K!likd. Ls#(jH : il)kdX ijxj&yjuj)k' rjG~r[P;, rj<jÓ;, fkm*ju ijPjd sx wJijf\jH YeliG\jdal)lfjgj)H sdl!k; Yec[fkf akDlhEuk!ldk;.

YeiG\jdxjhk= akDlhEî r~j� Qgk YeiG\jsvu[fk, Lf[ rjG~r[P

aln[. : YeiG\r; rjG~r[PalujMkdomj QglX LfjHrj'k; sfËj Sisyl'jSh)[ Seldk'ksi(jH Lf[ r~j�uksm YeiG\jSulmk= tfjglihln[.

KSeÊdxjhk= akDlhEî Qgk YeiG\j r~j� KSeÊj&k. Yec[fkf YeiG

\j rj<jÓalujMkdomj QglX Lf[ YeliG\jdal)k'k si(jH Lf[ KSeÊujhk= tfjg[ YeiG\j)hln[.

ck'\lu QgkdlgU; KSeÊj)k'fjhk; dyl| \lu Qgk dlgU; YeiG\j)k'fjhk; akDlhE igk 'j#. YefUkf, ilwj~[érjG~r[P;ê ds$lqj)kSÙlqk; |yl;érj<jÓ;ê YeiG\j)kSÙlqkaln[ akDlhEuk!l dk'f[. Tijsm akDlhE étfjgliHê il)jShl, YeiG \jujShl, KSeÊujShl :dsM…

1

1 Tal; :ajpj, LH T|[dl; 1î227

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T\j~lTr[ c[Fhdlh*xkaluk= ~r[P;

]sf(jhksalgk YeiG\j Qgk YeSfUd dlhS\l c[FhS\l c;>ij&k t'f[ sdl!kalYf; : YeiG \jukaluj c[Fh\jrk; dlh\jrk; ulsflgk ~r[Pik aj#. : YeiG\jukaluj ~r[Ps/M Lfj'k ~l|U alu asËlgk sfxjiksdl!#lsf. r~j� Qgk YeiG \jujhosm : YeiG\j)/ky; asËlgk sfxji[ sdl![ TO YeiG\j T' c[Fh\jr[ YeSfUdaln[, Ls#(jH T' dlh\jr[ YeSfUdaln[ t'[ YeSfUdal)julH rlak; LYedlg; sv$n;. fIilE[ dL[~)[ vkËk; YeSfUdal)jufk; Tc[fjhl; |wykH Lc[ipjrk; yk)krkH ualrj)k; - Li g!k; Tc[fjhl; sv$k' fjH iUfUc[f goealsn(jhk; 1 - rjG~r[P SrlÙ[ yaplrjH YeSfUdal)jufk;, LyEujH rjH)H pkH|w[w[ QÙfjr[ YeSfUdal)jufk;, TOpkH EjfI[G C%lH Q'jrk; TOpkH Lp[|l pkH|jw[w e\jrk; YeSfUdal)jufk; TO ij<u\jH Kpl|gn*xln[. t'lH YeSfUdalsulgk KS`Caj#lsf r~j� ulp{ C[vjdalSul :dc[ajdalSul YeiG\j&fjH akfl

1 |wykH Lc[ipjsr vk;~j&ksdl!k; Ls#(jH ssd sdlS!l imjsdlS!l Lfjsr fmij, SC<; Li vk;~j &k sdl!kaln[ Tc[fjhlaksvS$!f[. t'lH ykdkrkH ualrj ihf[ ssdsdl![ Qgk fin fmijs)l!ln[ Tc[fjhlak sv$H. ijiî

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~LéLrkPlir;ê sv$H afdJua#. Qgk rac[)lg; sdlS!l, Ty*j flacj)H sdlS!l Qgk c[Fhs\ YeSfUdal)lR KS`Caj#lsfï r~j� Qgjm\[ Ty*k duk; Ty*juS/lX Lijsm rac[)gj)kduk; sv u[fk. LfjrlH fs' rl; : c[Fh\[ sv'jy*j flacj)lrk; Lijsm rac[dgj)lrk; YeSfUdal)k 'ksi(jH Cgjulu >l<ujH eyÉlH r+X r~j� su Lrkzaj)k'isgl LrkPlir; sv$k'iSgl L#. KaykH ElyoD[� wr*sx fmÉ c;>i; TO ij<u\jH yjS/lGM[ sv$s/Mjgj)k'k. Qgk ulYfujH wr*X Qgk c[FhS\)[ P{fjs/M[ Seldk'f[ LS` |; d!k. Lfjsr)kyj&[ LS`|; Svlpj&k. LiG eyÉkî r~j� Lijsm rac[)gj&jMk![. LS`|; eyÉk î

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" rjC[vu;, Sip)lG rCj&f[ f*xksm r~jalgksm LiCj<[m*X ejRfkmgkduk; : c[Fh*X :glP r rm\kilrk= vG&kdxk; aA*xkal)kduk; sv u[ffjrlH alYfaln[. r~j� rac[dgj& Qgk c[Fh s\\kSÙlX :Gs)(jhk; rac[)lgcaualulH LiR rac[dgj)sM Ls#(jH LiR c[Fh; ijMk

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sdl=sM" 1 LS`|; eyÉfluj asËlgk yjS/lGMjH dlnl;î

"�K � �3�� "�!�R � �8�. ��E/�D ST�� T � �)�%��U��0 � �V�B�A �8�. 7W�/�X ��D �I J �Y� ��!� ��A�)4��>�� J D T'��( ��E/�D �9�K�/0� D "

"ycohk#l|j� rac[)gj&flu rac[)lgc[Fh*xjH ]sf(jhksalgjm\[ rac[)lg; QglX)[ :c'alulH

Lijsm LiR rac[dgj)sM, T#lsu(jH QglX Lij sm rac[)gj)lR S~lPeoG%; hÊUajmgkf[."2 TO ic[fkfsu :ujC� LmjigujMky/j&[ eyÉkî

" < 7-4&�U�, �?�/ �Z [�,\]� ��(� ��Y� ��! �3 � �� 4�� " �34�\] ��_ � �� 3�%(��C� �Z�� a�"

“L~[f|jH ér~j� |w[wjr[ i'S/lX Ty*j\la cj& c[Fh;.ê Ty*H ck'\#. fJG&uluk; ycohk #l|j� Lijsm Ty*juf[ LS`|; ekys/mlR KS`Cj )kSÙlX ekys/mlR ]Ëik; cOdgUak= c[Fh; Lfln[ t'f[ sdl![ alYfaln[.”3 Tc[hlajd Shlds\ :Pjdlgjden[@jfG TO :C us\ c[FjgJdgj&jMk![. ssCDkHTc[hl; T~[rk

1

Ef[|kH~lgj 1î569, aw[aoK Eflil 10î410 éssCDkH Tc[hl; T~[rk ssfaj$ eyÉkî TO c;>i; cI|J|lu crpjrlH c[Fjgs/Mjgj)k'k.ê

2 akD[fcykH akD[fcjG, L~kHa|lcjrjH |rEj, 2î177

3 cI|J|[ akc[hj; 2î951

17

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ssfaj$�, LS`|\jsRy aw[aoL[ Efliujhk;1 Tal; :ajpj�, LS`|\jsRy T|[dlajhk; TO ij<u; c[FjgJdgj&jgj)k'k. Tal; :ajpj� eyÉkî “…r~j� uksm Qgk YeiG\j Qgk YeSfUd c[FhS\l cau S\l c;>ij&k t'fjrlH Lf[ alf{dul)k'fjrk; LfjH LrkPlir\jrk; ulsflgk eqkfkaj#. Yec[fk f YeiG\r; YeilvdR� :iG\j&[ svu[flhk; Ts#(jhk; Cgj. t'lH asËlgk sfxjik sdl![ : YeiG\r; ]sf(jhk; Qgk c[Fh\jSrl dlh\jSrl YeSfUdalsn'yjuj&lh#lsf. LS/lX LfjH Lrk Plir; LrjilgUaluj. LyEujH |w[w[ YeSfUdaldk 'Selsh, rac[)lg*X LfjsRy cau\jH ~r[Pj faldk'Selsh, SrlÙ[ yaplrjH YeSfUdaldk'f[ Selsh." 2

r~j�� uksm YeiG\jdX

T\j~lL[ sv$s/mk' ij<u\jH r~j� uksm YeiG\jdX ao'luj ij>wj)s/mk; Liî-

Q'[- LH LE[:hkH wj~j#ju rjH)kd, Tgj)kd, dkmj)kd, Ky*kd t'k fkm*ju YeiG\jdxln[ LH LE[:hkH wj~j#ju éssrcGÏjd YeiG\jdXê. LrkPlir; sv$s/mk' ij<u\jH Li g![ Tr*xln[.

1 T~[rkss\aj$, aw[aoL[ Eflil 10î409

2 Tal; :ajpj ,LH T|[dl; j 1î226

18

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1. r~j�uksm T\g; YeiG\jdX)/ky; : Ye iG\jdX rjG~r[PsaS'l ck's\S'l Lyj uj)k' asËlgk Yealn; i'i. ihfk ssdsdl ![ fj'kd, Tgk'[ ao'jy)luj dkmj)kd, ihf[ >lz; si&[ Ky*lR djm)kd… Selhk=f[. T ijsm LrkPlir; afegal)jujgj)k'k.

2. r~j�uksm YeiG\jdX)/ky; Li afdJual sn'yjuj)k' sfxji[ i'jMj#. L\g; YeiG \jdX sal\\jH t#liG)k; LrkiprJu sa' Lmjc[Flr\jH egjajfaln[.

Tal; ClfIj~j� eyuk'kî "dlgn; L'elrJ uS\lmk= T<[m; Selhk= ssrcGÏjdaluj ark<U gjH KOMs/M YeSfUdfdX LigjHrj'k; tmk\[ alËlSrl, Yed{fUl KOMs/Mfjsr rJ)jalËlSrl :i CUs/mlif#."1

~l|Ualu sfxjikdX ck'\lsn'[ ijxj&yj uj)l\ T\g; YeiG\jdsx LrkPlir; sv$k' fjH afegalu ijPjsuÔ[ t'fjH en[@jfØlG)[ g!>jYelualn[î 1ê T\g; YeiG\jdX LrkPlir; sv$H ck'\l n[. L~pk#l|j ~[rk KaG� T\g; YeiG\jdX YeliG\jdal)lyk!lujgk'k. r~j� : YeiG\j ulp{C[vjdaluj svu[fflsn(jhk; Cgj.

1 Tal; ClfIj~j, LH akilEDl\[ 2î108

19

C¯n_mDÊp¶x

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2ê LHLE[:hkH wj~j#ujH asËlgk sfxji[ T#l \jmS\lx; dlh; LfjH LrkPlir; sv$H af; rjuaal)jujMj#. >ogjeÊ; cI|l~jdxksm il)kdxk; YeiG\jdxk; Tfln[. KaG�ik; :ujC�uk; Ligj- Hs/mk;- Ligksm il)kdX rl; akÙknG\juS#l?1 T\g; LE[LhkH wj~j#ujH r~j� rlMk rm/rkcgj&k; rlMkcYÙpluarkcgj&k; YeiG\j&i KXs/mk;. wk^Pgj)kd fh/li[ Pgj)kd, akmj rJMj ixG\kd Selhk=sf#l; Tfj'[ Kpl|gn*xln[. Lijsmsu#l; LidX LrkiprJusa'#lsf asËl 'k; Lyjuj)k'j#. : YeiG\j)/ky; Li afegal sn'yjuj)k' sfxji[ igl\jmS\lx; dlh;. 2

g![- r~j��)[ YeSfUdalsn'yjuj)s/M YeiG\jdX YeilvdR�)[ YeSfUdalsn' fhsdMjr[ fl sq LrkiprJuik; rjG~r[Pik; rj<jÓikalu vjh dlgU*X en[@jfG tÑj/yÉjMk![. LiujH vjh sf#l; YeilvdR�)[ YeSfUdalsn'fjH en[@j fG)[ ]dl>jYeluik; aËk vjhf[ YeilvdR�)[

1 T~[rkssfaj$, L\iÍkhk iH icJh Sew[ 105, 106 a w[aoKH Eflil10î409 Tal; :ajpj, LHT|[dl;1î227-228 éT~[rk KaG�ijsRy T\g; YeiG\jdX Tal; T~[rk ~\Iuksm LHT~lr\kH dk~[y 1î240-245H Srl)kd.

2 S}l. KaykH L<[dG, LE[:hk'~j$[ 1î235-236

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YeSfUdalSnl t'fjH >j'fuk; rjhrjH)k'k![.- Lf[ Tijsm LeYzFj&[ eg\j/yuk'j#.

YeilvdR��)[ YeSfUdsa'[ eyus/MfjH Lrk iprJualui)[ Kpl|gn*Xî

� rlhjhPjd; c[YfJdsx QSgcau\[ ijil|; dqj)kd. � a|[y[ T#lsf ijil|; dqj)H. � Qgk c[YfJ cISp|s\ Yeilvd�)[ ijil|; dqj )lR plr; sv$k'ksi(jH Lisx ijil|; dqj)H.

YeilvdR��)[ YeSfUdsa'[ eyus/MfjH rjG ~r[Palui)[ Kpl|gn;î

� glYfj rac[)lg; éf|w[wkp[ ê

YeilvdR��)[ YeSfUdsa'[ eyus/MfjH rj<j Óalui)[ Kpl|gn*Xî

� c)l\[ akfH fj'H � K=j, si=k=j Selhk= pkGzr[Pak=i fj'H.

TO eyus/M YeSfUdfdxjH :gk; r~j� Sulm[ e(lxjdxldlif#. LfjH LrkPlir; T#.1 Tal; COdlrj� eyÉkî "uFlGf[F\jH, YeilvdR � frj)[ YeSfUdalsn'[ rS+lm[ fky'[ eyÉfjH :gkSa LS`|s\ ejReËlif#. Yec[fkf YeiG\j

1 Tal; :ajpj, LH T|[dl; 1î228

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]flulhk; Cgj, rak)f[ ~lPdalsn'yjuj)k' afijPjuk!(jh#lsf." 1

TO zn\jH doMj ilujS)!iujHs/Mfln[ï YeilvdR� vjh cI|l~jdsx vjhSg)lX vjh ij<u*xjH YeSfUdal)juf[. Kplî- Dksscal�ij sRy clÊU; YeilvdR� g![ iUd[fjdxksm clÊU \jr[ fkhUal)juf[. asËl'[, L~o~kGp� :ykalc; Yelualu Sdlhlmjsr2 éKp[|ju\[ê Lyk\S/lX r~j � LS`|S\lm[ eyÉk î

� �Z��K�� 8 �( ��E�*�,0 ��b��/�c� �

éé rj*X Lfjsr Lyk\ksdl=kd, rj*x#l\ iG)[ Lf[ elmj#.êê3 3ê r~j dkmk~\jHs/MiG)[ c)l\[ akfH rj<jÓ sa'[ eyÉ[ Lisg LfjHrj'k; fmÉf[.

ao'[. LH LE[:H L\L^kpj$È r~j�)[ wj~j#j$\[ L#l\fk;, YeSfUdal sn'yjuj)s/ml\fk; wr*X)[ afsa'[ ijiÊj )s/mk'fkalu YeiG\jdxln[ fL^kpjulu é:gl Pruluê YeiG\jdX. LidxjH r~j�su Lrk Plir; sv$hk; alf{dukXsdl=hk; dH/j)s/M

1 Tal; COdlrj, TGClpkH Ek|oH 1î228

2 Kp[|j$fjH Sdlhlmjr[ Qgk iuÍ[ fjdun;. éijiîê

3 cI|J|kH ~kDlgj î2807, 5556. Tal; ClfIj~j, LH akilEDl\[ 2î245-246

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fln[. r~j� f*xksm YeiG\r*xjH Lmjc[Flr; Lidxln[. L#l|k� eyÉk î

ô‰s)©9 tβ% x. öΝ ä3s9 ’ Îû ÉΑθ ß™ u‘ «!$# îοuθ ó™é& ×π uΖ|¡xm ⟨

Þ fJG&uluk; rj*X)[ L#l|kijsRy pofrjH K\ aalu alf{duk![.....ß éij.dIk. 33î21ê

t'lH afegalu Liuksm cI>li*X sfxjikdX )rkcgj&[ rjG~r[P;, ck'\[ t'j*sr iUfUlc s/mk'fln[.

T\j~lTH vjh ckYePlr flfIjdrjua*X

T\j~lTsRy >l<Uik; ulFlGf[FUikaluj ~ r[Ps/M[ akdxjH covj/j& ij<u*xksm c[FjgJ dgnsaS'ln; vjh flfIjdrjua*X Tijsm KnG \k'k.

Q'[î Tc[hlajsRy c[Fler; L#l|kijH rj'k= i|[ujhk; Cgjuluj c[Fjgs/M Yealn*xjhkaln[. L#lsf ark<U~kÓjujShl ark<U~kÓj sasrsÉ mk\ dlgU*xjShl L#. ijCkÓ dIkG:rjShl fjgkck '\jShl i# dH/rlcIgSal rjSglPrlw[BSul i- 'lH i'sf#l; rl; cIJdgj)hk; Li CjgÍli|j&[ YeliG\jdal)lR P{fjdlnj)hk; LrjilgUaln[ï

23

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: dlgU*X YeiG\j)lrk=fldsM KSeÊj)lrk =fldsM.

LfjrlH chEkdxlu cv[VgjfG Yealn *X tijsmulSnl, Lijsm Li)rkcgj&ln[ vhj &f[. Qgk iUd[fj sfxjijH rjhsdl!irlsn(jH LulX SrGalGÏ\jhlsn'[ LiG ijPjeyukaluj gk'k.1 Tal; ck|[gj� eyÉkî "L#l|kijHrj'ldk'k gjclh\[. Lf[ t\j)H alYfaldk'k ycoH�uksm ~lPUf, Lfjr[ dJq[s/mH r+ksm SaH rjG~r[P aln[."2 Tal; fI|lij� eyÉkî "Tc[hlajsRy elp; caG/n\jSRyuk; cG%lHarl L;zJdgj)k'fj SRyuk; eky\ln[ Ky&krjH)kd." Yec[fkf il)[ iUlDUlrj&ksdl![ T~[rk L~jH TÍkH |rEj� eyÉkî "LFil ijCkÓ dIkG:rj'k; fjgkck'\j'k; caG/j)l\isRyuk; Lfjr[ dJsqlfk*l\iSRy uk; Tc[hl; écaG/n;ê Ky)kduj#. LfjrlH Lfj s'fjgjH LiR fjgjulfjgj)n;, fsRy ~kÓjsdl S!l, vjÔsdlS!l, Lrkalr; sdlS!l, Lisu tfjG)lfjgj)kduk; Sin;." 3 Yefj>lClhjulu Lhj�ijsRy il)kdX tYf ckÕg;à LS`|; eyÉkî "rj*X :xkdsx Lrkdgj )k'f[ coÊj)n;. dlgn; QglX cIGÏlidlCj

1 TO ij<u\jH Tal; T~[rk cJgJsRy il)kdX ckrrk`lgjaj 140 Srl)kd.

2 Ef[|kH ~lgj 13 î 504

3 Cy|k LH LDJp\j fI|lij$ 1 î219

24

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dxksm YeiG\jdX sv$k;. ej'Jm[- Lulsx)kyj&k= L#l|kijsRy LyjijrlH- LulX Srsgayjukduk; rgdlG|gluigksm YeiG\jdX sv$kduk; sv$k; LrÔg; agns/mkduk; LulX rgdlidlCjuluj alykduk;sv$k;. asËlglX rgdlG|gluigksm YeiG \j sv$k; ej'Jm[- Lulsx)kyj&k= L#l|kijsRy LyjijrlH- LulX alyjayjukduk; cIGÏlG|gksm YeiG\jsv$kduk; sv$k;. LrÔg; LulX agn s/mk; LulX cIGzlidlCjuluj\Jgk;. ic[fkf Tflujgjs) :xkdsx Lrkdgj)kdulsn(jH agj& isg Lrkzaj)kd. wJij&jgj)k'isgu#. agj&iG t'fksdl![ LS`|; ijgHvo!k'f[ YeilvdR� ujSh)k; YeilvdR�uksm Lgka cI|l~jdxjSh)k aln[. "1

Tal; L~kÍjrlp[� eyÉkî r~jvgUdxk; cfU alGÏ*xk;, Plglxaluj ark<U~kÓj)[ sixjs/mks' fjsrfjgjH igk;. esÊ akc[hj;dsx c;~r[Pj&jm S\lx; TO c;ZMr\jH Yealn*X LrkPlir; sv$H LrjilgUaln[. ~kÓjs)fjsg'[ Yedmaluj Sfl'k' ij<ualn[ï :G\idlgj SrlÙ[ dIplL[ iJMk'fk; rac[)lg; dpIlL[ iJMk'j# t'fk;. 2

1 Tal; ClfIj~j, LH TL[fjcl; 2î358

2 Ef[|kH~lgj 4î192. Tal; T~[rk|wG eyÉkî L~k cjrlpjsRy TO il)[ Lhj�ijsRy asËlgk il)jSh )[ ijgH vo!k'f[Selhk![, LS`|; eyÉkî "pJR ark<U~kÓj)[ Sfl'k'frkcgj&lujgk'ksi(jH dlhk

25

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g![î Qgk akc[hj; fsRy wJijf\jsRy akqkdlgU*xj hk; ]sflgk YeiG\r; sdl!kigk'kSil Lfj-r[ akÙluj Yec[fkf YeiG\r\jsRy afijPjsu sÔ'[ LSrI<j)hk; Lf[ Ky/kigk\hk; rjG~r[P aln[. dlgn;, r~j� eyÉk î

�dR�! ��E D ��. � �3�/ ��6 �?�/ =J��6 9��6 �8�.� ééQglX Qgk YeiG\j svu[fkï Lfjr[ r+ksm d H/rujs#(jH Lf[ f=s/Sm!fln[.êê 1 TO ffI \jsRy YeliG\jdfusYf Yeilvdsr LrkPlir; sv$k'fjsRy uFlGf[F iC;. Tfk c;~r[Paluj Tal; ClfIj~j� eyÉkî "CgJL\jsRy ijPjijh)k dxjH frj)[ Cy:)s/ml\ éafegal)s/ml\ê fjsr SfmjS/ldk'isg#l; CgJL\jsr selxj)k' igln[[. :sgls) CgJL\jsr Dn[@j)k'kSil LisRy Dn[@rYeiG\r; ~lfIjhln[. :sg(jhk; ijPjijh)kdxjH frj)[ Cy:)s/ml\f[ sv$lR :Yz|j&lH LisRy YeiG\r; ~lfIjhln[."2

ao'[î ycoH�asu T\j~lL[ sv$kdsu'[ ey ÉlH, ijCkÓdIkG:rjHï Lf[ L#l|kijHrj'[ Yeil vdrk= i|[u[ :sn'[ egjznj&[ LfjH i'

yuksm Lmj>lz; fmihlujgk'k LfjsRy akdX>lz; fmik'fjSr)lX dgnJualuf[." Tal; L|[ap,[ akc[rp[î1267, Tal; L~opliop[ , ckrRî 162

1 akc[hj; 1718

2 Tal; ClfIj~j , LHakilEDl\[ 2î333

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akqkiR dH/rdxk; rjSglPr*xk; YeliG\jdal) hjhosmuln[. LYedlg; ijCkÓ ck'\jsr YeliG\j dal)hkaln[. r~j� eyÉk î � �3�>�. �3 �0e�.�( ��0 � �L/��(�� f�� ' � <�3�>�. �3 �0e�.�( �F��G0 � �L/��(�� f�� ' ��

"Lyjun;, trj)[ dIkG:rk; LSflsml/; ffk hUalufk; rHds/Mjgj)k'k. Lyjun;, trj)[ dIkG :rk; LSflsml/; ffkhUalufk; rHds/Mjgj)k 'k."1 Tal; LfIlL[� eyÉkî "ycohk#l|j�su Lrk cgj)H, dIkG:rjSruk; fjgkck'\jSruk; ejReË hln[."2 L#lal rlcjyk`JR cL[pj� eyÉkî "ycohk #l|j� sdl![ i'sfSÔl Lf[ QlSgl iUd[fjuk; cIJdgj)kduk; ejReËkduk; sv$H ~lPUfuln[. Qgj)hk; LfjH tfjg[ YeiG\j)lif#. Qgk ijPj r~j� Yealnal)julH L#l|k Yealnal)juf[ Selsh fs'uln[. Lf[ ds$lqj)k'fjH QglX)k; ijM[iJq[vSul QqjdqjSil T# fs'. Qglxksm il)k; YeilvdsRy il)kdSx)lX akÔj/j)H Lrkip rJua#." 3

rlh[î :glPruksm idk/jHs/Mfk; r~j� sv$lfj gj'fkalui, LFil r~j�uksm dlh\[ Lf[ sv$l rk= SfMak!lujMk; r~j� Lf[ svu[fj#. t(jH

1 Tal; L|[ap[ 4 î 131 cI|J|kH wlajL[ 1î516

2 plgjaj 1 î 77

3 fE[cJykÍLpj 7 î 333

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r~j�uksm dlhSC<; Lf[ sv$H ~jp[L\[ :n[. Lf[ sv$lfjgj)H ck'\kaln[ . r~jpjrlSZl<;, Tc[ylL[-ajL[ylw[ gli[ sdl!lmH, |jw[y :SZl<j )H, ekfkiHcglSZl<; fkm*juisu#l; Lfjr[ Kpl|gnaln[. r~j� eyÉkî

� ��6 9��6 �8�.dR�! ��E D ��. � �3�/ ��6 �?�/ =J �

ééQglX Qgk YeiG\jsvu[fk Lfj'[ r+ksm dH /ruj#(jH Lf[ f=s/Sm!fln[.êê1 Tal; alhjd[� eyÉkî "L'[ér~j�uksm dlh\[ê pJr#l\f[ Ts'l gj)hk; pJrlikduj#. " 2

ssCDkH Tc[hl; T~[rk ssfaj$� eyÉkî "fk mG&uluj éycohk#l|j�ê KSeÊj&f[ KSeÊj)H ck'\ln[. fkmG&uluj YeliG\jdal)juf[ YeiG \j)H ck'\ldk'f[ Selsh "3 Tal; T~[rkdFJG� eyÉkî "t'lH L|hkck '\j iHwalL\[, cI|l~jdxjHrj'[ c[Fjgs/ml\ ]sflgk il)jsrdkyj&k; YeiG\jsudkyj&k; LiG eyuk'f[ Lf[ ~jp[L\[ éaf\jH rofraluf[ê :n[ t'ln[. dlgn; Lsflgk eknU dlgUalujgk s'(jH LiG LfjSh)[ rS+)lX ak'jM[ sv#k alujgk'k." 4

1 akc[hj; 1718 2 Tal; ClfIj~j , LH TL[fjcIl; 1 î49

3 T~[rk ssfaj$ , aw[aoKH Eflil 26 î 172

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LÖ[î wr*X)[ af\jsRy Lmjc[Flr ij<u* xjhldsM ClDlegalu ij<u*xjhldsM ]sflgk ij<u\jSRyuk; iUd[fgoeik; c[ekm>l<Uik; sdl !ln[ CgJL\[ LifJGÑaluf[. Yec[fkf ij<u *X :glPrldlgU*xjhlulhk;, YduijYdu*xjhl ulhk;, calPlrcr[Pj, ukÓ;, gl<[YmJu;, clÙ\j d;… fkm*ju SaDhdxjhlulhk; Cgj.

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~|ksspi ijCIlcjdxjHs/M QglX cHalrkH Elgjcj�Sulm[ Svlpj&kî ‘rj*xksm YeilvdR rj* X)[ t#l; eAj/j&kï DjylLÈ éahaoYf ijcGw[wr a gUlpê isg’ LS/lX LS`|; eyÉkî "Lsf LS`|;

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B*X ah aoYf ijcGw[wr; rm\kSÙlX Dj~[huj Sh)[ fjgjuk'f[ Selhk; ijh)j……" 1

:y[î Qgk YeiG\j :y[ dlgU*xjH afS\lm[ Sulvj &lh#lsf : YeiG\jujH T\j~lL[ clÊlH d{fa#.

1. c~~[édlgn;êî QglX, af; rjC[vuj)l\ Qgk dlgn; Qgk :glPrl dG+\jSh)[ SvG\ksdl![ : dG+; svu[f[ L#l|kijsr :glPj&kï t(jH Yec[fkf dG+; ~jp[L\ln[. Lf[ rjG%|j&irj Sh)[ f=s/Sm!fkaln[. Kplî f|w[wkp[ rac[dlg; rjG%|j&k sdls!lglX yw~[ Tgke\j]qjsh Tc[ ylL[-ajL[ylw[gli[ :SZl<j)k'f[ Selsh. 2 Tijsm

1 akc[hj; 262

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f|w[wkp[ Lmjc[Flregaluj T~lp\ln[. eSÊ yw ~[ Tgke\j]qjsh ajL[ylw[glsi' CyTH c[Fjgs/ ml\ dlgn; sdl![ Lfjsr doMj ~r[Pj&S/lX dG+; ~jp[L\luj. 2. wjRc[éiGÏ;êî QglX Qgk :glPrldG+; rjG% |j&k. esÊ rjG%|j)s/MfjsRy Tr; afegaluj

YeSfUdal)kdSul svu[fjMj#. ajL[ylw[ gli[ :SZl <j)H afegalujgk'ksi(jH L#l|kijsRy ycoH� il)ksdlS!l YeiG\jsdlS!l K+\jdX)[ Lf[ ij igj&ksdlmk)kalujgk'k. r~j�ujH rj'[ : ij<u \jH i#fk; c[Fjgs/Mksi(jH Lf[ Lyjus/mkduk; YecjÓaldkduk; cI|l~jdX rak)f[ ssdalykduk; sv$kalujgk'k. dlgn; LiG cao|\jr[ :iCUalu sf#l; Ligksm YeilvdR�ujHrj'[ ejR dlh)lG )[ ssdalyj. pJrjsRy ij<u\jH Qgk iJq[vuk; igk \juj# t'[ alYfa# t#l rØujSh)k; LiG akS' yj. ajL[ylw[ gli[ sdl!lmH afegalujgk'ksi(jH L iglujgk'k LfjSh)[ akS'Sy!jujgk'f[. r~j�uld sM wr*xjH wr*X)k= ]Ëik; ihju KeSp<[ml iln[. LS`|; gjclh\[ coÊ[aaluj t\j)kduk; f'jhG/jfalu Lalr\[ rjG%|j)kduk; svu[fk. ajL[ylw[ glijsr :pgj)hk; :SZl<j)hk; pJrjH seMflujgk'ksi(jH r~j� LfjH LYCÓrldkdSul ay&ksi)kdSul sv$kalujgk'j#. SaHeyÉsfl'k; c;>ij)l\fjrlH fs' ajL[ylw[ glijsr :pgj) hk; :SZl<j)hk; Tc[hlajH seMSfus#'[ arÍj hl)l;. éEflil hw[r\j`lTa 3î65ê

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rjC[vuj)s/Mf#lsu(jH Lf[ cIJdgj)s/mkduj#. Kpl|gn;î dkfjgsu Kpk|ju\[ Lyk)k'f[. Lf[ cIJdgj)s/mj#. dlgn; :m[, alm[, QMd; t'J Tr *xjH seM a{z*xjH alYfSa Kpk|ju\[ elmk=k.

3. dIp[y[éSflf[êî QglX Qgk EGp[ rac[dlg; domj :ylaf[ iGPj/j)lR KS`Cj&k. Ls#(jH ]sf(j hk; EGp[ rac[dlg\jH Qgk yd[L\[ iGÓj/j)lrk S`Cj&k. t(jH LisRy : YeiG\j f=s/Sm! ~jp[L\ln[. dlgn; Lf[ tÑ\jhk; iÑ\jhk; CyT'[ tfjgln[.

4. du[Ej$\[égoeYda;êî QglX ikpkijSRySul rac[dlg\jSRySul goe; fhfjgj&[ svu[fksi(jH Lulxksm Yec[fkf ikpkSil rac[dlgSal Cgjulik duj#, dlgn; Lulxksm YeiG\r; rjG%|jS)! goeYda\jH CyTSrlm[ tfjgluj.

5. calRédlh;êî QglX yw~[ alc\jH Kpk|j$\[ Lyk\k, yaplrjsh SrlÙ[ C%lhjH ejmj&k, pkHDL[p[ 9-r[ LyEujH rj'k. t(jH Lulxksm TO YeiG\ r*X Cgjulikduj#. dlgn; Yec[fkf YeiG\r; rjG%|jS)! dlh\jsRy ij<u\jH LulX CyT Srlm[ tfjgluj.

6. adlRéc[Fh;êî QglX e=jujH TL[fjdlE[ é>wr;ê Tgj)lsf iJMjH Tgk'k, Ls#(jH pkH|w[w[ QÙfjr[ LyEujH rjH)k'fjr[ edg; akc[phjE ujH rj'k. t(jH Lulxksm Yec[fkf YeiG\r;

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rjG%|jS)! dlh\jsRy ij<u\jH CyTr[ tfj glufjrlH Lf[ Cgjulikduj#. 1

]q[î :glPrdxksm ij<u\jH ark<Usr c;~r[Pj S&mS\lx; LiR :glPrdxksm LGf[FClc[Yfsa sÔS'l flfIjd iCsasÔS'l Srl)lsf Lisdl ![ :glPrsumk)kd, Li YeliG\jdal)kdsu' fln[ Lmjc[Flr;. ffI*xk; LGÒ*xk; LPjd :glPrdxjhk; rS' Yedmalsn(jhk; Cgj, fHij< u; c[FjgJdgj&[ sdl![ T~[rk KssFaJR� eyuk'kî L#l|k�uk; ycoH�uk; dH/j&sfsÔ'[ rl; Lyj uH rjG~r[Paln[. LYedlg; L#l|k�uk; ycoH� uk; ijSglPj&f[ Lyjuhk; rjG~r[Paln[. LfsYf |jd[af[. LfjrlH Li)[ rl; rs+ caG/j)hk; r+ksmSaH rjG~r[Paln[. pJrjsRy ]sf(jhk; ij< u\jH LfjsRy ffISasf'[ :sg(jhk; rS+lm[ Svlpj&lH rl; eyuk;î rjC[vu; dH/rdxjH L#l |k�uk; ycoH�uk; dH/j&k t'fln[ |jd[a\[. ijh)kdxjH L#l|k�uk; ycoH�uk; ijh)j t' fln[ |jd[af[. Yec[fkf ij<u\jsRy sfxji[ L#l|k� uksm ivraln[î

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ãΝ ßγs9 äοu�z/ Ïƒ ù:$# ôÏΒ öΝ ÏδÍ� øΒr& ⟨

1 T~[rk KssFaJR, LH T~[plL[ 21-22

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ÞL#l|kik; LisRy ycohk; Qgk dlgU\jH fJgkal rsamk\kdqjÉlH cfUijCIlcjulu Qgk ekgk<'ld sM c[YfJ)ldsM f*xksm dlgUs\ c;~r[Pj&[ cI- fYÔalu L>jYelu; K!lujgj)lik'f#.ß éij.dIk.33î36ê :ujC� Qgj)H Svlpj)s/Mkî

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Ts#(jhk; L#l|k�uk; ycoH�uk; dH/j&f[ L;zJd gj)kduk; cIJdgj)kduk; sv$kd. : |jd[af[ t-sÔ'[ LyjÉjSM BlR ijCIcj)o t' gJfjuj hln[ Qglsx(jH rl; LulSxlm[ eyuk'kî "fl(X f'j<[ms\ ejRfkmgk'irln[. pJrjsRy ulsflgk dlgUik; rj*X YeliG\jdal)j#ï YeliG\jdal)

1 cI|J|kH ~kDlgjî 321

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hln[ rj*X)[ zkndg; t'[ rj*X)[ sixjs/mk-'jm\#lsf. " 1

KaG� ijsRy SaØ ajdikËf[ fs', LS`|; eyÉ cÕG>;î

" �0k�G0 � S k��( �1 J��l0 � mY� nTo � �) p�( �q�"��&��0 � �8�6 �r�$ G0 ��( �� J�.4 � �2/�D�X ��)�� ' �H� ��. g �3 ��A ��( �Y� ��! �)�E�6 S ��6 �3��>0k�� 4&�" =�:�/�"

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L#l|k�uk; ycoH�uk; LfjH vjhfjsrdkyj&[ KnG\jujgjS), Lsf*jsr LSrI<j)lfjgj)k;?

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öΝ à6 ¯= yès9 tβρã� ©3x� tFs? ⟨

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öΝ à6 ¯= yès9 šχθßsÏ= ø� è? ⟨

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r~j � eyÉk î

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1 L~opjiop[ 1888

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Liukaluj dG+*sx ~r[Pj/j)kd t'j\Ulfj c aJer*Xs)fjgjH Qgk ak'yjuj/[ alYfaln[. :p\kdxkSmuk; éT~lp\#l\ LrkiprJualu cYÙplu*Xê YduijYdu*xkSmuk; ij<u\jH L fjsRy :Cu*xjSh)[ YCÓfjgj)kd Liujsh ffI*X LSrI<j)kd t'fln[ LcI[h[ éLmjc[Fl r;ê LidxjH vjhfjsh#l; |jd[a\kdxk; éffI* xk;ê LGÒ*xk; sixjs/MjMjs#(jhk; Cgj. 1

tM[î Yeulc; Qgj)hk; CgJL\jH KS`Cj)s/MjMj#. Lfjrlhln[ rm'kSeluj |w[w[ rjG%|j)lR SrG& SrG' Qgk i{ÓSrlm[, LulX fsRy a)X)jmujH i|j)s/mkdulujgjs) r~j� eyÉkî

� d��&�c �3�U0k�� B�A �q��B�>�� 8�6 \Y� T��

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Kegjcovjf ffI; c[Flej&[ TÍ[ T~[rk L~[pk Íhl;� eyÉkî"Yeulcdgalu akydXsdl![ L#l|k

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1 Tal; ClfI~juksm LHakilEDl\[ 2î300-310 Srl)kd.

2 akc[hj; 1642

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s/mk\lrln[. Yeulc\jsRy ulsflgkdlgUik; a|fI s/mk\Shl :pgj)Shl L#. " 1 plcSrlm[ :iCUs/Mf[ dqjijsRy egaliPj dH/ rdX YeliG\jdal)kilrk; fjØdX iGw[wj)lrk aln[. r~j � eyÉk î

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1 akc[hj; 664 2 Ef[|kH ~lgj 3 î714

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(jH : YeiG\j)k= alrpn[@sasÔ'[ Svlpj) s/MlH BlR eyuk;î g!kYeiG\jdX, CyEj éc[Fl r\jêhk; rj~r[Prdxjhk; crpjésfxjijhk;êhk;, LG dlrkdxjhk; Q\kigk'k. Li rjG%|j)k' g!j shlglX Legsr)lX Yeulc; c|jS)!j igk'k. Tijsm g!kSegk; dG+rjG%|n\jH fkhUalufj rlH LiG g!kSegkSmuk; dohjfkhUaln[. t'lH LiG g!jshlglX L#l|kijsRy alGÏ\jH Yeul c; c|j)k'k![. Lf[ Yec[fkf YeiG\jfs' Ye ulcalufjrlh#. :ufjrlH YeiG\j)/kyak= Qgk Yeulc; c|jS)!ji'fjrlH LulX YefjEh; rHds/mk;. 1

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g![ dG+*xjH Q'[ rjG%|j)kSÙlX K!ldk' Yeulc; L#l|kijsRy alGÏ\jH c|j)k'fjrl hln[ YefjEh; h>j)k'f[ï L#lsf : YeiG\j fs' Yeulcalufksdl!#. 1

T\j~lTr[ CgJL\jhk= c[Flr;

T\j~lT'[ ér~j�su LrkPlir; sv$k 'f[.ê ihju c[Flraln[ Tc[hlajhk=f[. flsq iji gj)k' igjdX)jmujH rj'[ Lf[ iUd[faldk;î-

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Kedgj)o. dlgn; L#l|k� fsRy fjgkpofsr ]-sflgk dH/rukalulSnl rjSulzj&f[ : dH/r dXsdlS! LiR :glPj)s/mlio. L#lsf wr |jf*XS)l, T<[m*XS)l Lrkcgj&[ L#l|k � :glPj)s/mlif#.

ycohk#l|j� eyÉkî

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f=s/mk'fln[. L#l|k�uk; ycoH�uk; dH/r rHdl\ QgkdlgU; pJrjH :sgls) ekfkfluj rjG +j)k'kSil Lir[ pJrjH Qgk c[Flrikaj#." 1 g![. Tc[hlajsRy g![ Lmjc[Flr*xjshl 'sYf T\j~lL[. :glPrujH L#l|k�su ]drl)kd, TD[- hlck!ldkd t'jiusYf Lmjauksm L#l|kijhk=

ijCIlc\jsRy frjauk; �� t' C|l p\[ dhjauksm ulFlGÒUik;. T\j~lK; YeilvdR �su alf{dul)hkaln[ Qgk Lmjauksm ijCIlc\j

sRy frjauk; �� t' dhja\jsRy ulFl Gf[FUik;. TO g![ Lmjc[Flr*X LFil TD[hlck; T\j~lK; LrIGf[Fal)j p{@Jdgj)kduk;, Li g!k; flHegUs/mk' dlgU*X YeliG\jdal)kd uk; svu[flh#lsf Qgk LmjaukSmuk; Tc[hl; clÊlHd{faldkduj#, LirjH rj'[ ulsflgk ilS)l YeiG\jSul ijCIlcSal cIJdgj)s/mkduk aj#. L#l|k � eyuk'k î

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Þ....LfjrlH i#irk; fsRy gÊjflikaluj d!k akMnsa'[ :Yz|j)k'ksi(jH LiR cHdG+; YeiG\j)kduk;, fsRy gÊjflijrk= :glPrujH ulsfl'jSruk; e(kSvG)lfjgj)kduk; svu[fksdl =sMß éij.dIk. 18î110ê ssCDkH Tc[hl; T~[rk ssfaj$� eyuk'kî "sal\\jH raks)l/; g![ a|\lu LcI[hkdxk![. Q'[î rl; L#l|kijsr alYfSa :glPj)o…g![î rl; L#l|k afal)jufksdlS! L#l|kijsr :glPj

)k… Qgj)hk; rl; Lisr ~jp[TOulu :glPr dX sdl![ :glPj)kduj#. TO g![ Lmjc[Flr

*xln[, �� t' cfUclÊU \jsRy clÊlHdlg;." 1

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alulSh Qgk Lmja)[ y^jsRy CjÊujHrj'[ Salvr-ak=k. Q'[î fO|JpkHakGcjH LFil L#l|kijr[ : glPr rj<[dx(al)kdê g![î fO|Jpk akfl~L\jG ycoH LFil T\j~lL[ ycohk#l|j�)[ alYfal-)kd. " 1

ao'[ê T\j~lThosmuln[ cIGÏ YeSiCr;. r~j�su LrkPlir; sv$H cIGÏYeSiCr \jrk= dlgnalsn'[ r~j� ijxj&yjuj)k'k.

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tΠöθ tƒ 3Ù u‹ö;s? ×νθã_ãρ –Šuθó¡n@ uρ ×νθ ã_ãρ ⟨

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uk; sv$k' Qgk pjic\jH ” éij.dIk. 3î106ê

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t' :u\jsr iUlDUlrj&k eyuk'kî

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L#l|k rj*sx c[Sr|j)kduk; rj*xksm ele*X selyk\k fgjduk; sv$k'fln[. L#l|k ]sy sel yk)k'irk; dgknlrjPjukasYf.ß éij. dIk. 3î31ê

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1 T~[rk ssfaj$, aw[aoL[ Eflil 10î 81

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Tal; T~[rk dFJG� eyuk'kî " TO ijCkÓ i vr;, ak|+p[ r~j�uksm alGÏ\jH rjhuky/j)lsf L#l|ksi c[Sr|j)k'ksi'[ wH/j)k' t#l iG)ksafjgjH ijPjfJG/l)k'k. LiR wH/j)k' Yec[fkf ij<u\jH LiR iUlwrln[ t'flnsYf Yec[fkf ijPjfJG/[ï LiR ak|+p[ r~j�uksm CgJ L\[ ejReËkduk; fsRy akqkil)jhk; YeiG\juj hk; ak|+p[ r~j�uksm vgUejReËkduk; sv$k'fk isg." 1

Tal; T~[rk D$j;� eyuk'k î

Νä3 ö7 Î6ósãƒ ª!$# ⟨

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c[Sr|j)H c[Fjgs/mk'f[, ycoH�su YeiG\jdxj hk; il)kdxjhk; cI>lizkn*xjhk; ejReËkSÙlX alYfaln[. TO T\j~lTsr Lrkcgj&ln[ Yec[fkf c[Sr|; c[Fjgs/mkduk; Cd[fjs/mkduk; sv$k'f[. T\j~lTsRy dkyirkcgj&[ c[Sr|\jSRyuk; dky ik!ldk;"1

LÖ[ê Yeilvdc[Sr|; clPUaldlrk= uFl Gf[F alGÏasYf T\j~lL[. YeilvdR�su c[Sr|j)H LmjadxksmSaH L#l|k rjG~r[Pal)j. Yec[fkf c[Sr|s\ cIÔ- S\uk; cÙ\jSruk; a)Sxuk; alflejfl)Sxuk; akqkiR wr*Sxuk; c[Sr|j)k'fjSr)lX akÔj /j)nsa'k; LiR rjG~r[Pal)j. r~j� eyÉkî

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1 ~kDlgjî 6632

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!$tΡ õ‹ Ï{# xσ è? β Î) !$uΖŠ Å¡°Σ ÷ρ r& $tΡ ù'sÜ÷z r& ⟨

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ijCkÓ DkG:R ivr*Xî L#l|k � eyuk'kî

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ssCD[ rlcIjykÍL[pj�

βr&uρ (#θä9θà) s? ’ n?tã «! $# $tΒ Ÿω tβθçΗ s>÷ès? ⟨

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ÞT#, rjsRy gÊjflijsr fs'ulsn cfU;ï LiG)jmujH >j'fuk!lu dlgU\jH LiG rjs' ijPjdG\lil)kduk;, rJ ijPjdH/j&fjsr/Ëj ej'J migksm arÍkdxjH Qgk ij<aik; Sfl'lfjgj)kd uk;, Lf[ eoGÑaluj c+fj&[ Lrkcgj)kduk; sv $k'fkisg LiG ijCIlcjdxlikduj#ß. éij.dIk.4î65ê T~[rk L~jH TÍkH|rEj�uksm il)[ tYf ckÕg;à LS`|; eyuk'k î Tal; fI|lij� eyÉkî "Tc[hlajsRy elp; caG/n\jSRyuk; cG%lHarl L;zJdgj)k'fjSRyuk; eky\ln[ Ky&k rjH)kd." LFil ijCkÓ dIkG:rj'k; fjgkck'\j'k; caG /j)l\isRyuk; Lfjr[ dJsqlfk*l\iSRyuk; Tc[hl; écaG/n;ê Ky)kduj#. LfjrlH Lfjs' fjgjH LiR fjgjulfjgj)n;, fsRy ~kÓjsdlS!l, vjÔsdlS!l, Lrkalr;sdlS!l, Lisu tfjG)l fjgj)kduk; Sin;." 1 Tal; ak|+p[ ~[rk Cj|l~[ LÍk|[gj� eyÉfluj Tal; ~kDlgj yjS/lGM[ sv$k 'kî "L#l|kijH rj'ldk'k gjclh\[. Lf[ t\j )H alYfaldk'k ycoH�uksm ~lPUf, Lfjr[ dJq[ s/mH r+ksmSaH rjG~r[Paln[. " 2

1 Cy|kH LDJpfj \I|lij$ 1 î231

2 Lc[Dhlrj, Ef[|kH ~lgj 13î 504

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L#l|kijsRy i|[u[ rjgkelPjd; c+fj&[ Lrkcgj)k'fjhln[ pJR rjhrjH)k'f[. t'lH i|[ujsr dkyj&[ ijig;dkyÉ PlglxalxkdX Ck~k |l\jhk; écSÕ|lc[epalu dlgU*Xê ehijP >li rlegalu LulFlGf[FU*xjhk; r#sf'[ Sfl'k' iujhk; eo!kdomk'k. LiG Yec[fkf ~r[Ps/mhj hosm ijvlgj)k'f[ Lisu#l; cfUayjulrk= iqj uln[, cfU\jSh)[ svs'\lrk= alGÏaln[ t s'ls)uln[. TO Lic[FujH rm'k rJ*k'igksm Lmk)Sh)[ sfxji[ sdl![ Qgk cfUiG\j sv'lH Ligksm |{pu; LfjH dkmjujgk' cSÕ|*xk; iqjSdmkdxkaluj eo!k domkduk;, LiG cIu; cfU \jH ijCIcj&j#lsu'[ alYfa# f*xksm |{pu\j hk= ~lfjhksdl![ LiG Shldgjhk; :Cu)kq/ak !l)k;. LSflsm LiG ejq)k; Tfgsg ejq/j)kd uk; sv$k;. T\g; Ledmwmjhalu dlgU\jsRy pkg ÔEh; ak'jHd! YeilvdR� T\g)lGs)fjsg cakplu\jr[ ak'yjuj/krHdj.

:ujCl�ujH rj'[ rjSipr;sv$s/mk' |pJ cjH r~j � eyuk'kî

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chEkdxjH rj'[ Ck~k|l\kdX écSÕ|* Xês)fjgjhk; Li wrj/j)k'iGs)fjgjhk; tÑaË il)kdX c[Fjgs/Mjgj)k'k. KaG� eyuk'kî

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1 Lc[Dhlrj, Ef[|kH~lgj 8î 57

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Qgk ak'yjujs/S'ln; Tal; T~[rk cJgjR� eyÉk î "ijw[Blr; Lf[ pJrln[. rj*X rj*xksm pJR :gjH rj'ln[ cIjdgj)k'sf'[ Srl)kd." 2 :y[.ê en[@jfØlgksm aOr;.

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1 Tal; p|~j, cjuyk LL[hlaj'k~hlL[ 4î 472

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Yec[fkf ivr\jsRy ijCpJdgnsaS'ln; Tal; COdlrj� eyuk'kî "Tf[ sdl![ ijiÊsuÔ[? t'fjH en[@jfG >j'j&k. vjhG eyÉkî ak|+p[ �uksm dHerdX ds$lqj& u|open[@jfgk; Ydj c[fJu ekSgl|jfgkaln[. Sisy vjhG eyÉkî cfU; ay&ksi)kduk; L#l|k iUd[fal)jsdlmk)nsa'[ rjG~r[Pal)juf[ ijigj)l\igkaln[ KS`C;. TO eyus/Mfln[ Ye~halu L>jYelu;. dlgn; rjplr

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L~o |kyu[y� |pJcjH TYedlg; i'jgj)k 'kî L#l|kijsRy ycoH� eyÉkî

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QglX ~jp[L\jsRy :xkdSxlmk; elejdSxlmk sal/ajgj)H T\j~lTr[ ihju fmÍ; c{<[mj)k' ij<ualn[. fjØuksm ild[fl)X Ligksm dosm ujgj)k'ir[ LcfU; r#fluj Sfl'j/j)kduk; Lfln[ cfUsa'[ vjYfJdgj)kduk; sv$k;. Trj L isRy ac[fj<[d\jH cfU; alËj vjYfJdgj)lrk; dlgUS~lP; alËjayj)lrk; LiG)lujs#(jH Ligk sm rjgGf[Fdf YeiG\j)lR LiG Lisr rjG ~r[Pjs&'[ igl;. Q'kdjH LiSglm[ Qgk Scl/j;b[ t'rjhujShl, Ls#(jH LiG egj|cj)ksaS'l rjgoen; rm\ksaS'l >u'kalSu)l; LulX rjG ~r[P\jr[ iq*k'f[. LiG)[ Lfjr[ clPUaluj s#(jH vkgk*jueÊ; Lisg tfjG)kdsu' pO fU; KSeÊj&k; Ligksm f'j<[m*X)jn*l\ c fUYeiG\r; ds$lqj&k; LiR LiG)[ iq*j sdlmk)k' egji\jH LiG Lisr t\j)k;. L fksdl!kfs' L|[hkck'\jsRy id[fl)X vJ\ doMlxjdSxlm[ domjujgj)k'fjsrfjgjH chEkdxksm

1 LH~lrj, cI|J|k T~[rj alwî 210

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YefjS<P; LfjfJYiik; Ligksm ak'yjuj/kdX dAj rikalujgj)k'k,

KaG�, cI~Jz[ ~[rk Tc[hj1sr rlmkdm\ju c;>i\jH L~oKF[alrkGylij� eyuk'kî "B*X Lulxksm dosmujgj)gksf'[ KaG� B*sx tqkfj Lyjuj&k. L~oKF[alR� fkmgk'kî B*X roy[ Segk !lujgjs) cI~Jz[ B*xksm dosmujgj)kdulsn (jH B*X Lulsx ijMkejgjÉ[ Seldkalujgk'k." 2 T~rk L^lc[� eyukduln[î

"f��. �2�E��U ��+�. T��l D < �i��A\]0� 9�A � �?��+�� ' �q0� �0�� -�M"

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2 T~[rk ~\I, LH T~lr\kH dk~[yl 1î414

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"f'j<[m; ejReËk'iSglm[ rJ domjujgj)gkf[. dlgn; LiSglm[ domjujgj)H |{pu\jr[ Sglz ak!l)k;." 1 akc[L~[ T~[rk cLp[� eyuk'kî "Qgk alGÏ Y>;CjSulm[ rJ domjujgj)gkf[. dlgn; LirjH rj'k= g!lshl'[ rj'jH rj'[ K'; sfËkduj#. Q'kdjH LiR rjs' dkq/\jhl)k; LSflsm rJ Lisr Lrkzaj)k;. L#(jH rJ Lisr ijMkejgj uk; akÙ[ LiR rjs' SYpl|j)k;." 2

akE`H T~[rk ak|#H� eyuk'kî " Qgk ~j p[L\jsRy id[fli[ rJ LiSrlsml/ajgj)kSÙlX LisRy ~jp[L\kdxln[ rjS'lm[ eyuk'sf(jH rJ Lisr coÊj)kduk; LirjHrj'[ Qlmjudhk duk; sv$kalujgk'k. eSÊ LiR LisRy cpÍk dX :g;>j)kSÙlX ck'\jH c[Fjgs/M |pJck dX eyukduk; ej'Jm[ LisRy ~jp[L\kdX rj'j Sh)[ fjgkdjduËkduk; sv$k;. LfldsM rjsRy |{pu\jH dkmjujgj)k;. ejs'su'ln[ Lf[ rjsRy |{pu\jH rj'[ emjujy*kd?àà " 3 Tal; T~[rk cJgJR�Srlm[ QglX eyÉkî T 'ulX fl(xksm Lmk)H iglR KS`Cj)k'k. Lul X fl(Sxlm[ Q'kSa c;clgj)j#. Tal; eyÉkî "rj *X LulSxlm[ eyukd, LulX iggkf[ï dlgn;




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tM[ê c[Fjgs/ml\ |pJFkdsx Lih;~j)H. iUlwrjG+jfik; pkG~hikalu |pJFkdsx :YC uj)kduk; afrjua*X Lisdl![ c[Flej)kduk; Cgjulu Yealn*X sdl![ c[Fjgjs/M ulFlGf[FU; Lisdl![ f=kduk; sv$kd t' Yeinf T\j ~lTr[ akÙjsh ihju fmÍaln[. Q'kdjH Lyjij #lu[a sdl![, Ls#(jH |FJckdxjsh cI|J|[, p TOE[, éaOpoL[êiUlwrjG+jf; t'ji SiGfjgj&yjul rk= dqjij#lu[asdl![, Lfkas#(jH pkG~halu |pJFkdXsdl![ ëEplThkH LL[alhjRë Lah[ sv $l; t' vjhen[@jfgksm ilpzfjujH iÖjfgluj s)l![. T*sr ]f[ gJfjujhlulhk; t#l; T\j~l Tr[ fmÍ;fs'. pkG~halu |pJFkdX ëEplThkH LL[alhjHë sfxjil)l; t'[ eyuk' en[@jfG fs' Lfjr[ si& rj~r[PrdX T)oMG S~lPeoG%; ijc[a gj)k'k. LiujH YePlrs/M rj~r[PrdX vkismî

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Qgk selfkffI\jr[ flsq igk'fldn;. Tc[hl ajH ulsflgk Lmjc[Flrikaj#l\ t#l; f=s/ mk'fjr[ Si!juk; t*jsrsu(jhksals) afij Pj c[FlejfalulHafj t' vjÔsu fmujmlrkal nf[.1

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1 Tal; ClfIj~j, LH TL[fjcl; 1î228-231

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hnjbkqNn

o :akD; 5

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• il)kdxjhk= T\j~lL[ 8

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• KSeÊdxjhk= T\j~lL[ 11

o akDlhEf[ T\j~lTr[ SrGijgkÓ; 12

• ijCIlc\jhk= akDlhE 12

• il)kdxjhk= akDlhE 13

• YeiG\jdxjhk= akDlhE 13

• KSeÊdxjhk= akDlhE 13

o T\j~lTr[ c[Fhdlh*xkaluk=~r[P; 14

o r~j�� uksm YeiG\jdX 17

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19

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o T\j~lTr[ CgJL\jhk= c[Flr;. 41

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41

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43

• T\j~lThosmuln[ cIGÏYeSiCr; 45

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51

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52

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