1

CkvemanI hntamN\Zi\w: Aen icnAn, AkvKden, ^coZv FkmJv, l l\^n NnIfpsS shfnn Hct\zjWw: hn. F. aplZv Aivd^vam\hnIX, aXmc kao]\w, Zp_ecpsS imoIcWw Fnhsb ap\nnbpff JpB hymJym\neqsS CkvemanI hntamN\ ssZhimkv{XNnsb hnIknnm\pff {iaamWnhnsS. a\pjys `uXnI{]iv\sfbpw kmaqlnI A\oXnIsfbpw \nmcamn \nnsImpff apJy[mcm aXhymJm\sXnscbpff s]mnsdnbmbmWv Hmtcm aXfnepw hntamN\ ssZhimkv{X DbphcpXv. kmnIambpw kmaqlnIambpw ]nWnbns P\hn`mKfpsS imoIcWXzc, \oXn kwkvYm]\ hy{KX, kam[m\ hmRvO FnhmWv ASnkvYm\]cambn hntamN\ ssZhimkv{Xw Du sImSppXv.

apJy[mcm ssZhimkv{Xw BNmcm\pjvTm\v AanX {]m[m\yw \InsImv kpffhs A[oim[n]Xyw kzm`mhnIsa \nebnseSpm t{]cnnpp; Zmcn{Zys ssZhhn[nsb \nebn kzoIcnm\pw AXnt\mSv s]mcpsSm\pw A\pioensSpp. a\pjyhImiw, kmaqlnI kmnI kmkvImcnI \oXn Fnhbpambn _s NIfmWv ASnkvYm\]cambn hntamN\ ssZhimkv{Xw ssIImcyw sNpXv.

aXw ]etmgpw anXs abpacppw \nizmkhpamWv. (amIvkv, t].3). `cWhns BiIfmIpw Hmtcm ImeLnsebpw Gsd \nmbIamb BiI. (amIvvkv, GwKkv, t] 59). `cWh Xm]cysf Ahwe_nv ]Sppbs ssZhimkv{Xw hnai\ hnt[bamsSpI Xs thWw; Fsm apXemfnheIcns aXw Cv hn aqe[\inbmbn amdnbncnpp. aXs B[n]Xy inIfn \nv tamNnnv aIs\Xncmb kacnse h{Pmbp[ampIbmWv thXv.

emn\tacn ]menemWv ss{IkvXh hntamN\ ssZhimkv{Xw Bhn`hnpXv; ssZhs kIe anXmhXIfptSbpw hntamNI\mbn hymJym\nsp sImmWnXv hfXv. (s]msK, t].10-2). kmaqlnI cmjv{Sob- aX LS\Ifpw Bibfpw hnai\clnXambn A\pkcnpXn \nv kzmX{yw \IpXpw hwiw, enwKw, hw, aXw FnhbpsS t]cnepff Fmcw A\oXnIfn \npw NqjWfn \npw kzmX{yw \IpXmWv hntamN\ ssZhimkv{Xsav ^coZv FkmJv \nNnpp. (FkmJv, 1997, t].83). {InkvXzw 610 se {]hmNIen apX 632 acWw hscbpff 22 hjpffn aplZv \_nv e`yamb shfn]mSpIfpsS kamlmcamWv JpB. kaXzw, am\hnI kmtlmZcyw, kmaqlnI \oXn Fo imizX XXz Dundbp JpB, NqjWsbpw ASnaens\bpw A]e]npp. imkv{Xmht_m[w, bpn]cX, ]ptcmKa\hmRvO, XpeyXmt_m[w XpSnb B[p\nIsav IcpXp aqeyfpambn JpB kwL\ne. JpBs bpn]camb DffSs aqeyhnNmctmsS IspI F ZuXyamWv hntamN\ ssZhimkv{Xw GsSppXv. CdmImc\mb Aen icnAn (1933-1979), CuPn]vXnse l l\^n (1935), Cybnse AkvKden Fn\nb (19392013), ZnWm{^nbnse ^coZv FkmJv (1959) FnhcmWv CkvemanI hntamN\ ssZhimkv{Xw F Bibw hnIknnhcmbn s]mXpsh IcpXsSpXv. shffmcs tatmbvasXnsc ]Ss]mcpXnb amw FIvkv (1925-1965), hntamN\ ssZhimkv{Xw DbnnSnncpp.

Ckvemans kmaqly\oXn k]s adp]nSnpsImpff hymJym\fmWv CkvemantXmbn ]etmgpw cwKpffXv. kwKoXw, KoXw, Nn{XcN\, sNv, ]w ]d Fnh \ntcm[npsImpw kv{Xo hnZym`ymks ]cnanXsSpWsa BthitmsSbpw tKm{Xm[n]Xy -]pcpjm[n]Xy aqeyhIcWs Xmtemenp bmYmkvYnXnIXbmWv Xmen_m. apkvenwInSbnse kmaqlnI {]knbnm NIfpsS hym]IXzw Xs apkvenwNnIfpsS ]nmmhsb tZymZnnpp. CXv BIkvanIa; t_m[]qw krjvSnsSpXmWv. AXpsImv Xs AXns km{amPyXz hncpX BZi \njvTa. dmUn Ckvemans hIvXmfmbn AdnbsSp AssJZ, sFknkv t]mepff {]kvYm\ aXmI -^mjnkns hm XsbmWv. sNdpp\n]v F hmZap]tbmKnv kpNnX tKm{X]cXtbbpw AklnjvWpXtbbpw \ymboIcnm\mhn. en_d aqeyfpsS ASnkvYm\nepff aXhymJym\w Cmcyn KpWIcamsWnepw AXpsImv am{Xambn. en_d Ckvemw F Xesn\v Iogn hcpsXms ]ptcmKa\]camIWsan. apkvenw \mSpIfn {]hnp ]e en_d Ckvemw ]XnIpw bp.Fkv [\klmbapv. ]mmXy hymhkmbnI Xm]cy kwcWmw {]hnp Ccw kwLS\I en_d aqey {]NcnnpsImv kv{XohntamN\w F t]cn kv{Xo icocns IhShIcWw Ddnpp. aZyw, ]eni FnhtbmSv emLhXzw hfnsbSppI FXv ]mmXy- apXemfn NqjW\pKpWamWv. temI_mpw sF.Fw.F^pw t\XrXzw \Ip kz-X-{ I-tmf [\hyhkvYbpsSbpw _lpcmjv{SIpIIfpsSbpw B[n]Xy hyh DdnpIbmWv Ccmv ^v \IpXns clkyw. AtX kabw Ghpw DXamb en_d aqeyfpambn AdnbsSp P\m[n]Xyw, [njWm kzmX{yw, klnjvWpX Fnh ASnkvYm\]camb JpB\nI aqey XsbmWv FXn Xan. hntamN\ ssZhimkv{Xanm en_d Ckvemw I-tmf [\hyhbpsS {]NmcIcmbn amdpw.

CkvemanI hntamN\ ssZhimkv{Xns BNmcy\mbn IcpXsSp AkvKden Fn\nb 1990 emWv hntamN\ ssZhimkv{X IrXn ]pdndpXv. (Fn\nb 1990). Fm 1984 Xs hntamN\ ssZhimkv{Xw F {]tbmKw Atlw \Snbncpp. (Fn\nb 1984, t].13-18). ]noSv jo AIvX (1960), l l\^n, C{_mlow A_qdm_n Fnh Cu {]tbmKw GsSpp. (AIvX 1991; l\^n 1995, t]. 189 197, A_qdm_n t].220-247). Fm CXn\v Gsd apv Xs km{Xns kplrpw {^mkv ^m\s hnhI\pambncp Aen icnAn hntamN\ ssZhimkv{Xns Bmhv Dsmffp {]Xn]mZ\ \Sn. (icnAn, 1979). AenicnAnpv "a\pjyhntamN\n\p efnXamb XXzNnbmWv Ckvemw.' (icnAn, 1980, t].73). skan\mcnIfnsempw tNcmsX sSldm kIemimebnse Bvkv ^mnbnembncpp icnAn ]TnXv. XXzNnbnse apJy[mcIsfms ]Tnv i\mb Hcp apXemfn hncp\mbn Atlw amdn. amIvknks \ncmIcnptmgpw amIvknb coXnimkv{Xhpw ]Zmhenbpw kzwioIcnm icnAn aSnn. Ckvemantev aSpI Fv ]dXv sImmbn. GXv Ckvemantev Fv hyamWw: A_qZdnttbm `cWm[nImcn ahmttbm, sImmcns Ckvemtam ]mhfpw NqjnXcpambhcpsS Ckvemtam? icnAn tNmZnp. (A{_lmanb, t] 1415). aXm[n]Xyw cmjv{Sobm[n]Xytm tamiamWv; Fsm Bob PohnXs AXv apcSnnpIbpw DX aqeyfn Anm\pff {]hWXsb \innpIbpw sNpp. (Fn\nb 1999, t].6). anXmhkvY ampXn\v ]Icw kwLSnX aX AhbpsS hyhm]nXXzw Ddnm klmbnpIbmbncpp. (Fn\nb, 1990, t].2). hntamN\n\p Bbp[amIpXn\v aXns hntamN\ ssZhimkv{Xw hnIknnsSptXpv. C{]Imcsamcp ssZhimkv{Xnt\ anXcpsS Inse {]Xybimkv{X]camb Bbp[w \Im\mhq. (Fn\nb, 1990, t].21).GXv Ckvemw? GXv hymJym\w?

a\pjy sNp ]e {IqcXIfpsSbpw ]nn aX]camb DdpI Bthi]qw A\phnpps apdnbnv XXzNnI\mb ]mkv (1623--1662) \Ipp.v (tUmnkv, t].283). thZ{KfpsS ZphymJym\fneqsSbmWv Zp:inI CXv km[yampXv. hnip{K h{IoIcnsSpI am{Xa sNbvXXv; Acw h{IoIcWw apkvenw kaqln A[nImcns LS\m]camb khntijXbmbn ]cnhnXamhpIbpw sNbvXp. (sa\on, t].8-9). CkvemanI ssZhimkv{Xw FXv ssZhnI t{kmXmb JpBs\pdn am\pjnIamb NnbmWv; AXpsImv Xs Fmepw {]kamb ssZhimkv{Xw \nnm\mhn. ssZhimkv{X \nnXn kmaqlnIamb Bhiyns D]amWv. Hmtcm thZhymJymXmhpw Xs bXv\ns\pXv aphn[nItfmsSbmWv; \njvvfamb hymJymXmthm hymJym\tam C. (t{Skn, t].79). AXpsImv Xs cv hyIvXnIpw cv \qmpIpw cv taJeIpw Ahpw hymJym\hpw hyXykvXamIpXv kzm`mhnIw am{XamWv. CtX ImcWm Xs GsXnepw JpB\nI hymJym\w, ]cahpw AnahpamWv Fv ]dbm\mhn. {]hmNIs A\pbmbnI Xs Nnetm hn`n Xcn hymJym\nnpv; {]hmNI Ahsb kvYncoIcnnpapv. (dlvam, 1982, t].144). ]qkqcnIfpsS GsXnepw hymJym\w kzoIcn \n_amsW hmZw kzoImcya. kXyw \nccambn aptdp {]{IobbmWv. (dlvam, 1982, t].145). ssZhimkv{Xw ImenIambn ]cnjvIrXamIWw. ssZhnI ktins AhXcW ]me hniI\neqsS ImemXoXamb eyw IspI FXv ]ca{][m\amWv. Fn\nbdpsS hmpIfn, ssZhw krjvSyppJ\mbXn\m ssZhimkv{Xhpw A{]ImcamIWw. Xs alXz ]pXnb k`fneqsS Ah shfnhmnsmtbncnpp. AXvsImv Xs kXymt\zjI\v CXnIhyaqU\mbn Aekambncnm\mhn. ssZhns ]pXnb AhXcWfpsS s]mcpfdnbm kXymt\zjn hy{K\mWv. k`hpambn _sSppIbpw AXns\ AXnhnpIbpw sNm ssZhimkv{Xw \ncIamWv. CXmWv ssZhimkv{Xs krjvSyppJampXv. (Fn\nb, 1990, t].138).

Fm {]hmNIcpw kmaqlnI\oXn DXvtLmjnm BKXcmbn; ]nmev AhcpsS ktiw shw tNsSpIbpw AnadnsSpIbpw sNbvXp. X^eambn hntamN\ Zi\w Hgnhmstm icnbmb ]mhntev \bnm ]pXnb {]hmNI BKXcmbn. CXmWv hyXykvX aXZi\v ImcWsa knmamWv JpB aptmv shpXv. thZ{Kfn \Sp XncnadnbneqsSbmWv ]etmgpw {]hmNIXz Zi\sf XInSw adnXv.1 JpB Cu hn[apff hn[zwk\fn \nv kpcnXamWv (5:44). Fm ZphymJym\ km[yXsb JpB \ntj[npn. ]etmgpw ZphymJym\w ]men \nSnsbSppsImpw,2 thZ{Kns Hcp `mKw adpshpsImpamWv sNpXv (6:91). km[yambXn \oXntbmSSp hymJym\amWv kzoIcntXv.3 kZri {]tbmKfpsS ]pdsIt]mbn Bksb A]ISsSpp {]hWXbpw [mcmfamWv (3:7). JpB\n sshcp[yanmXpsImv (4:82), Hcp kqw assmns\ hniZoIcnp hn[amWv D]tbmKntXv. (AkZv, t].261). thZhymJym\w \Sptm kXyw AkXyhpambn IqnpgcpXv; AdnpsImv kXyw aqSnshpIbpacpXv (2:42); kmyw kXykambn shfnhmWw (4:135); hymPn\mbn hmev ]dbcpXv (4:105); sXns\ ]npWpIbpacpXv (28:17). a\pjycminv bYmnemhiyapffXv am{Xta imizXambn \ne\npIbpffq (13:17). aXhymJym\ns ASnm\ aqeyw \oXnbmsWv JpB hyampp: krjvSnbn HcnSpw A\oXnbn.4 ssZhw ASnatbmSv A]w t]mepw A\oXn Imph\ (22:10). a\pjy {]IrXym kzmX{\mbXv sImv a\pjy{]IrXn Fmcw ASnaepIsfbpw sNdppp. bpn]cambXn\m Ah \oXnmbn bXv\npw. Fmcw A\oXnpw hnthN\n\psaXnsc a\pjy{]IrXn kacw sNbvXpsImtbncnpw. (l\^n 1988, t].203). A`uXnIm\w (sam^nknIvkv) hym]Iambn Ipnsepn hnjbs koampXcw hymJym\s ]cmainpsImv AkvKden Fn\nb FgpXn: `uXnImXoXbpsS ZpcqlXtbdptmdpw \ne\np hyhkvYnXntbmSpff hymJymXmfpsS hnt[bXzhpw Gdn hcpXv ImWmw. (Fn\nb, 1990, t].1-2) Cmcyw ^coZv FkmJpw NqnImnbnpv: {]tbmKnsSm XmXznIhcWw sImv ssZhimkv{Xs ss[jWnI hymbmaambn A[:]XnncpXv; adnv ssZhimkv{Xs NqjIpw aIpsaXncmb kacnse iamb D]IcWampIbmWv thXv. (FkmJv, 1997, t].85)

C_v\p ssXanbbpsS injy\pw hnJymX CkvemanI \nbaPvR\pambncp C_v\p Jnw (1292--1350) ]dbpp: icnAns XXzfpw ASnkvYm\fpw am\hcminpff Cl]c \bmWv; AXv \oXn, ImcpWyw, am\htaw, bpn Fnhbpambn CgtNv \npp. FhnsS \oXn A{Ian\pw, ImcpWyw {IqcXbvpw, \ AgnaXnpw, bpn _pniq\yXpw hgn amdpthm AhnsS icnAns Bmhn; GXv Xcn AXns\ \ymboIcnm {ianmepw. Fsm bYm icnAv ssZhw Xs krjvSnIfpsS tabpw \bpw emmn \Inb \oXn hyhkvYbmWv. (daZm, 2004, t].42). C_v\p Jnans Xs hmpIfn, {]hmNI\ntem JpB\ntem hyambn Isnbmepw Csnepw kmaqly\oXn Ddmp GXv {]h\hpw ]Xnbpw CkvemanIambn kzoImcyamWv. (Fn\nb, 1994, t].146).

thZhymJym\n \oXn F aqeyw kaqambn D]tbmKntXns KucmhkvY hnJymX ]nX C_v\p ssXanb (1263-1328) Xs hyamnbnpv: a\pjys Cl temImhkvYbn `cmb A{IanItfm ]m]nIfmb \oXnammcmWv Daw. AhnizmknIfpsS \oXnsb ssZhw DbnnSnpp; Fm A\oXn apkvenantXmbmepw Ah AwKoIcnpn. Ckveman\pw A\oXnpw Hcpanv t]mIm\mhn. (Fn\nb, 1990, t].58).

A[nImcw ssZhimkv{XnenSs]Sp hn[w

hn[nhmZw BZyw DbnXv Jnem^ns\ cmPm[n]Xyntev \bn apBhnb (602-----680) Bbncpp. (Fn\nb, 1987, t].89). DaZv ImeLn ({InkvXzw 661---750), hn[nhnizmkw cmjv{SotbmtitmsS hym]Iamn. (hmv, t].27----35). CXn apBhnbv cmjv{Sob Xm]cyhpapmbncpp. hn[nhmZs FXn JhmcnPpI XpeyX, \oXn, kzmX{yw Fnhbn hnizmknncpp. ]t AklnjvWpX F KpcpXcamb tcmKw Ahsc {Kknncpp. (Fn\nb, 1984, t].18-19). `cWIqS tXhmgvNbpsS Zpc^eambn P\pmb IjvSmSpIsf adnSm\pw HXpn \nm\pw Xebnsegpv knmw D]tbmKnsSpIbmbncpp. ssZhw CXv hn[nXv Fv [cnm Ah `cWIqSs A\pkcnpw. Ah A\p`hnp A[:nXmhIfpw sISpXnIfpw ssZhhn[nbmbncpXn {]XnIcWkm[yXsb CmXmpw. (KtcmUn, t].54). CuPn]vjy NnI Xmlm lpssks (1889--1973) hmpIfn P\w kmaqly-kmnI ZpcnXmhIsf ssZthObpsS {]IS\ambn sXncnpw. (kCuZv, t].140----145). AXbpw hn[nhnizmkhpw aqew kmaqly, kmnI cmjv{Sob aI LSIfpw hyhkvYIfpw XpScm A\phZnsSpw. (tSm, t].457). CkvemanI hntamN\ ssZhimkv{XImc IqSnbmb e_\okv ]nX aplZv lpssk ^Zvepmlv (19352010), hn[nhmZs k ]mhsXnsc \Sp a\ns \ymboIcWmw, kmaqlnI A\oXnsb insSpm DbsXmsWv \nconpp. (A_qdm_o, t].232). a\pjykzmX{ys A\phZnm hn[n hnizmkamWv CkvemantXv F hmZw JpBs apgph DSsbpw \ntj[npIbpw ASndIsf XIpIbpw sNpsav CkvemanI NnI ^kveq dlvam Ipdnp. (dlvam, 1980, t]. 20). ASnm\ a\pjymhImi \ntj[nsSpXv ssZh\nba\pkcnmsW hmZw hymPhpw ssZh\nm]chpamWv. \ne\np hyhkvYnXnbpsS D]amWv Zmcn{Zyhpw ]nWnbpw Akam[m\hpw. Ccw A\oXnIfpsS hn]mS\w eyamm aXt_m[w D]cnhhpw ipjvIhpamWv.5 a\pjykzmX{yw JpBs ASnkvYm\ {]tabamWv: CjvSapffh Xs \mYs\ {]m]npXn\pff amw kzoIcnpsImffs (73:19). Ipg apgps a\pjyIc hcpnshpXmWv: Cu \miw \n Xs hcpnshXmIpp (3:165). a\pjym, \n\v e`np GsXmcp \bpw ssZhns HuZmcym e`npXmIpp. \n\v e`np Xntbm, AXv \ns I^eambpw (4:79). a\pjy A\p`hnp sISpXnIfpw Zpcfpw Ahs Xs krjvSnbmWv Fv JpB hyampp: a\pjyIc {]hnXns ^eambn ISenepw hn\miw {]Xysncnpp (30:41). \mw \nsf t{Zmlnnn; \n \nsfsbmWv t{ZmlnXv (43:76); Cu Bibw JpB \nch[n XhW Bhnppapv. 6 `qanbn Ncnp Hmtcm PohnbpsSbpw Blmcw ssZhw koIcnncnpp F Bibw JpB Bhnpp.7 hnipw Zmcn{Zyhpw a\pjy\nnXhpw A\oXn]camb kmnI hyhkvYbpsS D]hpamWv. (\Jvhn, t].157). ks kzn ]mhfpsS AhImihpapv Fv JpB AhnXnXambn hyamppv. (70:24-----25). CXvsImmIWw {]hmNIinjy\mb A_qZdp Kn^mcn (Ncaw:652), ]nWnbnemb a\pjy kzw hmfpambn hv X\nhImisXv ]nSnsSpmsXpsImsv ApXsXv. (icnAn, 1988, t].62). Zmcn{Zys ]nimNns hmKvZm\ambmWv JpB {]Xn]mZnncnpXv; Ass[cyhpw aSnbpw ]nSnncnp ]mhsf A]e]npIbpw sNpp thZ{Kw.8 Zmcn{Zyw Ahnizmkntev \bnpsa Hcp {]hmNI hN\hpapv (A_qZmhqZv). Ckvemw Hcp k\ymkn aXa FmWv CXv kqNnnpXv. ssZhw \Inb \ hn`hsf hnizmknIv hneppan (7:32). PohnX hn`h tXS {]m\t]mse Xs {]m[m\yalnpXmbn I]npp (62:10).

kv ssZhntXmWv FXv XuloZns (GIssZh Zi\w) ASnm\ k]amWv (2:284); a\pjy tIhew {Skvn am{Xw (57:7). a\pjy\pssSbpff apgph PohPmepapff hn`h ssZhw \Inbncns,9 ]mckv]cnIXbneqsS hn`h Ghpw e`yamIp hyh kwPmXamWw (36:47). CXn hcp emLhXzw AXoh KpcpXcamWv. Hcp ]Wn ]nWn acWapmbm sIme]mXIambn IcpXn \mpImcn \nv Znb (Uv aWn AYhm \jvS]cnlmcw) CuSmWsa Hcp ^Xvh hnJymX kv]m\njv CkvemanI ]nX Camw C_v\p lkw (994------1064) ]pdsSphnp. (CIv_m, t].190-----1). ]cam[nImcw ssZhns\nepw, hyhItfmsS ssIImcyw sNm\p A[nImcw am{Xw a\pjy\v \evIpp (57:7). Ckvemanse kzImcyhImiw cv [mnI hyhItfmsSbmWv: (1) bYm DSabpsS (ssZhns) Xmev]cyn icnbmwhw D]tbmKnWw. (2) IqSpX kv s]mXp\bvpw kmaqly\oXnpw {]tbmPsSpWw. (_m\am, t].98). {]tXyI Ahbn kzImcykzv \nb{nmw. (bmkn, t].38). CXn\w, IrXyamb ssZht_m[apff k\v, X\nnjvSapff hn[n kv sNehnSm Htsd ]cnanXnIfpv FmWv. (Ilv^v, t].30). JpB kqw 22:65 hymJym\npsImv CkvemanI kmnI hnZKv[ Da N{] FgpXn: "{]IrXn hn`h GsXnepw DXIpePmXv am{Xamb, FmhpapXmWv. tahpw Zmcn{Zy\nm\hpw ASnm\ a\pjymhImifpw Ghpw e`yamIWw. (N{], t].228) Aen icnAn \Snb \ncoWw {]tNmZ\mIamWv: {]_p\mb Hcp apkvenw, Xm AXpeyamb Hcp kwkvImcn\pSabmsWv a\nempp; AXv Cysbtmse kqamb BobXb, ssN\sbtmse kqamb ankvnpa, {Kons\tmse kqambpw XXzm\]chpa, ]mmXykwkvImcstmse kqambpw `uXnImXnjvTnXhpw kmtXnI hnZym[njvTnXhpa; AhbptSsXmw ke\amWhs hnizmkw; ]ptcmKa\]cX, BobX, XpeyXpw \oXnpapff A`n\nthiw Fnh AXn XpSnsImpp. av ]e aXfn \npw hyXykvXambn Zmcn{Zys AXv \ymboIcnpn; adnv A]e]npp. \oXnmbpff \nccamb bXv\fm (PnlmZv) AXv apJcnXamWv. Ckvemw An\v {]m[m\yw sImSppp; AXns ]ctemIw, Cu temIs kPohamb PohnXs Ahew_nmWv; ssZhk]w a\pjyalXzs am\npXmWv; {]hmNI\mIs Bbp[[mcnbpw. (icnAn, 1986, t]. 22---23). ssZhimkv{Xw hym]Iambn Zpcp]tbmKsSppXv ]etmgpw {insSpn. DZmlcWn\v ASna hn]mS\w Hcp JpB\nI eyambncpnpIqSn (24:33), kuZn Atd_ybnse DX aX]nX tI{amb Iukn Hm^v ko\nb kvtImtfgvknse apXn AwKhpw ^Xvh hIpns ncmwKhpamb kmte A-^ukm (1933---), shmn k{Zmbs \ymboIcnpIbpmbn. kuZnbn KmlnI tPmenbntesncnp kv{XoIsf ssewKnIambn NqjWw sNpXn\v \ymboIcWw NaemWnsXv, Iimkv{X hnimcZ JmenZv A_qA ^Zv Bi{]ISnnppv. (^Zv, t].255). ChnsS A^ukm hnkvacnXv ASnkvYm\ am\hnIaqeyfmb XpeyXbpw \oXnbpamWv. Hmtcm Imetbpw kmaqlnI Ncn{X {]iv\tfmSv Xmf\n_ambn Cu aqeysf {]IminnpIbmWv JpB sNbvXXv.10 CtX {]{Iob XpStcXpv. JpB {Ia{]hrambn ASnas \ncpmlsSpnsImncpp. ASna hntamN\w JpBs A--k--bvvv A\ptbmPyhpambncpp. ASnaw, thZ{Kns ASn-m-\- B-i-b-pw hnssizIaqeypw a\pjymhImipw hncpamWv. a\pjycmin ssIhcn hn aptamWv 1948 se Amcm{ a\pjymhImi {]Jym]\w (bp.Un.Fv.B). AXn Hv shm IqmmXncpXv kuZnAtd_y F apkvenw cmjv{SamWv FXv \s AcntXmWv. aX]cnXymKnpw hy`nNmcnpw h[in F JpB hncpamb \ymbamWv Ah apgnbXv!hntamN\n bpnbpsS {]kn

hnm\w Hcp Xcw inbmWv; Adnsh \nebn AXv aphsXnsc {]tbmKnm\mhpsav hn{ipX NnI ^qtm apdnbnv \Ipp. (^qtm, t].27). AXn\m taemf hns A[nImcw \ne\nm Adnhv D]tbmKnsSpw. (^qtm, t].28). Adnhns Cu Zpjv{]tbmKw ]e hn[n \Sppv; AXnsemmWv aXmX. aXmXbpsS tkh\n\p]tbmKnm AXv am\hnIXv \miapmpw; imkv{X hf XSbsSpIbpw At\zjW XrjvWbpsS acWaWn apgpIbpw sNpw. (kCuZv, t].26). Adnhpw PvRm\hpw hyXykvXamWv. PvRm\w IqSpX Bgapff DmgvNbpw, Adnhns A]mcXbnsep kXyhpamWv. CkvemanI temIhoWw bpnv Gsd {]m[m\yw I]npp.11 Adnhv \cq]n Bnm\pw {]tbmKnm\pw thZ{Kw Blzm\w sNpp.12 Adnhpffhcpw Cmhcpw katam FXv tNmZnpp (39:9). Nnnp {Klnm Iqmmhsc arKtfm sIhcmbn CIgvpp.13

aX]utcmlnXysXnsc JpB \Snb hnai\w GXv bpnhmZntbbpw Ap-X-s-Sppw: "thZhmlIcnse A[nI ]nXmcpw ]ptcmlnXcpw P\ns apXepI \njn amneqsS `pPnp sImncnpIbpw Ahsc ssZhoIkcWbn \nv XSbpIbpw sNphcmIpp' (9:34). ]mccyns t]cnep A\oXnItfbpw Ahnizmktfbpw thZ{Kw tNmZyw sNpp.14 Camw Kmenv J\sagpXnb XXzNnI C_v\p dpjZv (Ahtdmkv 1126-1198) \qmpIp apv \Snb \ncoWw Gsd {]kamWv: Cu Zo (CkvemanI temIhoWw) kXyambXv sImv, AXv m\ntepw kXyntepw \bnpw; thZ{Khpambn imkv{Xw kwL\nemhn; Fsm kXyw kXytmtSpapn; ]ckv]cw kmysSppItbbpffq. (Ahtdmkv 1961, t]. 50). a\pjy a\n\v tbamhv \mw shfn]mSns\ Ahew_nWw. a\pjyss[jWnIXbpsS ]qoIcWamWv shfn]mSv. (Ahtdmkv, 1954, t]. 152). aplZob {]hmNIXzw XpSw apXevpXs ASnashv thn ipw kpsaXnsc kwkmcnp XpSnsbv Aen icnAn \nconpp. (aenIv, t].9) Ckvemans ssZhw anXsbpw kXyn\pw \oXnpw thn ckmnXzw hcnphsbpw ssZhamWv. (icnAn, 1986, t].71). amcpsS kpJm\p`qXn]chpw (sltUmWnv) apXemfn]chpamb kao]\ coXn AKXnI, A\mY, hn[hI, ASnaI, kmnI ]nm FnhcpsS Ah ]cpenemn. CXns\Xntc cq]wsIm kZvhrcpsS kwLn aplZv kPohambncpp. (Fn\ob, 1987, t].3).

GZ apX Kmk, ZamkvIkv FnhnS hsc IhS \nt]w \Snbncp h IhSmcmbncpp JpssdinI. (hmv, 1965, t].3). abnse apXemfnamv, ]s, IA_bnse hn{Klfpambn bYmnep Bob-_anmbncpp. abn \ne\n cm{ob kmaqly hyhsb (Zpe\pw i\pw ]mhfpw kcpw ASnabpw DSabpw Fns\bp) ISp `mjbn thZ{Kw B{Ianp. kv, ZpecpsS imoIcWn\mbn D]tbmKsSpt BhiyIX Dundp. CsXmpambncppshn an JpssdinIfpw Ckvemw kzoIcntt\. Fsm Ahv hn{Kl NqjtWm]m[n am{Xambncpp. (Fn\ob, 1987 (2), t].42) Cmcyw Hmdbenv Knv Bhnpp: "aX]csaXnt\m cm{obhpw kmnIhpamb ImcWfmWv amsc sNmSnnXv. \oXn]menm\pw hnthN\fhkm\nnm\pw kv IppIqmXncnm\pap Blzm\ JpssdinIfpsS kmnI ta[mhnXzs shphnfnp. ipamb GIssZhXzhmZw JpssdinIfpsS \nn]vXamb kmnI Xmev]cysf A]ISnemn.' (Knv, t].18)

ssZhnI ZqXmscms kaqlnse Zpe hn`mKn \nv hhcpw AXmXpImes itcbpw NqjIscbpw FXncnhcpambncpp. ^dthmbpsS aI `oIcXbn \nv C{ktben P\hn`mKs aqm\_n tamNnnp. ^dthmsb JpB "Khn', "aI' Fns\ hntijnnpp. aXta[mhn ]utcmlnXy tXhmgvNsXncnembncpp tbip{InkvXphns hntamN\ kwcw`w. (Fn\ob, 1990, t].209)

{]hmNIs 632 se acWn\ptijw Da _n Jm_v (579644), Aen C_v\p A_qXzmen_v (600661) Fnhcpw kmaqlnI\oXnmbn bXv\np. DZmlcWn\v `qanbpsS taep kzImcymhImiw Da A\phZnpsImSpn. AenbmIs tI{ {Sjdnbnse (ss_p am) kv Xpeyambn hnXcWw sNbvXp. Ahv Ckvemw Bcm[\bpw t\mpsaXp t]mse kmaqlnI \oXnbpw KuchXcamsbmcp kwcw`w Xsbmbncpp. (Fn\ob, 1990, t].205).km{amPyXzns \o-cm-fn-n-Spw apXemfns JpB "Jmdp\nkw' FmWv hntijnnpXv (28:78). A\oXnbpsS tI-fo-cw-Kamb apXemfnw aqe[\ns apjvIv sImv Azm\s sImbSnpp. `qanbnse knsbpw hn`ht{kmXpIfpsSbpw hn`hfpsSbpw DSaXbpw A[nImchpw \t Ipd Hcp]nSn IpIIfpsS \nb{Wntev HXpn ampI FXmWv BtKmf apXemfn \ntbm en_d hyhbpsS BXynIeyw. apXemfnns BtKmf hn`h km{amPyXzcq]w {]Xyhpw Bkpchpw A{ImaIhpamWv. apXemfnw Cpv IqSpX Icpmnv h km{amPyXz inbmbn ]cnWanncnpIbmWv; AXv BtKmfhXvIrXamWv. aebmfnbpsS honepw ASpfbnepw A\pjvTnp aXnepw aX{Kns Anepw hymJym\nepw Ahs knepw knmbvabnepw BUw_cnepw Zmcn{Zynepw Hs CXv {]Xn^enppv. inbpffhs AXnPoh\nemWv km{amPyXzns hnizmkw: i ]dbpXpw {]hnpXpw icn! km{amPyXzw BtKmfhcWneqsS CSs]S iamnbncnpp. 1991 apX Cybn \Snemnbncnp DZmchcW \b AkaXzw isSpnbncnpp. AgnaXnbpsS ]pXnb `qanII XpdnSpp. eWn\v IjI BlXysNm \n_nXcmbn. \yq\] A]chcWneqnb kmwkvImcnI CSs]S hgn heXp] s]mXpt_m[w insXns D]amWv _n.sP.]n bpsS A[nImcmtcmlWw (2014). \hen_d `cWIqS [\aqe[\nsbpw tImtdv htcWy hnsbpw Xm]cysf {]oWnnpXn am{Xw Gsncnpp. X^eambn alm`qcn]w hcp Irjnmcpw sNdpInS D]mZIcpw IjIsmgnemfnIfpw ssIthemcpw \Kc{]tZis sXmgnemfnIfpw hn Zmcn{Zyntev Iqv Ipnsmncnpp.

P\v ta em`w FXmWv apXemfnns eyhpw amhpw. alm`qcn]w hcp P\tImSnIfpsS tatam ]cnnXn kpe\tam a\pjy_tfm B-tKm-f-h-IcWw ]cnKWnpn. AXv A[mnIambn aptdpIbmWv. P\fpsS tatm kmnI inIfpsS taamWv BtKmfhcWw eyanSpXv. AXpsImv NqjWhpw A{IaWhpw sImt AXn\v ssP{Xbm{X \Sm\mhq. bpfpw kwLjfpw AXns A\pt]Wob LSIfmWv.

`cWXen hInS IpII-fpsS kzm[o\w hnphcnIbmWv. 20132014se IWv {]Imcw Cybn tImtdpIpw kpambn 8860 tImSn tUmf (5.32 ew tImSn cq]) thv shXmbn P\Iob kmnI hnZKv[ ]n.kmbv\mYv NqnImpp. \hen_d ]cnjvIcWw Bcw`nXpapX Cu FgpXn XpScppv! cmPyns bYm hnIk\sbmWv CXv hngppXv! (kmbv\mYv, 2014) tImtdpIfpsS \nIpXn 2015 tZiob _Pn 5% IpdsXpsImv? dh\yq In \nIm Acnpw ]kmcpw s]t{Smfn\pw A[nI \nIpXn GsSpnsmv iXtImSoizcmv \nIpXnbnfhv A\phZnpXv Fn\v? icnbpw sXpsams inbpffh \nbnpsaXmWv km{amPyXzns `mjyw. kmans Ipsshv A[n\nthiw `oIc{]h\amIptm, AtacnbpsS IqSpX `oIchpw {Iqchpamb a\pjyp cpXn \Snb CdmJv--- -A^vKm A[n\nthisf `oIcXbmbn Fpn. Amcmjv{S \nbasf ewLnpff C{kmtbens Kmkm A[n\nthiw (2014) `oIc{]h\amImXncnptm, lamkns Zpeamb sNdpp\n]ns\ `oIc{]h\ambn Nn{XoIcnpp. CdmJn kaqlnse hnhn[ aX hwiob- kmwkvImcnI hn`mKsf Hnnp \np BcnI A[mcIsf Isn Ahsb IepjnXamnbpw t]mcSnnpamWv bp.Fkv A[n\nthiw AXns NqjWmIamb kmnI ey t\SnsbSpXv. jnbm--kpn kwLjw Bfnnv hn`Pnv \ncc kwL\hpw a\pjypcpXnbpw XpScpIhgn taJesb \nb{Wnemp coXnbmWv Atacn \SmpXv. bp.Fkv {]XnjvTn \qdn AamennbpsS ]mh`cWIqSw, kpnIsfbpw IpIsfbpw A[nImcn\v ]pdv \nn, 7 etmfw kpn ]mfmsc ]ncnphnp. sFknkv F `oIc Zp:n, CXns Ghpw IncmXhpw A[ahpamb {]XnIcWamWv. CdmJns\bpw kndnbsbbpw aX---hwiobmSnm\n aqv hyXykvX taJeIfmbn hn`Pnp Atacn-C{kmtb APUbmWv sFknkv IrXyambn \SmnsImncnpXv! ]mInm\n \Snb t{Um B{IaWfn 4% am{Xta AssJZmsc sImnpffq; _mnbpff 96% hpw \nc]cm[nIfpsS Pohs\SppIbmbncpp. (tk, 2014). F{X lo\amb a\pjy\cta[w! Cu hn[w \nc]cm[nIsf h[np Atacn, `oIc cmjv{Sw XsbmWv; BtKmf am-[ya AwKoIcnmepw Csnepw! AeIvkm N{IhnbpsS apn Hcp ISsmffmcs\ lmPdmnb Hcp IYbpv. ISen ]nSnp]dn \Sm \n\ss\ ss[cyw Inn? AeIvkm tNmZnp? temIw apgph sIm \Sm Xmss\ ss[cyw hp? Rm Hcp hnbp]tbmKnv ]nSnp]dn \SpXpsImv P\sfs IS sImffmc Fv hnfnpp. Hcp \mhnItk\bp]tbmKnv CtX IrXyw sNpXn\m Xmsf N{Ihnsbpw; Abm {]XnhNnp. (tNmwkvIn, t].4).am\h hntamN\ns JpB\nImSndI

"a\pjysc sRcnpsImncnp `mc Cdn hbvpIbpw Ahsc hcnp apdpnsmncnp NeI s]mnsdnbp' {]hmNIs\bmWv JpB ]cnNbsSppXv (7:157).

`qanbn ASnashtcmSv HuZmcyw ImWnm\pw Ahs\ \mbImcpw A\cmhIminIfmm\pap ssZthObpsS {]Jym]\w hfsc kv]jvSamWv (JpB 28:5). imcmb Xmt]mcnamsXnsc Zpe hn`mKns insSepambn _s bXv\fn GsSm apkvenw _m[y\mWv.

\oXn F Bibw JpB\nepS\ofw ]cneknp \nevpp. B[nImcnencnphtcmSv \oXn]menm A-dp-]tXmfw kq Blzm\w sNpp; 200 Hmfw kq A\oXnsXnsc apdnbnv \evIpp; \qdv kq {]Xynepw ]tcmambpw \oXnsbn kwkmcnpp. GIssZhXzw F Bibs Hgnp \nnbm asmcp aX[mnI XXzfpw C{Xta DutemsS {]Xn]mZnnn. (Jqcn, t].10). ka{Kamb \oXnsbpdnmWv JpB kwkmcnpsXnepw kmaqlnIkmnI \oXnbnemWv IqSpX Du (dlvam, 1980, t].38). \nch[n kq CXntev shfnw hoipp.15 ssZhw \oXnbpw ImcpWyhpw Iv]npp (16:90). IcmdpI IrXyambn ]menWw; P\nSbn Xocpam\w I]nptm \oXn ]qhamIWw (4:58). {]hmNImsc AbXpXs \oXnIev]nm\mWv (57:25). A\mYIfpsS kv ssIImcyw sNptmgpw (4:3, 33:5), sshhmlnI (4:3, 49:9), aXmc _fnepw (60:8), tImSXn \S]SnIfnepw (5:42, 4:56), kmnI CS]mSpIfnepw (11:65, 2:282) i{XptfmSp kao]\nepw (5:8) hsc kv]amb \oXn]me\w Ddv hcpWw. ASnaepImscbpw AgnaXnmscbpw NXnbmscbpw Al \Snphtcbpw,16 A{IanItfbpw A\oXnammtcbpw AgnaXnmtcbpw {Iqctcbpw s]mdppsImSpmhtcbpw hItcbpw hymPw {]hnphtcbpw \nbnmhtcbpw Xmt]mcnamtcbpw ssZhw shdppp.17 \tbpsfbpw18 IcpWm{Ztcbpw19 \oXnammtcbpw hniptcbpw am\yambn hnphtcbpw ssZhw kvt\lnpp.20

\oXnA\oXn, iZpe, aIanX Fns\bp Zz Xnep kwLS\ambn Aen icnAn, aplZv lpssk ^Zvmlv XpSnbh a\pjyNcn{Xs hnebncppp. (AKm, t].79). am\hNcn{XsXs Aen icnAn, Bt_epw Imtb\pw {]Xn\n[oIcnp cv hyhI Xnep kwL\ambmWv ImWpXv. ChnsS Imtbs hyh kmnI IpIhcWw, ASnaw, ^yqUenkw, _qjzm kwkvImcw, hyhkmbnI apXemfnw, km{amPyXzw Fnhsb {]Xn\n[oIcnptm Bt_ens hyh kmnI tkmjyenkw, arK]cn]me\w, apXemfn]q hyhkmbntImev]mZ\w Fnhsb {]Xn\n[oIcnpp. (icnAn, 1979, t].111114).

`qanbpsS {Snjnv a\pjyIcfnemWv AnXambncnpXv. 21 Jeo^ FXv GsXmcp a\pjysbpw hyn]camb DchmZnXzambn JpB _sSppXp ImWmw.22

`Whpw hkv{Xhpw InSmShpw a\pjys ASnm\ a\pjymhImifmbncnsXs (2:223), Ghpw Afpapdnsmn kmnI XpeyX JpB hn`mh\ sNpn (43:32). Fm hnXcW \oXnbn thZ{Kw Duppv. 23 Fmhcpw ssZhkrnIfmbXpsImv BImi`qan temIfn Ghpw XpeymhImifmWpXv. 24 Fm a\pjycptSbpw ASnm\mhiy \ndthsSWsa \ntiw JpB Bhnpp.25 kmaqlnI A\oXnbpw kmnI NqjWhpw a\pjyalXzns \ntj[w am{Xa, Ckvemans ASnm\ knmfpsS \ntj[w IqSnbmWv. \ne\np cm{ob]chpw aX]chpamb aImh XpScm\nnph NqjIhyhbpsS kwcIcmWv. Zcn{Zs\ Ignbpw hn[w klmbnm Iqmmh Im^ndpIfmWv.26 abnse htcWycpsS PohnXhoWs tcmjtmsSbmWv JpB B{IanXv.27 kmaqlyPohnXn PohnXm\p`h]cambn A\p`hsSp sshcpyp ]nnse kmnIhpw hn`h e`yXm]chpamb hnXamb AkaXzfpw D\oNXzfpw BtKmfnIrX apXemfnXzns CcIfpw KpWt`mmfpw F \nebn kaqlw hnLSnXhpw ]ckv]c hncphpambn \npp F hkvXpXbpw CkvemanIambn {]iv\hXvcnsSWw.

kzw CIfpsS ]pdsI t]mhpI,28 aphcpsS AhImi l\npI (2:281, 4:10, 4:30, 10:54), Zpesc ASnapI (16:41) Fnh sImSnb XnIfmWv. Zp_etcbpw XmtgnSbnephtcbpw km\m ]npWm hnizmkn _m[y\mWv.29 Zcn{ZcpsS {]iv\]cnlmcmw ]Ww sNehnSm aSnph \mtimpJcpw ]nghcpamWv.30 ]Wanmh IcpWbpsS hmpsImsnepw Zm\w \evIWw (17:23). Zm\w a\pjy\v am{Xa, XncypIpw \evIWw.31

k kv kzcpqnshpXns\Xnsc JpB AXniamb `mjbn hn-a-in-pp.32 Vw_v {]ISnnm\pw kpssJizcypambn [qSnpXns\Xnsc JpB XmoXv \evIpp (7:31). BUw_cXzhpw [qpap hynI Ahsc AXn\\phZnp kaqltmsSmw IqvIppw (17:16).

\bpsS Ghpw A\pt]Wobamb LSIamWv \oXn (5:8). kv [\nIcn am{Xambn IdcpXv (59:7). ]mhv ks kn AhImiapsv JpB {]Jym]npp.33 ssZhamn sNehntSXv kzw Bhiyw Ignp apgph kpamsWpw JpB JnXambn {]kvXmhnpp (2:215). kzmXbpsS XShdbn \nv apamIph am{XamWv bYmn hnPbw hcnh (59:9). P\pthn kv sNehnSpXv ssZhn\v \evIp ISambmWv JpB hnhnpXv. 34kns ASnm\nep DuwsIm Ahkm\nnv `qanbn kuayXtbmsS \SpIbmWv thXv.35 kzbw tIamcmbpw hnai\ns\Xncmbpw Bcpw sRfnbcpXv (53:32); ssZhw AlmcnIsf CsSpn.36 PohnXns \ne\nev]n\m[mcamWv kv (4:5). XmevImenIhpw WnIhpamb ]coWamWv [\w.37 bYm DSa ssZhamWv (2:255). X\nv e`yamb kv `uXnIamb eyfnmsX, Xncnsmpw {]XonmsX sNehnSpXn\,v JpB D]tbmKn ]ZamWv "C^mJv'. ssZhn \np kwXr]vXn am{Xta Cu sNehnSen\pmIq (2:177). AXv kmnIambn Zp_eamshcpsS Da\n\mbn \nlnsSWw (2:262). P\sf ImWnm thnbmIcpXv (2:264); icnbmwhn[w kmZn [\n \nmhWw sNehnS- (2:267); clkyambn \evIpXmWpaw (2:271).

ZpamKnep [\kmZ\w CkvemanIambn \njnamWv. A[mnIX, Ifhv, h\, NqXmw, abpacpv, Aoe Dev], IpIhevcWw, ]qgvnshbv]v, NXn, Azm\ NqjWw, ]eni Fnhbn \nsmsbp hcpam\w ss]imNnIamWv. 38 ]WkmZ\w aphsc NqjWw sNbvXmhcpXv; ]ckv]c klIcWhpw kmtlmZcyhpw ap\nnbmIWw. IhSw ]enisbtmseb (2:275); IhSs CkvvemanIampXv aqeyhcWamWv. ]enimc ssZhtmSv bpw {]Jym]nh\mWv (2:279). ImcWw ]eni Ftmgpw Zcn{Zcn \nv [\nIcntev [\s Hgppp. kaqlnse kmnI Acw hnnpp. ]eni _mneSv ]Ww IppIqnsmncnp hs krnpp; AekX hym]nnpp. Azm\ns alXzs CIgvpIbpw \nccamb hnebapmpIbpw sNpw. ]eni HcpXcw ]qgvnshbv]pw kmtlmZcynsbpw ]mckv]nIXbptSbpw ewL\hpambXn\memWv AXv \ntcm[nXambncnpXv. (dDu^v, t].11). \ntbmen_denkw, h D]t`mKkwkvImcw, aqe[\ns A\ymbamb tI{oIcWw, IpIhIcWw, Fnhsb Ckvemw \ntj[npp. apkvenw temIv khhym]nbmbn ImWsSp D]t`mr kwkvImcw Ckvemw hncpamsWv th{X iambn {]kvXmhnsSpn. sImffem`neqsStbm, anaqeys ]ngnsSppXneqsStbm kmnIamb A\oXn \ne\npIbpw sNpXmWv bYmn JpB \ntcm[n ]eni (cn_); cn_ sImv AampXv sImffeni am{Xa Fmcw kmnI NqjWfpamWv. Hcp a\pjys\ cnpXv temIs apgph a\pjysc cnp{X alXzhpw KuchapXpamb ImcyamWv (5:32). kv Zm\ambn \evIpXmWv JpB Ghpa[nIambn ]cmain _m[yX. (sXmssKkv, t].79). Zm\w cv eytfmsSbmWv \nlnsSpXv. (1) a\:mnbpsS BcnI \nb{Ww, (2) a\pjycpsS _mhw Dunbpdnv aptmv sImpt]mI. (sXmssKkv, t].80) Hcp apkvenw cmjv{Sns tZiob hcpam\ns shdpw 2.5% am{Xta kmv hcnIbpffp. AXvsImv am{Xw Zmcn{Zyw amm\mhn. AXvsImv Xs kcn \nv IqSpX \nIpXnpansImv am{Xta kmaqlnI \oXn sInSpm\mhq. (a, t].88) am{Xa BtKmf kmnI ]p\{IaoIcWhpambn kZvbXv\ IntNsSpIbpw thWw.

Xs {]h\ns kmnbpw \bpsS KpW^ea\p`hnph\pw a\pjy XsbmWv; kzw Bmhn\pthnbmWv Hmtcmcpcpw I sNbvXpsImncnpXv. 39 Bscnepw kmnbmbn \{]hnppshn Ah/Ah XsbmWv ASnm\]cambn AXns KpWa\p`hnpXv.40 Fsm ]ctemIw CltemItm DIramWv.41 Ghcpw IWv t_m[nnt \m hcnI Xs sNpw. 42 IpIfpsS NXnbpw a\n adphXpw tcJsSpsSppv -(40:19). hnNmcW \mfns\n {]IrXnbn \nv sXfnhpI DcnpsImv hn]peamwhn[w bpn]camb \ymbhmZ \Sppv JpB. 43

{]hmNIhN\n Cu hn[w hmbnmw: "hn[n \nmbI \mfn \mev Imcyv adp]Sn \evImsX Hcp a\pjyt\bpw \om\\phZnn; m\w, kabw, ]Ww, icocw Fnh Fs\ D]tbmKnpshXmWh' (XnanZn).

mkn apkvenw ssZhimkv{Xw ]ctemtImpJamb Anepff hntamN]\w am{Xw eyamnbXmbn AkvKden IpsSppp. (Fn\nb, 1990, t].1). a[yIme ssZhimkv{Xw \nehpw aI hyhkvYnXn kwcIhpambn amdn. ]Icw Net\mzeambXpw bmYmyfpsmpXpamb ]pXnb Imens XpSnpI Dsmffp Hcp ssZhimkv{Xw cq]w sImffWw. CXv sskmnIw am{Xa, {]mtbmKnIhpamIWw. Zp_esbpw anXsbpw hntamN\w hn]peamb kmaqlnI- cmjv{Sob t]mcmfpsS `mKambmWv \StXv. hntamN\ ssZhimkv{Xw aXn\v thnb, a\pjy\v thnbmWv. km_v a\pjy\v thnbmWv, a\pjy km_n\v thnb F tbip{InkvXphns hN\w (amtmkv 2:27) A\pkvacnpI. bmYmnXnI ssZhimkv{Xn \nv apn{]m]n tijta kmaqlnI hntamN\w km[yamIq. (l\^n, 1995, t].195--6)

tami, ^tdmhbpsS ASnaXzn \nv C{ktbeysc tamNnnp (26:6168). tbip{InkvXp, thiytbmSv IcpWtbmsS s]cpamdn (eqtmkv 7:3650). Pcmks XShdbn \nv {ioIrjvW 10008 kv{XoIsf hntamNnnp. ZpecpsS imoIcWw, \oXn]me\w FnhbmWv Cu hntamN\ bXv\fpsS ImX. kmaqlnI kmnImhsb A\oXn]camp Fm AhItfbpw Ahkm\nnm Ckvemw shpp. (tkm, t].45). Ckvemans apJmhcWanv {]XysSphbSw Fmcw A\oXnIsfbpw sNdpWw. (Fn\ob, 1999, t].7). \oXnpthnbp bpapJnsn \n aZyjmntem \akvImcmbntem FXv A{]kamsWv icnAn ]dp. kmtlmZcyw, \nbans apn hyn XpeyX Fo JpB\nIm[ym]\ A]qWamIWsan kaqlnse Ghpw AhcpsS ]pw kmnI\oXnbpw e`yamIWw. Hcm asmcmsf NqjWw sNp hyh CmXmhpIbpw thWw. (N{], t].154) D]mZ\ns ASnkvYm\LSIamb Azm\ns alXzw {]tLmjnpsImv, ITn\mzm\m ]cp]cp kAv_n\v apBZns ssII Npw_ntijw DbnnSnv {]hmNI ]dp: "ssZhw kvt\lnp IcfnXm'. (bqkp^v, t].16).

Ckvemans eyw kpenXhpw a\pjyXz]chpamb Hcp hyh Hmtcmhynpw Xm kaqlns Ahn`mPyLSIamsW tXmepfhmpXpw kmaqlnI kulrZw, AhImi_m[yXIfpsS kaXpenXmh Fnh cq]oIcnemWv. (s_mskw, t].137)."Im^n', "PnlmZv': bYm Aw

hnizmkw FXv mbnbmbn \nevp H; AXv Gdnbpw Ipdpancnpw (3:173). antmgpw hnizmktmSp tNpsImmWv ksfn JpB kwkmcnpXv Ah ]ckv]c -_nXamsWv kqNnnpp. hnizmkapsn kw Dmtb]q. hnizmkap hyn A\oXnbpw Zpjvhpw Hgnhmntb ]q. (Ckqvkq, t].204)

JpB\n "Im^n' F {]tbmKw IjI Fnepw (57:20) \nsIh Fnepw ImWmw.44 Im^ndpI {]hmNImsc A\ymbambn h[nm\pZyanp. 45 Im^ndpI Xnbvpthn t]cmSpp (4:76). Im^n ]mhfpsS Da\n\mbn kv sNehnSm hnkXnph. 46 Im^n Zpes\ ASnapItbm, 47 ASnaepw Xnbpw Acv XIptm \niX ]menpItbm sNpp (5:79). "Im^n', ssZh amn- \nv P\sf AIpp (6:26); Xnbvpthn Azm\nph\mWv Im^n (4:76). CSpnb `uXnI Xmev]cyv apKW\ sImSppIbpw (21:53) ]]mX]camb tKm{X Xm]cy ]cncnpIbpw sNph\mWv Im^n (43:22); Aapkvenw F Hcw AXn\n. "Ip^vdv' am\hnIXbne[njvTnXamb kaqlkrnmbp aqeysf \ncmIcnpXns\ {]XoIhXvIcnp ]ZamWv. "Im^n' Fm aqe[\ns tI{oIcWw \Sn Fmcw A\oXnItfbpw NqjWsfbpw FXnmh\mWv. (Fn\ob, 1984, t].29). 'Im^n' Fm shdpw hn{Klmcm[I am{Xa; \oXn, ImcpWyw, A{IacmlnXyw, kam[m\w, kXyw, kaXzw, a\pjyalXzw, Zo\m\pI XpSnb Ckvemans apgph aqeyhyhIsfbpw \ncmIcnph\mWv. (Fn\ob, 2008, t].16). PnlmZv' NnmIamb Bob t]mcmw (22:78), {]t_m[\w (29:8) Fo Afn JpB\n {]tbmKnncnpp. "PnlmZv' hntamN\kacamWv. \oXnpw kXyn\pwthn kIe inbpap]tbmKnv \Sp [kacamWXv. (FkmJv, 2002, t].174). \oXnbne[njvTnXamb kmaqlnI amn\pthn hnizmkn XymKf\p`hnt ]q (13:11). ]mhfpsSbpw NqjnXcpsSbpw AhImi ]qambn kwcnsSWw (4:75). hnizmks A[n\p]tbmKnv aen\sSpcpXv (6:82). aXn _emevImcw A\phZ\oba (2:256). Zp_es kwcWn\pw ahs hnizmk kzmX{yn\pw thn \Sp t]mcmamWv "PnlmZv.' 48 i{XpX ]pem kIetcmSpw \oXnbn hnWw.49 `qanbn Ipgapmphsc ssZhw kvt\lnpn (28:77). bpw {]Xntcm[n\p am{XamWv \StXv.50 Fm aXhnizmknIfpsSbpw kzXzhnizmk kzmX{yamWXns eyw.51 Xnsb \sImmWv t\cntSXv.52 PnlmZv' kw_n sXnmcW amm DXIpXmWv JpB sImv \Sp PnlmZns\pdn ]cmaiw (25:52). A{Ianbmb `cWm[nImcnsXnsc kXyw Xpdp]dbemWv Ghpw henb PnlmZv Fv Hcp \_nhN\nepv. (Fn\ob, 1987, t].76)

Hmtcm a\pjy\pw BZcWob\mWv (17:70). Hmtcm a\pjyPoh\pw AXpeyhpw AaqeyhpamWv (5:32). `qanbn IpgapmcpXv FXv JpB Bhnp HcmibamWv.53

hnizmkn, Zp_epthn `qanbn Al \Snp imcmb A[nImcnIsXnsc \nesImtXpv. (Fn\ob, 2008, t].8) NqjWhpw ASnaepw temIs Ccpntev (fpav) \bnpp. (Fn\ob, 2008, t].45). aIs\ kzmX{y\mm anX\mWv IgnbpI: ]utems{^bcpsS hmpIfn, anX kzbw hntamNnX\mIptXmsS aI\pw kzX{\mIhpp. (s{^b, t].38).Bcm[\IfpsS Bmhv

hniph\v Blmchpw anX\v kzmX{yhpw \evImsXbp ImgvNIfpw _enIfpw AkzoImcyamsWXv {]hmNI ktifnsSpp (Gi 1:1018). kns\pdn bmYmyw ]bmbnXs ss__n {]Jym]nppv: "DsXmw hnv Zcn{Zv \evIpI; kKpW\]q\mIpw' (ambn 19:21). "[\hm kzcmPyn {]thinpI ZpjvIcamWv' (ambn 19:23). "BZyw AhnSps cmPyhpw AhnSps \oXnbpw At\zjnpI' (ambn 6:33). `qanbn \nt]w IcpXn hbvcpXv (ambn 6:21). {]hn IqSmsXbp hnizmkw hyamWv (bmtm_v 2:1417).

a\pjys ]pIgvepI ssZhn\mhiyansv JpB hyampp. (2:57, 39:7) ssZhtmSp {]m\ a\pjy\v thnsbmWv: "ssZhimkv{X]cambn ssZhw a\pjy\n \nv Fsnepw Int Bhiyaph\. kaqln\p (P\pff) \sb ssZhns AhImiw F \nemWv JpB\nse {]Xn]mZyw.' (Ftam, t].329). \bvv thnbp {]h\fnm hnizmkw A{]kamWv (2:25). {]m\m kabv hniv hm BZyw `npIbpw ]noSv {]mnpIbpw sNpI FXmWv {]hmNINcy. BNmcm\pjvTm\ Xobmbpw {]m[m\yapXmWv. Fm ss\XnIamb DdpIfntev \bnnsn Ah \njv{]`amWv, \ncIamWv, {]lk\amWv. {]iwksImv ktmjnp Hcp ^yqU ssZhsbmWv Nne k]npXv. hnizmks A\pjvTm\fpambn JpB IqndbppshXv icnbmW.v 54 Fm ap kqfn CXv IpsdqSn hniZamppv. 55 "\ FXv A\pjvTm\fn ]cnanXasv kmcw; ssZhnep hnizmkapdnpwhn[w \bvv thnbp XpScp t]mcmfpw hnizmknsSpw.' (FkmJv, 1997, t].123)

JpB 11:117119 kqsf hymJym\npsImv hnJymX CkvemanI ]nX Camw ^Jvdpo Admkn (11491209) FgpXn: "hyhlmcfn \ {]hnphcmsWn, Ip^vdnepw inInepw (ssZhn ]v tN) Pohnpp FXpsImv am{Xw Hcp kaqlsbpw \mSnt\bpw ssZhw Dqe\w sNpIbn. Ah sImsmSpIfn sImcpXmbva ImWnpIbpw BfpIsf ]oUnnm\pw A{Ianm\pw thn ]cn{ianpIbpw sNbvXm am{XamWv inbndpI.' (dmkn, t].811)

P\sf ImWnpXn\v thnbp Bmhnm \akvImcw kzoImcya (107:16); tIrXyfn \npw ZphrnIfn \npw XSbm \akvImcw \ncIw (29:45). t\mv D]t`mrkwkvImcns\Xncnep sNdpp\nev]pw ]nWnmtcmSp sFIyZmVy{]Jym]\hpw IqSnbmWv. ZnWm{^nbnse AmoVv hncp t]mcmfnIqSnbmbncp CkvemanI hntamN\ ssZhimkv{X ^coZns hmpI hmbnpI: "hntamN\kacnse RfpsS ]mfnw ASnashcpsS {]iv\sfn t_myw\evIn. bYmn t\m\pjvTnph, ZnWm{^nbnse apgph ASnashcpsSbpw ZpcnXfIm am\knIambn kcmbncpp.' (FkmJv, 2002, t].153).

am\hnI kmtlmZcyw, am\hkaXzw, \oXnpthn XymKw sN, enwK\oXn Fo Bib kaqln ApcnnpIbmWv lv. lmPd F amXmhns thZ\Isf A\pkvacnpsImp k^mahm IppIfpsS CSbneqsSbp Hmw amXrXzns s\mcfpsSbpw kvt\lnsbpw HmIfpWpp. l-nsv Bmhv tXSp Aen icnAnbpsS hmpIfnXm: _en s]cpmfns Cu Zn\n \n \nfpsS Ckvaboepambn an\mbnsepI! BcmWv \nfpsS Ckvabo? \nv \nfpsS \mY\pambp _n hnepmn Aht\mSp Ihy \nhlWn XSw \np GXpamImw; \nfpsS kv, sXmgn, ]Zhn, A[nImcw, Bn, Bkn, CW, IpnI XpSnb Fpw. (icnAn, 1993, t].72).XuloZpw a\pjymhImifpw

{kmhns GIXzw (XuloZv) F Bibw kqNnnpXv a\pjykapZmbw Hcp ktNX\ PohnbmsWpw AXnse AwKsfmw Xn ]ckv]cw Pohmb _w \ne\npp FpamWv. a\pjys BtKmf kmtlmZcyw F Bibns ASnm\anXmWv. (lpssk, t].71).

JpB\n XuloZv F kmyw \oXn]me\hpambn _sSpnbncnpp (3:18). ssZhn ]v tNpI (inv) F {]tbmKw 75 hw JpB\n D]tbmKnnpv. Ahbn ]eXpw GIm[n]Xy inbp]tbmKnv XfpsS ]ucmcpsSta tXhmgvN \SpXpambn _smWp]tbmKnncnpXv (4:4853).

ssZthXc Zp:n Fn "XmKqv' F {]tbmKw JpB \Spp (16:36). A{_lman\pw tamipw t\sc Db XmKqpIfmbncp ^tdmhpw \nwtdmZn\pw Xpeyambn "Jpssdin'IfmWv aplZv \_nv t\sc DbXv. XuloZns GIm[n]Xyns\Xncmb t]mcmw F Xehpw IrXyambn JpB hcpImpp. 56 Atacn ]mh kmcns at\m]IcWamb jm aplZv dnkm ]lvehnsb (19191980) XmKpv Fv Jpssa\n (19021989) hnfnXv IrXyXtbmsSbmWv.

`qanbn Fm anXtcmSpw ZpetcmSpw NqjnXt\mSpw klm\p`qXn DmIWsav am{Xa, Ah \nam\w sNm\p AZayamb A`nemjm {XknsSp a\kpmIWw hnizmknv; 57 A\oXn]camb hyhbpsS amn\v {ianm am\knImh AkzoImcyamWv.

Fmcw GIm[n]XyhmZhpw JpB XnckvIcnpp: ^nHu `qanbn HuXyw \SnpIbpw P\sf ASnapIbpw sNbvXp.58 Cu cm{ob ASnaepIv aXtbpw Abm D]tbmKsSpnbXmbn Ncn{Xw sXfnbnppv.

a\pjy\pambn Gsd kao]\mWv ssZhw (50:16). \oXnpthn ]cn{ianpXneqsSbmWv bYm ssZhmWw km[yamIpI.59 Fmcw hwiobB[n]Xy hmZtfmSpw hnizmkn kacw sNbvtX ]q. AmoUn\pw \mknkn\pw ^mjnkn\pw kbWnkn\pw km{amPyXzn\psaXnsc t]mcSnt aXnbmIq.

Hcp a\pjy\pw asmcp a\pjys ta ta[mhnw ]pem, ssZhn\p apn Xpeycmb Hcp hyhbmWv "XuloZv.' ssZhamWv Ghpw henbh ("Amlp AIv-_') F ap{ZmhmIyw Fmcw amImhpsaXncmb t]mcmw IqSnbmbn amdWw. (Fn\ob, 1990, t].224226).

GIssZhns krn; Ahs apn am{Xw \anp a\pjy; Htct]mse krnsh; a\pjyIX F GIIw; enwKhwihtZihnizmkmXoXambn ssZhns apnse XpeyX CsXms "XuloZv' F Bibn \nv \njv]amIpp. hwiob, tZiob, `mjm, h ]]mZnXzfnm kaqlamWv bYm XuloZn kaqlw. (Fn\ob, 1990, t].88). Fmcw NqjWfn \npw am\knImSnan \npw hnapambncnpw B kaqlw. NqjWw \ne\np kaqlw CkvemanI kaqlamhn; Zmcn{Zhpw ]nWnbpanm kaqlamIpw bYm CkvemanI kaqlw. (l\^n, 1995, t].165). Fm \ kz`mhhpw hnizmknbnepWn P\fpsS ssZ\wZn\ PohnXtbpw kmaqlnI hyhtbbpw XuloZv ]cnhnnWw.

"ssZhanmsX, asmcp ssZhhpan' F {]Jym]\neqsS IA_bnse hn{Klsf am{Xa, Xs ImeLnse \nn]vX Xmev]cymcmb imcpsS kmaqlyLS\tbbpw ta[mhntbpw IqSn shphnfnpIbmbncpp. (Fn\ob,1987, t].6) XuloZv, am\hnI sFIyw {]tLmjnp h clnX kaqlkrnmbn {]Xnm_amWv. (Fn\ob, 1990, t].8)

Pm\okv aXXmcXay hnZKv tXmjntbm IptdmZ (19261993), XuloZn hoWw XpeyXbpsSbpw \oXnbpsSbpw ASndbn sInSpXmsWv \nconpp. (jntamKmIn, t].22).

Aen icnAnv XuloZv, ssZhw, {]IrXn, a\pjy FnhbpsS sFIyamWv. (icnAn, 1984, t].83). Bnpw IppIqen\pw ]W]qPbvpsaXnscbpXmWXv. NqjWw, D]t`mrkwkvImcw, taemfh ta[mhnXzw FnhbvsXnsc AXv \nesImpp. XuloZns Bmhv P\Xbntev knthinXambm \oXnbpw P\XbpsS tamN\hpw kpkm[yamIpw. (C^m\n, t].3637)

AhImisf CkvemanI ]nXm cmbn Xncnncnpp: ssZhns AhImiw (lpJqJpmlv), krmfpsS AhImiw (lpJqJp C_mZv). GIssZhs am{Xw hnizknpIbpw Bcm[npIbpw sNpI, Ahs amZi\ ssIsmpI FnhbmWv ssZhoImhImins ]qoIcWw. a\pjys ktXmpJamb tan\pw \oXnpw sFizcyn\pw thn bXv\nemWv krnIfpsS AhImiw. cpw ]ckv]cw CSIemWv ]etmgpw InSpsXnepw cmatXn\mWv IqSpX {]maqJyw \evInbncnpXv. DZmlcWn\v ISmc\mb Hcm lv \nlnWsan ISw honbncnWw. ISap, arXicocn\p thnbp {]m\ ISw honbXv hsc {]hmNI ]nncnnp. (Pecn, t].35). F{Xam{Xw {]mnpp FX Fs\ P\tfmSng]gIpp FXmWv aXmIXbpsS bYm DcIv. (Pecn, t].35). kv{XoIsf ]pIp ssZhimkv{Xw

{]mKv CkvemanI Atd_ybn htcWy hn`mKns]Sp \yq\]w hcp kv{XoImsX bmsXmchImihpw \evInbncpn. av kzvhlIsftmse ]pcpjs \nb{Wnep kzv F anemWv kv{XoI ]cnKWnsXv. (Aen, t].27). [mnI IrXzw DXvsImmWv a\pjy XncypIfn hyXncn\mbncnpX. (33:72, 8:27, 15:29). CWIfmbn krns a\pjycn Hcp enwKhn`mKs cmwXcmcmbn ap{ZIpnsImp apJy[mcmssZhimkv{XamWv Fm aXfnepw hnIknXambn hXv. Xev^eambn ]mizhevIcns ap hn`mKsft]mse kv{XoIfpw hnhn[ aX kaqlfn- ]oU\n\pw XnckvImcn\pw hnt[bcmIpp. kv{XoIfpsS hntamN\hpw JpB\nI ktins ASnm\ eyfnsemmWv. ]pcpjm am{Xw hymJymXmfmbn amdnbtm ]pcpjtI{nXamb aXw cq]sXn ApXan. ]pcpj hymJym\n Zons imnI Zpjv{]tbmKw Iiamb m\mt\zjWv hnt[bambnIgnp. ssZhw ]mhtfmSv am{Xa, kv{XoItfmSpw IcpWbpw IcpXepw ImWnpp.60 kmnbmbnsImv kXvIf\pjvTnp kv{Xo]pcpjmv Xpeyamb {]Xn^eamWv ssZhnI hmKvZm\w.61 {]h\fpsS hnebncptem inmapdIfntem enwKhnthN\w A\phZnpn.62 \ Iev]nm\pw Xn hntcm[nm\pw Ccphn`mKfpw _m[ycmWv.63 {]hmNI\pambn t]mepw Ah Xntesp.64

hnhmls kpZrVamb Icmdmbn JpB hntijnnpp.65 ZXnI ]ckv]cw hkv{Xw t]mse kvt\lhpw ImcpWyhpw ]vhbvthcmWv. ]mckv]cyamWv ZmXyn JpB DupXv.66 B[n]Xyn\pw hnt[bXzn\pw AXnenSapmIcpXv.67 ssewKoIX ssZh`nv hncpa; A\pIqeamWv (16:72). KmlnI Imcyfn ZXnI ]ckv]cw IqSnbmtemN\bnepsSbpw Xocpam\saSptXv; HcmfpsS CwKnXw ASntev]npIb thXv (2:233). kv{Xov taep _e{]tbmKs thZ{Kw \ncmIcnpp.68 hnZy A`ykntXv kv{Xo]pcpjmcpsS \n_ _m[yXbmWv.69 kv{Xov IXyXzw \ntj[nphm\mbn D]tbmKn Bibfnsemv AhfpsS kmysamgnbpsS aqeyw ]pcpjtXns ]IpXnbmsWXv JpB 2:282 s kv{Xohncpamb hmb\bmWv. kmnI CS]mSpIfnse ]cnNbpdhv \ne\npthmfw HcmfpsS kmys _esSpm asmcp kv{XothWw F km`nI Ahsb Fmepw ]petccoXnbmbn a[yIme apkvenw Iaimkv{X hnimcZ sXncnpIbmbncpp. Cmcyw Htsd ]T\ ]pdpsImphnpv. Nne Lfn AhfpsS kmyw ]pcpjtXns\ adnISpXn\mbn JpB kqNnnpp.70 JpB 2:228 D]tbmKn kv{Xov taep ]pcpjs ZdP (]Zhn) hnhmlapbpsS Zom BNcWhpambn _sXmWv; CXv knZv Jp_v (1906-1966) IrXyambn NqnmWnXmWv. (Jp_v, t].279). cmwL krnv, BZn]m]w, im]{Kamb amXrXzw Fo kv{Xohncp Bibsf sskmnIambn ISm{Ianp JpB. l BZman \n; Ccphcpw GIkbn \nv cq]w sImp (4:1). Hscm Bmhn\nv kv{Xo]pcpj Zz cq]wsImp.71 BZn]m]ns {]Ya DchmZn F Btcm]Ws (Dev]n 2:4 apX 3:24 hsc) JpB Xncppp.72 ]nimNv Ccphtcbpw ]ngnpIbmbncpp (7:20). BZna ZXnIfpsS adhnbmep Ipw amcpfsp.73 amXrXzw im]ns A\c^ea; ]nXrXztm alXztadnbXmWv.74 {]Ya ]m]w sNbvXh F D]n ]pkvXI Btcm]Wn \nv JpB kv{Xov tamN\w \In.75 Ccp CWIfpw Hcpanp sNbvX ]m]n\v amv \IspshmWv JpBs Xncp. Fm X^vkodpIfpsSbpw Nne lZokpIfpsSbpw ]n_etmsS BZy]m]nbpw X^eambn amXrXzw F im]hpw ]nhmXneneqsS apkvenwInSbntev tNtdn. apkvenw \nba hyhkvYIfntmepw Ccw kv{Xo hncp Bib Cpw kzm[o\w sNeppp.

JpB\n BZw {]XysSp 25 se 21 CSfnepw kzbw t_m[mhbp ahs {]Xn\n[n F \nebnemWv. (kvanv, t].135 144). "CWI' F {]tbmKw hgn Xs ]mckv]mcnIXbpw km]camb XqeyXbpw JpB Dun]dbpIbmWv. (53:4546, 30:21) Bs] enwK _lpXz kam\ambn \ne\nevptm am{Xta GsXnepw tatmbvabpsS ]nSnapdpw AbphcnIbpq.

ssZhs ]pcpj\mbn kev]np coXn aXfpsS taenbWnbnv \ne\nevpp. hn{ipX s^an\nv tacn Umen (19282010) Cu {]hWXsXnsc BSnp: "ssZhw ]pcpj\msWn, ]pcpj ssZhhpamWv.' (Umen, t].19).

CkvemanIambn ]dm "ssZhw' AenwK]ZamWv; bmsXmpambpw "Amlp' hns\ XpeysSpm\mhn.76 Ad_n `mjbpsS Hcp {]tXyIXbmWv \ma GsXnepw enwKtmSv tNp]dbpI FXv. DZmlcWn\v kqcy Ad_nbn kv{XoenwKamWv. AXpt]mse am{XamWv "Ah' (lph) Fv "Amlp' hnt\mSv tNv ]dbpXv.

]pcpjssZh kev]w, hywKyambn At_m[Xen kzm[o\nsncnm\nSbpv. Fm CXn\v JpB\nImSndbn. ssZhs enwK_nbmbn a\knempXns s]mcw JpB ssZhs ]cmainm \nccambn D]tbmKnp "dlvam' F ]Zw ]cnKWnm aXn. "dlva' (K`]m{Xw) bn \nv \nj]namb ]ZamWnXv. (AkZv, t].65)

XuloZn amXrI, ssZhn\v ]ucpjw \evIpXns\ hnepI am{Xa enwKw, hwiw, tZiw XpSnbhbpsS t]cnep B[n]XyhmZsfbpw hnepw. BZw Ifnan \npw Xm Xobn \npw ]Sspsh Dev]nbpsS t]cnep C_veokns tamhmZw (JpB 7:1115) Ahs\ im]{K\mn. (Aln{_n, t].53). C{ktben ]mccyap Nne lZokpI, aqv JpB kqfpsS ZphymJym\w (4:34, 2:228, 2:282) FnhbneqsSbmWv apJyambpw apkvenw kv{XoIfpsS [mnI IrXzw \ntj[npsImv Ahsf cmwXcmcnbmnbXv. X^eambn a[yIme apkvenw \nba, kv{XoIfpsS {]iv\w bYmXYambn ssIImcyw sNm hnkXnpIbmbncpp. ]pcpjtXv AhImineqnbpw kv{XobptSXv _m[yXbneqnbpw Ah \nbaw hymJym\np. "kv{Xo' IrXzn \nv Xsv "hnjbw' Bbn amdn. hymJym\cwKv ]pcpjm am{Xw \ne\nXn\m kv{Xo ]cnt{]jyw hn\ambXn ActXn. \nbacwKv ]pcptj am{Xw IWnseSpsp. ss[jWnIambpw [mnIambpw Xmgv]SnbnephfmsWv kqNnnp lZokpI {]NcnnsSpIbpw Ah \nbans Xen kzm[o\nsSpIbpw sNbvXp. mt\mev]mZ\ cwKv \nv kv{XoIsf sImv Bbncw hjfmbn \njvmknXcmsp. lnPvd cmw \qmtmsS Xs km]camb kv{Xo]pcpj XpeyX F JpB\nI Bibw Anadnsp. (amtem, t].53).

A\mYcmshcpsS {]iv\]cnlmcn\mbn JpB Iiamb \nb{WtmsS ("\oXn]me\w') \ntins _lp`mcyXzw (JpB 4:3), k`n \nSnamn ]nevmev ]pcpjtatmbvav D]tbmKnsSpIbmbncpp. {]mKvCkvemanI Atd_ybn \ne\nncp JpBs Av XnIpw hncpamb "{Snn Xemv' ]nevmev apkvenw hymJym\fn IbdnqSnbXpw aXns ^yqUhevcWns DZmlcWamWv. 8mw \qmnse icnAv t{ImVoIcW thfbn {]mKv CkvemanI Ad_nIfn {Kovt]jy kmwkvImcnI kzm[o\w apkveow \nbascbpw _m[np. (sskZv, t].2). X^eambn hwiobX, tKm{X]cX, ASnaw, ^yqUenkw, apXemfnw Fnht]mse enwK ta[mhnXzhpw a\pjyalXzs Anadnp kmaqlnI LS\bmsWv th{X XncndnbsSmsX t]mbn.

enwK kw_nbmbn Ahkm\andnb JpB\nI kqw CXmWv: hnizmknIfpw hnizmkn\nIfpw ]ckv]cw klmbnIfpw am{XfpamIpp. Ah \ I]npp. Xn hntcm[npp (9:71). ss[jWnIambpw [mnIambpw ]pcpjm kv{XoIsfm tIamcmsWn Ah ]ckv]cw ssIImcyIm (Huenbm) BIpsXs\? (jm, t].889) Hcp ]pcpj tI{oIrX kaqlnemWv JpBs AhXcWsanepw Acsamv AXns A`nkwt_m[nXcn mbnbmbn \ne\nWsav ssZhw COnpn. (lnZmbppff, t].70 71). apkvenw kv{Xov ssZhw \Inb kqW hynXzhpw [mnI IrXzhpw XncnsI e`yamm\pXIp ssZhimkv{XamWv A\nhmcyambncnpXv. (lnZmbp, t].4).XpeyXbpsS JpB\nI am\w Ggmw \qmn Ghpw hnhIcfmb aqey- aplZv \_n Atd_ybnehXcnnp. a\pjycpsS Dev]n]camb GIX, hwiobhncpX, am\hXpeyX, hnizmk kzmX{yw hyXykvX aXhn`mKfpsS klIcWtmsS \oXn]qamb Hcp [mnI kaqls sInSpembncpp {]hmNIeyw.77 kzw IpSpw_nt\m kapZmbnt\m FXncmbmepw "\oXn]me\w' F Bibn Ddp\nevIWw (4:135).

FIssZhw F Bibw a\pjycpsS XpeyX Dun]dbpp (49:13). Xpeycpw kzXt{bpw \evIsXn\m Ahv ssZhZamb AhImifpv. kzXt{ F am\pjnIKpWw sImv XsbmWv a\pjy hnNmcW sNsSpXpw. (dDu^v, 2005, t].14). tIi_v N{sk (18381884), GIssZhns kmaqlnI kwtjW hniZoIcnp: "ssZhw Htbppshpw Ah\mWv \ssbmw krnsXpw hnizknppshn Rm Htckabw klPXtbmsSbpw {]m]nI hnImcfpsS Fm DujvaXItfmsSbpw \apv Nppaphsc Ah ]mgvkntbm lnpthm apkveotam bqtdm]yt\m BIs, Fs ktlmZcs\ \nebn t\mnImWpw.' (_kp, t].147). a\pjycminbpsS Dev]n HmWv.78 JpB am\h kmtlmZcyw Dundbpp.79 \oXnv JpB D]tbmKn JnkvXv F ]Zn\v XpeyX F Aapv. (Jqcn, 1986, t].7). Nnnp kIepw ss\XnIt_m[w {]m]yamW.v80 Ckvemans ASnm\ XXzw "Htcsbmcp ssZhw' FXmWv: CsXmcp XXzambn AwKoIcnphv Fs\bmWv av aXtfmSv AklnjvWpX ]pem IgnbpI? a\pjyhwiw ssZhm krnsXmWv Fv hnizknph\v av hnizmk kwlnXI ]npScphtcmSv Fs\bmWv hntcm[w ]pem\mhpI? Ckvemans t]cn CXv sNph Ckvemans ASnm\ {]amWamb "Htcsbmcp ssZhw' F XXzs ewLnphcmWv. XtXn\nv hyXykvXamb Bcm[\m coXnI ]npScp P\X asmcp ssZhns krnIfmsWmWh kanpXv. (tdmbv, t].3435). PmXnbSnm\nep kmaqlnI t{iWoLS\ Ckvemans Bmhpambn sImSnb kwL\nemWv: "a\pjysc, HcmWn \npw s]n \npas{X \mw \nsf krnnpXv. ]ns \nsf kapZmbfpw tKm{Xfpamn; ]ckv]cw XncndntbXn\v. \nfn Ghpw ssZh`nbphcmIpp ssZhn Ghpw HuXyaph' (49:13).

Fw.F.tdmbv FgpXn: Ckvemans {itbamb hnPbn\v ImcWw AXn Aeo\ambncnp kaXzt_m[hpw hntamN\XrjvWbpamWv. (tdmbv, t].63). kmaqlyt{iWn LS\sb tNmZyw sNbvXpsImv aplZv\_n am\hXpeyX {]Jym]np. hntZin ASnabmb _nemens\ tamNnnpsImv _mv hnfnp hynbmn. (Fn\ob, 1990, t].3). kmaqlnI kaXzw F JpB\nImibw (49:13) apkvenwIfn \nv Hcp ]cn[n hsc tNmpt]mbncnpp. Dtcybnse apkvenan\v "PmXnbX' ISpXpw CcpXpamb Hcp bmYmyamWv. Ajvd^v hn`mK kmaqlyambn Gsd aptmw \nevptm APve^v/Ak hn`mK Gsd ]nmamWv. Cu Zpchbvv ssZhimkv{X]camb \ymbw Xs Nasncnpp FXv A\ntj[yamWv. akvPnZpIfn t\XrXzw antgpw Ajvd^nImWv. hnhmlsmcpw (I^mAv) F Bibw PmXobamb \nWbn\v hym]Iambn D]tbmKnpp. Ajvd^nIfnsSp \mev PmXnI (knZv, sjbvv, apK, ]m) Fnh Xn Xn hnhmlw \Sppsnepw Ajvd^v hn`mKhpw AkepIfpambp sshhmlnI _w l\^n aZvl_ns \ymbw ]dv HgnhmsSpp.

jmhenbpmlv Z-lvvehn (17031762) F alm]nX t]mepw "I^mAv' kzw hn`mKn\Iv \nv Xs thWsav hmin]nSnncpp. hntamNnX ASna skbvZpw DX Ipeo\PmXbmb ssk\_pw Xn {]hmNI GsSpnb hnhml_w t]mepw Ahv ]mTamIpn. Zbq_nIsftmse _tdhnIfpw AlvtelZokpw apkvenw hyn\nba t_mUpw kzPmXob hnhmls Iimkv{X]cambn \ymboIcnpp!

a[yImew apXsenepw PmXob {]hWX Cy apkvenwIfpsS `mKambpv. ^XmhmC PecnbpsS Imhpw a[yIme CybpsS Ncn{XImc\pambncp knbmhpo _cm\n (12851357) sbn Atlns IrXnbpsS Cwojv hnhI FgpXn: "_cm\nbpsS ssZhn\v cv Xefpv Hv apkveowfpsS IpessZhw, cv apkveowfn Xs s]Sp khW hn`mKns ssZhw.' (l_o_v, t].136).

ZenXv apkvenwI, ZenXv ]nm Fnh Hcp kmaqlnI bmYmyambXpsImv kzw kaqln kmaqlnI \oXn sImphcm\p BhamWv apkvenwI {]ISnntXv. (Fn\ob, 2004. t].8485)

sshhn[y ssZhkrnbpsS `mKw

aXmc kao]\w hntamN\ ssZhimkv{Xns A\pt]Wob LSIamWv. kmaqlnIkmnI enwK \oXnsb s]mXpeyambn {]XnjvTnpsImp aXmc UbtemKpI XnbpsS ApXns\Xnsc \bpsS ApXv ]Sppbm {]tbmP\o`hnpw. aXns ]pdphcpsS \ B{Klnmh \sb CSpnb tKm{X]cn[nbn ]cnanXamn "{]]fpsS \mYs\' (dp Aeao) kpNnXambn hyhlcnpIbmWv. klPohnIsf ]cnKWntXv aXnstbm PmXnbpsStbm t]cnemhcpXv; a\pjys\ \nebn am{XamIWw. aX_lpXzw Hcp kaqln \ne\nevIptm am{XamWv aX\nct]X (skpecnkw) ]pecpXv. \oXnpthnbp kacn Fm hnizmkn kaqlpw Hnm Ignbpw; Fsm Fm Bob Zi\fpw \oXnsb DZm aqeyambn IcpXpp.

_lpkzcX Fm hyXykvXambn \ne\nevm\p kzmX{yw hIshpsImSpemWv. (Iamen, t].70) sshhn[yw ssZh\nnXamWv. 81 Bcm[\m coXnIfnse sshhn[ywt]mepw ssZh \nnXamWv (22:67). Chsbms ssZhn kzoImcyamWv (16:36). kIe P\hn`mKpw AhchcpsS Iw Aemcamn sImSpnpv (6:108). Fmcw sshhn[ytfmSpw klnjvWpX ]peWw.82 AXv sXmenbpsS \ndw, `mj FnhbpsS t]cnemImw (30:22), hnizmk]camImw (64:2), kmaqlnI kwLfpw kapZmbfpamImw.83 (ap hnizmksf AXoh{itbmsS thWw ]cnKWnm (29:46). Fm Bcm[\m tKlfpw kwcnsSWw (22:40). A\yssZhsf ]qPnphsct]mepw CIgvcpXv (6:107).

Fm ssZhZqXmscbpw hnthN\anmsX kzoIcnWw.84 (apdnbnpImc hcm Hcp\mSpan.85 hyXykvXamb `mjIfnepw {]tZifnepw ssZhZqXm BKXcmbn.86 JpB\n t]cv ]cmainmhcpw {]hmNIcmbpv.87 Fmhcpw GI BZins hm.88 JpB\v apv AhXoamb thZ{KfpsSbpw hnizmkn AwKoIcnpp. Co a\pjy\v ssZhhpambp DSSnbpsS `mKhpw (9:11), ssZhoI am \nZi\ns kzcq]hpw (5:46) BWv; AhbpsS Bmwiw A\phnpXv tamZmbIhpw (5:47); tXmdsb hnimemn hymJym\ntXpv (5:45).

]qhnI aX Iyqdns ]gb HmtdnwKv knkvsat]mse Ckvemw XsbmWv; Ahsb apgps JpB A{]kamnbnn. "{Kw' F ]Zw JpBs\ am{Xa, ssZhoI ktifpsS, kapbsbmWv DtinncnpXv; AhbpsS kXykmcmwiw JpB\nepv. A{_lmw, tami, tbip FnhcpsSsbms ktifpsS DdhnSw {KamXmhmWv.89 Fm {]hmNI ktifpw Hscm t{kmXn \npfhmbXn\m Ahbnsems hnizknWw. (dlvam, 1980, t].1634).

AXpsImpXs JpBtXvt]mep Hcp ssZhoI kqw sImphcm\p shphnfnv (2:2324) ss__nfn \npff DcWn A{]kamWv. ]pIev]\IfpsS kamlcw JpB\n ImWmw. (6:1513), ss__nfns\ JpB Dcnppapv. (JpB 21:106, ko\w 37:39, ambn 5:3)

thZmv AhcpsS thZ{Ka\pkcnv hn[nmhpXmWv.90 A{_lmans aXw kzoImcyamWv (2:130). ]qhoI thZ{KfpsS kXykmcmwiamWv JpB (12:111). ]qoI thZ `mKnIamsbnepw a\pjys ssIISepIv hnt[bambn.91

aplZv \_n apgptemIn\pw ImcpWyambn _lpkzcXbpsSbpw \oXnbpsSbpw ktiw DZvtLmjnp.92 {]hmNI t]mepw P\sf \nnv hgnsSpph\; Dt_m[I am{Xw.93

thZmcn kZvhrcpv.94 Nne ss{IkvXh k\ymknamsc JpB hmgvpp (5:83). PqXss{IkvXhapkvenwIfpsS ]qnI ]nXmhv A{_lmans ]mXbmWv Ghcpw A\pKantXv.95 A{_lmtaXc ]mccyns kcnX Zp:JntXn.96 lnp_pnv, skmdm{ob, XmthmIsfms thZmcmImw. FmhtcmSpw Ghpw DXhpw am\yhpamb hn[nemWv CSs]tSXv.97 JpB {InkvXym\nIsfbpw98 PqXscbpw 99 ]pIgvppv. Ghcpw tN ]ckv]cw IqSnbmtemN\hgnbp P\mb `cWcoXnbmWv Ghpw A`nImayambXv.100 Hv cv lnPvd \qmpIfn Xs thZmcpsS ]nIbntev kucm{, sslh, _pnpI Ibdn. apKnf cmPIpamc\mbncp Zmcm jntJm (16151659) D]\njpIsf GIssZhZi\ns t{kmXmbn IcpXn "adthZw'101 F \nev 50 Fw t]jy\ntev hnh\w sNbvXp. (ap, t]. 67). apkvenw cm{w hnIkntm AXns ]cn[nbn Xmaknncp hnhn[ aXhn`mKsf thZmcmbn ]cnKWnsSpIbmbncpp. (FkmJv, 1997, t].159160). km_nDI thZmcmbn JpB ]cmainnsnepw (4:153), Ahtcbpw shfn]mSv e`nXmbn JpB Xs ]cmainp hn`mKtfmsSmw tNv ]dbppv.102 Fm P\hn`mKfpambpw km[yamIpXns ]camh[n klIcWtmsSbmWv IgntbXv.103 sFIysSmhp taJeI Isn Ghcpw klIcnpIbmWv thXv. 104 ta[mhnhmZw A\nkvemanIw Htcm kapZmbn\pw Hmtcm Bcm[\mcoXnI \evIsncnpp (22:34). hnhn[ hnizmkn kaql XfptSXv am{Xw icn F kao]\w amnshv aphtbmSv klnjvWpX ]pepIbmWv Ghtcbpw Dsmp kao]\w. CXntev shfnw hoinsmv JpB ]dp: {]Jym]npI: "ssZhw AhXcn GXv thZnepw Rm hnizknncnpp. \nnSbn \oXn]mentWsav Rm Bm]nsncnpp. RfpsSbpw \nfpsSbpw cnXmhv Cuizc\mIpp. RfpsS I Rv. \nfpsS I -\npw. Rpw \npanSbn Hcp hgpan' (42:15). GsXnepw Hcp {]tXyI aXmv ssZhhpambn {]tXyI _apspw105 ssZhns ]p{Xmcpw {]bcpamsWpw (5:20); X am{Xw hnipcpw (4:49); X am{Xw tammlccpamsWpw (2:94); \cIo Xsf \maam{Xambn am{Xw kv]inq Fpw (3:24); Xp am{Xambn Fmw s]mdppsImSpsSpw (7:169) FnXymXn hmZsf JpB XpdpImWnpp. hyXykvXXI ]ckv]cw KmVambn Adnv DsmpXn\pXmWv; ta[mhnw ]pem\ (49:13).

X am{Xw tamml F hmZns _meniX A inSbnmhn[w JpB XpdpImpp: "Imcyw \nfpsS hymtamlsf B{ibn, thZhnizmknIfpsS hymtamlsf B{ibnpa Xn sNph Btcm Ahv AXns {]Xn^ew e`npw' (4:123). Amlp F ]Zw apkvenwIv am{Xw AhImisXmsW hmZapbm hsc atejybnse Nne apkvenw {]kvYm\ Xmdmbn (2013); Cu \ow JpBs Asb tNmZyw sNppshv t]mepw Ah Adnbpn.106

Ckvemw F ]Zw {Inbm\maw F \nev 8 hhpw {Inbbmbn 24 hhpw JpB D]tbmKnnpv. "Zo' FXv ssZhn "Ckvemw' BWv (3:19). ssZhlnXn\v A\pIqeamb Ne\mIamb {]XnIcWw, ssZhn\p AWw Fo AfmWv "Ckvem'an\pXv; AmsX GsXnepw aXmI hn`mKw F \ne. hnhn[ Imefn AhXoamb "Ckveman's ]cnipnsb hmgvp JpB (2:136), t\mlbpw A{_lmapw tamibpw tbiphpw Hscm ASnm\ Zi\w (Zo) {]t_m[\w sNbvXXmbn ]dbpp (42:13). Fm Ah Xn icnAnepw Iamfnepw hyXymkfpv (5:48). ]pdw te_ens ASnm\ne ssZhn ImcyfpsS kzoImcyX; {]h\fpsS ASnm\nemWv (2:177).

AklnjvWpXbpw ]caXtZzjhpw aphn[nbpw ]Ibpw tcmjhpw shp]pen A{Iamkambn \ne\nevp aXt_m[n\v BobXbn. ssZhs kvt\lnpsImv \oXn ssIhcnpXn\p Xzcbpw bXv\hpamWv Bobamw. aphcpsS thZ\ItfmSv klm\p`qXn am{Xa, ]cnlcnm\p AZayamb A`nemjhpw hnizmknpmhWw. aXPmXnh`mjI hyXykvX kzXzfmWv (49:13); Ahsb ]cncnm\p _m[yX Gev]nshcmWv apkvenwI. AKXnI, ]mh, ASnaI, bm{Xm, Bhiym XpSnbhmWv \n Zm\amb kmv \evtIXv.107 FhntSbpw aXw Hcp LSIa. _enarKns amwkns D]tbmKs ]cmainv "]mhp `Ww' FmWv JpB ]dbpXv (22:36). _enarKns ctam amwktam ssZhnsepn (22:37). bYm kam[m\w \oXnkwm]\neqsSbmWv. {]hmNI AapkvenwIfpambpw _lpssZh hnizmknIfpambpw [mcmfw kam[m\cmdpmpIbpw sNbvXp. a\pjycpsS kulm]qamb klIcWn\v km[yamb kIeXpw sNWw.108 CkvemanItemIpv DZbwsIm "aJmknZv A icoA' (icnAns Dtiw), "^nJplp AJnbv' (\yq\] Iimkv{Xw) Fo ]pXnb hnm\ imJI ImenIamb hmb\bpsS ]p {]XoIfmWv. apkvenw NnIsf ka{Kambn ]cnhnnm Ahv Ignbpw. apkvenw Ncn{Xs ka{Khpw Iihpw aqey[njvTnXhpw Bb hnai\n\v hnt[bamnsmv am{Xta a\pjyhntamN\n\p JpB\nI ]XnbpsS shfnw ]qambn kamnm IgnbpIbpq. B[p\nI CkvemanI Zmi\nIcmb dmjnZp K\qjn (1941), XmcnJv daZm (1962) XpSnbh kv{XoIfpsS ]Zhnsb CkvemanI A-k Dsmv ]p\cpohnnm {ianpXv BthiZmbIamWv. samtdmtmbn 2004 \nehn h "auZvhm\' (IpSpw_\nbaw) Cmcyn apkvenw temIn\v Da amXrIbmWv.

hynbpw kaqlhpw \ Iev]nphcpw Xn Iev]nphcpambn ]cnhnXcmIWw.109 AtXkabw apkvenw temIv \ne\nevp ]e \nbafpw `cWkwhn[m\fpw ImelcWsXpw A\ymbne[njvTnXhpamWv. apkvenw \mSpIfn \ne\np apkvenw hyn\nbaw enwKkaXzne[njvTnXambn t{ImVoIcnpIbmWv ASnbnc {]m[m\yap ZuXyw.

apkvenwIfpsS kpNnXhpw klnjvWXmclnXhpw A\oXn]chpamb JpB hmb\I CkvemwhncpcpsS kwJy hnnpp Fv Xncndnbphm IqmmsX ]cnjvIcWn\v (XPvZoZv) hnkXnp apkvenw _pnPohnI temIs apgph hgntISnempIbmWv. Fm {]hmNImcpw AXoh hjfmb hn[n Ahtlf\n\v hnt[bcmbncpp.110 aplZv \_nsbs \pWb, hyPhmZn, ]nimNv _m[nX Fns\ Bt]nncnpp.111 JpBs\nbpw kam\coXnbn AhaXnncpp.112 Ghpw lo\amb ssZh\nv t]mepw CltemIv in \nivNbnsn.113 aX]cnXymKnv h[in \IpXv JpBs kv-]ncnn\v t\hn]coXamWv; hnizmkw kzw CjvS{]Imcw ]pem\pff kzmX{ynemWv a\pjys `mKtZbw \nbnsSpXv. 114 apkvenw hyIvXn\nba t_mUv sabv 2005 Cdnb \nmlv \mabn {Snn Xemns\bpw iniphnhmlsbpw115 AwKoIcnXp ImWmw. t^mtm{K^nsb \ntcm[np ^Xvh (2013, ^Xvh \w_: 193), sXmgnseSpm\p kv{XobpsS AhImis \ntj[np ^Xvh (2010) FnhIfneqsS apkvenwIsf AXmImcns XShdbnshcmbn Nn{XoIcnpp Zbq_n ^XvhI; Chsb CkvemanIambn Xs FXnm Iqmm aXt\XrXzhpw Ckvemtamt^m_nb hfp LSIamWv. \nehnse Ah amdn \oXn ]pecp hyh hcWsam{Klnp [njWmimenIv apn CkvemanI hntamN\ ssZhimkv{Xn \npchw sIm Nne {][m\ API aptmv shpIbmWv: apXemfn, km{amPyXz, BtKmfoIyX tImtdvhcWns\Xnsc \Sp P\Iob kacfn av ]ptcmKa\ inItfmsSmw \nebpdnpI. apXemfn, kmaqly t{iWoIrX, hwiob, ]pcpjm[n]Xy ssZhimkv{Xs Iiamb hnNmcWv hnt[bampI.

a\pjykzmX{yw F ssZhnI]Xnsb Anadnp ssZh\n, aX]cnXymK \nba apkvenw temIv \nv CmXmpI. apXzemJv, A\nb{nXamb _lp`mcyXzw XpSnb H\h[n Ckvemw hncpXIv \nba km[pX \Ip aplZem ]cnjvIcnpI; apkvenw IpSpw_\nbaw, \oXnbpsS ASndbn DSphmpI. aXns t]cn sshImcnI krnv P\sf XneSnnp lnpXzkm{amPyXz ]Xnsbpdnv XnI t_m[yw ]pepI; kmapZmbnI imoIcW krnp aXamcy am\nhIXv ]cntev]npw FdnbpI. \nkzcpw ]XnXcpamb P\Xv Apw A`nam\hpw DbnnSnpsImv \ncm{ib\mbn Pohnm\pXIpw hn[w imoIcnpXn\mWv apKW\ sImSptXv. Zmcn{Zyw AIm NqjWclnX hyhmamn\mbn {ianmsX kmv sImv ]cnlcnm\mIpsa [mcW XncppI. Zp_es ioIcWn\p]Icnp `q]cnjvIcWw apkvenwtemIv sImphcnI. aXmc kulrZn\mbpff bXv\fn BmWw sNpI; CXn\pXIpw hn[w ssZhimkv{Xs DSphmpI. ]utcmlnXynsbpw GIm[n]Xy{]hWXIfpsSbpw t{kmXp Isn iamb {]Xntcm[bXv\ \SpI. IpdnpI1. JpB 5:13, 4:46, 5:41, 2:752. JpB 15:91--933. JpB 39:18, 7:145, 5:84. JpB 3:108, 4:40, 40:315. JpB 6:70, 6:35, 6:93, 16:356. JpB 9:70, 10:44, 29:407. JpB 11:6, 6:15---1--2, 7:54, 13:16----17, 21:3033, 18:46, 66:2-38. JpB 4:95, 40:64, 53:399. JpB 11:6, 17:31, 29:6010. JpB 4:25, 4:36, 9:60, 2:177, 4:29, 5:89, 4:92, 24:33, 47:411. JpB 3:190- 191, 2:16412. JpB 96:1- 15, 62:2, 58:11, 9:122, 20:114, 16:4313. JpB 8:22, 7:17914. JpB 7:2729, 26:7315. JpB 6:152, 17:34, 4:2, 4:5 616. JpB 42:40, 2:205, 4:107, 31:1817. JpB 2:190, 2:205, 3:57, 16:23, 22:38, 28:77, 31:18, 42:40, 57:2318. JpB 60:8, 6:12719. JpB 85:14, 6:12, 6:54, 42:19, 57:920. JpB 2:195, 2:222, 3:76, 3:134, 3:159, 5:13, 5:42, 9:108, 49:9, 60:8, 9:10821. JpB 33:72, 15:29, 57:722. JpB 35:39, 6:10523. JpB 51:19, 59:724. JpB 15:20, 41:1025. JpB 2:177, 2:219, 4:1112, 4:176, 9:60, 59:726. JpB 107:1327. JpB 102:1828. JpB 2:35, 2:229, 6:3329. JpB 11:27, 26:70, 22:5, 4:97, 8:2630. JpB 2:195, 36:4731. JpB 51:9, 2:27232. JpB 9:34, 104:18, 107:11033. JpB 51:19, 70:242534. JpB 2:245, 5:12, 6:17, 56:11, 57:6, 64:17, 73:2035. JpB 18:37, 31:1836. JpB 16:222437. JpB 18:36, 62:9, 9:2438. JpB 7:33, 24:1939. JpB 75:1415, 4:111, 6:16440. JpB 17:131541. JpB 79:373942. JpB 1:4, 21:23, 43:44, 61:1043. JpB 23:37, 19:6667, 17: 4951, 30:7779, 80:1722, 75: 3640, 17:1315, 41:202344. JpB 2:153, 14:7, 14:15, 26:57, 26:85, 27:40, 29:66, 30:33, 39:745. JpB 4:155, 5:70, 8:3046. JpB 2:254, 3:179, 9:3435, 41:747. JpB 4:168, 14:1348. JpB 4:75, 22:394049. JpB 60:7950. JpB 2:190193, 9:1351. JpB 4:75, 22:394052. JpB 38:28, 45:21, 68:353653. JpB 2:11, 7:56, 7:85, 30:4154. JpB 8:2455. JpB 3:56, 4:57, 5:89, 7:42, 11:2356. JpB 18:29, 6:7057. JpB 28:5658. JpB 28:3, 28:3459. JpB 5:8, 4:135, 5:260. JpB 4:1, 28:7, 4:1961. JpB 4:124, 33:35, 16:97, 40:40, 9:7162. JpB 3:195, 16:97, 33:3563. JpB 3:104, 3:110, 9:7164. JpB 58:1, 60:101265. JpB 4:202166. JpB 2:187, 7:189, 30:2167. JpB 9:71, 4:1968. JpB 4:19, 4:2269. JpB 39:9, 35:2870. JpB 24:6971. JpB 7:189, 16:7272. JpB 20:120122, 2:3536, 7:192373. JpB 2:3637, 7:202474. JpB 31:14, 46:15.75. JpB 7:19-2376. JpB 112:13, 16:7477. JpB 4:1, 5:8, 5:32, 4:85, 16:90, 4:75, 2:256, 22:3940, 2:62, 2:148, 3:110115, 5:48, 3:64, 17:70, 42:15, 49:13, 60:878. JpB 7:172, 91:71079. JpB 2:213, 21:92. 10:19, 6:9980. JpB 40:535481. JpB 10:99, 16:72, 16:9382. JpB 49:13, 53:4583. JpB 2:213, 10:19, 7:38, 13:30, 16:63, 29:18, 35:42, 41:42, 64:1884. JpB 4:152, 2:136, 2:285, 3:84, 4:15015285. JpB 35:24, 13:786. JpB 10:47, 14:4, 16:3687. JpB 4:165, 40:7888. JpB 6:163, 7:143, 10:72, 27:31, 39:12, 46:1589. JpB 13:39, 43:490. JpB 5:474891. JpB 2:79, 3:7292. JpB 9:128, 9:61, 21:10793. JpB 88:22, 2:272, 10:44, 51:5594. JpB 3:11311495. JpB 16:120, 16:12396. JpB 2:62, 5:6997. JpB 3:159, 29:46, 16:2598. JpB 5:823, 57:2799. JpB 5:12, 5:44100. JpB 3:159, 42:38101. JpB 56:7780102. JpB 2:62, 5:69103. JpB 60:79104. JpB 3:64, 5:689, 42:15105. JpB 62:6, 5:18106. JpB 29:61, 39:38, 17:110, 7:180107. JpB17:2629, 2:215, 9:60108. JpB 4:128, 4:35, 49:9, 8:61, 4:90109. JpB 3:104, 3:110, 9:71110. JpB 37:12, 13:32, 15:11, 21:41111. JpB 6:101, 25:4, 17:47, 25:8112. JpB 21:5, 16:103, 38:7, 25:5113. JpB 7:180, 38:17, 20:130114. JpB 18:29, 5:54, 3:90, 4:137115. _meyhnhmlw JpB\nImibfpsS \ntj[amWv. hnhmln\v {]mbw IrXyambn ]dnnsnepw \nba]camb {]mbntev JpB kqN\ \Ippv: ]ckv]cmIjWw /tbmPnv (2:221, 2:235, 30:21, 33:52), hnizmk]camb XmZmyw (2:221, 60:10), iamb Icmdnsem\pff ss[jWnIamb ]IzX (4:21, 2:232, 2:237, 24:33), aldns (h[phn\pff km\w) \nbnm\pff {]m]vXn (4:4, 4:24), ]pcpjs\n IpSpw_w t\mn \Sm\pff kmnI tijn (2:228,2:233, 4:34, 65:6), imcocnIamb ]IzX (4:6, 24:31, 24:58-59) Fnh AXn {][m\amWv.{KkqNn

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