Introduction to Operations Management - yustOM - YUST...

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1 생생생생생생 Process Selection and Process Selection and Facility Layout (Ch.6) Facility Layout (Ch.6) 프프프프 프프 프 프프프프 프프프프 프프 프 프프프프 Hansoo Kim ( 생생생 ) Dept. of Management Information Systems, YUST

Transcript of Introduction to Operations Management - yustOM - YUST...

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생산운영관리

Process Selection and Process Selection and Facility Layout (Ch.6)Facility Layout (Ch.6)프로세스 선택 및 설비배치프로세스 선택 및 설비배치

Hansoo Kim ( 金翰秀 )Dept. of Management Information

Systems, YUST

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이번주 까지 했어야 하는 일들… 생산용량계획 복습 Read Chapter 6 and 6s

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OM Overview

Class Overview(Ch. 0)

Project Management

(Ch. 17)

Strategic Capacity Planning(Ch. 5, 5S)

Operations, Productivity, and Strategy

(Ch. 1, 2)

Mgmt of Quality/Six Sigma Quality

(Ch. 9, 10)

Supply Chain Management

(Ch 11)

Location Planning and Analysis

(Ch. 8)

Demand MgmtForecasting

(Ch 3)

Inventory Management

(Ch. 12)

Aggregated Planning

(Ch. 13)

Queueing/ Simulation

(Ch. 18)

MRP & ERP (Ch 14)

JIT & Lean Mfg System

(Ch. 15)

Term Project

Process Selection/

Facility Layout; LP(Ch. 6, 6S)X X X X

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Key Terms영어 중국어 영어 중국어

Assembly line 组装线 Line balancing 生产线平衡Automation 自动化 Numerically

controlled(N/C)machines数控机床

Balance delay 生产线闲置率 Precedence diagram 先后顺序图Cellular production 单元制造 Process layout 工艺原则布置Computer-aided manufacturing

计算机辅助制造 Production line 生产线Computer-integrated manufacturing

计算机集成制造 Product layout 产品原则布置Cycle time 节拍 Product or service

profiling产品或服务工艺

Fixed-position layout 定位布置 Project 项目Flexible manufacturing system

柔性制造系统 Robot 机器人Group technology 成组技术 Technological innovation 技术创新Intermittent processing

间歇加工 technology 技术

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학습목표 프로세스 선택의 전략적 중요성을 설명한다 프로세스 선택이 조직에 미치는 영향을 설명한다 기본적인 프로세스 유형을 설명한다 프로세스 자동화에 대하여 토론한다 배치변경의 근거를 알수 있다 제품별 배치와 공정별 배치의 주요 장단점을 학습한다 간단한 라인밸런싱 문제를 푼다 간단한 공정별 배치계획을 수립한다

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프로세스 선택 및 생산용량의 관계

Process Strategy (Key Aspects)1. Capital Intensity2. Process Flexibility

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Process Selection Strategy ( 생산전략 , 프로세스 선택 ) Process Selection ( 프로세스 선택 )

Deciding on the way production of goods or services will be organized

“ 제품과 서비스를 어떤 방식어떤 방식으로 생성해 낼 것인가 ?” 에 대한 방안 Process ( 프로세스 ) = Transformation

원자재에서 제품 ( 혹 서비스 ) 로 변화되는 과정

Objective( 목적 ) Meet or exceed customer requirements ( 요구사항 ) Meet cost & managerial goals 최소의 비용으로 고객의 요구사항을 극대화 한다 !

Long-term effect ( 장기적인 영향력이 있다 ), 전략적 의사결정 문제 Product & Volume Flexibility, ( 제품과 생산수량과의 관계 ) Costs & Quality ( 가격과 품질 )

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새로운 방식의 주택건설

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생각해 볼 문제들… 어떤 종류의 생산 (or 서비스 ) 방식이 있을까 ?

(Which types of process strategy can exist?)

생산 (or 서비스 ) 방식을 결정하는데 고려해야 하는 요소들은 어떤 것이 있을까 ?

Which factors should be considered to select the process strategy?

예제 홍콩반점 건강검진센타 빙천맥주공장 자동차 조립공장

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Machining Process ( 가공시간 )

Process Time ( 공정시간 ) = Setup Time ( 준비시간 ) + Machining Time ( 가공시간 )

How is the utilization of the Machine?

Machine

S-A-A-A-A-S-B-B-B-B

S-A-S-B-S-A-S-B-S-A-S-B-S-A-S-B

S = Setup Time

장단점장단점 ??

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다양성 (Variety) How much

유연성 (Flexibility) What degree

산출량 (Volume) Expected output

Job Shop( 잡샵 )

Batch배치프로세트

Repetitive반복프로세스

Continuous연속프로세스

Process Selection( 프로세스 선택 )

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프로세스 유형 잡샵 (Job shop)

소규모 , 다품종 소량생산 , 단속적 처리과정 ,

다양한 소규모 일감 , 각각 처리방법이 다름

범용장비 , 숙련공에 의한 높은 유연성

철공소 , 병원 등 뱃치프로세스 (Batch)

중규모 , 중품종 중량생산 , 단속적 처리과정 ,

잡샵 보다는 다양하지 않음 , 중간정도의 숙련공

빵집 , 멀티플렉스 영화관 , 항공사 등

반복프로세스 (Repetitive) 산출량이 많은 표준제품에 유리 장비의 유연성 요구는 제한적 , 인력의

숙련도가 높지 않음 , 생산라인 , 조립라인 으로 불리운다 . 자동차 , 컴퓨터 조립 , 전자제품

조립산업 등 . 연속프로세스 (Continuous)

표준화된 연속적 산출물을 대량으로 생산

연속적 생산 ( 액체 , 분말 형태의 생산 ), 제품의 다양성이 매우 적고 , 대량생산에 유리 ( 소품종 대량 )

전문성에 따라 필요한 인력의 수숙련도가 범위가 넓다

석유화학제품 , 철강 , 설탕 , 밀가루 등

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프로세스 유형 (Types of Process)

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잡샵 뱃치 반복 /조립 연속

산출물의 특징

( 주문형 ) 개별화 제품이나 서비스

반 표준화 제품이나 서비스

표준화 제품이나 서비스

고 표준화 제품이나 서비스

장점 매우 다양한 일감을 처리할수 있음

유연성 저 원가대량소요충족

매우 높은 효율 고도로 놓은 수요충족

단점 저속제품당 고원가 , 계획과 스케쥴이 복잡함

제품당 중간 정도 원가스케쥴링이 중간 정도

저 유연성높은 고장 비용

매우경직다양성 결여 , 높은 변경비용 , 매우 높은 고정비용

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제품 /서비스 프로세스활동 /부문 잡샵 뱃치 반복 연속 프로젝트원가추정 어려움 어느정도 쉬움 쉬움 쉬움 간단 ~ 복잡

단위원가 높음 중간 정도 낮음 낮음 매우높음

사용 장비 범용 범용 전용 전용 다양함

고정비 낮음 중간정도 높음 매우높음 다양함

변동비 높음 중간정도 낮음 매우높음 높음

노동력 숙련도 높음 중간정도 낮음 낮음 ~ 높음 낮음 ~ 높음

마케팅 능력을 강조 /판매

능력과 중간정도의 표준화 제품과 서비스를 강조 .

표준화 제품과 서비스를 강조 /판매

표준화 제품과 서비스를 강조 /판매

능력을 강조 /판매

스케줄링 복잡 중간정도 복잡 일상적 /쉬움 일상적 /쉬움 복잡함 , 변경이 잦음

공정재고 높음 높음 낮음 낮음 다양함

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Volume and Variety of Products

다양성

물량

연속프로세스

응급실

정유공장

베이커리

PC 조립반복프로세스

뱃치프로세스

잡샵

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기술의 영역(Area of Technology) Machine technology Automatic identification systems (AIS)

Bar-code, RFID Process control Vision system Robot Automated storage and retrieval systems

(ASRS) Flexible manufacturing systems (FMS) Computer-integrated manufacturing (CIM)

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FMS 에 의한 생산라인의 개념도

1

23

45

6

7

8

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자동창고

중앙관제실

공구저장소

공구무인반송차

머시닝센터

작업물 무인운반차

준비작업장

차팔렛트 반송컨베이어라인

FMS 예

세정실

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FMS 예

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Types of Robot Cylindrical

Polar

Cartesian

Joint Arm

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FMS Machine

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ASRS ( 자동창고 )

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AGVS ( 무인운반차 시스템 )

http://www.steinbockus.com/AGVs/animation.gif

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Computer Integrated Manufacturing(CIM)

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Facility Layout Design

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Facility Layout ( 설비배치 ) 의 목적 Develop an economical layout which will meet the

requirements of: product design and volume (product strategy) process equipment and capacity (process strategy) quality of work life (human resource strategy) building and site constraints (location strategy)============================== 사내물류비용의 최소화 제품과 서비스 품질 확보가 용이하도록 공간의 효율적 활용 노동력의 효율적 활용

불필요한 움직임을 최소화함 병목현상을 완화 제조 및 서비스 시간 단축 시설의 안전성

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설비배치 (Facility Layout)란 ?Location or arrangement of everything

within & around buildings부서 , 작업장 , 장비의 공간적 구성을 의미

Objectives are to maximize Customer satisfaction Utilization of space, equipment, & people Efficient flow of information, material, & people Employee morale & safety

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설비배치의 종류

제품별 배치 (Product-oriented layout)

공정별 배치 (Process-oriented layout) 고정위치 배치 (Fixed-position layout) 사무실 배치 (Office layout) 소매점 배치 (Retail layout) 창고 배치 (Warehouse layout)

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제품별 배치(Product Oriented Layout)

제품별 배치 (Product Oriented Layout) 표준프로세스들을 사용하여 많은 양의 흐름을 원할하고 신속하게

흐르게 하는 배치 Layout that uses standardized processing operations to

achieve smooth, rapid, high-volume flow 31

Used for Repetitive or Continuous Processing

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제품별 배치 (Product Oriented Layout) 장단점

장점 Lower variable cost per unit ( 낮은 변동비 ) Lower but more specialized labor skills

( 낮은 수준의 전담적 노동 ) Easier production planning and control

( 생산계획 및 통제의 용이성 ) Higher equipment utilization (70% to 90%)

( 설비의 높은 가동율 ) 단점

Lower product flexibility ( 제품 종류가 한정 ) More specialized equipment ( 전용설비 ) Usually higher capital investment

( 높은 초기투자비용 )

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공정별 배치 (Process Oriented Layout)

L

L

L

L

L

L

L

L

L

L M

M

M

M

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

G

G

G

G

G

G

A A AReceiving andShipping Assembly

Painting Department

Lathe DepartmentMilling

Department Drilling Department

Grinding Department

P

P

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공정별 설비배치 (Process Oriented Layout) 다양한 처리요구를 다룰수 있는 배치 공정이 유사한 설비들을 모아서 배치함

Facilities( 설비 ) are organized by processprocess Similar processes are together

Example: All drill presses are together

Low volume, high variety products( 다품종 소량 )

‘JumbledJumbled’ flowflow (뒤범벅 흐름 )

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공정별 설비배치의 (Process Oriented Layout) 장단점 장점

Greater product flexibility ( 다양한 제품을 생산 )

More general purposegeneral purpose equipmentequipment( 범용성이 높은 설비 사용 )

Lower initial capital investment( 낮은 초기 설비 투자 )

단점 High variable costs ( 높은 변동비 ) More highly trained personnel ( 다기능공 ) More difficult production planning & control

( 생산계획 및 통제의 어려움 ) Low equipment utilization (5% to 25%)

( 낮은 설비 효율성 )

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Emergency Room Layout(Process-Oriented Layout)

Surgery

RadiologyE.R. beds Pharmacy Billing/exit

E.R.Triage room

E.R. AdmissionsPatient B - erratic pacemaker

Patient A - broken leg

Hallway

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Steps in Developing aProcess-Oriented Layout1 Construct a “from-to matrix”2 Determine space requirements for each

department3 Develop an initial schematic diagram4 Determine the cost of this layout5 By trial-and-error (or more sophisticated

means), try to improve the initial layout6 Prepare a detailed plan that evaluates

factors in addition to transportation cost

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Cost of Process-Oriented Layout

j department and i department

between load a move cost to Cj department toi department

from moved loads ofnumber Xsdepartment individual ji,

sdepartmentor centers work ofnumber totaln where

CX cost Minimize

ij

ij

n

1i

n

1jijij

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Interdepartmental Flow of Parts1 2 3 4 5 6

1

2

3

4

5

6

50 100 0 0 20

30 50 10 0

20 0 100

50 0

0

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Possible Layout 1

AssemblyDepartment

(1)

PrintingDepartment

(2)

Machine ShopDepartment

(3)

ReceivingDepartment

(4)

ShippingDepartment

(5)

TestingDepartment

(6)

Room 1 Room 2 Room 3

Room 4 Room 5 Room 660’

40’

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Interdepartmental Flow Network Showing Number of Weekly Loads

100

50 30

1020

50

20

10050

2 3

4 5 6

11

근접운반비 (Adjacent Cost) = $1, 비근접운반비 (Non-Adjacent C.) = $2

Total Cost = 50+200+40+30+50+10+40+100+50 = $570

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Possible Layout 2

PaintingDepartment

(2)

AssemblyDepartment

(1)

Machine ShopDepartment

(3)

ReceivingDepartment

(4)

ShippingDepartment

(5)

TestingDepartment

(6)

Room 1 Room 2 Room 2

Room 4 Room 5 Room 660’

40’

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Interdepartmental Flow Graph Showing Number of Weekly Loads

2 1 3

654

10050

30

10

20

50

20 10050

근접운반비 (Adjacent Cost)= $1, 비근접운반비 (Non-Adjacent C.)=$2

Total Cost = 50+100+20+60+50+10+40+100+50=$480

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Computer Programs to Assist in Layout CRAFT SPACECRAFT CRAFT 3-D MULTIPLE CORELAP ALDEP COFAD FADES - expert system

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제품 또는 프로젝트는 한 곳에 있고 , 작업자 , 물자 , 장비가 필요에 따라 움직이는 배치

Layout in which the product or project remains stationary, and workers, materials, and equipment are moved as needed

위치고정형 배치(Fixed Position Layout)

45

비행기 , 선박 등의 생산방식

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셀 생산방식 (Cellular Layout - Work Cells) 과 Group Technology 비슷한 작업이 필요한 부품들을 생산하기 위하여 워크스테인션들을 묶어서 셀을 구성한 배치A temporary product-orient arrangement of machines and personnel in what is ordinarily a process-oriented facilities

그룹테크놀로지 (Group Technology)부품들을 설계특성이나 제조 특성에 따라 분류하여 , 부품군으로 묶는것

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Work Cell Floor PlanOfficeOffice

Tool RoomTool RoomWork CellWork Cell

SawsSaws DrillsDrills

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Improving Layouts by Moving to the Work Cell Concept

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Work Cell Advantages

InventoryFloor space

Direct labor costs

Equipment utilizationEmployee

participationQuality

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라인 밸런싱 (Line Balancing)

라인밸런싱라인밸런싱 : : 모든 워크스테이션들의 모든 워크스테이션들의 작업시간들이 비슷하도록 작업시간들이 비슷하도록 요소작업들을 워크스테이션들에 요소작업들을 워크스테이션들에 할당하는 절차할당하는 절차

Precedence diagramPrecedence diagram Network showing order of tasks and Network showing order of tasks and

restrictions on their performancerestrictions on their performance Cycle timeCycle time

Maximum time product spends at Maximum time product spends at any one workstationany one workstation

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Line Balancing

Precedence diagramPrecedence diagram Network showing order Network showing order

of tasks and restrictions of tasks and restrictions on their performanceon their performance

Cycle timeCycle time Maximum time product Maximum time product

spends at any one spends at any one workstationworkstation

Cd = production time availabledesired units of output

Cycle time example

Cd = (8 hours x 60 minutes / hour)(120 units)

Cd = = 4 minutes480120

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Flow Time vs Cycle Time Cycle time = max time spent at any station Cycle time = max time spent at any station

한 작업물에 대하여 워크스테이션에서 수행하여야 하는 한 작업물에 대하여 워크스테이션에서 수행하여야 하는 요소작업들의 총소요시간의 상한요소작업들의 총소요시간의 상한

Flow time = time to complete all stationsFlow time = time to complete all stations원자재가 들어가서 제품이 모든 공정을 마치고 나오는 원자재가 들어가서 제품이 모든 공정을 마치고 나오는 시간시간

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Flow Time vs Cycle Time Cycle time = max time spent at any Cycle time = max time spent at any

station station Flow time = time to complete all Flow time = time to complete all

stationsstations

1 2 3

4 minutes4 minutes 4 minutes4 minutes 4 minutes4 minutes

Flow time = 4 + 4 + 4 = 12 minutesFlow time = 4 + 4 + 4 = 12 minutesCycle time = max (4, 4, 4) = 4 minutesCycle time = max (4, 4, 4) = 4 minutes

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Efficiency of Line

ii

ii = 1= 1

ttii

nCnCaaEE = =

ii

ii = 1= 1

ttii

CCddNN = =

EfficiencyEfficiency Minimum number Minimum number of workstationsof workstations

wherewhere

ttii = completion time for element = completion time for element iijj = number of work elements= number of work elementsnn = actual number of workstations= actual number of workstationsCCaa = actual cycle time= actual cycle timeCCdd = desired cycle time= desired cycle time

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Line Balancing Process1. Draw and label a precedence diagram.1. Draw and label a precedence diagram.2. Calculate the desired cycle time required for the 2. Calculate the desired cycle time required for the

line.line.3. Calculate the theoretical 3. Calculate the theoretical

minimum number of workstations.minimum number of workstations.4. Group elements into workstations, 4. Group elements into workstations,

recognizing cycle time and recognizing cycle time and precedence constraints.precedence constraints.

5. Calculate the efficiency of the line.5. Calculate the efficiency of the line.6. Stop if theoretical minimum number of 6. Stop if theoretical minimum number of

workstations on an acceptable efficiency level workstations on an acceptable efficiency level reached. If not, go back to step 4.reached. If not, go back to step 4.

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Line BalancingWORK ELEMENTWORK ELEMENT PRECEDENCEPRECEDENCE TIME (MIN)TIME (MIN)

AA Press out sheet of fruitPress out sheet of fruit —— 0.10.1BB Cut into stripsCut into strips AA 0.20.2CC Outline fun shapesOutline fun shapes AA 0.40.4DD Roll up and packageRoll up and package B, CB, C 0.30.3

Desired unit of output : 6,000 unitsAvailable working hour a day : 40 Hrs

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Line BalancingWORK ELEMENTWORK ELEMENT PRECEDENCEPRECEDENCE TIME (MIN)TIME (MIN)

AA Press out sheet of fruitPress out sheet of fruit —— 0.10.1BB Cut into stripsCut into strips AA 0.20.2CC Outline fun shapesOutline fun shapes AA 0.40.4DD Roll up and packageRoll up and package B, CB, C 0.30.3

0.10.1

0.20.2

0.40.4

0.30.3D

B

C

A

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Line BalancingWORK ELEMENTWORK ELEMENT PRECEDENCEPRECEDENCE TIME (MIN)TIME (MIN)

AA Press out sheet of fruitPress out sheet of fruit —— 0.10.1BB Cut into stripsCut into strips AA 0.20.2CC Outline fun shapesOutline fun shapes AA 0.40.4DD Roll up and packageRoll up and package B, CB, C 0.30.3

0.10.1

0.20.2

0.40.4

0.30.3D

B

C

A

Cd = = = 0.4 minute40 hours x 60 minutes / hour6,000 units

24006000

N = = = 2.5 workstations1.00.4

0.1 + 0.2 + 0.3 + 0.40.4

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Line BalancingWORK ELEMENTWORK ELEMENT PRECEDENCEPRECEDENCE TIME (MIN)TIME (MIN)

AA Press out sheet of fruitPress out sheet of fruit —— 0.10.1BB Cut into stripsCut into strips AA 0.20.2CC Outline fun shapesOutline fun shapes AA 0.40.4DD Roll up and packageRoll up and package B, CB, C 0.30.3

0.10.1

0.20.2

0.40.4

0.30.3D

B

C

A

Cd = = = 0.4 minute40 hours x 60 minutes / hour6,000 units

24006000

N = = = 2.5 workstations1.00.4

0.1 + 0.2 + 0.3 + 0.40.4 3

workstations

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Line BalancingWORK ELEMENTWORK ELEMENT PRECEDENCEPRECEDENCE TIME (MIN)TIME (MIN)

AA Press out sheet of fruitPress out sheet of fruit —— 0.10.1BB Cut into stripsCut into strips AA 0.20.2CC Outline fun shapesOutline fun shapes AA 0.40.4DD Roll up and packageRoll up and package B, CB, C 0.30.3

0.10.1

0.20.2

0.40.4

0.30.3D

B

C

A

CCdd = 0.4 = 0.4NN = 2.5 = 2.5

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Line Balancing

0.10.1

0.20.2

0.40.4

0.30.3D

B

C

A

CCdd = 0.4 = 0.4NN = 2.5 = 2.5

REMAINING REMAININGWORKSTATION ELEMENT TIME ELEMENTS

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Line Balancing

0.10.1

0.20.2

0.40.4

0.30.3D

B

C

A

CCdd = 0.4 = 0.4NN = 2.5 = 2.5

REMAINING REMAININGWORKSTATION ELEMENT TIME ELEMENTS

1 A 0.3 B, C

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Line Balancing

0.10.1

0.20.2

0.40.4

0.30.3D

B

C

A

CCdd = 0.4 = 0.4NN = 2.5 = 2.5

REMAINING REMAININGWORKSTATION ELEMENT TIME ELEMENTS

1 A 0.3 B, CB 0.1 C, D

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Line Balancing

0.10.1

0.20.2

0.40.4

0.30.3D

B

C

A

CCdd = 0.4 = 0.4NN = 2.5 = 2.5

REMAINING REMAININGWORKSTATION ELEMENT TIME ELEMENTS

1 A 0.3 B, CB 0.1 C, D

2 C 0.0 D

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Line Balancing

0.10.1

0.20.2

0.40.4

0.30.3D

B

C

A

CCdd = 0.4 = 0.4NN = 2.5 = 2.5

REMAINING REMAININGWORKSTATION ELEMENT TIME ELEMENTS

1 A 0.3 B, CB 0.1 C, D

2 C 0.0 D3 D 0.1 none

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Line Balancing

0.10.1

0.20.2

0.40.4

0.30.3D

B

C

A

CCdd = 0.4 = 0.4NN = 2.5 = 2.5

REMAINING REMAININGWORKSTATION ELEMENT TIME ELEMENTS

1 A 0.3 B, CB 0.1 C, D

2 C 0.0 D3 D 0.1 none

A, B C D

Work station 1

Work station 2

Work station 3

0.3 minute

0.4 minute

0.3 minute

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Line Balancing

0.10.1

0.20.2

0.40.4

0.30.3D

B

C

A

CCdd = 0.4 = 0.4NN = 2.5 = 2.5

REMAINING REMAININGWORKSTATION ELEMENT TIME ELEMENTS

1 A 0.3 B, CB 0.1 C, D

2 C 0.0 D3 D 0.1 none

A, B C D

Work station 1

Work station 2

Work station 3

0.3 minute

0.4 minute

0.3 minute

E = = = 0.833 = 83.3%0.1 + 0.2 + 0.3 + 0.43(0.4)

1.01.2

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안내 ! HW#3

Example 1, 2 Solved Problem 1 Homepage 에 제시된 문제

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Good Bye!