INTRODUCTION TO MANAGEMENT
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Transcript of INTRODUCTION TO MANAGEMENT
Introduction to Management: Concepts of Management and
organization- nature, importance and Functions of Management,
Taylor’s Scientific Management Theory, Fayol’s Principles of
Management, Mayo’s Hawthorne Experiments, Maslow’s Theory
of Human Needs, Douglas McGregor’s Theory X and Theory Y,
Herzberg’s Two-Factor Theory of Motivation, Systems
Approach to Management, Leadership Styles, Social
responsibilities of Management
INTRODUCTION
Management is what managers do.
M
A --- The Manager
N
A
G --- Knowledge
E
M
E --- The People
N
T --- Technology/Techniques/Tactics
DEFINITIONS:
“Management is the art of getting things done through and with people informally organized groups”
--- Koontz“Management is the art of getting things done through and with people”
--- Mary Parker“Management is the art of knowing what you want to do and then seeing
that it is done in the best and cheapest way” --- F.W. Taylor
“Management is the accomplishment of results through the efforts ofother people”
--- Lawrence“Management is to manage is to forecast and plan, to organize, to
command, to coordinate and control”.-- Henry Fayol (1916)
MANAGEMENT
Nature of Management
Multidisciplinary
Dynamic nature of Principles
Relative, Not absolute Principles
Management: Science or Art
Management as profession
Universality of management
Management is a Situational in Nature
Importance of Management
Management has been important to the daily lives of people andto the organisations. The importance of management may betraces with the following.
Effective utilisation of Resources
Development of Resources
It ensures continuity in the organization
Integrating various interest groups
Stability in the society
Functions of Management
Writers Management Functions
Henry Fayol
Luther Gullick
R. Davis
E.F.L. Breech
Koontz
Planning, Organizing, Commanding, Coordinating, Controlling
POSDCORD- Planning, Organising, Staffing, Directing,
Coordinating, Reporting, Directing
Planning , Organising, Controlling
Planning, Organising, Motivating, Coordinating, Controlling
Planning, Organising, Staffing, Leading, Controlling
Managerial Skills & Managerial LevelsTechnical Skills
Human Skills
Conceptual Skills
Design Skills
Top level / Administrative levelMiddle level / ExecutoryLow level / Supervisory /
Operative / First-line managers
The scientific management period hold prominently two
greatest exponents of classical theories. They are
F.W.Taylor (1856-1915)Henry Fayol (1841-1925)and
TAYLOR & SCIENTIFIC MANAGEMENT
Introduced by Frederick Winslow Taylor in USA in the beginning of 20th century.
He is Father of Scientific Management
“Scientific management is concerned with art of knowing
exactly what you want to do and then see in that they do it in the
best and cheapest way”
Tools:Separation of planning & doingFunctional ForemanshipJob Analysis StandardizationScientific selection and training of workersFinancial IncentivesEconomyMental Revolution
Principles of Scientific ManagementReplacing rule of thumb with scienceHarmony in group actionCo-operationMaximum outputDevelopment of workers
Tools:
Functional Foremanship
Work Shop Manager
Planning In charge Production In charge
Route
Boss
workers
DisciplinarianInstruction
Card clerk
Time and
Cost Clerk
Route
Clerk
Gang Boss inspector Maintenance
Foreman
Criticism of Scientific Management:
The theory of Scientific Management was heavily criticised by the
employers, the workers, and psychologists. Employers criticised the
process of scientific approach as costly and unworkable
It ignores the functional areas of management such as marketing, finance and so on
Individual creativity is ignored by favouring one best way Workers is reduced to a cog in the machines.
Mobility among workers gets restricted because of narrow specialisation
Workers are not involved in the planning part of the job which was controlled by the management.
“Management is to manage is to forecast and plan, to organize,
to command, to coordinate and control”.
Qualities of a managerGeneral principles of managementElements of management
Physical ( Health, Vigor and Health )Mental ( Ability to understand and learn, judgment , mental vigor and capability)Moral ( energy, firmness, initiative, loyalty, tact etc.,)EducationalTechnical ( peculiar to the function being performed )Experience
Qualities of a manager(1841-1925)
Father of Administrative Management
Division of workAuthority and ResponsibilityDisciplineUnity of CommandUnity of DirectionSubordination of individual interest to general interestRemunerationCentralizationScalar ChainOrderEquityStabilityInitiativeEsprit de corps
General principles of management
Planning, Organizing, Commanding, Coordinating, Controlling
Elements of management
A team of four membersElton mayo, White head, Roethlisberger and William Dickson
They conducted various researches in four phases with each phase
attempting to answer the question raised at the previous phase.
The phases are ---
Illumination experiments (1924-27)Relay assembly test room experiments (1927-28)Mass Interviewing Programme (1928-1930)Bank wiring observation room experiments (1931-32)
ConclusionsIndividual workers must be seen as members of a groupThe sense of belongingness and effective management were the
two secrets unfolded by the Hawthorne experiments.Informal or personal groups influenced the behaviour of
workers on the jobTo seek workers cooperation, the management should be aware
of their social needs and cater to them
Maslow's hierarchy of needs is a theory in psychology proposedby Abraham Maslow in his 1943 paper "A Theory of HumanMotivation". Maslow subsequently extended the idea toinclude his observations of humans' innate curiosity
Conclusion:
Maslow suggest that the various levels are interdependent and overlapping,
each higher level need emerging before the lower level need has been
completely satisfied. Since one need does not disappear when another
emerges, all needs tend to be partially satisfied in each area.
Frederick Irving Herzberg born in Massachusetts was an
American psychologist who became one of the most
influential names in business management. He is most
famous for introducing job enrichment and the Motivator-
Hygiene theory
Frederick Hertzberg conducted a structured interview
programme to analyse the experience and feelings of 200
engineers and accountants in nine different companies in
Pittsburg area, U.S.A during the structured interview, they were
asked to describe a few previous job experiences in which they
felt ‘exceptionally good’ or exceptionally bad about jobs.
Douglas Mc Gregor in his books “The Human Side of the
Enterprise” has pointed out two sharply opposite concepts of
Management Styles for the Motivation of Human Behaviour.
There are two sets of assumptions about human nature:
Theory X and Theory Y
Theory X presents an essentially negative view of people
Theory Y offers a positive view
Kast and Rosenweig defines,
“A system is an organised or complex whole: an assemblage or combination of things or parts forming a complex unitary whole”.
The central idea of this approach is that any object dependson a method of analysis involving simultaneous variations ofmutually dependent variables. Systems are a set orassemblage of various interdependent and inter relatedvariables. i.e. sub-systems, so as to form a complex unity
This is the most interesting area in the management.
Effective management lies in good leadership qualities
exhibited by the manager. Leadership is the process of
influencing the behaviour of other to work willingly an
enthusiastically for achieving predetermined goals
Definitions:
“Leadership is the process of influencing and supporting others
to work enthusiastically toward achieving objectives”.
– Barnard Key.
“Leadership is the ability to influence a group towards the
achievement of goals”
– Stephon. P. Robins
“Leadership is interpersonal influence exercised in a situation
and directed through communication process, towards the
attainment of a specified goal or goals”.
– Tennenbaum.
Transformation Leader
1.Independent
2.Inspirational
3.Achievement
4.Initiative
5.Change oriented
6.Proactive
7.Influencing
Transactional Leader
1.Clarification giving
2. Counseling
3. Passive
4. Directing
5.Task Oriented
6.Practical
Leader injects team spirit, confidence, ambition etc. into the minds of followers
Leader is a representative of subordinatesLeader is a counselor, mediator, mentor etc to the followersLeader uses power for the best interests of the followersLeader strives hard for leadership effectivenessLeader seeks willing co-operation of the subordinates/
followersLeader furnishes a good working climate etc
Autocratic (or) Authoritarian leadersParticipative (or) Democratic leadersFree rein (or) Laiser faire leaders
Advantages:-1. It provides strong motivation and reward to a manager exercising this style.2. It permits very quick decisions as most of the decisions are taken by a single person.3. Strict discipline will be maintained.4. Less competent subordinates also have scope to work in the organisation under his leadership style.
Disadvantages:-1. People in the organisation dislike it specially when it is strict and the motivational style is negative.2. Employees lack motivation frustration, low morale and conflict develops in the organisation.3. There is more dependence and less individuality in the organisation
It is also called as democratic, consultative or idiographic leadership style
In this style the manager decentralizes his decision-making process.
Instead of taking unilateral decision he emphasizes consultation and participation of his subordinates.
Advantages:-Employees are highly motivated.The productivity of employees is very high.Subordinates share the responsibility with the superior and try
to safeguard them also.
Disadvantages:-Complex nature of organisation requires as through understanding
of its Problems which lower-level employees may not be able to do.Some people in the organisation want minimum interaction with
their superior.Some leaders may use this style as a way of avoiding responsibility.
A free-rein leader does not lead, but leaves the group entirely toitself as shown in the following figure.
manager once determines policy, programmes, and limitations foraction and the entire process is left to subordinates group membersperform everything and the manager usually maintains contactswith outside persons to bring the information and materials whichthe group needs
Social responsibilities came in the 1930’s when the view was
advanced and accepted that managers of large companies must
make decision which maintain an equitable balance among the
shareholders, employees, customer, suppliers & general public.
Definition:
“It is a serious consideration, by the corporate sector, of the impact
of, its actions, on society”.
-----Koontz
“This is a principle teaching that rich people have to feel obliged to
come down to help the down trodden, depressed people of the
society” ----- Jame A Stoner
“Investment on social responsibility & Welfare of the masses is a
guarantee for the long0run business survival itself ”
-----Smt. Indira Gandhi
Towards Consumers
Towards Share Holders
Towards Employees
Towards Trade Unions
Towards Government
Arguments in favour of Social Responsibility:Give & TakeBetter Environment SocietyReduced State interventionsAuthority and ResponsibilityA special place for Business
Arguments not in favour of Social Responsibility:Primary TaskCostlyUnfavourable to the Foreign TradeNot right ManNo Formal Accountability
Progress in India:
L&T:
It spends nearly Rs.5 crores annually on social projects.
It takes up programmes like: Family Planning, Camps to checkup
Tuber Culosis, Dairy and Poultry development in and around.
Tata Steel:
This company is a pioneer company as far as S.R. is concerned
Deeply involved in environmental conservation activities, education,
vocational training and health care for the under privileged etc.