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Zulherry Isnain/ICG 2015 37 Integrated GIS based approach in mapping the groundwater potential zones in Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia Zulherry Isnain 1 and Juhari Mat Akhir 2 1 Faculty of Science and Natural Resources, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Sabah, Malaysia 2 Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia 1 Email: [email protected] Abstract The shortage of clean water occurs almost everywhere around the world. The demand for water supply increased from time to time due to various problems such as development, population growth, pollution, global warming, agriculture activities, logging and so on. This study was conducted in the vicinity of Kota Kinabalu, Sabah by using the Geographic Information System (GIS) for mapping the groundwater potential zones. The main objective of this study was to generate the predictive map of groundwater potential zones in the study area through the integration of various thematic maps by using the GIS. This study includes five stages, namely collection and preparation of basic data, data analysis, development of space database, spatial analysis and space integration. There are eleven parameters used in this study, namely rainfall, drainage, soil type, landuse, lithology, lineament density, topography, slope steepness, the ratio of sand and clay, major fault zones and syncline zones. By using the Heuristic method, the final map of groundwater potential zones in the study area is divided into five classes, which are very low, low, moderate, high and very high. Keywords : Groundwater, GIS, Heuristic method Introduction Groundwater is defined as water that fills the space, cavities, pores and cracks in the soil, rock or regolitos below the earth's surface (Ibrahim & Juhari, 1990). It has become an important and dependable source of water supplies in all climatic regions including both urban and rural areas of developed and developing countries (Todd & Mays, 2005). This was further supported by the nature of the groundwater itself (i.e. consistent temperatures, widespread and continuous availability, excellent natural quality, limited vulnerability, low development cost and drought reliability). Therefore, the groundwater is the best alternative to replace the surface water as a main source of water supply for daily consumption. The integration of GIS techniques followed by the observations in the field has known as a very effective method in groundwater mapping and exploration. Over the last decade, the international scientific community has shown great interest in this study, and many researchers have used this method in their study (Sabin, 1987 and Sikdar et al., 2004). The Heuristic method is made by combining all the thematic maps with the assumption any factors or parameters that been studied have their position (ranking), based on its effect in augment of groundwater. Selection of the position (ranking) is based on a questionnaire that had been made to the experts involved or have experience in groundwater. Study area The study area, Kota Kinabalu is located on the west coast of Sabah, Malaysia.

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Integrated GIS based approach in mapping the groundwaterpotential zones in Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia

Zulherry Isnain1 and Juhari Mat Akhir2

1Faculty of Science and Natural Resources, Universiti Malaysia Sabah,Sabah, Malaysia

2Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia,Selangor, Malaysia

1Email: [email protected]

Abstract

The shortage of clean water occurs almost everywhere around the world. The demand for water supplyincreased from time to time due to various problems such as development, population growth, pollution, globalwarming, agriculture activities, logging and so on. This study was conducted in the vicinity of Kota Kinabalu,Sabah by using the Geographic Information System (GIS) for mapping the groundwater potential zones. Themain objective of this study was to generate the predictive map of groundwater potential zones in the study areathrough the integration of various thematic maps by using the GIS. This study includes five stages, namelycollection and preparation of basic data, data analysis, development of space database, spatial analysis andspace integration. There are eleven parameters used in this study, namely rainfall, drainage, soil type, landuse,lithology, lineament density, topography, slope steepness, the ratio of sand and clay, major fault zones andsyncline zones. By using the Heuristic method, the final map of groundwater potential zones in the study area isdivided into five classes, which are very low, low, moderate, high and very high.

Keywords : Groundwater, GIS, Heuristic method

Introduction

Groundwater is defined as water thatfills the space, cavities, pores and cracks in thesoil, rock or regolitos below the earth's surface(Ibrahim & Juhari, 1990). It has become animportant and dependable source of watersupplies in all climatic regions including bothurban and rural areas of developed anddeveloping countries (Todd & Mays, 2005).This was further supported by the nature of thegroundwater itself (i.e. consistenttemperatures, widespread and continuousavailability, excellent natural quality, limitedvulnerability, low development cost anddrought reliability). Therefore, thegroundwater is the best alternative to replacethe surface water as a main source of watersupply for daily consumption.

The integration of GIS techniquesfollowed by the observations in the field has

known as a very effective method ingroundwater mapping and exploration. Overthe last decade, the international scientificcommunity has shown great interest in thisstudy, and many researchers have used thismethod in their study (Sabin, 1987 and Sikdaret al., 2004).

The Heuristic method is made bycombining all the thematic maps with theassumption any factors or parameters that beenstudied have their position (ranking), based onits effect in augment of groundwater. Selectionof the position (ranking) is based on aquestionnaire that had been made to theexperts involved or have experience ingroundwater.

Study area

The study area, Kota Kinabalu islocated on the west coast of Sabah, Malaysia.

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Geographically, the study area is situatedbetween the latitude 5⁰55' - 6⁰12' North andlongitude 116⁰01' - 116⁰17' East. The studyarea consists of Crocker Formation andQuaternary sediments. The age of the CrockerFormation is estimated from Oligocene toLower Miocene. There are three main units ofthe Crocker Formation which is sandstone,interbedded of sandstone and shale, and shale.

Among the main reason this studywere conducted because this resources has notbeen fully explored in Malaysia, especially inKota Kinabalu due to the surface water issufficient enough for domestic consumption.However, Kota Kinabalu is a very fastdeveloping area. Therefore, it is not impossiblein the very near future it could suffer supplyshortages due to the rapid development,urbanization and increasing in populationwhich can cause pollution to the surface waterresources.

Figure 1. Map showing the study area

Materials And Method

All the necessary data for this study,such as topographic map, landuse map, soilmap series, annual rainfall data and satelliteimages will be collected. All data acquisitionwill involve departments like the Mineral andGeoscience Department (JMG) Malaysia,Malaysian Remote Sensing Agency (ARSM),

the State Department of Survey and Mapping(JUPEM), the Malaysian MeteorologicalService Department and so on. Random fieldinspections are also done at this stage toconfirm the changes that occur in the studyarea.

The ILWIS 3.3 (Integrated Land andWater Information System) software is used toperform the all the processes in GIS. Attributeanalysis, classification of polygons andweightaging value will be done to produce thethematic maps of rainfall, lithology,topographic elevation, slope steepness,drainage density, soil types and sand and clayratio. In theory, spatial analysis used either toproduce additional information using existinginformation, or increase the spatial structure orthe relationship between the relevantgeographic information (Murai, 1993).

For this study, the focus is on thetechnique or combination of overlapping rasterdata model in which all thematic maps thatbeen given the weights are combined to predictthe groundwater potential zones. Each polygonfor thematic map layers that been given theweights is vary according to the characteristicsof their remuneration like the annual rainfall(average annual rainfall in the study area)lithology (permeability properties and porosityof rocks) lineament density (remunerationclass and features); drainage density (classesand attributes of permeability) land use (typeand characteristics of remuneration) and thetype of soils (properties of permeability andsoils porosity). This stage is very importantbecause the weight value assigned willdetermine or influence the accuracy of the finalresults that will integrated later. DRASTICmethod (Aller et al., 1985) and the methodsused by Krishnamurthy et al. (1996 and 1997)were used as a reference.

By using the Heuristic method, eachthematic map will be given an index number orweight value, based on their position (ranking)on the groundwater augmentation process. Thegrant is based on the weightage of thequestionnaires in Figure 2. This weight valueor index number is given for the ranking basedon the nature of these factors influence theavailability of groundwater or not.

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QUESTIONAIRE FORM FOR THE EXPERTS

The purpose of this survey was to obtain the opinion or view fromthe experts (in the groundwater study or related) regarding thefactors that control the availability of groundwater in the state ofSabah.

Name :Position :Organisation :Tel. No. :Email :Experience in groundwater study (years) :

Weightage 1-9 are used for the factors that control the availabilityof groundwater. Please circle the answer that was deemed themost appropriate.

** 1 – very less influence the groundwater availability** 9 – very influence the groundwater availability

No. ControlFactor

Weightage

1. Lithology 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 92. Lineament 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 93. Soil type 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 94. Rainfall 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 95. Drainage

density1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

6. Contour 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 97. Landuse 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 98. Fault 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 99. Bedding 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

10. Sand andclay ratio

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Thank you for your cooperation and feedback.

Figure 2. Questionnaires that was used in this study

The weight value that assigned to thethematic map layers are shown in Table 1.

Table 1. Position (ranking) and the weight value given toeleven parameters in the mapping of groundwaterpotential zones

Finally, the formula of the Heuristicmethod is developed as follows;

GWP=(LI)*9+(SC)*8+(RD)*8+(FZ)*7+(SZ)*6+(DD)*5+(LD)*4+(ST)*3+(TO)*2+(SS)*2+(LU)*1] / 55

Results And Discussion

Figures 3 through 13 show all thethematic maps that have been produced. Thefinal map after the integration process wasshown as in the Figure 14. The result dividedinto five classes or zones which are:

• very low• low• moderate• high• very high

No. Parameter Position Weight value

1. Lithology (LI) 1 9

2. Sand and clayratio (SC)

2 8

3. Rainfall density(RD)

3 8

4. Fault (FZ) 4 7

5. Bedding (SZ) 5 6

6. Drainagedensity (DD)

6 5

7. Lineamentdensity (LD)

7 4

8. Soil type (ST) 8 3

9. Topographicelevation (TO)

9 2

10. Slope steepness(SS)

9 2

11. Landuse (LU) 10 1

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Figure 3. Lithology map of the study area

Figure 4. Sand and clay ratio map of the study area

Figure 5. Rainfall density map of the study area

Figure 6. Drainage density map of the study area

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Figure 7. Lineament density map of the study area

Figure 8. Soil types map of the study area

Figure 9. Topographic elevation map of the study area

Figure 10. Slope steepness map of the study area

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Figure 11. Landuse map of the study area

Figure 12. Major fault zones map of the study area

Figure 13. Syncline zones map of the study area

Figure 14. Groundwater potential zones map of the studyarea

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Conclusion

A summary of the relationshipbetween the parameters studied withgroundwater potential zones is presented inTable 2.

Table 2. A summary of the results from the finalgroundwater potential map of the study area

Maps High potential zones Very high potentialzones

Lithology Alluvium, peat, muddysandstone

Alluvium, muddysandstone

Sand andClay Ratio

Very low – very high(< 1.34 - > 5.36%)

Very low – very high(< 1.34 - > 5.36%)

RainfallDensity

Low - moderate(< 2400 – 3200 mm)

Low - moderate(< 2400 – 3200 mm)

DrainageDensity

Very low - moderate(< 3333 - 9999 m/m2)

Very low - moderate(< 3333 - 9999 m/m2)

LineamentDensity

Very low – very high(< 1000 – > 4000

m/m2)

Very low – very high(< 1000 – > 4000

m/m2)

TopographicElevetion

Very low (< 200 m) Very low (< 200 m)

SlopeSteepness

Very low(0⁰)

Very low(0⁰)

Soil Types Weston, Tanjung Aru,Tuaran, Lokan, Dalit,

Kinabatangan, Crocker

Tanjung Aru, Tuaran,Brantian, Lokan

Landuse Forest, Resident /Development,

Mangrove

Forest, Resident /Development,

Mangrove,Agriculture

Major FaultZones

500 – 1000 m < 500 m

SynclineZones

500 – 1000 m < 500 m

From the results obtained, there arethree main factors that influence theavailability of groundwater potential in thestudy area which is the lithology, topographicelevation and the syncline zones. The highergroundwater potential zones are located at thenorthern part of study area. The area is low-lying area consisting of alluvium lithology.

References

Aller, L., Bennett, T., Lehr, J. H. & Petty R. J. 1985.DRASTIC: A Standard System for EvaluatingGround Water Pollution Potential UsingHydrogeologic Settings. EPA/600/2-85/018, R.S.Kerr Environmental Research Laboratory, U.S.Environmental Protection Agency, Ada,Oklahoma.

Ibrahim Abdullah & Juhari Mat Akhir. 1990. BasicDictionary of Geological Terms. Bangi:Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia.

Krishnamurthy, J., Venkatesa Kumar, N., Jayaraman, V.& Manivel, M. 1996. An approach to demarcategroundwater potential zones through remotesensing and a geographical information system.International Journal of Remote Sensing, 7: 1867-1884.

Krishnamurthy, J., Arul Mani, M., Jayaraman, V. &Manivel, M. 1997. Selection of Sites forArtificial Recharge Towards GroundwaterDevelopment of Water Resource in India. The18th Asian Conference on Remote Sensing,Kuala Lumpur. 20 – 24 October.

Murai, S. 1993 Remote Sensing Note. Tokyo: JapanAssociation on Remote Sensing.

Sabin, Floyd. F. 1987. Remote Sensing – Principle andInterpretation Ed. Ke-2. New York: W.H.Freeman and Company.

Sikdar, P.K., Chakraborty, S., Enakshi, A. & Paul, P.K.2004. Land use/land cover changes andgroundwater potential zoning in and aroundRaniganj coal mining area, Bardhaman District,West Bengal – a GIS and remote sensingapproach. Journal of Spatial Hydrology, 4: 1–24

Todd, D.K. and Mays, L.W. 2005. GroundwaterHydrology. John Wiley & Sons, New York (3rdedition).