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Title コリャーク語の「形動詞」の機能 : 「動作者名詞」との比較を通して

Author(s) 呉人, 惠

Citation 北方人文研究, 10, 145-164

Issue Date 2017-03-10

Doc URL http://hdl.handle.net/2115/65824

Type bulletin (article)

File Information 10_11_kurebito.pdf

Hokkaido University Collection of Scholarly and Academic Papers : HUSCAP

https://eprints.lib.hokudai.ac.jp/dspace/about.en.jsp

1Koryak

imennye formy glagola Zhukova 1972:256 deeprichastie prichastie infinitiv

supin Zhukova 1972Ge-/Ga-1 GE

GE

Ge-/Ga-..-te/-ta Ge-/Ga-

e.g. Ga-qoja-mojovs. Ga-Nvo-mojo

2013 Malchukov 2013 Malchukov 2013

GE

Zhukova 1972 GE

GE

(Bogoras 1922: 758) (Skorik 1977: 35)Dunn 1999: 191

(Kibrik et al. 2004: 253

1 2 1999

146 10 2017 3

Zhukova 1972 GE

Stebnitskij 1934, 1936Malchukov 2013: 192

GE participial predicate) GE

GE GEimja dejatelja Zhukova 1972: 137

2

(A) GE

GEGE

(B)GE

2 GE3 GE

4 GE GEGE 5

GE

2GE 2

GE

2.1

1

1:

-4 -3 -2 -1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4S/A

agree-

ment

/In-

verse

Mood P

agree-

ment

Incor-

pora-

tion

stem Plura-

lizer

Aspect

/Mood

A+P

agree-

ment

S/P

agree-

ment

147

1 23 S 1 S

-@- 3 2

(1) (G@mmo)

1SG.ABS

Nanko

there

qonp@N

always

t-@-ko-jecvan-N@vo-N.

1SG.S.IND-E-IPF-play-HAB-IPF

(2) (G@mmo)

1SG.ABS

Nalv@lQ-etQ@N

reindeer.herd-ALL

m-@-lq@t-@-k.

1SG.OPT-E-go-E-1SG.OPT

(3) (G@mmo)

1SG.ABS

t@Q-@-Nvo-k

1SG.S.COND-E-begin-1SG.S.COND

vetat-@-k.

work-E-INF

4 5 Kurebito 2012 4 54 5

(4) m@jew

because

ajG@ve

yesterday

unm@k

very.much

muq-et-i- /0

rain-VBL-PF-3SG.S

/

/

muq-et-@-k,

rain-VBL-E-LOC

emQu=qun

so=INT

ecGi

now

n’uce-l’q-@-n

earth-surface-E-ABS.SG

unm@k

very.much

imciGu-i- /0.

get.wet-PF-3SG.S

(5) ekilu

if

ku-muq-et-@-N- /0

IPF-rain-VBL-E-IPF-3SG.S

/

/

muq-et-@-k,

rain-VBL-E-LOC

(G@mmo)

1SG.ABS

qonp@N

always

jaja-k

house-LOC

t-@-ko-tva-Nvo-N.

1SG.S-E-IPF-stay-HAB-IPF

Keenan and Comrie 1977

2

2008 6

(6) en’pic- /0

father-ABS.SG

q@tt-i- /0

go-PF-3SG.S

wajam-tajn-et@N,

river-shore-ALL

miNki

where

Qamin

INTRJ

ajG@ve

yesterday

2

148 10 2017 3

G@cci 3

2SG.ABS

k-ejeQo-N- /0.

IPF-fish-IPF-2SG.S

Zhukova 1972 GE

2 3Zhukova 1972

2:

S

1 t-..-k- /0

2 -i/-e- /0

3 -i/-e- /0

1 m@t-..- /0, m@t..-m@k- /0

2 -t@k- /0

3 G@Q-i/-e- /0

1 m@t-..-la- /0, m@t-..-la-m@k- /0

2 -la-t@k- /0

3 -la-j- /0

3:

3 2SG.S 3SG.S G@cci

149

7 8 9 10Nedjalkov 1994 GE

(7) Qam

but

m@t-G@ntaw-la- /0

1PL.S-run.away-PL-PF

jajtet@N.

home

(8) v@Qajok

afterward

cinin

oneself

N@vo-la-j- /0

begin-PL-PF-3SG

p@Qon-Gele-k.

mushroom-look.for-INF

(9) t-@pan-naw- /0

1SG.A-boil-3PL.P-PF

p@Qona-w

mushroom-ABS.PL

to

and

G@mleN

again

t-@-QejNew-new- /0

1SG.A-E-call-3PL.P-PF

el’Qa-w.

woman-ABS.PL

(10) l@G@p-o

trap-ABS.PL

Qopta

also

ine-n-G@jul-ev-i- /0

1SG.P-CAUS-learn-CAUS-PF-3SG.A

tajk-@-GiN-o.

make-E-NML-ABS.PL

2.2

GE

4

4

GE

-k/-kk@ e.g.

150 10 2017 3

jet-@-k ju-kk@

11 1211 -k 12 -e

2016

(11) jajt-@-k,

return.home-E-LOC

k@ta

only.then

Ga-qlev-o-Nvo-ta.

COM-bread-eat-INH-COM

(12) (G@m-nan)

1SG-ERG

t-@-cvi-tku-new- /0,

1SG.A-E-cut-ITR-3PL.P-PF

G@cci

2SG.ABS

em-j@lqet-e.

only-sleep-INS

13 14 13 -nv-N 14

-kena -jt@N

(13) j@qmitiw

in.the.morning

k-ena-n-@-kj-aw-N@vo-N- /0,

IPF-1SG.P-CAUS-E-wake.up-CAUS-HAB-IPF-3SG.A

melG-at-@-nv-@-N.

fire-VBL-E-place-E-DAT

(14) wejem- /0

river-ABS.SG

qet-@-kena-jt@N,

freeze-E-REL-ALL

m@t-k-ajaQo-Nvo-la-N.

1PL.S-IPF-fish-HAB-PL-IPF

2016de Reuse 1994)

2016

4

5

4 Anderson 2006Nedjalkov 1998

151

5

-kena-jt@N

-nv-et@N

-nv-@-N

-nv-@-k

-k

-e/-a/-te/-ta

-N

-ma

Gejq@-/Gajq@-..-e/-a/-te/-ta

Ge-/Ga-..-e/-a/-te/-ta 15 16 5

(15) tite=N@n

in.some.time.or.other

ineN- /0

sledge-ABS.SG

Ge-t-ineN-@-N-e.

COM-make-sledge-E-make-COM

(16) kitkit

as.soon.as

it-@-k

run.short.of-E-LOC

picG-@-N,

food-E-DAT

jaqam

immediately

Ge-lq-@-te

COM-go-E-COM

anotvanv-et@N.

spring.camp-ALL

3 GE3.1 GE

GE GEZhukova 1972 6 GE

2 3

S P

5 Kibrik et al. 2004: 257 impersonalconjugation)

152 10 2017 3

6 GE

1 Ge-/Ga-..-iG@m Ge-/Ga-..-muji/-moje Ge-/Ga-..-muju/-mojo

2 Ge-/Ga-..-iGi Ge-/Ga-..-tuji/-toje Ge-/Ga-..-tuju/-tojo

3 Ge-/Ga-..-lin/-len Ge-/Ga-..-linet/-lenat Ge-/Ga-..-linew/-lenaw

17 18 GE

(17) qojamtalQ-@-n

reindeer.herder-E-ABS.SG

jaqam

immediately

Ge-lq-@-lin

GE-go-E-3SG.S

t@nup-et@N.

hill-ALL

(18) p@lak-@-t

boot-E-ABS.DU

Ga-mal-qit-@-lenat

GE-very.much-freeze-E-3DU.S

l@Gan

even

m@jew

because

jaleko-k

slide-LOC

qejal’G-@-ciko.

coldness-E-inside

19 20 GE GE AA 20 @-nan

(19) Nano

probably

qajaqle-Nqal

Qajaqle-direction

GeGuwk@v@tq-@-k

Geguwkuvutuqun-E-LOC

Ga-jto-jG@m.

GE-give.birth.to-1SG.P

(20) @-nan

3SG-ERG

Ge-kmil-lin

GE-take-3SG.P

metQa-P-el’Qa- /0.

beautiful-E-woman-ABS.SG

GEGE

21

(21) ecGi

now

kitkit

as.soon.as

m@t-ko-wel-al-la-N,

1PL.S-IPF-wet-VBL-PL-IPF

ew@n

already

Ga-Nvo-mojo

GE-begin-1PL.S

cawjiN-cij-@-k.

cough-INT-E-INF

3.2 GEGE

22 23 GE S 24

153

P Ge-/Ga-..-lin/-len Ge-/Ga-..-linet/-lenat Ge-/Ga-..-linew/-lenaw

SG/DU/PL

(22) Nanko

there

ko-tva-N- /0

IPF-exist-IPF-3SG.S

Ga-qit-@-lin

GE-freeze-E-SG

kinuNi.

meat(ABS.SG)

(23) Nanko

there

ko-tva-N-e

IPF-exist-IPF-3DU.S

Ga-cNal-lenat

GE-crack-DU

kojN-@-t.

cup-E-ABS.DU

2

(24) Q-@-jet-G-@-new

2SG.A.OPT-E-bring-E-3PL.P

Ga-paje-lenaw

GE-shave-PL

nalG-u.

fur.skin-ABS.PL

GE

i)ii)

iii)

i GEGE

25 GE

(25) *Ga-tejNal-len

GE-cry-SG

/

/

*Ga-tejNal-len-a

GE-cry-SG-INS(ERG)

qaj@kmiN-a

boy-INS(ERG)

cinin

by.oneself

j@weNe-ni-n- /0

open-3SG.A-3SG.P-PF

t@ll@t@l

door(ABS.SG)

to

and

QejNew-ni-n- /0

call-3SG.A-3SG.P-PF

@lla- /0.

mother-ABS.SG

ii GE26

(26) *Nanko

there

ko-tva-N- /0

IPF-exist-IPF-3SG.S

nalG-@-n

fur.skin-E-ABS.SG

el’Qa-ta

woman-INS(ERG)

mal’ajG@ve

recently

Ga-jomja-len.

GE-dye-3SG.P

iii22 23 24 27

154 10 2017 3

28

(27) a. G-itil-lin mim@lb. Ge-n@tGelew-lin mim@lc. Ge-mle-lin utt@Qut

(28) a. *G-acacGal-len k@miN-@-nb. *Ga-tejNal-len k@miN-@-n

GEi ii iii GE

5

4 GEGE GE 29

GE -lQZhukova 1972:162 GE

-kin/-ken -in/-en

Kibrik et al. 2004: 285habitive adjectives

(29) Ge-cGej-lin Ge-jewjew-linGa-w@ww-@-len Ga-qlavol-len

GE s bol’shim kolichestvom )Zhukova 1972: 162 Ga-qlavo-len

GE6 GE 30

(30) Ga-qlavol-iG@mGa-qlavol-moje

Ga-qlavol-mojo

Ga-qlavol- iGi

Ga-qlavol-toje

Ga-qlavol-tojo

Ga-qlavol-len

Ga-qlavol-lenat

Ga-qlavol-lenaw

31 32 GE 31 1 32t@nup- /0

(31) ew@n

already

van

probably

@nn’aq

now

Ga-qoja-mojo.

COM-reindeer-1PL.S

155

(32) t@nup- /0

hill-ABS.SG

j@qq@m

very.much

Ga-w@ww-@-len.

GE-stone-E-3SG.S

33 34 35 GE

(33) Ge-mim@l-lin kokjolG-@-n 1Ge-mim@l-line-t kokjolG-@-t 2Ge-mim@l-line-w kokjolG-o 3

(34) Nanko

there

ko-tva-N- /0

IPF-be-IPF-3SG.S

Ga-w@ww-@-len

GE-stone-E-SG

t@nup- /0.

hill-ABS.SG

(35) q-@-Gite

2SG.A.OPT-E-look.at

G-utt-@-lin

GE-wood-E-SG

t@nup- /0.

hill-ABS.SG

GE GEG-acQ-@-lin qoja-Na S 36 P 37

A 38 GE

(36) G-acQ-@-lin

GE-fat-E-3SG

qoja-Na

reindeer-ABS.SG

mal’kit

barely

ku-paq@tku-N- /0.

IPF-jump-IPF-3SG.S

(37) Nanko

there

G-acQ-@-lin

GE-fat-E-3SG

qoja-Na

reindeer-ABS.SG

t-@-leQu-n- /0.

1SG.A-E-see-3SG.P-PF

(38) *Nanko

there

G-acQ-@-lin

GE-fat-E-3SG

qoja-ta

reindeer-INS(ERG)

ku-nu-N-ni-n

1SG.A-E-eat-3SG.P-PF

p@Qo-n.

mushroom-ABS.SG

GE

-kin/-ken

-in/-en

39 -kin/-ken 40

156 10 2017 3

GE

(39) pojt-@-kena-k

Verx.Paren’-E-REL-LOC

wejem-@-k

river-E-LOC

N@nv@q

many

amalvaN

variously

it-@-lQ-o

be-E-LH-ABS.PL

@nn-u.

fish-ABS.PL

(40) qaj@kmiN-a

boy-INS(ERG)

m@nG-@-t

hand-E-ABS.DU

k-ilG@tew-N-@-ni-n

IPF-wash-IPF-E-3SG.A-3DU.P

wejem-kine-te

river-REL-INS

miml-e.

water-INS

GE GE GE

Kurebito 2014, 2016 GEGE

GE 58 GE 56GE 2 GE GE 1

GE GE6 7

5GE

-lQ LH-lQ

LH GEGE

GE GE LH LHGE LH LH

6 GE Skorik1961 GE

2004 20127 GE

NejaN GE

(G@cci)

2SG.ABSGa-majN-@-l@la-jGi,

GE-big-E-eye-2SG.SNejaN

thenmetQaN

wellq-@-cQewenn-iGi.

2SG.S.OPT-E-sew-2SG.S

157

GE LH 7 GELH GE LH

7 GE LH

GE 8

LH

GE

LH

5.1 LHLH 41 46

41 S 42 A 4344 45 46

(41) muji-k

1PL-LOC

Qopta

also

cawat-@-lQ-o

lasso-E-LH-ABS.PL

omakaN

together

ko-tva-la-N- /0.

IPF-be-PL-IPF-3S

(42) m@Gu-lQ-e

caravan-LH-INS(ERG)

Ge-leQu-lin

GE-see-3SG.P

Qojacek- /0.

man-ABS.SG

(43) NejaN

then

(G@cci)

2SG.ABS

Nelv@lQ-@-k

herd-E-LOC

jil-@-lQ-u

tongue-E-LH-ESS

q-@-vetat-eke,

2SG.S.OPT-E-work-OPT

tite

when

melG@tanN-o

Russian-ABS.PL

jet-@-k.

come-E-LOC

(44) q@tv-@-lQ-e

boat-E-LH-INS(ERG)

Qojacek-a

man-INS(ERG)

QajNew-ni-n- /0

call-3SG.A-3SG.P-PF

el’Qa- /0.

woman-ABS.SG

8 GE GE

G@m-nan

1SG-ERGGe-jGule-lin

GE-know-3SG.Pel’Qa- /0woman-ABS.SG

Ga-kmiN-@-lin

GE-child-E-3SG.S/

/Ga-kmiN-al-lin.

GE-child-VBL-3SG.S

158 10 2017 3

(45) ne-jGulet-G@m- /0

INV-recognize-1SG.P-PF

alva-m@nG-@-lQ-eG@m.

different-hand-E-LH-1SG.S

(46) qinam

even

G@m-nin

1SG-REL

@nniw- /0

uncle-ABS.SG

joccaw- /0

Joccaw-ABS.SG

m@k-qoja-lQ-@-n.

many-reindeer-LH-E-ABS.SG

5.2 LH47 54 LH

47 S 48 A49

(47) jacG-ep@N

field-PRL

ala-k

summer-LOC

N@nv@q

many

wapaq-Gele-lQ-@-n

fly.agaric-look.for-LH-E-ABS.SG

ku-lejv-@-N- /0.

IPF-walk-E-IPF-3SG.S

(48) ine-n-G@jul-ev-@-lQ-e

AP-CAUS-learn-CAUS-E-LH-INS(ERG)

@nniw- /0

uncle-ABS.PL

k-iw-N-@-ni-n.

IPF-say-IPF-E-3SG.A-3SG.P

(49) me-Nqo

where-from

jet-@-lQ-@-n

come-E-LH-E-ABS.SG

qonp@N

always

m@t-ko-jajna-Nvo-la-N-@-n.

1PL.A-IPF-meet-HAB-PL-IPF-E-3SG.P

50

(50) Nanko

there

umk-@-k

forest-E-LOC

@nnen

one

u-cvi-tku-lQ-@-n

wood-cut-ITR-LH-E-ABS.SG

@np-@-qlavol- /0

old-E-man-ABS.SG

ko-tva-N- /0.

IPF-be-IPF-3SG.S

159

51 52 LH9

LH

(51) qaj@kmiN-@-n,

boy-E-ABS.SG

[Qamin

INTRJ

ajG@ve

yesterday

lejv-@-lQ-@-n

walk-E-LH-E-ABS.SG

t@nup-G@p@N].

hill-PRL

(52) Najejo

those(ABS.PL)

j@cc@j@cQ-o,

thread-ABS.PL

[Qamin

INTRJ

ajG@ve

yesterday

cacamj-a

old.woman-INS(ERG)

tejk-@-lQ-u].

make-E-LH-ABS.PL

53

(53) ecGi-kine-w

now-REL-ABS.PL

jepp@

still

n-@ppul’u-qinaw,

PRP-small-3PL

ew@n

certainly

@m@N

all

Ge-jGule-linew

GE-know-3PL.P

miNk@je

how

va-lQ-o

be-LH-ABS.PL

Najejo

those(ABS)

Qeq-iml-u.

bad-water-ABS.PL

54 LH

(54) a-jejol’-ke-cQat-@-lQ-@-moje.

not-understand-not-VBL-E-LH-E-1PL.S

5.3 LH GEGE 3.2

iii

iii

LH i 25 ii26) iii 28 LH

55 25 LH 56

9

-jo-lq@l 2008

160 10 2017 3

(55) *Ga-tejNal-len

GE-cry-SG

/

/

Ga-tejNal-lena

GE-cry-INS(ERG)

qaj@kmiN-a

boy-INS(ERG)

cinin

by.oneself

j@weNe-ni-n- /0

open-3SG.A-3SG.P-PF

t@ll@t@l

door(ABS.SG)

to

and

QejNew-ni-n- /0

call-3SG.A-3SG.P-PF

@lla- /0.

mother-ABS.SG

25

(56) tejN-@-lQ-a

cry-E-LH-INS(ERG)

qaj@kmiN-a

boy-INS(ERG)

cinin

by.oneself

j@weNe-ni-n- /0

open-3SG.A-3SG.P-PF

t@ll@t@l

door(ABS.SG)

to

and

QejNew-ni-n- /0

call-3SG.A-3SG.P-PF

@lla- /0.

mother-ABS.SG

GE57 26 58 LH

(57) *Nanko

there

ko-tva-N- /0

IPF-exist-IPF-3SG.S

nalG-@-n

fur.skin-E-ABS.SG

el’Qa-ta

woman-INS(ERG)

mal’ajG@ve

recently

Ga-jomja-len.

GE-dye-3SG.P

26

(58) Nanko

there

ko-tva-N- /0

IPF-exist-IPF-3SG.S

nalG-@-n

fur.skin-E-ABS.SG

el’Qa-ta

woman-INS(ERG)

mal’ajG@ve

recently

jomja-lQ-@-n.

GE-dye-3SG.P

GE 59 28 60 LH

(59) a. *G-acacGal-len k@miN-@-n 28b. *Ga-tejNal-len k@miN-@-n

(60) a. acacGa-lQ-@-n k@miN-@-nb. tejNa-lQ-@-n k@miN-@-n

6GE

A GE

161

GE GE

BGE

GE LH Kurebito2014 2016 GE

8

8 GE LH

GE 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 56 100% 56

LH 38 53% 20 28% 4 5% 10 14% 72

LH GELH LH

GEGE LH

C26370480

Kurebito ed.) 2014, 2016 26Ajatginina Tat’jana

Nikolaevna 1955 5

A – agent-like argumentABL – ablativeABS – absolutiveA – allativeAP – antipassiveCAUS – causativeCOM – comitative

COND – conditionalDAT – dativeDU – dualE – epentheticERG – ergativeESS – essiveGE – Ge-/Ga-

HAB – habitualIND – indicativeINF – infinitiveINH – inchoativeINS – instrumentalINT – intensifierINTRJ – interjection

162 10 2017 3

INV – inverseIPF – imperfectiveITR – iterativeLH – -lQLOC – locativeNML – nominalizer

OPT – optativeP – patient-like argumentPF – perfectivePL – pluralPRL – prolativePRP – property predication

REL – relationalS – single argumentSG – singularVBL – verbalizer

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Functions of the participle compared with the “agentive noun” in Koryak

Megumi KUREBITO(University of Toyama)

This paper focuses on the verbal GE-form (Ge- / Ga- + verb stem + person/number),which has been regarded as a participle in traditional Koryak grammar, and examines itsfunctions as an attributive and a predicate of the main clause through comparison withthe corresponding nominal GE-form and the so-called “agentive noun.” The analysisrevealed the following points.

(A) The verbal GE-form functions as both an attributive and a predicate of the mainclause. However, its function as an attributive is restricted morphologically, syn-tactically, and semantically: (1) it cannot modify a noun in the oblique case; (2)it cannot occur with arguments and adjuncts; and (3) only the verb that connotes“result” can form attributive GE-form. Therefore, the main function of the verbalGE-form is that of a predicate in the main clause; its function as an attributive issecondary.

(B) Agentive nouns formed by the suffix -lQ function as not only a noun but also anattributive and a predicate in the nominal and main clauses. They also arguablycompensate for the functional restriction of the verbal GE-form.