India

World’s largest democracy

Oldest democracy in the developing world

New Development Plans in Bangalore

Skyscrapers in New Delhi

Wealth and Poverty in India

Mumbai

India’s Caste System

India’s Green Revolution

There enough food for the poor, but government prefers to export food surpluses

Provide incentives for agricultural production by large land owners, butmost of India’s poor are landless.

Population Growth

No social security or Medicaid, no mandatory primary education, some government food for work programs

Maurya Empire 322-185BC

Ashoka the Great

Ancient IndiaDeath of Alexander the Great – Maurya Empire – Ashoka the Great

Historians refer to the unification of north India under the Guptas (320-550 AD) as a golden era.

India’s Golden Age

Besides the advances in mathematics, it saw the emergence of Sanskrit literature, new and enduring forms of Hinduism, and a brilliant temple architecture.

Mughal Empire 1526-1858

Between 712AD and 1526, India was subject to repeated invasions, culminating in the establishment of the Mughal empire in 1526. Turkic origins. Taj Mahal built by the Mughals.

British India

British East India Company – 1600-1857

Bought loyalty of various princes (maharajas) and Mughal emperors.

Sepoy Rebellion 1857

Social Uprising, beginning of national awakening

Resulted in end of Mughal rule and beginning of direct British rule.

British bought loyalty of traditional princes (Maharajas) and land owners (Zamindars) to support direct rule

Direct British Rule 1857-1947

1885 – Indian nationalists form the Indian National Congress advocating for independence.

1920s – Mohandas (Mahatma) Gandhi becomes leader of the INC

Advocates nonviolent confrontation against British rule (satyagraha – moral persuasion).

Indian National Congress

Mahatma GhandiIndian National Congress Leader- pre 1948

Although a devout Hindu, Gandhi was a strong advocate of religious tolerance and resisted calls to partition India into Hindu and Muslim states.

Ignored, the partition resulted in violence and ethnic cleansing of Hindu and Muslim communities into West and East Pakistan (Punjab, Bengal) and Gandhi’s assassination by Hindu extremists.

Leading the Salt March

India Before and After Partition

1947 – End of British Rule in India, Partition, Creation of East and West Pakistan. Mass migration of Muslims and Hindus across borders begin. Riots and clashes over disputed territory (Kashmir)

Jawaharlal Nehru

Congress Party Prime Minister

1947-1964

Independence

1947 – India proclaimed an independent state under the leadership of the Indian National Congress and Jawaharlal Nehru.

India established a parliamentary democracy with elections based on single-member pluralities.

Indian Parliament - Lok Sabha - House of the People

Nehru’s Congress Party would dominate the Lok Sabha (House of the People) and he as Prime Minister from 1947-1964.

Federal System The Panchayat System

Village Councils

Indira Gandhi

Prime Minister, CP

1966-1977, 1980-1984

Rajiv Gandhi

Prime Minister, CP

1984-1989

India’s Congress Party Leadership

Nehru would be succeeded by his daughter Indira Gandhi (no relation) who ruled until her assassination in 1984

Followed by her son Rajiv Gandhi who was Prime Minister until his assassination in 1989.

Politics and the Economy

The administration of India under the Congress party was characterized by economic hardship.

India adopted socialistic state controlled economic practices, import-substitution policies, and generally regarded market economics with suspicion.

This changed with the election of Congress party Prime Minister VPN Rao in 1991 who began the reversal of decades of CP policy, switching to export-led growth and improving relations with the west.

P. V. N. RaoPrime Minister, CP1991-1996

Politics and Society

There are important linguistic and cultural divisions between the Northern Hindus and southern Dravidians.

There are also ethnic/religious divisions with large muslim populations in Kashmir, Northern India, Bengali territory around Bangladesh, and in the southern Indian province of Kerala.

Religious Tension in India

There is also a large Sikh population in the Punjab region bordering Pakistan.

Ethnic and religious tensions between Hindu nationals, Sikhs, and Muslims have persisted with occasional mass violence, such as the destruction of the 16th century Babri Mosque in 1992 in Ayodhya.

Babri Mosque

Ethnic tensions in the 1990s ultimately led to the fall of the Congress party from Power in 1996 to a Hindu nationalist party, the Indian People’s Party or BJP led by Atal Bihari Vajpayee.

During BJP rule, both India and Pakistan went officially nuclear and tensions between the two countries mounted.

Atal Bihari VajpayeePrime Minister, BJP1996, 1998-2004

India Goes Nuclear - 1998

Sonia Gandhi

Congress Party Leader

Current Indian Leadership – Return of Congress Party

Opposition to the BJP was led by Sonia Gandhi, Italian born wife of former Congress Party leader Rajiv Gandhi.

The Congress Party scored a major victory against the BJP in 2004 parliamentary elections.

Manmoham SinghPrime Minister, CP2004-present

Opposition to foreign born Sonia Gandhi led to the appointment of Manmohan Singh as Prime Minister.

Singh would be the first Sikh prime minister in India’s history.

President of India

Head of State, Largely symbolic

Prime Minister is head of government

Pranab MukerjeePresident of India

Political Parties

Indian National Congress Indian People’s Party-BJP

2004 General Election

Government Institutions

Indian Administrative Service (IAS)

Conditions for Democracy in India

Some support democracy (state institutions, elite commitment, middle class, etc.)

Figurehead Presidency, Two chamber parliament, well developed bureaucracy (Indian Administrative Service, military and police forces), Supreme Court, Federal System, panchayat (village council) system, major political parties

While others create severe problems for democracy, especially massive poverty (300 million) and religious and ethno-linguistic heterogeneity

Will India’s democracy survive? (elites committed to democracy? National unity? National wealth? Private enterprise? Middle class? Support for disadvantaged? Civic participation, civil society, democratic political culture? Education and freedom of information? Favorable international environment?

PAKISTAN

India Before and After Partition

1947 – End of British Rule in India, Partition, Creation of East and West Pakistan. Mass migration of Muslims and Hindus across borders begin. Riots and clashes over disputed territory (Kashmir)

Disputed Kashmir

Mohammad Ali Jinnah

Father of Pakistan

1948 – Jinnah dies, Pakistan suffers from decade of instability, ethnic divisions, Sunni/Shia divisions, poverty, lack of national identity

1958 – General Ayub Khan seizes power in a military coup. Attempted to build a secular state. Undermined by Bengali separatists in East Pakistan

General Ayub Khan

Military Rule

General Yahya Khan1969 –General Yahya Kahn assumes power.

Sends troops to put down Bengali insurrection in East Pakistan.

A brokered peace led to the transformation of East Pakistan into the independent state Bangladesh.

Yahya Khan steps down under pressure.

Military Rule

1971 – Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, head of the Pakistan People’s Party, elected President.

Attempts to democratize Pakistan, however, failed, and his rule became more autocratic and corrupt.

Zulfikar Ali Bhutto

Attempt at Democracy

General Zia ul-Haq

1977 – military coup led by General Zia ul-Haq forces Bhutto to step down.

1979-Bhutto is tried and hanged

Zia allowed Islamic radicalism to spread within the army.

Provided US funding to Afghanistan mujahedeen against the Soviet invasion and occupation.

1988- General Zia killed in a plane crash along with the American ambassador to Pakistan and a US general.

Islamization and Military Rule

1988 – elections following Zia’s death lead to Benazir Bhutto becoming prime minister.

Her government was short-lived. Attempts to curb military power and democratize Pakistan failed.

Benazir Bhutto

Attempt at Democratization

Nawaz Sharif1990 – Bhutto was succeeded by Nawaz Sharif, head of the Pakistan Muslim League, who becomes Bhutto’s chief political rival for the next decade.

Sharif holds power until 1993, when Bhutto is reelected, only to be defeated again in 1997 by Sharif.

Charges of corruption were common during periods of civilian rule. Democratic institutions in Pakistan remained weak.

Nuclear program began in 1970s under leadership of A Q Khan “father of the bomb” in Pakistan.

In 2004, Khan admits to supplying North Korea with key technologies and materials for weapons production.

He has never stood trial.

Abdul Qadeer Khan

Pakistan Goes Nuclear - 1998

Pervez Musharraf

1999 – Sharif ousted by military coup led by Pervez Musharraf.

Both Bhutto and Sharif fled/expelled from Pakistan.

Musharraf attempted to return secularization to the Pakistani army.

Back to Military Rule

Following September 11, 2001, Musharraf becomes key ally of the United States in the war on terrorism despite fierce opposition from radical Islamic groups within Pakistan.

His attempts to crack down on Islamic extremists in Pakistan lead to violence and unrest. Pakistani society becomes more radicalized rather than more secular.

Islamic Extremism

Benazir Bhutto

moments before assassination2008 – Under pressure, Musharraf allows Benazir Bhutto and Nawaz Sharif return to Pakistan to take part in parliamentary elections.

Bhutto is assassinated shortly after returning.

Bhutto’s Pakistan People’s Party and Sharif’s Pakistan Muslim League won the majority of votes and share power in a unity government.

Attempt at Democratization

Asif Ali Zardari

2008- Musharraf forced to resign Presidency

Benazir Bhutto’s husband,Asif Ali Zardari appointed President by Pakistani Parliament

Toward Democracy?

Major Issues Facing Pakistan

Political Instability at Home

Position on the War on Terrorism

Relations with India

Islam and Democratization

Power of the military vs. civilian rulers

Pakistani Parliament House

Pakistani Military Supreme Court

Pakistan People’s Party

Benazir BhuttoPakistan Muslim League-Sharif

Pakistan Muslim League-Musharaf

2008 Parliamentary Elections

Federal System

Al Qaeda/Taliban in Pakistan

Religious Extremism