ifj.kke] fudkZ ,oa lq>koifj.kke] fudkZ ,oa...
Transcript of ifj.kke] fudkZ ,oa lq>koifj.kke] fudkZ ,oa...
![Page 1: ifj.kke] fudkZ ,oa lq>koifj.kke] fudkZ ,oa lq>koshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/17740/9/09_chapter5.pdf · 5-1 'kk/sk d sifj.kke 5-2 'kk/sk fu"d"k Z 5-3 'kSf{kd fufgrkFk](https://reader031.fdocument.pub/reader031/viewer/2022021819/5ad4f62a7f8b9a571e8ce97a/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
[ 258 ]
v/;k;&iape
ifj.kke] fu"d"kZ ,oa lq>koifj.kke] fu"d"kZ ,oa lq>koifj.kke] fu"d"kZ ,oa lq>koifj.kke] fu"d"kZ ,oa lq>ko
vuqla/kku dh oSKkfud izfØ;k esa vk¡dM+ksa ls izkIr ifj.kkeksa] fu"d"kksaZ dk
lkekU;hdj.k djds tula[;k fo'ks"k ds fy, vuqeksfnr djuk] vuqla/kku dk vafre
pj.k ekuk tkrk gSA ;g vuqla/kku dk;Z dk lkj gS rFkk fo"k; ds {ks= esa 'kks/k dh
oSKkfud izfØ;k ds ,d mi;qDr laEizs"k.k dk dk;Z djrk gSA ;g vuqla/kku {ks= esa
fu"d"kkZsa o bl 'kks/k dh laEiw.kZ thola[;k dks ,d lkoZHkkSfed vkdkj iznku djrk gSA
blds }kjk 'kks/k ds fu"d"kksZa ds egRo dks ewY;kafdr dj ldus dh ;ksX;rk izkIr gksrh
gSA ifj.kkeksa ds fu/kkZj.k dh vko';drk blfy, Hkh gksrh gS D;ksafd ifj.kke 'kks/k
leL;k ds lek/kku [kkstus esa 'kks/k ds mn~ns'; ls lEcfU/kr gkssrs gSa ,oa 'kks/kdrkZ dks
vius 'kks/k ds ifj.kkeksa ds lEcU/k esa ,d fuf'pr fu.kZ; ysus esa lgk;rk iznku djrk
gSA fof'k"V f'k{kd izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa ds vkRe&izR;;] vkRe&fo'okl] f'k{k.k n{krk ,oa
Hkwfedk izfrc)rk ij f'k{kd izf'k{k.k ds izHkko] ls izkIr vk¡dM+ksa ds Øec) fo'ys"k.k ls
izkIr ifj.kkeksa dks laxfBr djds bl v/;k; esa fuEu fcUnqvksa ds vUrZxr izLrqr fd;k
x;k gSA
5-1 'kks/k ds ifj.kke
5-2 'kks/k fu"d"kZ
5-3 'kSf{kd fufgrkFkZ
5-4 'kks/k dh lhek,a
5-5 lq>ko
5-1-0 'kks/k ds ifj.kke
bl 'kks/k ds ifj.kke fof'k"V f'k{kd izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa ds fofHkUu pjksa vkRe&izR;;]
vkRe&fo'okl] f'k{k.k n{krk ,oa Hkwfedk izfrc)rk ds ifj.kke lEiw.kZ tula[;k ds
![Page 2: ifj.kke] fudkZ ,oa lq>koifj.kke] fudkZ ,oa lq>koshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/17740/9/09_chapter5.pdf · 5-1 'kk/sk d sifj.kke 5-2 'kk/sk fu"d"k Z 5-3 'kSf{kd fufgrkFk](https://reader031.fdocument.pub/reader031/viewer/2022021819/5ad4f62a7f8b9a571e8ce97a/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
[ 259 ]
lkaf[;dh fo'ys"k.k ij vk/kkfjr gSa D;ksafd txn~xq: jkeHknzkpk;Z fodykax
fo'ofo|ky; ds l= 2009&10 ds lHkh fof'k"V f'k{kd izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa dh leLr
tula[;k dks 'kks/k esa lEefyr fd;k x;kA vr% 'kks/k ds ifj.kkeksa dk lkekU;hdj.k
lEiw.kZ tula[;k ds vk/kkj ij fd;k x;k gSA 'kks/k ds ifj.kkeksa dks 'kks/k ds mn~ns';ksa
ds vuqlkj izLrqr fd;k x;k gSA izkIr ifj.kkeksa dk o.kZu uhps fuEu izdkj fd;k
x;k gSA
5-1-1 ijh{k.kokj pjksa ds izkIrkadksa ds forj.k dh izo`fÙk dk ifj.kke
1- vkRe&izR;;] vkRe&fo'okl] f'k{k.k n{krk ,oa Hkwfedk izfrc)rk ds f'k{kd
izf'k{k.k iwoZ] i'p ijh{k.kksa ds vf/kdrj izkIrkad vkofÙk forj.k ds e/; esa
dsfnzr FksA izkIrkad forj.k ds nksuksa Åij ,oa fupys Nksj dh vksj /khjs&/khjs ?kV
jgs FksA
2- lHkh pjksa ds f'k{kd izf'k{k.k iwoZ] i'p ijh{k.kksa ds izIrkad forj.k ds e/; esa
dsfUnzr Fks ysfdu vkRe&izR;; ds iwoZ ,oa i’p] f’k{k.k n{krk ds iwoZ ,oa i’p]
Hkwfedk izfrc)rk ds iwoZ ,oa i’p ijh{k.kksa ds izkIrkadksa esa udkjkRed fo"kerk
ikbZ xbZA ogha ij vkRe&fo’okl ds iwoZ] i’p ijh{k.kksa ds izkIrkadksa esa
ldkjkRed fo"kerk ikbZ xbZA lHkh pjksa ds ijh{k.kksa esa fo"kerk eku cgqr de
,oa lkaf[;dh n`f"Vdks.k ls vlkFkZd] ux.; ,oa la;xkso'k FksA
3- lHkh pjksa ds oØrk eku iznf'kZr djrs gSa fd vkRe&izR;; ds iwoZ ,oa i’p]
vkRe&fo’okl ds iwoZ ,oa i’p o Hkwfedk izfrc)rk ds i’p ijh{k.kksa esa ekewyh
ysIVksdfVZd oØrk FkhA ogha ij f’k{k.k n{krk ds iwoZ] i’p ,oa Hkwfedk
izfrc)rk ds f’k{kd izf’k{k.k iwoZ] i’p ijh{k.kksa esa IysVksdfVZd oØrk FkhA
4- ;|fi 'kks/k esa lEefyr lHkh vkfJr pjksa ds fofHkUu ijh{k.kksa ds izkIrkadksa esa
ekewyh fo"kerk ,oa oØrk FkhA ysfdu bUgsa ux.; ekuk tk ldrk gS D;ksafd
![Page 3: ifj.kke] fudkZ ,oa lq>koifj.kke] fudkZ ,oa lq>koshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/17740/9/09_chapter5.pdf · 5-1 'kk/sk d sifj.kke 5-2 'kk/sk fu"d"k Z 5-3 'kSf{kd fufgrkFk](https://reader031.fdocument.pub/reader031/viewer/2022021819/5ad4f62a7f8b9a571e8ce97a/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
[ 260 ]
lHkh fo"kerk ,oa oØrk eku cgqr de rFkk la;ksxo'k FksA vr% lHkh vkfJr
pjksa ds fofHkUu ijh{k.kksa ds izkIrkad lkekU; :Ik ls forfjr ik;s x;sA
mn~ns'; 1 % f'k{kd izf'k{k.k dk;ZØe dk fof'k"V f'k{kd izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa ds
vkRe&izR;; ij iM+us okys izHkko dk v/;;uA
1- fof'k"V f'k{kd izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa ds vkRe&izR;; ds f'k{kd izf'k{k.k iwoZ] Ik'p
ijh{k.k izkIrkad lkekU; :Ik ls forfjr ik;s x;sA nksuksa ijh{k.kksa esa ekewyh
udkjkRed fo"kerk ik;h x;hA nksuksa ijh{k.kksa esa ysIVksdfVZd oØrk FkhA ysfdu
ijh{k.kksa ds oØrk eku lkekU; oØ ds oØrk eku ¼-263½ ds ikl gh ik;s x;sA
izkIrkadksa ds fo"kerk ,oa oØrk eku lkaf[;dh nf"Vdks.k ls ux.; ,oa
la;ksxo'k FksA
2- fof'k"V f'k{kd izf'k{k.kkFkhZ vkRe&izR;; pj ij f'k{kd izf'k{k.k iwoZ ,oa f'k{kd
izf'k{k.k Ik'p ijh{k.k ij leku FksA nksuksa ijh{k.kksa esa lkaf[;dh n`f"Vdks.k ls
dksbZ lkFkZd varj ugha FkkA vr% f'k{kd izf'k{k.k dk;ZØe dk fof'k"V f'k{kd
izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa ds vkRe&izR;; ij f'k{kd izf'k{k.k dk;ZØe dk dksbZ izHkko ugha
iM+k blfy, 'kwU; ifjdYiuk ßf'k{kd izf'k{k.k dk;ZØe dk fof'k"V f'k{kd
izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa ds vkRe&izR;; ij lkFkZd izHkko iM+sxkÞ] dks fujLr dj fn;k
x;kA
3- tc fof'k"V f'k{kd izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa ds vkRe&izR;; dh fofHkUu foekvksa ckSf)d]
HkkokRed] lkekftd] pfj=kRed] lkSan;kZRed ij f'k{kd izf'k{k.k iwoZ ,oa f'k{kd
izf'k{k.k Ik'p ijh{k.k izkIrkadksa ds e/;ekuksa esa lkFkZdrk dh tk¡p dh x;h rks
f'k{kd izf'k{k.k iwoZ] Ik'p ijh{k.kksa esa lkaf[;dh n`f"Vdks.k ls dksbZ lkFkZZd varj
ugha ik;k x;kA os nksuksa ijh{k.kksa ij leku FksA vr% fof'k"V f'k{kd
izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa ds vkRe&izR;; dh fofHkUu foekvksa ij Hkh f'k{kd izf'k{k.k
dk;ZØe dk dksbZ lkFkZd izHkko ugha iM+rk gSA
![Page 4: ifj.kke] fudkZ ,oa lq>koifj.kke] fudkZ ,oa lq>koshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/17740/9/09_chapter5.pdf · 5-1 'kk/sk d sifj.kke 5-2 'kk/sk fu"d"k Z 5-3 'kSf{kd fufgrkFk](https://reader031.fdocument.pub/reader031/viewer/2022021819/5ad4f62a7f8b9a571e8ce97a/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
[ 261 ]
mÌs'; 1-1 % f'k{kd izf'k{k.k dk;ZØe dk vfLFk fodykax fof'k"V f'k{kd
izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa ds vkRe&izR;; ij iM+us okys izHkko dk v/;;u
djukA
1- vfLFk fodykax fof'k"V f'k{kd izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa ds vkRe&izR;; ds f'k{kd-izf'k{k.k
iwoZ] Ik'p ijh{k.kksa ds izkIrkad lkekU; :Ik ls forfjr ik;s x;sA ;|fi nksuksa
ijh{k.kksa esa udkjkRed fo"kerk Fkh ysfdu ;g 'kwU; ds utnhd gh Fkh ,oa
lkaf[;dh n`f"Vdks.k ls ux.; FkhA nksuksa ijh{k.kksa ds oØrk eku lkekU; oØ ds
vkl&ikl gh Fks ftuesa FkksM+h lh ysIVksdfVZd oØrk FkhA
2- vfLFk fodykax fof'k"V f'k{kd izf'k{k.kkFkhZ vkRe&izR;; pj ij f'k{kd izf'k{k.k
iwoZ ,oa f'k{kd izf'k{k.k Ik'p ijh{k.kksa ij leku Fks D;kasfd nksuksa ijh{k.kksa ds
e/;ekuksa esa fdlh Hkh Lrj ij lkaf[;dh n`f"Vdks.k ls dksbZ lkFkZd varj ugha
FkkA vr% f'k{kd izf'k{k.k dk;ZØe vfLFk fodykax fof'k"V f'k{kd izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa
ds vkRe&izR;; ij dksbZ izHkko ugha Mkyrk gSA
blfy, 'kwU; ifjdYiuk ßf'k{kd izf'k{k.k dk;ZØe dk vfLFk fodykax
fof'k"V f'k{kd izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa ds vkRe&izR;; ij lkFkZd izHkko iM+sxk]Þ dks
fujLr fd;k tkrk gSA
3- vfLFk fodykax fof'k"V f'k{kd izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa ds vkRe&izR;; dh fofHkUu
foekvksa ckSf)d] HkkokRed] lkekftd] pfj=kRed ,oa lkSan;kZRed ds fy,
f'k{kd izf'k{k.k iwoZ ,oa f'k{kd izf'k{k.k Ik'p ijh{k.kksa ds e/;ekuksa dh lkFkZdrk
dk ijh{k.k fd;k x;k rks f'k{kd izf'k{k.k iwoZ] i'p ijh{k.kksa ds e/;ekuksa esa
lkaf[;dh n`f"Vdks.k ls fdlh Hkh Lrj ij dksbZ lkFkZd varj ugha FkkA vr%
f'k{kd izf'k{k.k dk;ZØe vfLFk fodykax fof'k"V f'k{kd izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa ds
vkRe&izR;; dh fofHkUu foekvksa ij Hkh dksbZ lkFkZd izHkko ugha Mkyrk gSA
![Page 5: ifj.kke] fudkZ ,oa lq>koifj.kke] fudkZ ,oa lq>koshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/17740/9/09_chapter5.pdf · 5-1 'kk/sk d sifj.kke 5-2 'kk/sk fu"d"k Z 5-3 'kSf{kd fufgrkFk](https://reader031.fdocument.pub/reader031/viewer/2022021819/5ad4f62a7f8b9a571e8ce97a/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
[ 262 ]
mÌs'; 1-2 % f'k{kd izf'k{k.k dk;ZØe dk n`f"Vckf/kr fodykax fof'k"V f'k{kd
izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa ds vkRe&izR;; ij iM+us okys izHkko dk v/;;u
djukA
1- n`f"Vckf/kr fodykax fof'k"V f'k{kd izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa ds vkRe&izR;; ds izkIrkad
lkekU; :Ik ls forfjr ik;s x;sA ;|fi f'k{kd izf'k{k.k iwoZ ijh{k.k esa
udkjkRed fo"kerk Fkh ogha ij f'k{kd izf'k{k.k Ik'p ijh{k.k esa ldkjkRed
fo"kerk Fkh ysfdu lHkh fo"kerk eku 'kwU; ds gh utnhd Fks tksfd lkaf[;dh
n`f"Vdks.k ls vlkFkZd ,oa ux.; FksA blh izdkj ls f'k{kd&izf'k{k.k iwoZ o
i’p ijh{k.kksa esa FkksM+h&lh ysIVksdfVZd oØrk Fkh ysfdu lHkh eku lkekU; oØ
ds oØrk eku ¼-263½ ds utnhd gh FksA
2- tc n`f"Vckf/kr fodykax fof'k"V f'k{kd izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa ds vkRe&izR;; pj ds
f'k{kd izf'k{k.k iwoZ ,oa f'k{kd izf'k{k.k Ik'p ijh{k.kksa ds e/;ekuksa dh lkFkZdrk
dh tk¡p dh x;h rks nksuksa ijh{k.kksa ij n`f"Vckf/kr izf'k{k.kkFkhZ leku Fks D;ksafd
e/;ekuksa esa fdlh Hkh Lrj lkf[;dh n`f"Vdks.k ls lkFkZd varj ugha FkkA vr%
f'k{kd izf'k{k.k dk;ZØe n`f"Vckf/kr fodykax fof'k"V f'k{kd izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa ds
vkRe&izR;; ij dksbZ izHkko ugha Mkyrk gSA
blfy, 'kwU; ifjdYiuk ßf'k{kd izf'k{k.k dk;ZØe dk nf"Vckf/kr
fodykax fof'k"V f'k{kd izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa ds vkRe&izR;; ij lkFkZd izHkko
iM+sxk]Þ dks vLohdkj fd;k tkrk gSA
3- n`f"Vckf/kr fodykax fof'k"V f'k{kd izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa ds vkRe&izR;; dh fofHkUu
foekvksa ckSf)d] HkkokRed] lkekftd] pfj=kRed ,oa lkSan;kZRed ds fy,
f'k{kd izf'k{k.k iwoZ ,oa f'k{kd izf'k{k.k Ik'p ijh{k.kksa ds e/;ekuksa dh lkFkZdrk
dk ijh{k.k fd;k x;k rks e/;ekuksa esa lkaf[;dh nf"Vdks.k ls fdlh Hkh Lrj ij
lkFkZd varj ugha FkkA vr% f'k{kd izf'k{k.k dk;ZØe dk n`f"Vckf/kr fodykax
![Page 6: ifj.kke] fudkZ ,oa lq>koifj.kke] fudkZ ,oa lq>koshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/17740/9/09_chapter5.pdf · 5-1 'kk/sk d sifj.kke 5-2 'kk/sk fu"d"k Z 5-3 'kSf{kd fufgrkFk](https://reader031.fdocument.pub/reader031/viewer/2022021819/5ad4f62a7f8b9a571e8ce97a/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
[ 263 ]
fof'k"V f'k{kd izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa ds vkRe&izR;; dh fofHkUu foekvksa ij Hkh dksbZ
izHkko ugha iM+rk gSA
mÌs'; 1-3 % f'k{kd izf'k{k.k dk;ZØe dk vfLFk ,oa n`f"Vckf/kr fodykax
fof'k"V f'k{kd izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa ds vkRe&izR;; ij iM+us okys
izHkko dk rqyukRed v/;;u djukA
1- tc vfLFk ,oa n`f"Vckf/kr fodykax fof'k"V f'k{kd izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa ds
vkRe&izR;; ds lek;ksftr e/;ekuksa dh lkFkZdrk dks tk¡p dh x;h] nksuksa
lewgksa ds f'k{kd izf'k{k.k i'p ijh{k.kksa ds lek;ksftr e/;ekuksa esa lkaf[;dh
n`f"Vdks.k ls fdlh Hkh lkFkZdrk Lrj ij lkFkZd varj ugha ik;k x;kA D;ksafd
nksuksa f'k{kd izf'k{k.kkFkhZ leku FksA vr% f'k{kd izf'k{k.k dk;ZØe vfLFk ,oa
n`f"Vckf/kr fodykax fof'k"V f'k{kd izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa ds vkRe&izR;; ij
rqyukRed :Ik ls dksbZ izHkko ugha Mkyrk gSA
blfy, 'kwU; ifjdYiuk ßf'k{kd izf'k{k.k dk;ZØe dk vfLFk ,oa
n`f"Vckf/kr fodykax fof'k"V f'k{kd izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa ds vkRe&izR;; ij iM+us
okys izHkko esa dksbZ lkFkZd varj ugh gksxk]Þ dks Lohdkj fd;k tkrk gSA
2- tc nksuksa lewgksa dh vkRe&izR;; dh fofHkUu foekvksa ¼ckSf)d] HkkokRed]
lkekftd] pfj=kRed ,oa lkSan;kZRed½ ij rqyuk dh x;h rks nksuksa lewgksa ds
vkRe&izR;; dh fofHkUu foekvksa ds f'k{kd izf'k{k.k iwoZ ,oa f'k{kd izf'k{k.k
i'p ijh{k.k dh foekvksa ds e/;ekuksa esa fdlh Hkh Lrj ij lkFkZd varj ugha
FkkA vkRe&izR;; dh foekvksa ij Hkh nksuksa fHkUu ugha Fks oju~ leku FksA vr%
f'k{kd&izf'k{k.k dk;ZØe vfLFk ,oa n`f"Vckf/kr fodykax fof'k"V f'k{kd
izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa dh vkRe&izR;; dh fofHkUu foekvksa ij Hkh rqyukRed :Ik ls
dksbZ lkFkZd izHkko ugha Mkyrk gSA
![Page 7: ifj.kke] fudkZ ,oa lq>koifj.kke] fudkZ ,oa lq>koshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/17740/9/09_chapter5.pdf · 5-1 'kk/sk d sifj.kke 5-2 'kk/sk fu"d"k Z 5-3 'kSf{kd fufgrkFk](https://reader031.fdocument.pub/reader031/viewer/2022021819/5ad4f62a7f8b9a571e8ce97a/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
[ 264 ]
mn~ns'; 2 % f'k{kd izf'k{k.k dk;ZØe dk fof'k"V f'k{kd izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa ds
vkRe&fo'okl ij iM+us okys izHkko dk v/;;u djukA
1- fof'k"V f'k{kd izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa ds vkRe&fo'okl ds izkIrkad lkekU; :Ik ls
forfjr ik;s x;s ;|fi f'k{kd izf'k{k.k iwoZ] Ik'p ijh{k.k izIrkadksa esa FkksM+h
ldkjkRed fo"kerk Fkh ysfdu ;g cgqr de ,oa la;ksxo'k Fkh tksfd lkaf[;dh
n`f"Vdks.k ls vlkFkZd ,oa ux.; FkhA blh izdkj f'k{kd izf'k{k.k iwoZ o i'p
ijh{k.kksa esa FkksM+h ysIVksdfVZd oØrk FkhA ysfdu lHkh oØrk eku lkekU; oØ
ds oØrk eku ¼-263½ ds utnhd gh FksA
2- fof'k"V f'k{kd izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa ds vkRe&fo'okl pj ds fy, f'k{kd izf'k{k.k iwoZ
,oa f'k{kd izf'k{k.k Ik'p ijh{k.k ds e/;ekuksa dh lkFkZdrk dh tk¡p dh x;h
rks e/;ekuksa esa lkaf[;dh n`f"Vdks.k ls lkFkZd varj ik;k x;kA vr% f'k{kd
izf'k{k.k dk;ZØe fof'k"V f'k{kd izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa ds vkRe&fo'okl ij lkFkZd
:Ik ls izHkko Mkyrk gSA
bl izdkj 'kwU; ifjdYiuk ßf'k{kd izf'k{k.k dk;ZØe dk fof'k"V f'k{kd
izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa ds vkRe&fo'okl ij lkFkZd izHkko iMs+xkAÞ dks Lohdkj fd;k
tkrk gSA
mn~ns'; 2-1 % f'k{kd izf'k{k.k dk;ZØe dk vfLFk fodykax fof'k"V f'k{kd
izf'k{kkfFkZ;ksa ds vkRe&fo'okl ij iM+us okys izHkko dk v/;;u
djukA
1- vfLFk fodykax fof'k"V f'k{kd izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa ds vkRe&fo'okl ds izkIrkad
lkekU; :Ik ls forfjr ik;s x;sA ;|fi f'k{kd izf'k{k.k iwoZ] Ik'p ijh{k.k
izkIrkadksa esa FkksMh ldkjkRed fo"kerk Fkh ysfdu ;g cgqr gh de o lkaf[;dh
n`f"Vdks.k ls ux.; ,oa vlkFkZd Fkh D;ksafd lHkh fo"kerk eku 'kwU; ds gh
utnhd Fks blh izdkj ls f'k{kd izf'k{k.k iwoZ] Ik'p ijh{k.kksa esa FkksM+h
![Page 8: ifj.kke] fudkZ ,oa lq>koifj.kke] fudkZ ,oa lq>koshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/17740/9/09_chapter5.pdf · 5-1 'kk/sk d sifj.kke 5-2 'kk/sk fu"d"k Z 5-3 'kSf{kd fufgrkFk](https://reader031.fdocument.pub/reader031/viewer/2022021819/5ad4f62a7f8b9a571e8ce97a/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
[ 265 ]
ysIVksdfVZd oØrk Fkh ysfdu lHkh oØrk eku lkekU; oØ ds oØrk eku
¼-263½ ds gh utnhd FksA
2- tc vfLFk fodykax fof'k"V f'k{kd izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa ds vkRe&fo'okl ds f'k{kd
izf'k{k.k iwoZ ,oa f'k{kd izf'k{k.k Ik'p ijh{k.k ds e/;ekuksa dh lkFkZdrk dk
ijh{k.k fd;k x;k rks nksuksa e/;ekuksa esa lkaf[;dh n`f"Vdks.k ls dksbZ lkFkZd
varj ugha ik;k x;kA vr% f'k{kd izf'k{k.k dk;ZØe vfLFk fodykax fof'k"V
f'k{kd izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa ds vkRe&fo'okl ij dksbZ lkFkZd izHkko ugha Mkyrk gSA
bl izdkj 'kwU; ifjdYiuk ßf'k{kd izf'k{k.k dk;ZØe dk vfLFk
fodykax fof'k"V f'k{kd izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa ds vkRe&fo'okl ij lkFkZd izHkko
iM+sxkÞ] dks vLohdkj fd;k tkrk gSA
mn~ns'; 2-2 % f'k{kd izf'k{k.k dk;ZØe dk n`f"Vckf/kr fodykax f'k{kd
izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa ds vkRe&fo'okl ij iM+us okys izHkko dk
v/;;u djukA
1- n`f"Vckf/kr fodykax fof'k"V f'k{kd izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa ds vkRe&fo'okl ds izkIrkad
lkekU; :Ik ls forfjr FksA ;|fi f'k{kd izf'k{k.k iwoZ] Ik'p ijh{k.k esa
udkjkRed ik;h x;h ysfdu ;g cgqr de ,oa lkaf[;dh; n`f"Vdks.k ls
vlkFkZd o ux.; Fkh D;ksafd lHkh fo"kerk eku 'kwU; ds gh utnhd FksA blh
izdkj f'k{kd izf'k{k.k iwoZ o Ik'p ijh{k.kksa esa FkksM+h ysIVksdfVZd oØrk ik;h
x;hA ysfdu lHkh ijh{k.kksa ds oØrk eku ¼-263½ ds utnhd FksA
2- tc nf"Vckf/kr fodykax fof'k"V f'k{kd izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa ds vkRe&fo'okl ds
f'k{kd izf'k{k.k iwoZ ,oa f'k{kd izf'k{k.k Ik'p ijh{k.kksa ds e/;ekukas dh lkFkZdrk
dh tk¡p dh x;h rks e/;ekuksa esa lkaf[;dh n`f"Vdks.k ls lkFkZd varj ik;k
x;kA vr% f'k{kd izf'k{k.k dk;ZØe nf"Vckf/kr fodykax fof'k"V f'k{kd
izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa ds vkRe&fo'okl ij lkFkZd :Ik ls izHkko Mkyrk gSA
![Page 9: ifj.kke] fudkZ ,oa lq>koifj.kke] fudkZ ,oa lq>koshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/17740/9/09_chapter5.pdf · 5-1 'kk/sk d sifj.kke 5-2 'kk/sk fu"d"k Z 5-3 'kSf{kd fufgrkFk](https://reader031.fdocument.pub/reader031/viewer/2022021819/5ad4f62a7f8b9a571e8ce97a/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
[ 266 ]
bl izdkj 'kwU; ifjdYiuk Þf'k{kd izf'k{k.k dk;ZØe dk nf"Vckf/kr
fodykax fof'k"V f'k{kd izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa ds vkRe&fo'okl ij lkFkZd izHkko
iM+sxkß] dks Lohdkj fd;k tkrk gSAÞ
mn~ns'; 2-3 % f'k{kd izf'k{k.k dk;ZØe dk vfLFk ,oa n`f"Vckf/kr fodykax
fof'k"V f'k{kd izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa ds vkRe&fo'okl ij iM+us okys
izHkko dk rqyukRed v/;;u djukA
1- tc vfLFk ,oa n`f"Vckf/kr fodykax fof'k"V f'k{kd izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa ds
vkRe&fo'okl ds e/;ekuksa dh lkFkZdrk dk ijh{k.k fd;k x;k rks nksuksa lewgksa
ds f'k{kd izf'k{k.k Ik'p ijh{k.k izkIrkadksa ds lek;ksftr e/;ekuksa esa lkaf[;dh
n`f"Vdks.k ls fdlh Hkh Lrj ij lkFkZd varj ugha FkkA nksuksa lewg vkil esa
leku FksA vr% f'k{kd izf'k{k.k dk;ZØe vfLFk ,oa n`f"Vckf/kr fodykax fof'k"V
f'k{kd izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa ds vkRe&fo'okl ij rqyukRed :Ik ls dksbZ izHkko ugha
Mkyrk gSA
bl izdkj 'kwU; ifjdYiuk ßf'k{kd izf'k{k.k dk;ZØe dk vfLFk ,oa
n`f"Vckf/kr fodykax fof'k"V f'k{kd izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa ds vkRe&fo'okl ij iM+us
okys izHkko esa dksbZ lkFkZd varj ugha gksxkß] dks Lohdkj fd;k tkrk gSA
mn~ns'; 3-0 % f'k{kd izf'k{k.k dk;ZØe dk fof'k"V f'k{kd izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa dh
f'k{k.k n{krk ij iM+us okys izHkko dk v/;;u djukA
1- fof'k"V f'k{kd izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa ds f'k{k.k n{krk ds izkIrkad lkekU; :Ik ls
forfjr ik;s x;sA ;|fi f'k{kd izf'k{k.k iwoZ] Ik'p ijh{k.kksa esa udkjkRed
fo"kerk FkhA ysfdu ;g eku cgqr de o lkaf[;dh; n`f"Vdks.k ls vlkFkZd
,oa ux.; FksA D;ksafd lHkh eku 'kwU; ds gh utnhd FksA blh izdkj ls
f'k{kd izf'k{k.k iwoZ] Ik'p ijh{k.kksa esa FkksM+h lh IysVksdfVZd oØrk Fkh ysfdu
lHkh ijh{k.kksa ds oØrk eku lkekU; oØ ds oØrk eku ds gh utnhd FksA
![Page 10: ifj.kke] fudkZ ,oa lq>koifj.kke] fudkZ ,oa lq>koshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/17740/9/09_chapter5.pdf · 5-1 'kk/sk d sifj.kke 5-2 'kk/sk fu"d"k Z 5-3 'kSf{kd fufgrkFk](https://reader031.fdocument.pub/reader031/viewer/2022021819/5ad4f62a7f8b9a571e8ce97a/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
[ 267 ]
2- tc fof'k"V f'k{kd izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa ds f'k{k.k n{krk ds f'k{kd izf'k{k.k iwoZ ,oa
f'k{kd izf'k{k.k Ik'p ijh{k.kksa ds e/;eku dh lkFkZdrk dh tk¡p dh x;h rks
e/;ekuksa esa lkaf[;dh nf"Vdks.k ls lkFkZd varj ik;k x;kA fof'k"V f'k{kd
izf'k{k.kkFkhZ f'k{kd izf'k{k.k iwoZ ijh{k.k dh vis{kk f'k{kd izf'k{k.k Ik'p ijh{k.k
esa Js"B FksA vr% f'k{kd izf'k{k.k dk;Zde fof'k"V f'k{kd izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa dh
f'k{k.k n{krk ij lkFkZd :Ik ls izHkko Mkyrk gSa
bl izdkj 'kwU; ifjdYiuk ßf'k{kd izf'k{k.k dk;ZØe dk fof'k"V f'k{kd
izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa dh f'k{k.k n{krk ij lkFkZd izHkko iM+sxk] dks Lohdkj fd;k
tkrk gSAÞ
3- fof'k"V f'k{kd izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa dh f'k{k.k n{krk dh foekvksa ;kstuk] izLrqrhdj.k]
lekiu] ewY;kadu ,oa izcU/ku ds f'k{kd izf'k{k.k iwoZ ,oa f'k{kd izf'k{k.k i'p
ijh{k.kksa ds e/;ekuksa esa lk¡f[;dh nf"Vdks.k ls lkFkZd varj FkkA fof'k"V
f'k{kd izf'k{k.kkFkhZ f'k{k.k n{krk dh foekvksa esa f'k{kd izf'k{k.k iwoZ ijh{k.k dh
vis{kk f'k{kd izf'k{k.k i'p ijh{k.k ij lkFkZd :Ik ls Js"B FksA vr% f'k{kd
izf'k{k.k dk;ZØe fof'k"V f'k{kd izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa dh f'k{k.k n{krk dh fofHkUu
foekvksa ij Hkh lkFkZd :Ik ls izHkko Mkyrk gSa
mn~ns'; 3-1 % f'k{kd izf'k{k.k dk;ZØe dk vfLFk fodykax fof'k"V f'k{kd
izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa dh f'k{k.k n{krk ij iM+us okys izHkko dk
v/;;u djukA
1- vfLFk fodykax fof'k"V f'k{kd izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa ds f'k{k.k n{krk ds izkIrkad
lkekU; :Ik ls forfjr FksA ;|fi f'k{kd izf'k{k.k i'p ijh{k.k esa udkjkRed
tcfd f'k{kd izf'k{k.k iwoZ ijh{k.k esa ldkjkRed fo"kerk Fkh ysfdu lHkh eku
'kwU; ds gh utnhd Fks blfy, ;g lkaf[;dh n`f"Vdks.k ls vlkFkZd] ux.; o
la;ksxo'k FksA blh izdkj f'k{kd izf'k{k.k iwoZ o i’p ijh{k.kksa esa FkksM+h lh
![Page 11: ifj.kke] fudkZ ,oa lq>koifj.kke] fudkZ ,oa lq>koshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/17740/9/09_chapter5.pdf · 5-1 'kk/sk d sifj.kke 5-2 'kk/sk fu"d"k Z 5-3 'kSf{kd fufgrkFk](https://reader031.fdocument.pub/reader031/viewer/2022021819/5ad4f62a7f8b9a571e8ce97a/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
[ 268 ]
IysVksdfVZad oØrk Fkh ysfdu lHkh ijh{k.kksa ds oØrk eku lkekU; oØ ds gh
tunhd FksA
2- tc vfLFk fodykax fof'k"V f'k{kd izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa ds f'k{k.k n{krk ds f'k{kd
izf'k{k.k iwoZ ,oa f'k{kd izf'k{k.k i'p ijh{k.k e/;ekuksa dh lkFkZdrk dh tk¡p
dh x;h rks e/;ekuksa esa lkaf[;dh n`f"Vdks.k ls lHkh lkFkZdrk Lrjksa ij lkFkZd
varj ik;k x;kA f'k{kd izf'k{k.k iwoZ ijh{k.k dh vis{kk f'k{kd izf'k{k.k i'p
ijh{k.k e/;eku lkFkZd :Ik ls vf/kd FkkA vr% f'k{kd izf'k{k.k dk;ZØe vfLFk
fodykax fof'k"V f'k{kd izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa dh f'k{k.k n{krk ij lkFkZd :Ik ls
izHkko Mkyrk gSA
bl izdkj 'kwU; ifjdYiuk ßf'k{kd izf'k{k.k dk;ZØe dk vfLFk
fodykax fof'k"V f'k{kd izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa ds f'k{k.k n{krk ij lkFkZd izHkko
iM+sxkÞ] dks Lohdkj fd;k tkrk gSa
3- vfLFk fodykax fof'k"V f'k{kd izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa dh f'k{k.k n{krk dh foekvksa
;kstuk] izLrqrhdj.k] lekiu] ewY;kadu ,oa izca/ku ds f'k{kd izf'k{k.k iwoZ ,oa
f'k{kd izf'k{k.k i'p ijh{k.kksa ds e/;ekuksa dh lkFkZdrk dk ijh{k.k fd;k x;k
rks e/;ekuksa esa lkaaf[;dh nf"Vdks.k ls lkFkZd varj FkkA f'k{k.k n{krk dh lHkh
foekvksa ds f'k{kd izf'k{k.k iwoZ ijh{k.k dh vis{kk f'k{kd izf'k{k.k i'p ijh{k.k
ds e/;eku lkFkZd :Ik ls vf/kd FksA vr% f'k{kd izf'k{k.k dk;ZØe f'k{k.k
n{krk dh lHkh foek {ks=ksa ij Hkh lkFkZd :Ik ls izHkko Mkyrk gSA
mn~ns'; 3-2 % f'k{kd izf'k{k.k dk;ZØe dk n`f"Vckf/kr fodykax fof'k"V
f'k{kd izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa dh f'k{k.k n{krk ij iM+us okys izHkko dk
v/;;u djukA
1- n`f"Vckf/kr fodykax fof'k"V f'k{kd izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa ds f'k{k.k n{krk izkIrkad
lkekU; :Ik ls forfjr FksA f'k{kd izf'k{k.k iwoZ ijh{k.k esa ldkjkRed rFkk
![Page 12: ifj.kke] fudkZ ,oa lq>koifj.kke] fudkZ ,oa lq>koshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/17740/9/09_chapter5.pdf · 5-1 'kk/sk d sifj.kke 5-2 'kk/sk fu"d"k Z 5-3 'kSf{kd fufgrkFk](https://reader031.fdocument.pub/reader031/viewer/2022021819/5ad4f62a7f8b9a571e8ce97a/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
[ 269 ]
f'k{kd izf'k{k.k i'p ijh{k.k esa udkjkRed fo"kerk Fkh ysfdu ;g eku cgqr
de] la;ksxo'k rFkk lkaf[;dh n`f"Vdks.k ls vlkFkZd ,oa ux.; Fks D;ksafd lHkh
fo"kerk eku 'kwU; ds gh utnhd FksA blh izdkj f'k{kd izf'k{k.k iwoZ] i'p
ijh{k.k esa cgqr vYi IysVksdfVZd oØrk Fkh ysfdu lHkh oØrk eku lkekU;
oØ ds gh utnhd FksA
2- tc n`f"Vckf/kr fodykax fof'k"V f'k{kd izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa ds f'k{k.k n{krk ds
f'k{kd izf'k{k.k iwoZ ,oa f'k{kd izf'k{k.k Ik'p ijh{k.kksa ds e/;ekuksa dh lkFkZdrk
dh tk¡p dh x;h rks nksuksa ijh{k.kksa ds e/;ekuksa esa lkaf[;adh n`f"Vdks.k ls
lkFkZd varj ik;k x;kA n`f"Vckf/kr izf'k{k.kkFkhZ iwoZ ijh{k.k dh vis{kk i'p
ijh{k.k ds e/;eku ij lkFkZd :Ik ls Js"B FksA vr% f'k{kd izf'k{k.k dk;ZØe
n`f"Vckf/kr fodykax fof'k"V f'k{kd izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa dh f'k{k.k n{krk ij lkFkZd
:i ls izHkko Mkyrk gSA
bl izdkj 'kwU; ifjdYiuk ßf'k{kd izf'k{k.k dk;ZØe dk n`f"Vckf/kr
fodykax fof'k"V f'k{kd izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa dh f'k{k.k n{krk ij lkFkZd izHkko
iM+sxkÞ dks Lohdkj fd;k tkrk gSA
3- n`f"Vckf/kr fodykax fof'k"V f'k{kd izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa dh f'k{k.k n{krk dh fofHkUu
foekvksa ¼;kstuk] izLrqrhdj.k] lekiu] ewY;kadu ,oa izca/ku½ ds f'k{kd izf'k{k.k
iwoZ ,oa f'k{kd izf'k{k.k i'p ijh{k.kksa ds e/;ekuksa dh lkFkZdrk dk ijh{k.k
fd;k x;k rks nksuksa ijh{k.kksa ds e/;ekuksa esa lkaf[;dh n`f"Vdks.k ls lkFkZd
varj ik;k x;kA D;ksafd iwoZ ijh{k.k dh vis{kk Ik'p ijh{k.k dk e/;eku
vf/kd FkkA vr% f'k{kd izf'k{k.k dk;ZØe fof'k"V f'k{kd izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa dh
f'k{k.k n{krk dh fofHkUu foekvksa ij Hkh lkFkZd :Ik ls izHkko Mkyrk gSa
![Page 13: ifj.kke] fudkZ ,oa lq>koifj.kke] fudkZ ,oa lq>koshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/17740/9/09_chapter5.pdf · 5-1 'kk/sk d sifj.kke 5-2 'kk/sk fu"d"k Z 5-3 'kSf{kd fufgrkFk](https://reader031.fdocument.pub/reader031/viewer/2022021819/5ad4f62a7f8b9a571e8ce97a/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
[ 270 ]
mn~ns'; 3-3 % f'k{kd izf'k{k.k dk;ZØe dk vfLFk ,oa n`f"Vckf/kr fodykax
fof'k"V f'k{kd izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa dh f'k{k.k n{krk ij iM+us okys
izHkko dk rqyukRed v/;;u djukA
1- tc vfLFk ,oa n`f"Vckf/kr fodykax fof'k"V izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa ds f'k{k.k n{krk ds
nksuksa lewgksa ds fy, f'k{kd izf'k{k.k i'p ijh{k.kksa ds lek;ksftr e/;ekuksa dh
lkFkZdrk dh tk¡p dh x;hA rks nksuksa lewgksa ds lek;ksftr i'p ijh{k.kksa ds
e/;ekuksa esa lkaf[;dh n`f"Vdks.k ls lkFkZd varj ik;k x;kA vfLFk
izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa dk e/;eku nf"Vckf/kr izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa ls lkFkZd :Ik ls vf/kd
FkkA vr% f'k{kd izf'k{k.k dk;ZØe n`f"Vckf/kr izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa dh rqyuk esa vfLFk
fodykax fof'k"V f'k{kd izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa dh f'k{k.k n{krk ij vf/kd izHkko
Mkyrk gSA vFkkZr vfLFk izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa esa f'k{k.k n{krkvksa ds izHkkoh iz;ksx dk
fodkl n`f"Vckf/krksa dh rqyuk esa vf/kd gksrk gSA
blfy, 'kwU; ifjdYiuk ßf'k{kd izf'k{k.k dk;ZØe dk vfLFk ,oa
n`f"Vckf/kr fodykax fof'k"V f'k{kd izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa dh f'k{k.k n{krk ij iM+us
okys izHkko esa dksbZ lkFkZd varj ugha gksxkÞ dks fujLr fd;k tkrk gSA
3- nksuksa lewgksa dh f'k{k.k n{krk dh foekvksa ¼;kstuk] izLrqrhdj.k] lekiu]
ewY;kadu ,oa izca/ku½ ds f'k{kd izf'k{k.k i'p ijh{k.kksa ds e/;ekuksa dh
lkFkZdrk dh tk¡p dh x;h rks f'k{k.k n{krk dh foek ¼;kstuk] lekiu]
ewY;kadu ,oa izca/ku½ ds f'k{kd izf'k{k.k i'p ijh{k.kksa ds e/;ekuksa esa
lkaf[;dh n`f"Vdks.k ls dksbZ lkFkZd varj ugha Fkk ysfdu ^izLrqrhdj.k* foek ds
e/;ekuksa esa lkaf[;dh n`f"Vdks.k ls lkFkZd varj FkkA ^izLrqrhdj.k* foek ij
vfLFkckf/kr izf'k{k.kkFkhZ n`f"Vokf/kr izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa ls lkFkZd :Ik ls Js"B Fks
D;ksafd vfLFk ckf/krksa dk e/;eku n`f"Vckf/krksa ls lkFkZd :Ik ls vf/kd FkkA
vr% f'k{kd izf'k{k.k dk;ZØe nksuksa lewgksa dh ;kstuk] lekiu] ewY;kadu ,oa
izca/ku f'k{k.k n{krk foekvksa ij rks leku izHkko Mkyrk gS ysfdu f'k{kd
izf'k{k.k dk;ZØe }kjk ^izLrqrhdj.k* f'k{k.k n{krk dk fodkl vfLFk
![Page 14: ifj.kke] fudkZ ,oa lq>koifj.kke] fudkZ ,oa lq>koshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/17740/9/09_chapter5.pdf · 5-1 'kk/sk d sifj.kke 5-2 'kk/sk fu"d"k Z 5-3 'kSf{kd fufgrkFk](https://reader031.fdocument.pub/reader031/viewer/2022021819/5ad4f62a7f8b9a571e8ce97a/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
[ 271 ]
izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa esa vf/kd rFkk nf"Vckf/kr izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa esa vis{kk—r de fd;k
tkrk gSA
mn~ns'; 4 % f'k{kd izf'k{k.k dk;ZØe dk fof'k"V f'k{kd izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa dh
Hkwfedk izfrc)rk ij iM+us okys izHkko dk v/;;u
1- fof'k"V f'k{kd izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa ds Hkwfedk izfrc)rk ds izIrkad lkekU; :Ik ls
forfjr FksA f'k{kd izf'k{k.k iwoZ] Ik'p ijh{k.kksa esa cgqr vYi udkjkRed
fo"kerk Fkh ysfdu ;g lkaf[;dh n`f"Vdks.k ls vlkFkZd] ux.; o la;ksxo'k
FkhA blh izdkj f'k{k.k iwoZ ijh{k.k esa IysVksdfVZd rFkk i'p ijh{k.k esa vYi
ysIVksdfVZd oØrk Fkhs ysfdu lHkh oØrk eku lekU; oØ ds utnhd gh FksA
2- fof'k"V f'k{kd izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa ds Hkwfedk izfrc)rk ds f'k{kd izf'k{k.k iwoZ ,oa
f'k{kd izf'k{k.k Ik'p ijh{k.kksa ds e/;ekuksa dh lkFkZdrk dh tk¡p dh x;h rks
nksuksa ijh{k.kksa ds e/;ekuksa esa lkaf[;dh n`f"Vdks.k ls dksbZ lkFkZd varj ugha
ik;k x;kA vr% f'k{kd izf'k{k.k dk;ZØe fof'k"V f'k{kd izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa dh
Hkwfedk izfrc)rk ij dksbZ izHkko ugha Mkyrk gSA
blfy, 'kwU; ifjdYiuk ßf'k{kd izf'k{k.k dk;ZØe dk fof'k"V f'k{kd
izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa dh Hwkfedk izfrc)rk ij lkFkZd izHkko iM+sxkß dks vLohdkj
fd;k tkrk gSA
3- fof'k"V f'k{kd izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa dh Hkwfedk izfc)rk dh foekvksa ¼fo|kFkhZ]
fo|ky;] vfHkHkkod] lekt] jk"Vª ,oa O;olk;½ ds fy, f'k{kd izf'k{k.k iwoZ ,oa
f'k{kd izf'k{k.k i'p ijh{k.kksa ds e/;ekuksa dh lkFkZdrk tk¡p dh x;h rks
Hkwfedk izfc)rk dh foekvksa ds e/;ekuksa esa lkaf[;dh n`f"Vdks.k ls dksbZ lkFkZd
varj ugha FkkA vr% f'k{kd izf'k{k.k dk;ZØe fof'k"V f'k{kd izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa dh
Hkwfedk izfrc)rk dh fofHkUu foekvksa ij Hkh dksbZ lkFkZd izHkko ugha Mkyrk gSA
![Page 15: ifj.kke] fudkZ ,oa lq>koifj.kke] fudkZ ,oa lq>koshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/17740/9/09_chapter5.pdf · 5-1 'kk/sk d sifj.kke 5-2 'kk/sk fu"d"k Z 5-3 'kSf{kd fufgrkFk](https://reader031.fdocument.pub/reader031/viewer/2022021819/5ad4f62a7f8b9a571e8ce97a/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
[ 272 ]
mn~ns'; 4-1 % f'k{kd izf'k{k.k dk;ZØe dk vfLFk fodykax fof'k"V f'k{kd
izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa dh Hkwfedk izfrc)rk ij iM+us okys izHkko dk
v/;;u djukA
1- vfLFk fodykax fof'k"V f'k{kd izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa dh Hkwfedk izfc)rk ds izkIrkad
lkekU; :Ik ls forfjr FksA f'k{kd izf'k{k.k iwoZ] i'p ijh{k.kksa esa udkjkRed
fo"kerk Fkh ysfdu ;g eku cgqr de] lkaf[;dh n`f"Vdks.k ls vlkFkZd] ux.;
o la;ksxo'k FksA blh izdkj f'k{kd izf'k{k.k iwoZ ijh{k.k esa IysVksdfVZd rFkk
f'k{kd izf'k{k.k i'p ijh{k.k esa FkksM+k ysIVksdfVZd oØrk Fkh ysfdu lHkh
ijh{k.kksa ds oØrk eku lkekU; oØ ds oØrk eku ds gh utnhd FksA
2- tc vfLFk fodykax fof'k"V f'k{kd izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa ds Hkwfedk izfrc)rk ds
f'k{kd izf'k{k.k iwoZ ,oa f'k{kd izf'k{k.k Ik'p ijh{k.kksa ds e/;ekuksa dh lkFkZdrk
dk ijh{k.k fd;k x;k rks nksuksa ijh{k.kksa ds e/;ekuksa esa lkaf[;dh n`f"Vdks.k ls
dksbZ lkFkZd varj ugha ik;k x;kA vr% f'k{kd izf'k{k.k dk;ZØe vfLFk
fodykax fof'k"V f'k{kd izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa dh Hkwfedk izfrc)rk ij Hkh dksbZ lkFkZd
izHkko ugha Mkyrk gSa
blfy, 'kwU; ifjdYiuk ßf'k{kd izf'k{k.k dk;ZØe dk vfLFk fodykax
fof'k"V f'k{kd izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa dh Hkwfedk izfrc)rk ij lkFkZd izHkko iM+sxk]Þ dks
fujLr fd;k tkrk gSa
3- vfLFk fodykax fof'k"V f'k{kd izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa dh Hkwfedk izfrc)rk dh foekvksa
¼fo/kkFkhZ] fo|ky;] vfHkHkkod] lekt] jk"Vª] O;olk;½ ds f'k{kd izf'k{k.k iwoZ
,oa f'k{kd izf'k{k.k i'p ijh{k.kksa ds e/;ekuksa dh lkFkZdrk dh tk¡p dh x;hA
rks nksuksa ijh{k.kksa ds e/;ekuksa esa lkaf[;dh n`f"Vdks.k ls dksbZ lkFkZd varj ugha
ik;k x;kA vr% f'k{kd izf'k{k.k dk;ZØe vfLFk fodykax fof'k"V f'k{kd
izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa dh Hkwfedk izfrc)rk dh fofHkUu foekvksa ij dksbZ Hkh izHkko ugha
Mkyrk gSA
![Page 16: ifj.kke] fudkZ ,oa lq>koifj.kke] fudkZ ,oa lq>koshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/17740/9/09_chapter5.pdf · 5-1 'kk/sk d sifj.kke 5-2 'kk/sk fu"d"k Z 5-3 'kSf{kd fufgrkFk](https://reader031.fdocument.pub/reader031/viewer/2022021819/5ad4f62a7f8b9a571e8ce97a/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
[ 273 ]
mn~ns'; 4-2 % f'k{kd izf'k{k.k dk;ZØe dk n`f"Vckf/kr fodykax fof'k"V
f'k{kd izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa dh Hkwfedk izfrc)rk ij iM+us okys izHkko
dk v/;;u djukA
1- n`f"Vckf/kr fodykax fof'k"V f'k{kd izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa ds Hkwfedk izfrc)rk ds
izkIrkad lkekU; :Ik ls forfjr FksA f'k{kd izf'k{k.k iwoZ] i'p ijh{k.kksa esa
udkjkRed fo"kerk Fkh ysfdu ;g cgqr de] lkaf[;dh n`f"Vdks.k ls vlkFkZd
,oa ux.; FkhA blh izdkj f'k{kd izf'k{k.k iwoZ] Ik'p ijh{k.kksa esa ekewyh
ysIVksdfVZd oØrk FkhA ysfdu lHkh oØrk eku lkekU; oØ ds oØrk eku ds
gh utnhd FksA
2- tc nf"Vckf/kr fodykax fof'k"V f'k{kd izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa ds Hkwfedk izfrc)rk ds
f'k{kd izf'k{k.k iwoZ ,oa f'k{kd izf'k{k.k Ik'p ijh{k.kksa ds e/;ekuksa dh lkFkZdrk
dh tk¡p dh x;h rks nksuksa ijh{k.kksa ds e/;ekuksa esa lkaf[;dh n`f"Vdks.k ls dksbZ
lkFkZd varj ugha Fkk vr% f'k{kd izf'k{k.k dk;ZØe nf"Vckf/kr fodykax
fof'k"V f'k{kd izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa dh Hkwfedk izfrc)rk ij dksbZ lkFkZd izHkko ugha
Mkyrk gSA
blfy, 'kwU; ifjdYiuk ßf'k{kd izf'k{k.k dk;ZØe dk nf"Vckf/kr
fodykax fof'k"V f'k{kd izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa dh Hkwfedk izfrc)rk ij lkFkZd izHkko
iM+sxkÞ] dks fujLr fd;k tkrk gSA
3- n`f"Vckf/kr fodykax fof'k"V f'k{kd izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa dh Hkwfedk izfrc)rk dh
foekvksa ¼fo/kkFkhZ] fo|ky;] vfHkHkkod] lekt] jk"Vª ,oa O;olk;½ ds f'k{kd
izf'k{k.k iwoZ ,oa f'k{kd izf'k{k.k i'p ijh{k.kksa ds e/;ekuksa dh lkFkZdrk dk
ijh{k.k fd;k x;k rks fofHkUu foekvksa ds nksukas ijh{k.kksa ds e/;ekuksa esa
lkaf[;dh nf"Vdks.k ls dksbZ lkFkZd varj ugha FkkA vr% f'k{kd izf'k{k.k
dk;ZØe n`f"Vckf/kr fodykax fof'k"V f'k{kd izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa dh Hkwfedk
izfrc)rk ij Hkh dksbZ izHkko ugha Mkyrk gSA
![Page 17: ifj.kke] fudkZ ,oa lq>koifj.kke] fudkZ ,oa lq>koshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/17740/9/09_chapter5.pdf · 5-1 'kk/sk d sifj.kke 5-2 'kk/sk fu"d"k Z 5-3 'kSf{kd fufgrkFk](https://reader031.fdocument.pub/reader031/viewer/2022021819/5ad4f62a7f8b9a571e8ce97a/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
[ 274 ]
mn~ns'; 4-3 % f'k{kd izf'k{k.k dk;ZØe dk vfLFk ,oa n`f"Vckf/kr fodykax
fof'k"V f'k{kd izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa dh Hkwfedk izfrc)rk ij iM+us
okys izHkko dk rqyukRed v/;;u djukA
1- tc vfLFk ,oa n`f"Vckf/kr fodykax fof'k"V f'k{kd izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa ds Hkwfedk
izfrc)rk ds f'k{kd izf'k{k.k i'p ijh{k.kksa ds lek;ksftr e/;ekuksa dh
lkFkZdrk dh tk¡p dh x;h rks nksuksa lewgksa ds lek;ksftr i'p ijh{k.kksa ds
e/;ekuksa esa lkaf[;dh nf"Vdks.k ls dksbZ lkFkZd varj ugha FkkA vr% f'k{kd
izf'k{k.k dk;ZØe vfLFk ,oa n`f"Vckf/kr fodykax fof'k"V f'k{kd izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa
dh Hkwfedk izfrc)rk ij rqyukRed :Ik ls dksbZ izHkko ugha Mkyrk D;ksafd
nksuksa lewg leku ik;s x;sA
blfy, 'kwU; ifjdYiuk ßf'k{kd izf'k{k.k dk;ZØe dk vfLFk ,oa
n`f"Vckf/kr fodykax fof'k"V f'k{kd izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa dh Hkwfedk izfrc)rk ij
iM+us okys izHkko esa dksbZ lkFkZd varj ugha gksxkß] dks Lohdkj fd;k tkrk gSA
2- vfLFk ,oa n`f"Vckf/kr fodykax fof'k"V izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa dh Hkwfedk izfrc)rk dh
foekvksa ¼fo|kFkhZ] fo|ky;] vfHkHkkod] lekt] jk"Vª ,oa O;olk;½ ds f'k{kd
izf'k{k.k i'p ijh{k.kksa ds e/;ekuksa dh lkFkZdrk dh tk¡p dh x;h rks nksuksa
lewgksa ds i'p ijh{k.kksa ds e/;ekuksa esa lkaf[;dh n`f"Vdks.k ls dksbZ lkFkZd
varj ugha FkkA vr% f'k{kd izf'k{k.k dk;ZØe vfLFk ,oa n`f"Vckf/kr fodykax
fof'k"V f'k{kd izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa dh Hkwfedk izfrc)rk dh fofHkUu foekvksa ij Hkh
dksbZ izHkko ugha Mkyrk gSA
5-2-0 fu"d"kZ % 'kks/k ds ifj.kkeksa ls fuEufyf[kr fu"d"kZ izkIr gq,
5-2-1 'kks/k ds lHkh pjksa ds izkIrkad FkksM+h lh fo"kerk ,oa oØrk ds lkFk lkekU; :Ik
ls forfjr gSaA
5-2-2 fof'k"V f'k{kd izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa ds vkRe&izR;; ds izkIrkad vYi ,oa lkaf[;dh
n`f"Vdks.k ls vlkFkZd fo"kerk ,oa oØrk ds lkFk lkekU; :Ik ls forfjr gSaA
![Page 18: ifj.kke] fudkZ ,oa lq>koifj.kke] fudkZ ,oa lq>koshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/17740/9/09_chapter5.pdf · 5-1 'kk/sk d sifj.kke 5-2 'kk/sk fu"d"k Z 5-3 'kSf{kd fufgrkFk](https://reader031.fdocument.pub/reader031/viewer/2022021819/5ad4f62a7f8b9a571e8ce97a/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
[ 275 ]
5-2-3 f'k{kd izf'k{k.k dk;ZØe dk fof'k"V f'k{kd izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa ds vkRe&izR;; ij
dksbZ lkFkZd izHkko ugha iM+rk gSA
5-2-4 f'k{kd izf'k{k.k dk;ZØe dk fof'k"V f'k{kd izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa ds vkREk&izR;; dh
fofHkUu foekvksa ¼ckSf)d] HkkokRed] lkekftd] pfj=kRed ,oa lkSan;kZRed½ ij
Hkh dksbZ lkFkZd izHkko ugha iM+rk gSA
5-2-5 vfLFk fodykax fof'k"V f'k{kd izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa ds vkRe&izR;; ds izIrkad ekewyh
fo"kerk ,oa oØrk ds lkFk lkekU; :Ik ls forfjr gSaA
5-2-6 f'k{kd izf'k{k.k dk;ZØe dk vfLFk fodykax fof'k"V f'k{kd izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa ds
vkRe&izR;; ij dksbZ lkFkZd izHkko ugha iM+rk gSA
5-2-7 f'k{kd izf'k{k.k dk;ZØe dk vfLFk fodykax fof'k"V f'k{kd izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa ds
vkRe&izR;; dh fofHkUu foekvksa ¼ckSf)d] HkkokRed] lkekftd] pfj=kRed ,oa
lkSan;kZRed½ ij Hkh dksbZ lkFkZd izHkko ugha iM+rk gSA
5-2-8 n`f"Vckf/kr fodykax fof'k"V f'k{kd izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa ds vkRe&izR;; ds izkIrkad
cgqr de ,oa lkaf[;dh n`f"Vdks.k ls vlkFkZd o ux.; fo"kerk ,oa oØrk ds
lkFk lkekU; :Ik ls forfjr gSaA
5-2-9 f'k{kd izf'k{k.k dk;ZØe dk n`f"Vckf/kr fof'k"V f'k{kd izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa ds
vkRe&izR;; ij dksbZ lkFkZd izHkko ugha iM+rk gSA
5-2-10 f'k{kd izf'k{k.k dk;ZØe dk nf"Vckf/kr fodykax fof'k"V f'k{kd izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa
ds vkRe&izR;; dh foekvksa ¼ckSf)d] HkkokRed] lkekftd] pfj=kRed ,oa
lkSan;kZRed½ ij Hkh dksbZ lkFkZd izHkko ugha iM+rk gSA
txn~xq: jkeHknzkpk;Z fodykax fo'ofo|ky; dk f'k{kd izf'k{k.k
dk;ZØe vfLFk ,oa nf"Vckf/kr fodykax fof'k"V f'k{kd izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa ds
vkRe&izR;; ds fodkl ds nf"Vdks.k ls mi;qDr ugha gSaA D;ksafd f'k{kd
izf'k{k.k] iwoZ nksuksa izf'k{k.kkFkhZ HkkoukRed :Ik ls udkjkREkd Fks ysfdu o"kZ Hkj
![Page 19: ifj.kke] fudkZ ,oa lq>koifj.kke] fudkZ ,oa lq>koshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/17740/9/09_chapter5.pdf · 5-1 'kk/sk d sifj.kke 5-2 'kk/sk fu"d"k Z 5-3 'kSf{kd fufgrkFk](https://reader031.fdocument.pub/reader031/viewer/2022021819/5ad4f62a7f8b9a571e8ce97a/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
[ 276 ]
f'k{kd izf'k{k.k izkIr djus ds i'pkr~ Hkh HkkoukRed :i ls udkjkRed gh
jgsA mudk udkjkRed HkkoukRed vkREk&izR;; ldkjkRed HkkoukRed
vkRe&izR;; esa Hkh ifjofrZr ugha gks ldkA vr% ;s fof'k"V f'k{kd izf'k{k.kkFkhZ
tc Loa; HkkoukRed :Ik ls udkjkRed ,oa vfLFkj gSa rks vius okLrfod
f'k{kd thou esa vius fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks laosxkRed :Ik ls fLFkj dSls cuk ldrs
gSa\ muds laosxksa esa dSls lq/kkj dj ldrs gSa\ ;g bl fo'ofo|ky; ds f'k{kd
izf'k{k.k dk;ZØe ds fy, ,d cM+k iz'u gS\
5-2-11 f'k{kd izf'k{k.k dk;ZØe dk vfLFk ,oa nf"Vckf/kr fodykax fof'k"V f'k{kd
izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa ds vkRe&izR;; ij rqyukRed :Ik ls dksbZ izHkko ugha iM+rk gS
f'k{kd izf'k{k.k izkIr djus ds Ik'pkr Hkh nksuksa fof'k"V f'k{kd izf'k{k.kkFkhZ
lkaf[;dh n`f"Vdks.k ls vkRe&izR;; ij leku FksA
5-2-12 f'k{kd izf'k{k.k dk;ZØe dk vfLFk ,oa nf"Vckf/kr fodykax fof'k"V f'k{kd
izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa ds vkRe&izr;; dh fofHkUu foekvksa ¼ckSf)d] HkkokRed]
lkekftd] pfj=kRed ,oa lkSan;kZRed½ ij Hkh rqyukRed :Ik ls dksbZ izHkko
ugha iM+rk gSA nksuksa f'k{kd izf'k{k.kkFkhZ f'k{kd izf'k{k.k izkIr djus ds Ik'pkr
vkRe&izR;; dh foekvksa ij leku FksA
5-2-13 fof'k"V f'k{kd izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa ds vkRe&fo'okl ds izkIrkad cgqr de ,oa
lkaf[;dh n`f"Vdks.k ls vlkFkZd] ux.; fo"kerk ,oa oØrk ds lkFk lkekU;
:Ik ls forfjr gSaA
5-1-14 f'k{kd izf'k{k.k dk;ZØe dk fof'k"V f'k{kd izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa ds vkRe&fo'okl ij
lkFkZd izHkko iM+rk gSA
5-2-15 vfLFk fodykax fof'k"V f'k{kd izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa ds vkREk&fo'okl ds izkIrkad
ekewyh ,oa lkaf[;dh nf"Vdks.k ls vlkFkZd] ux.; fo"kerk ,oa oØrk ds
lkFk lkekU; :Ik ls forfjr gSaA
![Page 20: ifj.kke] fudkZ ,oa lq>koifj.kke] fudkZ ,oa lq>koshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/17740/9/09_chapter5.pdf · 5-1 'kk/sk d sifj.kke 5-2 'kk/sk fu"d"k Z 5-3 'kSf{kd fufgrkFk](https://reader031.fdocument.pub/reader031/viewer/2022021819/5ad4f62a7f8b9a571e8ce97a/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
[ 277 ]
5-2-16 f'k{kd izf'k{k.k dk;ZØe dk vfLFk fodykax fof'k"V f'k{kd izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa ds
vkRe&fo'okl ij dksbZ lkFkZd izHkko ugha iM+rk gSa
5-2-17 n`f"Vckf/kr fodykax fof'k"V f'k{kd izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa ds vkRe&fo'okl ds izkIrkad
ekewyh lkaf[;dh n`f"Vdks.k ls vlkFkZd] ux.; fo"kerk ,oa oØrk ds lkFk
lkekU; :Ik ls forfjr gSaA
5-2-18 f'k{kd izf'k{k.k dk;ZØe dk nf"Vckf/kr fodykax fof'k"V f'k{kd izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa
ds vkRe&fo'okl ij lkFkZd izHkko iM+rk gSA
5-2-19 f'k{kd izf'k{k.k dk;ZØe dk vfLFk ,oa nf"Vckf/kr fodykax fof'k"V f'k{kd
izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa ds vkRe&fo'okl ij rqyukRed :Ik ls dksbZ izHkko ugha iM+rk
gSA D;ksafd f'k{kd izf'k{k.k izkIr djus ds Ik'pkr nksuksa lewg lkaf[;dh
n`f"Vdks.k ls leku FksA
5-2-20 fof'k"V f'k{kd izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa dh f'k{k.k n{krk ds izkIrkad FkksM+h ,oa lkaf[;dh
n`f"Vdks.k ls vlkFkZd aux.; fo"kerk ,oa oØrk ds lkFk lkekU; :Ik ls
forjfr gSaA
5-2-21 f'k{kd izf'k{k.k dk;ZØe dk fof'k"V f'k{kd izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa dh f'k{k.k n{krk ij
lkFkZd izHkko iM+rk gSA vFkkZr muesa f'k{kd izf'k{k.k }kjk f'k{k.k n{krkvksa dk
fodkl gksrk gSA
5-2-22 f'k{kd izf'k{k.k dk;ZØe dk fof'k"V f'k{kd izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa dh f'k{k.k n{krk dh
fofHkUu foekvksa ¼;kstuk] izLrqrhdj.k] lekiu] ewY;kadu ,oa izca/ku½ ij Hkh
lkFkZd izHkko iM+rk gSA
5-2-23 vfLFk fodykax fof'k"V f'k{kd izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa ds f'k{k.k n{krk ds izkIrkad
ekewyh fo"kerk ,oa oØrk ds lkFk lkekU; :i ls forfjr gSaA
![Page 21: ifj.kke] fudkZ ,oa lq>koifj.kke] fudkZ ,oa lq>koshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/17740/9/09_chapter5.pdf · 5-1 'kk/sk d sifj.kke 5-2 'kk/sk fu"d"k Z 5-3 'kSf{kd fufgrkFk](https://reader031.fdocument.pub/reader031/viewer/2022021819/5ad4f62a7f8b9a571e8ce97a/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
[ 278 ]
5-2-24 f'k{kd izf'k{k.k dk;ZØe dk vfLFk fodykax fof'k"V f'k{kd izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa dh
f'k{k.k n{krk ij lkFkZd izHkko iM+rk gSaA vFkkZr vfLFk izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa esa f'k{kd
izf'k{k.k }kjk f'k{k.k n{krkvksa dk fodkl gksrk gSA
5-2-25 f'k{kd izf'k{k.k dk;ZØe dk vfLFk fodykax fof'k"V f'k{kd izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa dh
f'k{k.k n{krk dh fofHkUu foekvksa ¼;kstuk] izLrqrhdj.k] lekiu] ewY;kadu ,oa
izca/ku½ ij lkFkZd izHkko iM+rk gS vFkkZr f'k{kd izf'k{k.k izkIr djus ds Ik'pkr
mijksDr foekvksa ds f'k{k.k dkS'ky ?kVdksa dk n{krk ds lkFk iz;ksx djuk lh[k
x;sA vr% vfLFk fof'k"V izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa esa f'k{kd izf'k{k.k }kjk f'k{k.k n{krkvksa
dk fodkl gksrk gSa
5-2-26 n`f"Vckf/kr fodykax fof'k"V f'k{kd izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa ds f'k{k.k n{krk ds izkIrkad
FkksM+h lh fo"kerk ,oa oØrk ds lkFk lkekU; :Ik ls forfjr gSaA
5-2-27 f'k{kd izf'k{k.k dk;ZØe dk nf"Vckf/kr fodykax fof'k"V f'k{kd izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa
dh f'k{k.k n{krk ij lkFkZd izHkko iM+rk gSA f'k{kd izf'k{k.k izkIr djus ds
Ik'pkr fofHkUu f'k{k.k n{krkvksa dk vPNs <ax ls iz;ksx djuk lh[k x;sA vr%
f'k{kd izf'k{k.k dk;ZØe ls n`f"Vckf/kr fodykax fof'k"V f'k{kd izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa
esa f'k{k.k n{krk dk fodkl gksrk gSA
5-2-28 f'k{kd izf'k{k.k dk;ZØe dk nf"Vckf/kr fodykax fof'k"V f'k{kd izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa
dh f'k{k.k n{krkvksa dh fofHkUu foekvksa ¼;kstuk] izLrqrhdj.k] lekiu] ewY;kadu
,oa izca/ku½ ij lkFkZd izHkko iM+rk gSA vr% nf"Vckf/kr f'k{kd izf'k{k.kkFkhZ
f'k{kd izf'k{k.k izkIr djus ds i'pkr f'k{k.k n{krk dh foekvksa ds fofHkUu
?kVd dkS'kyksa dk n{krk ds lkFk iz;ksx djuk lh[k x;sA
5-2-29 f'k{kd izf'k{k.k dk;ZØe dk f'k{k.k n{krk ij n`f"Vckf/kr fodykax fof'k"V
f'k{kd izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa dh rqyuk esa vfLFk fodykax fof'k"V f'k{kd izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa
ij vf/kd izHkko iM+rk gSaA f'k{kd izf'k{k.k dk;ZØe vfLFk fodykax fof'k"V
f'k{kd izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa esa vf/kd vPNs <ax ls f'k{k.k n{krkvksa dk fodkl djrk
![Page 22: ifj.kke] fudkZ ,oa lq>koifj.kke] fudkZ ,oa lq>koshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/17740/9/09_chapter5.pdf · 5-1 'kk/sk d sifj.kke 5-2 'kk/sk fu"d"k Z 5-3 'kSf{kd fufgrkFk](https://reader031.fdocument.pub/reader031/viewer/2022021819/5ad4f62a7f8b9a571e8ce97a/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
[ 279 ]
gSaA D;ksafd mUgksaus n`"Vckf/kr izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa dh rqyuk esa vf/kd n{krk ds lkFk
f'k{k.k n{krk ds fofHkUu dkS'kyksa dk O;kogkfjd ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa iz;ksx fd;kA
tcfd n`f"Vckf/kr ,slk ugha dj ik;sA
5-2-30 f'k{kd izf'k{k.k dk;ZØe vfLFk ,oa n`f"Vckf/kr fodykax fof'k"V f'k{kd
izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa dh f'k{k.k n{krk ds foekokj fo'ys"k.k ds ifj.kkeksa ls ;g fu"d"kZ
izkIr gqvk fd f'k{kd izf'k{k.k dk;ZØe f'k{k.k n{krk dh foekvksa ¼;kstuk]
lekiu] ewY;kadu ,oa izca/ku½ ij rks rqyukRed :Ik ls leku izHkko Mkyrk
gSA ysfdu ^izLrqrhdj.k* foek ij nf"Vckf/krksa dh rqyuk esa vfLFk fodykax
fof'k"V f'k{kd izf'k{k.kkFkhZ vf/kd n{k gksrs gSaA vr% f'k{kd izf'k{k.k dk;ZØe
izLrqrhdj.k dh n`f"V ls vfLFk fodykax fof'k"V f'k{kd izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa dks
vf/kd l{ke cukrk gSA f'k{kd izf'k{k.k dk;ZØe n`f"Vckf/krksa ds fy,
^izLrqrhdj.k* dh n`f"V ls mi;qDr ugha gSaA
5-2-31 fof'k"V f'k{kd izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa dh Hkwfedk izfrc)rk ds izkIrkad FkksM+h lh fo"kerk
,oa oØrk ds lkFk lkekU; :Ik ls forfjr gSaA
5-2-32 f'k{kd izf'k{k.k dk;ZØe dk fof'k"V f'k{kd izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa dh Hkwfedk izfrc)rk
ij dksbZ lkFkZd izHkko ugha iM+rk gSA vFkkZr f'k{kd izf'k{k.k dk;ZØe fof'k"V
f'k{kd izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa esa f'k{kd ds :Ik esa fuHkk;h tkus okyh Hkwfedkvksa dks
opuc)rk ds lkFk lefiZr gksdj fuHkkus dh vkarfjd Hkkouk fodflr ugha
djrk gSA
5-2-33 f'k{kd izf'k{k.k dk;ZØe fof'k"V f'k{kd izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa dh Hkwfedk izfrc)rk dh
fofHkUu foekvksa ¼fo|kFkhZ] fo|ky;] vfHkHkkod] lekt] jk"Vª ,oa O;olk;½ ij Hkh
dksbZ izHkko ughas Mkyrk gSA vFkkZr fof'k"V f'k{kd izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa esa f'k{kd ds
:Ik esa Hkwfedk izfrc)rk dh foek {ks= ds lanHkZ esa fofHkUu Hkwfedkvksa dks
opuc)rk ds lkFk fuHkkus dh vkarfjd Hkkouk dk fodkl ugha djrk gSA
![Page 23: ifj.kke] fudkZ ,oa lq>koifj.kke] fudkZ ,oa lq>koshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/17740/9/09_chapter5.pdf · 5-1 'kk/sk d sifj.kke 5-2 'kk/sk fu"d"k Z 5-3 'kSf{kd fufgrkFk](https://reader031.fdocument.pub/reader031/viewer/2022021819/5ad4f62a7f8b9a571e8ce97a/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
[ 280 ]
5-2-34 vfLFk fodykax fof'k"V f'k{kd izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa ds Hkwfedk izfrc)rk ds izkIrkad
FkksM+h lh fo"kerk ,oa oØrk ds lkFk lkekU; :Ik ls forfjr gSaA
5-2-35 f'k{kd izf'k{k.k dk;ZØe vfLFk fodykax fof'k"V f'k{kd izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa dh
Hkwfedk izfrc)rk ij dksbZ izHkko ugha Mkyrk gSA vr% f'k{kd izf'k{k.k dk;ZØe
vfLFk fodykax fof'k"V f'k{kd izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa esa f'k{kd ds :Ik esa iznku dh
tkus okyh Hkwfedkvksa dks fuHkkus ds fy, vko';d izfrc)rk o opuc)rk
dh vkarfjd Hkkouk dk fodkl ugha djrk gSA
5-2-36 f'k{kd izf'k{k.k dk;ZØe vfLFk fodykax fof'k"V f'k{kd izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa dh
Hkwfedk izfrc)rk dh fofHkUu foekvksa ¼fo|kFkhZ] fo|ky;] vfHkHkkod] lekt]
jk"Vª o O;olk;½ ij Hkh dksbZ izHkko ugha Mkyrk gSA vFkkZr f'k{kd izf'k{k.k
dk;ZØe }kjk vfLFk fodykax fof'k"V f'k{kd izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa esa Hkwfedk izfrc)rk
ds fofHkUu {ks=ksa dh Hkwfedkvksa dks opuc) ,oa lefiZr gksdj fuHkkus dh
'kiFk dh vkarfjd Hkkouk dk fodkl ugha gksrk gSaA
5-2-37 n`f"Vckf/kr fodykax fof'k"V f'k{kd izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa ds Hkwfedk izfrc)rk ds
izkIrkad FkksM+h lh fo"kerk ,oa oØrk ds lkFk lkekU; :Ik ls forfjr gSaA
5-2-38 f'k{kd izf'k{k.k dk;ZØe dk nf"Vckf/kr fodykax fof'k"V f'k{kd izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa
dh Hkwfedk izfrc)rk ij dksbZ lkFkZd izHkko ugha iM+rk gSA vr% f'k{kd
izf'k{k.k dk;ZØe ls fof'k"V f'k{kd izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa esa fofHkUu Hkwfedkvksa dks
opuc)rk ds lkFk lefiZr gksdj fuHkkus dh vkarfjd Hkkouk iSnk ugha djrk
gSA
5-2-39 f'k{kd izf'k{k.k dk;ZØe vfLFk ,oa n`f"Vckf/kr fodykax fof'k"V f'k{kd
izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa dh Hkwfedk izfrc)rk ij rqyukRed :Ik ls dksbZ lkFkZd izHkko
ugha Mkyrk gSA f'k{kd izf'k{k.k dk;ZØe nksuksa f'k{kd izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa esa fofHkUu
Hkwfedkvksa dks izfrc) gksdj cpuc)rk ds lkFk fuHkkus dh vkarfjd Hkkouk dk
fodkl ugha dj ikrk gSA
![Page 24: ifj.kke] fudkZ ,oa lq>koifj.kke] fudkZ ,oa lq>koshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/17740/9/09_chapter5.pdf · 5-1 'kk/sk d sifj.kke 5-2 'kk/sk fu"d"k Z 5-3 'kSf{kd fufgrkFk](https://reader031.fdocument.pub/reader031/viewer/2022021819/5ad4f62a7f8b9a571e8ce97a/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
[ 281 ]
5-2-40 f'k{kd izf'k{k.k dk;ZØe vfLFk ,oa n`f"Vckf/kr fodykax fof'k"V f'k{kd
izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa dh Hkwfedk izfrc)rk dh fofHkUu foekvksa ¼fo|kFkhZ] fo|ky;]
vfHkHkkod] lekt] jk"Vª ,oa O;olk;½ ij Hkh rqyukRed :Ik ls dksbZ izHkko ugha
Mkyrk gSA vFkkZr f'k{kd izf'k{k.k dk;ZØe nksuksa f'k{kd izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;kssa esa
Hkwfedk izfrc)rk ds fofHkUu foek {ks= dh Hkwfedkvksa dks izfrc)rk o
opuc)rk ds lkFk lefiZr gksdj fuHkkus dh vkarfjd Hkkouk dk fodkl ugha
dj ikrk gSA
5-3-0 'kks/k ds 'kSf{kd fufgrkFkZ%
'kks/k ds fu"d"kksZa ds vk/kkj ij ;g Kkr gksrk gS fd f'k{kd izf'k{k.k dk;ZØe
fof'k"V f'k{kd izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa ds vkRe&izR;;] vkRe&fo'okl ¼vfLFk ckf/krksa ds
n`f"Vdks.k ls½ ,oa f'k{k.k n{krk ¼nf"Vckf/krksa ds n`f"Vdks.k ls½ mi;qDr ugha gSA blfy,
f'k{kd izf'k{k.k dk;ZØe dh vfHkdYiuk esa ,d cM+s lq/kkj dh vko';drk gSA
'kks/k ds fu"d"kksaZ ls ;g Kkr gqvk gS fd fof'k"V f'k{kd izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa ds
vkRe&izR;; ij f'k{kd izf'k{k.k dk;ZØe dk dksbZ izHkko ugha iM+rk gSA vFkkZr muesa
vkRe&izR;; dk fodkl Bhd izdkj ls ugha gSA f'k{kd izf'k{k.k dk;ZØe }kjk muesa
vkRe&izR;; dk fodkl u gksukA Hkfo"; esa ,d f'k{kd ds :Ik esa ,d larqfyr
O;fDrRo okyk u gksus dh vksj ladsr djrk gS tksfd ,d fpark dk fo"k; gSA D;ksafd
fuEu vkRe&izR;; ls laosxkRed vfLFkjrk ¼gchc] 2010½] nqf'park ¼v'kkf"Vvkuh ,oa
vU; 2010½ ,oa vlek;kstu dh leL;k ¼vdje ,oa ulhe] 2010½ mRiUu gks tkrh
gSA tcfd ftu O;fDr;ksa esa mPp vkRe&izR;; ik;k tkrk gS muesa vf/kxe bPNk esa
c`f)] vuqdwy vfHko`fRr] 'kSf{kd miyfC/k esa le`f) gksrh gSA ¼enleh] 1992½ tks fd
,d f'k{kd ds fy, cgqr gh vko';d gSA blfy, 'kks/k ds ifj.kkeksa ds vk/kkj ij ;g
'kSf{kd vfHkizsr fudyrk gS fd loZizFke Tkxn~xq: jkeHknzkpk;Z fodykax fo'ofo|ky;
ds iz'kklu ,oa f'k{kd izf'k{kdksa ds }kjk f'k{kd izf'k{k.k dk;ZØe ds okrkoj.k dks
lq/kkj dj fof'k"V f'k{kd izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa ds n`f"Vdks.k ls ldkjkRed cuk;k tk;
ftlesa jgdj os Loa; dks LokHkkfod <ax ls <ky ldsaA D;ksafd ;g fofnr gS fd
![Page 25: ifj.kke] fudkZ ,oa lq>koifj.kke] fudkZ ,oa lq>koshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/17740/9/09_chapter5.pdf · 5-1 'kk/sk d sifj.kke 5-2 'kk/sk fu"d"k Z 5-3 'kSf{kd fufgrkFk](https://reader031.fdocument.pub/reader031/viewer/2022021819/5ad4f62a7f8b9a571e8ce97a/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
[ 282 ]
^fo|ky; vkRe&izR;; dks ldkjkRed cukrk gSA* ¼enelh 2010½ blfy, f'k{kd
izf'k{k.k dk;ZØe dks Hkh viuh fofHkUu xfrfof/k;ksa esa LoHkkfod ,oa lek;ksftr :Ik ls
fof'k"V f'k{kd izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa ds fy, fofHkUu dks loZizFke <kyuk pkfg,A blds fy,
fo'ofo|ky; iz'kklu ,oa f'k{kd izf'k{kdksa dks izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa ds fy, fofHkUu
ikB~;lgxkeh fØ;kvksa ds lkFk&lkFk vU; xfrfof/k;ksa dks muds okLrfod LoHkko ds
vuq:Ik lek;ksftr <ax ls vk;ksftr ,oa laxfBr djuk gksxkA rkfd mUgsa vanj ls ;g
eglwl u gks fd gekjs fy, dqN fo'ks"k gks jgk gS mUgsa eglw'k gksuk pkfg, fd lc
dqN gekjs fy, lkekU; rjhds ls gh gks jgk gSA ikB~;lgxkeh fØ;kvksa dh la[;k dks
c<+kdj vf/kd dj nsuk pkfg,A vr% lHkh fØ;kvksa dks lEiUu LokHkkfod <ax ls djkus
ds fy, vf/kd le; dh vko';drk gksxhA blfy, f'k{kd izf'k{k.k dk;ZØe dh
vof/k ,d o"kZ ls nks o"kZ djuh pkfg,A
izR;sd fof'k"V f'k{kd izf'k{k.kkFkhZ dh ikB~;lgxkeh fØ;kvksa esa lgHkkfxrk
lqfuf'pr djuh gksxh] fujarj ewY;kadu ds varxZr izR;sd lIrkg ;g tkuuk gksxk fd
dkSu&dkSu ls izf'k{k.kkFkhZ lfØ; lgHkkfxrk ugha dj ik;sA mlh le; dkj.k tkuuk
gksxkA mldk ¼Rofjr mipkj½ djuk gksxkA tc os /khjs&/khjs lfØ; lgHkkfxrk djus
yxsaxs rks mUgsa vkuan vkus yxsxkA os eglwl djus yxsaxs fd ge Hkh lHkh dk;Z
vklkuh ls dj ldrs gSa vFkkZr vc os Lo;a dk ldkjkRed ewY;kadu djus yxsaxs vr%
bls lkekU; Lrj ij dgk tk; rks fof'k"V f'k{kd izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa ds vkRe&izR;; esa
;gha ls ldjkRed cnyko izkjEHk gksus yxsxkA D;ksafd blls igys os ijkcyEch FksA
ifjokj ds lnL; muds dk;ksZa dks dj fn;k djrs Fks mUgsa LoraU= :Ik ls dk;Z djus
ds volj de izkIr gq, gksrs gSa] ge ugha dj ldrs dh Hkkouk dh xazfFk cuh gksrh gSA
ge nwljksa dh rqyuk esa detksj gSaA blfy, ;s lkjs fcUnq muds eu esa udkjkRed Hkko
mRiUu dj nsrs gSa rFkk ikB~;lgxkeh fØ;kvksa ls vPNk ,oa ldkjkRed vkRe&izR;;
dk fuekZ.k gks ldsxkA
blds vfrfjDr f'k{kd izf'k{kdksa dks fof'k"V f'k{kd izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa ds
vkRe&izR;; esa lq/kkj ds fy, muesa Lo% ifgpku fodflr djus dk Hkko fodflr
![Page 26: ifj.kke] fudkZ ,oa lq>koifj.kke] fudkZ ,oa lq>koshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/17740/9/09_chapter5.pdf · 5-1 'kk/sk d sifj.kke 5-2 'kk/sk fu"d"k Z 5-3 'kSf{kd fufgrkFk](https://reader031.fdocument.pub/reader031/viewer/2022021819/5ad4f62a7f8b9a571e8ce97a/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
[ 283 ]
djuk gksxkA f'k{kd izf'k{kdksa dks mUgsa le;≤ ij bl izdkj lEcksf/kr djrs
jguk pkfg, fd vki Lo;a esa ,d ckSf)d lEink gSa D;ksafd vki Hkfo"; ds f'k{kd gSaA
vki f'k{kd cudj ns'kfgr esa ,sls f'kf{kr Nk= iSnk djsaxsA tks fo'o esa ns'k dk Hkfo";
esa usr`Ro djasxs] ns'k dk fuekZ.k djssaxsA vki ,d f'k{kd ds lkFk&lkFk ns'k fuekZ.kd
gSaA vr% f'k{kd cuus ls vPNk vkids fy, dksbZ nwljh pht ugha gks ldrh gSA vkids
fy, fdrus xoZ dh ckr gS\ lEiw.kZ l= f'k{kd izf'k{kdksa dks mudh rqyuk lekU;
yksxksa ls ugha oju~ fo'o esa lQy fodykax O;fDr;ksa ls djuh pkfg,A fof'k"V f'k{kd
izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa ds lkFk laosxkRed lEcU/k j[kus pkfg,A f'k{kd izf'k{k.k dk;ZØe esa
fn;s dk;ksZa dks lQyrkiwoZd iw.kZ djus dh izsj.kk yxkrkj nsrs jguk pkfg,A bl izdkj
f'k{kd izf'k{k.k dk;ZØe }kjk fof'k"V f'k{kd izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa esa mPp vkRe&lEeku]
vkRe&izfrek ,oa vkn'kZ Lo% dk fodkl gks ldsxkA ifj.kker% ldkjkRed vkRe&izR;;
dk fodkl gksus yxsxkA
orZeku 'kks/k ds fu"d"kksZa ls ;g Hkh Kkr gqvk gS fd f'k{kd izf'k{k.k dk;ZØe
dk fof'k"V f'k{kd izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa] n`f"Vckf/kr f'k{kd izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa ds vkRe&fo'okl
ij rks izHkko iM+rk gS ysfdu vfLFkckf/krksa ds vkRe&fo'okl ij dksbZ izHkko ugha iM+rk
gSA ;g f'k{kd izf'k{k.k dk;ZØe ds fy, ,d iz'u fpUg gSA fo'ofo|ky; iz'kklu ,oa
f'k{kd izf'k{kdksa dks 'kks/k ds ifj.kkeksa ds vk/kkj ij f'k{kd izf'k{k.k dk;ZØe dh
detksfj;ksa dks ifgpkuus gsrq vfxze 'kks/k djus dk fopkj izLrqr djrs gSA vkf[kjdkj
f'k{kd izf'k{k.k dk;ZØe dh lajpuk esa dgk¡ deh gSA vfLFk fof'k"V f'k{kd
izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa esa dSls vkRe&fo'okl mRiUu fd;k tk;sA fdl izdkj ls izf'k{k.k iznku
djus dh rduhdh esa cnyko fd;k tk;sA tgk¡ rd 'kks/kkFkhZ dk fopkj gS fd vfLFk
fodykaxksa us Lo;a dks f'k{kd izf'k{k.k dk;ZØe dh fofHkUu xfrfof/k;ksa esa vDlj
vlQy ik;k gksxkA fØ;kRed :Ik ls lgHkkfxrk ugha dj ik;sa gksaxsA vr% ;fn f'k{kd
izf'k{kd mudh ikB~;lgxkeh ,oa vU; xfrfof/k;ksa esa lfØ; lgHkkfxrk ftuesa vkuan
vk;s] dks lqfuf'pr djsa rks /khjs&/khjs muesa vkRe&fo'okl fodflr gksus yxsxkA mUgsa
igys izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa esa NksVs&NksVs dk;ksZa dks lQyrkiwoZd djok dj vkRe&fo'okl dh
vk/kkjf'kyk j[kuh pkfg,A
![Page 27: ifj.kke] fudkZ ,oa lq>koifj.kke] fudkZ ,oa lq>koshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/17740/9/09_chapter5.pdf · 5-1 'kk/sk d sifj.kke 5-2 'kk/sk fu"d"k Z 5-3 'kSf{kd fufgrkFk](https://reader031.fdocument.pub/reader031/viewer/2022021819/5ad4f62a7f8b9a571e8ce97a/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
[ 284 ]
orZeku 'kks/k ds ifj.kkeksa ls ;g Hkh Kkr gqvk fd vfLFk fodykax fof'k"V
f'k{kd izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa dh rqyuk esa n`f"Vckf/kr fodykax fof'k"V f'k{kd izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa
dh f'k{k.k n{krk ij f'k{kd izf'k{k.k dk;ZØe dk izHkko de iM+rk gSA [kkldj
^izLrqrhdj.k* f'k{k.k n{krk ijA bldk rkRi;Z ;g gS fd f'k{kd izf'k{k.k dk;ZØe dh
^f'k{k.k vH;kl* xfrfof/k;k¡ izLrqrhdj.k dh n`f"V ls n`f"Vckf/krksa ds fy, miq;Dr ugha
gSA blfy, fo'ofo|ky; iz'kklu dks n`f"Vckf/krksa esa f'k{k.k n{krkvksa ds fodkl gsrq
u;h rdhuhdh [kkstus gsrq ewyHkwr 'kks/kksa ij cy nsuk pkfg,A n`f"Vckf/krksa esa f'k{k.k
n{krkvksa dk fodkl u gksuk f'k{kd izf'k{kdksa dh dk;Z ds izfr izfrc)rk esa ykijokgh
,oa mudh vlQyrk dh vksj ladsr djrk gS fd mUgksaus n`f"Vckf/krksa dks mudh
U;wurkvksa dks /;ku esa j[krs gq, f'k{kd izf'k{k.k ugha fn;kA 'kks/k ds fu"d"kksZa ds vk/kkj
ij f'k{k.k n{krk ls lEcfU/kr dbZ fcUnq lkekus fudydj vkrs gSa ftu ij Rofjr
/;ku nsus dh vko';drk gSA tSls& f'k{k.k n{krkvksa ds voyksdu ds nkSjku ik;k x;k
fd n`f"Vckf/kr ß';keiV~V dkS'kyÞ dk iz;ksx ugha dj ikrs gSaA vr% 'kks/k djds fdlh
/kkrq ij o.kZekyk] xf.kr vkfn ds v{kjksa dks mHkkjk tk lds ;k v{kjksa dk lk¡pk cuk;k
tk;s ftlesa pkWd dh lgk;rk ls ';keiV~V ij t:jh 'kCnksa dks fy[k ldsaA gkWykafd
;g Hkh gks ldrk gS fd o.kZekyk v{kjksa dh lk¡pk iz.kkyh iw.kZr% lgh u gks ysfdu
n`f"Vckf/krksa ds ß';keiV~V dkS'kyß ds fodkl ds n`f"Vdks.k ls {kfriwjd dk dk;Z
vo'; djsxhA
blh izdkj n`f"Vckf/kr d{kk esa Nk=ksa ds mifLFkr ,oa vuqifLFkr O;ogkjksa dks
igpku ugha ikrs gSaA fo'ofo|ky; iz'kklu ,oa f'k{kd izf'k{kdksa dks mifLFkr ,oa
vuqifLFkr O;ogkjksa dks igpkuus gsrq u;h fof/k;ksa dks [kkstus ,oa uohu izdkj ls
f'k{kd izf'k{k.k iznku djus rduhdh ij fopkj djds 'kks/k djus dh vko';drk gSA
,d vU; fcUnq ;g Hkh gS fd n`f"Vckf/kr Nk=ksa dks x`gdk;Z rks iznku dj nsrs Fks
ysfdu x`gdk;Z dh tkWp ugha dj ikrs Fks blfy, os Lo;a dks oLrqfu"B ewY;kadu djus
esa vlgt ikrs FksA D;ksafd Nk=ksa dh dfBukbZ;ksa dk funku ,oa mipkj ugha dj ikrs
FksA vxj Nk= viuh leL;kvksa dks mUgsa crk nsrs Fks rks n`f"Vckf/kr izf'k{k.kkFkhZ Nk=ksa
dh leL;kvksa dk lek/kku djus dk iz;kl djrs Fks ysfdu viuh nf"V U;wurk ds
![Page 28: ifj.kke] fudkZ ,oa lq>koifj.kke] fudkZ ,oa lq>koshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/17740/9/09_chapter5.pdf · 5-1 'kk/sk d sifj.kke 5-2 'kk/sk fu"d"k Z 5-3 'kSf{kd fufgrkFk](https://reader031.fdocument.pub/reader031/viewer/2022021819/5ad4f62a7f8b9a571e8ce97a/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
[ 285 ]
dkj.k Lo;a vius Nk=ksa dh leL;kvksa dks ugha tku ikrs FksA ;g mudh f'k{k.k
vleFkZrrk dh vksj ladsr gS ftUgsa f'k{kd izf'k{k.k dk;ZØe nwj ugha dj ik;kA vr%
f'k{kd izf'k{kdksa dks bl vksj /;ku nsus dh vko';drk gSA
'kks/k ds ifj.kkeksa ds vk/kkj ij ;g Hkh /;ku nsus ;ksX; gS fd n`f"Vckf/kr
izLrqrhdj.k ds nkSjku fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh xg.k'khyrk dks tku ugha ikrs FksA Nk=kas ds
Hkkokuqdwy vUr%fØ;k ifjorZu ugha dj ikrs FksA Nk= lgHkkfxr lqfuf'pr ugha gks
ikrh FkhA n`f"Vckf/kr n';&JO;- lk/kuksa ds iz;ksx esa vlQy jgrs FksA Nk=ksa ds
gko&Hkko dks ugha le> ikrs FksA v'kkfCnd iqucZyuksa dk iz;ksx ugha dj ikrs FksA
blfy, 'kks/k ds fu"d"kZ f'k{kd izf'k{kdksa ds fy, cgqr lgk;d gSA os mijksDr dfe;ksa
dks /;ku esa j[krs gq, lek/kku [kkst ldrs gSaA
vr% 'kks/k ds fu"d"kZ f'k{k.k n{krk ds mijksDr o vU; foUnqvksa ds lanHkZ esa
fo'ofo|ky; iz'kklu ,oa f'k{kd izf'k{kdksa dks uohu rduhdh [kkstus] fodlfr djus]
fopkj o rdZ djus ds lkFk&lkFk 'kks/k djus dk lq>ko izLrqr dj jgs gSaA f'k{kd
izf'k{kdksa dks f'k{k.k vH;kl dk mfpr ,oa fu"BkHkko] opuc)rk Lo leiZ.k ds lkFk
f'k{kd izf'k{k.k iznku djus dk lq>ko izLrqr dj jgs gSaA
'kks/k ds fu"d"kZ ls ;g Hkh Kkr gqvk gS fd f'k{kd izf'k{k.k dk;ZØe fof'k"V
f'k{kd izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa esa Hkwfedk izfrc)rk dk Hkh fodkl ugha dj ik jgk gSA vr%
jk"Vªh; v/;kid f'k{kk ifj"kn ¼1998½ }kjk tkjh ßxq.kkRed fo|ky;h f'k{kk gsrq n{krk
vk/kkfjr o izfrc)rk mUeq[k v/;kid f'k{kkÞ ds y{; dh iwrhZ f'k{kd izf'k{k.k
dk;ZØe ls ugha gks ik jgh gSA ;g ,d fpark dk fo"k; lkekus mHkdj vk;k gS ;fn
f'k{kd izf'k{kd loZizFke Lo;a izfrc) gksdj f'k{kd izf'k{k.k iznku djsa rks fof'k"V
f'k{kd izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa esa Hkwfedk izfrc)rk dh vkarfjd Hkkouk dk fodkl gks ldrk gS
;fn fo'ofo|ky; iz'kklu fo'ks"kKksa dh lgk;rk ls ßfØ;k dsfUnzrß f'k{kd izf'k{k.k
dk;ZØe ¼,fDVfoVh lsUVªMZ Vhpj Vªsfux izksxzke½ rS;kj djsa rFkk dsoy ßdlkSVh lEcU/kh
ewY;kaduß dk izo/kku gks] f'k{kd ds :Ik fofHkUu Hkwfedkvksa dks O;kogkfjd :Ik ls djk
dj f'k{kd izf'k{k.k iznku fd;k tk;s rks mijksDr y{; dks izkIr fd;k tk ldrk gSA
![Page 29: ifj.kke] fudkZ ,oa lq>koifj.kke] fudkZ ,oa lq>koshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/17740/9/09_chapter5.pdf · 5-1 'kk/sk d sifj.kke 5-2 'kk/sk fu"d"k Z 5-3 'kSf{kd fufgrkFk](https://reader031.fdocument.pub/reader031/viewer/2022021819/5ad4f62a7f8b9a571e8ce97a/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
[ 286 ]
tSls&fof'k"V f'k{kd izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa ls f'k{kd izf'k{k.k ds nkSjku Hkwfedk
izfrc)rk vnk djus dk izf'k{k.k nsus ds dqN gh fnuksa Ik'pkr Hkwfedk izfrc)rk ds
fodkl gsrq iz;ksxkRed fo|ky; dh lkekU; xfrfof/k;ksa ds nkSjku fuEu izdkj
ßfØ;kRed izf'k{k.kß nsuk pkfg,A
1- vius Nk=ksa ds fy, ikB~;&lgxkeh fØ;kvksa dk vk;kstu ,oa laxBu dhft,A
2- Nk=ksa ds fy, lh[kus ds okrkoj.k dk fuekZ.k dSls djsaxs\ djds fn[kkvksA
3- Nk=ksa dks vfHkizsfjr dSls djsaxs\ djds fn[kkvksA
4- ukekafdr fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks f'k{kk iw.kZ gksus rd dSls jksddj j[kasxs\ ekSf[kd iwN
ldrs gSaA
5- vius fo|ky; esa lkekftd ioksZa dk vk;kstu o laxBu dSls djssaxs\ fdu&fdu
phtksa dh vko';drk gksxhA gesa ekSf[kd :Ik ls dk;Zfof/k crkvks\
6- vfHkHkkod la?k dk fuekZ.k dSls djsaxs\ djds crkvksA
7- Nk=ksa ds vfHkHkkodksa ls dSls vUr%fØ;k djsaxs\ muls lg;ksxkRed lEcU/k dSls
cuk;saxs\ fn'kk&funsZ'k dSls nsaxs\ ¼vfHkHkkod la?k dh cSBd ds nkSjku Nk=ksa ds
vfHkHkkodksa ds lkFk vUr%fØ;k djokuh pkfg,½
8- fo|ky; ls LFkkuh; leqnk; dks dSls tksM+saxs\
9- vki vius Nk=ksa esa jk"Vª izse] ekr`Hkwfe izse] iztkra=] lekUkrk] /keZ fujis{krk ,oa
lektokn dh Hkkouk dk fodkl dSls djsaxs\
10- D;k vkidks ekywe gS fd Hkfo"; esa dSls O;kolkf;d izf'k{k.k izkIr djsaxs\
11- fo|ky; esa myC/k laLFkkuksa dk leqfpr mi;ksx o j[k&j[kko dSls djsaxs\
dk;Zfof/k crkvks\
![Page 30: ifj.kke] fudkZ ,oa lq>koifj.kke] fudkZ ,oa lq>koshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/17740/9/09_chapter5.pdf · 5-1 'kk/sk d sifj.kke 5-2 'kk/sk fu"d"k Z 5-3 'kSf{kd fufgrkFk](https://reader031.fdocument.pub/reader031/viewer/2022021819/5ad4f62a7f8b9a571e8ce97a/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
[ 287 ]
vkfn ,oa vU; iz'uksa dks fof'k"V f'k{kd izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa ds lkeus ,d leL;k ds
:Ik esa izLrqr djds O;kogkfjd :Ik ls fØ;k djokuh pkfg,A rc Hkwfedk izfc)rk ds
fodkl ds n`f"Vdks.k ls lgh izf'k{k.k iznku fd;k tk ldsxkA lcls cM+h ckr ;g gS
fd mijksDr ls Hkh igys f'k{kd izf'k{kdksa esa vius dk;ksZa ds izfr opuc)rk o leiZ.k
Hkko ds lkFk iw.kZ djus dh vkarfjd Hkkouk gksuh pkfg, rc gh fof'k"V f'k{kd izf'k{kd
izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa esa Hkwfedk izfrc)rk mRiUu dj ldsaxsA
5-4-0 'kks/k dh lhek,a
izLrqr 'kks/k ds ifj.kkeksa dks v)Z&lR; iz;ksxkRed 'kks/k vfHkdYi ¼Dos'kh
,DlisjheasVy fjlpZ fMtkbu½ dh lhekvksa ds lanHkZ esa gh ns[kk tkuk pkfg,A
5-5-0 lq>ko
5-5-1 f'k{kk uhfr&fu/kkZjdkas ,oa iz'kkldksa gsrq lq>ko
'kks/k ds ifj.kkeksa ls Kkr gqvk fd txnxq: jkeHknzkpk;Z fodykax fo'ofo|ky;
dk f'k{kd izf'k{k.k dk;ZØe fof'k"V f'k{kd izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa dks ,d izHkko'kkyh ,oa ;ksX;
f'k{kd cukus esa lQy de vlQy T;knk gS ftl vko';drk dh iwrhZ gsrq ns'k ds
uhfr fu/kkZjdksa us bl fo'ofo|ky; }kjk fof'k"V f'k{kd izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa ds fy, f'k{kd
izf'k{k.k dk;ZØe lapkfyr fd;kA mldh iwrhZ de gh gks ik jgh gSA fof'k"V f'k{kd
izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa dks f'k{kd izf'k{k.k dk;ZØe mudh fo'ks"k vko';drkvksa ds vuqdwy ugha
fey ik jgk gSA vr% f'k{kk uhfr fu/kkZjdksa dks fo'ofo|ky; ds f'k{kd izf'k{k.k
dk;ZØe dh fMtkbu] vof/k] f'k{kd izf'k{k.k iz.kkyh] ewY;kadu] blds vk;kstu ,oa
laxBu ds lanHkZ esa iqu% fopkj djuk pkfg,A jk"Vªh; Lrj ij desVh xfBr djds
fo'ks"kKksa ls lq>ko ysus pkfg,A izf'k{k.k dk;ZØe esa lq/kkj gsrq vf/kd ls vf/kd 'kks/k
,oa izkstsDV lapkfyr gksus pkfg, rc gh txn~xq: jkeHknzkpk;Z fodykax fo'ofo|ky;
dk f'k{kd izf'k{k.k dk;ZØe fo'o esa tkuk tk ldsxkA vU; ns'k ds fodykaxksa dks Hkh
vkdf"kZr dj ldsxkA fodykaxksa dks vPNk f'k{kd cukdj lekt esa lek;ksftr dj
ldsxkA ftlls os lekt dh eq[; /kkjk ls tqM+ ldsaxsA
![Page 31: ifj.kke] fudkZ ,oa lq>koifj.kke] fudkZ ,oa lq>koshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/17740/9/09_chapter5.pdf · 5-1 'kk/sk d sifj.kke 5-2 'kk/sk fu"d"k Z 5-3 'kSf{kd fufgrkFk](https://reader031.fdocument.pub/reader031/viewer/2022021819/5ad4f62a7f8b9a571e8ce97a/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
[ 288 ]
5-5-2 fo'ofo|ky; iz'kklu ,oa izcU/kr gsrq lq>ko
1- fo'ofo|ky; iz'kklu ,oa izca/ku dks f'k{kd izf'k{k.k iznku djus fy, u;h
rduhdh ,oa fof/k;ksa ds fuekZ.k ,oa [kkst gsrq yxkrkj 'kks/k djokus pkfg,
tSls& n`f"Vckf/krksa ds fy, f'k{k.k n{krk gsrq 'kks/k djds ,d "Touch Screen
Black Board" cuk;k tk ldrk gSA ysfdu vHkh rks dsoy ;g dYiuk dk gh
fo"k; gSA ;g Black Boad n`f"Vckf/krksa ds fy, ';keiV~V dkS'ky dks iz;ksx dh
n`f"V ls vo'; gh {kfriwjd dk dk;Z djsxkA
2- f'k{kd izf'k{k.k dk;ZØe dh lajpuk dh dfe;ksa dks tkuus] lq/kkj djus gsrq
NksVs&NksVs izkstsDV lEikfnr gksus pkfg,A
3- fo'ofo|ky; iz'kklu ,oa izca/ku dks f'k{kd izf'k{k.k dk;ZØe ds iqLrdky;
dks dEI;qVjh—r cukuk pkfg,A dEI;wVj Touch Screen okys gksus pkfg, rkfd
n`f"Vckf/kr f'k{kd izf'k{k.kkFkhZ Lo;a gh viuh vko';drkvksa dh iqLrdksaa dh
[kkst dj ldsaA
4- fo'ofo|ky; iz'kklu ,oa izca/ku dks f'k{kd izf'k{kdksa o fufrfu/kkZjdksa dh
lgk;rk ls f'k{kd izf'k{k.k dk;ZØe ds ikB~;Øe ,oa ikB~; lgxkeh fØ;kvksa
dks ^fØ;k dsfUnzr* cukuk pkfg,A
5- fo'ofo|ky; iz'kklu ,oa izca/ku dh lsesLVj iz.kkyh ds lkFk&lkFk lrr~
vkarfjd ewY;kadu ds ?kVdksa ¼fDot] d{kk ijh{kk] x`gdk;Z] d{kk dk;Z] lsehukj
,oa lewg okn&fookn] V~;wVksfj;Yl½ dks izHkkoh <ax ls ykxw djuk pkfg, rkfd
^fnu&izfrfnu] ,oa lkIrkfgd* fof'k"V f'k{kd izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa ds ckjs esa lwpuk,a
izkIr gksrh jgsa ftlls rRdky funku ,oa mipkj gks ldsxkA
ßfo'ofo|ky; iz'kklu ,oa izca/ku dks f'k{kd izf'k{k.k dk;ZØe dh
vof/k nks o"kZ dj nsuh pkfg,A D;ksafd fodykaxksa ds fy, lgt <ax
mudh vko';drkvksa dks /;ku esa j[krs gq, izf'k{k.k iznku djus ds
fy, le; dh vf/kd vko';drk gksrh gSAß
![Page 32: ifj.kke] fudkZ ,oa lq>koifj.kke] fudkZ ,oa lq>koshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/17740/9/09_chapter5.pdf · 5-1 'kk/sk d sifj.kke 5-2 'kk/sk fu"d"k Z 5-3 'kSf{kd fufgrkFk](https://reader031.fdocument.pub/reader031/viewer/2022021819/5ad4f62a7f8b9a571e8ce97a/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
[ 289 ]
7- tc ls f'k{kd izf'k{k.k py jgk gS rc ls vc rd f'k{kd izf'k{k.k dk;ZØe ds
ikB~;Øe esa dksbZ ifjorZu ugha gqvk gSA vr% fo'ofo|ky; iz'kklu ,oa izca/ku
dks izR;sd o"kZ ßcksMZ vkWQ LVoZtÞ dh ehfVax djokuh pkfg, rkfd ikB~;Øe ls
vuqi;qDr rRFkksa dks gVk;k tk lds ,oa u;s uokpkjksa o fopkjksa dks tksM+k tk
ldsA tSls&f'k{kk dk vf/kdkj vf/kfu;e] fons'kh f'k{kk iznkrk vf/kfu;e vkfnA
5-5-3 f'k{kd izf'k{kdksa gsrq lq>ko
1. fodykaxtuksa dks lekt o 'kS{kf.kd thou esa lkewfgd :Ik ls lEcks/ku djus
ds volj cgqr de izkIr gksrs gSa ifj.kker% viuh U;wurk ds dkj.k
fgpfdpkgV] Mj ,oa Hk; ls xzflr gksrs gSa vr% f’k{kd&izf’k{k.k d{kk dk
izkjEHk nks ;k rhu fof’k"V f’k{kd izf’k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa }kjk izfrfnu lekpkj cksyus
,oa fdlh vPNs fo"k; ij Hkk"k.k ;k fopkj O;Dr djus ls gksuk pkfg, ftlls
lEizs"k.k esa vkRe&fo’okl iSnk gks ldsA
2. f’k{kd&izf’k{kd mUgsa ldkjkRed cuk;saA muls mudh thr] lQyrk] miyfC/k]
ldkjkRedrk ,oa fo’ks"k ;ksX;rkvksa ds ckjs esa lkspus dks dgsaA mUgsa vk’kkoknh
,oa ;FkkFkZoknh cuk;saA tSls n`f"Vckf/krksa dh xk;u {kerkA
3. f’k{kd&izf’k{kd fof’k"V f’k{kd izf’k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa esa ,t&bQ VsfDud ¼ekuks fd
rduhdh½ fodflr djsaA rkfd os ,slk eglwl djsa] bl izdkj cksysa fd ekuks
muesa fo’okl gS] mudk HkkX;] fu;fr muds fu;U=.k esa gS] ekuks fd os igys
gh lQy gS ¼ch-,M- izos’k ijh{kk ikl dj yh½ ekuks fd os ogk¡ gSa tgk¡ os gksuk
pkgrs gSa ¼f’k{kd izf’k{k.k izkIr dj jgs gSa] f’k{kd cuus tk jgs gSa½ ekuks fd os
euksoSKkfud :i ls 'kfDr’kkyh gSa tksfd fdlh Hkh izdkj ds ckgjh /kedh tSls
fd fdlh dh v’kq) eukso`fÙk] pkiywlh] voS/k lwpuk vkfn izHkkfor ugha gks
ldrs] ,slk dk;Z djsa] ,slk cksysa o fo’okl djsa fd vki izR;sd izdkj dh
leL;k ls fuiV ysaxs] izR;sd leL;k o /kefd;ksa dk lkeuk dj ysaxsA vr%
^tSlk fd* ;k *ekuks fd* Hkkouk fodflr gksus ls dfBu dk;Z Hkh ljyrkiwoZd
gy gks ldsaxs ftlls vkRe&fo’okl dk fuekZ.k gksxkA
![Page 33: ifj.kke] fudkZ ,oa lq>koifj.kke] fudkZ ,oa lq>koshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/17740/9/09_chapter5.pdf · 5-1 'kk/sk d sifj.kke 5-2 'kk/sk fu"d"k Z 5-3 'kSf{kd fufgrkFk](https://reader031.fdocument.pub/reader031/viewer/2022021819/5ad4f62a7f8b9a571e8ce97a/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
[ 290 ]
4. fof’k"V f’k{kd izf’k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa dks f’k{kd izf’k{k.k ds nkSjku lfØ; ,oa ÅtkZoku
eglwl djus dh izsj.kk nh tk;sA mUgsa NksVh&NksVh ;kstuk cukus ,oa bls
izHkkoh] n{krkiw.kZ <ax ,oa ân; ls lEikfnr djus dk Hkko fodflr fd;k
tk;A ;s ;kstuk,¡ izf’k{k.k dk;ZØe ds lS)kfUrd i{k dh vis{kk O;kogkfjd
vf/kd gksuh pkfg,A tSls&lQyrkiwoZd ikB ;kstuk dh izLrqfr] d{kk eap ij
izHkkoh lEizs"k.k] f’k{k.k dkS’ky dk izHkkoh lEiknu] lkewfgd lkekftd lsok]
iz;ksxkRed fo|ky; esa Nk=ksa dh lh[kus dh leL;kvksa dk O;kogkfjd funku
,oa mudk mipkj ,oa Nk=ksa ds ekrk&firk ds lkFk lQyrkiwoZd vUr%fØ;k o
vfHkHkkodksa dks lUrq"V djuk vkfnA vr% f’k{kd izf’k{k.k ds ?kVdksa dh
NksVh&NksVh lQyrk muesa n<+ vkRe&fo’okl iSnk djus esa lgk;d gksxhA
ifj.kker% os eglwl djus yxsaxs fd eSa ,d vPNk f’k{kd cuus tk jgk gw¡A eSa
f’k{kd ds dk;ks± dks dj ldrk gw¡A ;g vkUrfjd Hkko ftruk n<+ gksxk mruk
gh n<+ vkRe&fo’okl dk fuekZ.k gksxkA
5. jksy ekWMy ds }kjk mudh ghu Hkkoukvksa dks nwj djds vkRe&fo’okl ,oa
vkRe&izR;; esa ldkjkRed o`f) dh tk ldrh gSA
6. f'k{kd izf'k{kdksa dks vf/kd ljy ,oa lgt vf/kxe f'k{kd izf'k{k.k lkexzh dk
fodkl djuk pkfg, tSls& n`f"Vckf/krksa ds fy, ';keiV~V ij fy[kus ds fy,
o.kZekyk ds v{kjksa dk lk¡pk fuekZ.k ,oa fodflr djukA
7. f'k{kd izf'k{kdksa dks n`f"Vckf/kr fodykax fof'k"V f'k{kd izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa dh
f'k{k.k n{krkvksa ds fodkl ij vis{kk—r vf/kd /;ku nsuk pkfg,A
8. n`f"Vckf/kr fodykax fof'k"V f'k{kd izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa dk ^izLrqrhdj.k* dk Nk=ksa
dh xg.k'khyrk ls esy ugha gksrk Fkk D;ksafd n`f"Vckf/kr Nk=ksa ds gko&Hkkoksa
dks ns[k ugha ikrs FksA vr% f'k{kd izf'k{kdksa dks izLrqrhdj.k xfr dk mfpr
izf'k{k.k nsdj nf"Vckf/krksa ij fo'ks"k /;ku nsuk pkfg,A
9. n`f"Vckf/kr fodykax fof'k"V f'k{kd izf'k{k.kkFkhZ vf/kd ls vf/kd f'k{k.k esa
n`';&JO; lk/kuksa dk iz;ksx dSls djsa] ij f'k{kd izf'k{kdksa dks /;ku dsfUnzr
djuk pkfg,A
![Page 34: ifj.kke] fudkZ ,oa lq>koifj.kke] fudkZ ,oa lq>koshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/17740/9/09_chapter5.pdf · 5-1 'kk/sk d sifj.kke 5-2 'kk/sk fu"d"k Z 5-3 'kSf{kd fufgrkFk](https://reader031.fdocument.pub/reader031/viewer/2022021819/5ad4f62a7f8b9a571e8ce97a/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
[ 291 ]
10. iqucZyu ls vf/kxe esa c`f) gksrh gS vr% f'k{kd izf'k{kdksa dks ;g lqfuf'pr
djuk pkfg, fd n`f"Vckf/kr izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa dks dSls v'kkfCnd iqucZyu esa n{k
cuk;k tk;s D;ksafd n`f"Vckf/kr Nk= ds ikl tkdj Li'khZ; iqucZyu nsus esa
l{ke ugha FksA
11. ^f'k{k.k vH;kl* izkjEHk djus ls igys ekWMy ikB ;kstukvksa dk O;kid Lrj ij
f'k{kd izf'k{kdkas }kjk fof'k"V f'k{kd izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa ds lkeus izn'kZu djuk
pkfg,A
12. f'k{kd izf'k{kdksa dks iz;ksxkRed fo|ky; esa f'k{k.k vH;kl ds nkSjku dHkh Hkh
,d d{kk esa nks d{kk lapkfyr ugha djuh pkfg,A Hkys gh f'k{k.k vH;kl de
D;ksa u gksa D;ksafd fof'k"V f'k{kd izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa esa de ls de ;g HkkoukRed
Bsl rks ugha igq¡psxh fd ge ;g dk;Z ugha dj ldsA
13. f'k{k.k vH;kl ds nkSjku ,e-,M- Nk=k/;kidksa ds gLr{ksi dks de djuk pkfg,
D;ksafd fof'k"V f'k{kd izf'k{k.kkFkhZ muesa QSfefy;j gks tkrs gSa ifj.kker% lgh
<ax ls f'k{k.k u djus dh Hkkouk muesa cu tkrh gSA vr% ,e-,M- Nk=ksa dks
f'k{k.k vH;kl ikB ;kstuk ij fVIi.kh fy[kus dh vuqefr ugha gksuh pkfg,A
14. fof'k"V f'k{kd izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa eas Hkwfedk izfrc)rk ds fodkl gsrq f'k{kd
izf'k{kdksa dks ßfØ;k dsfUnzrß] ßvuqHko vk/kkfjrß f'k{kd izf'k{k.k ,oa ikB~;
lgxkeh fØ;kvksa vk;kstu ,oa laxBu djuk pkfg,A rRi'pkr~ izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa
ls fofHkUu ikB~; lgxkeh fØ;kvksa dk vk;kstu djok dj ns[kuk pkfg,
ftldk ewY;kadu dsoy fu/kkZfjr dlkSVh ds lanHkZ esa gksuk pkfg,A ,slk djus
ls loZizFke rks os f'k{kd ds :Ik esa viuh Hkwfedkvksa ls ifjfpr gks tk;assxsA ogha
nwljh vksj ikB~; lgxkeh&fØ;kvksa ds vk;kstu ,oa laxBu dk vuqHko Hkh fey
tk;sxkA ^ge dk;Z dj ldrs gSa*] dk vkRe&fo'okl Hkh iSnk gks tk;sxkA
f'k{kd ds :Ik esa iznku dh x;h Hkwfedkvksa dks opuc)rk ,oa leiZ.k ds lkFk
iw.kZ djus dh vkarfjd Hkkouk Hkh iSnk gks tk;sxhA
tSls& iz;ksxkRed fo|ky; ds lg;ksx ls f'k{kd&vfHkHkkod la?k dh cSBd dk
vk;kstu ,oa laxBu djokuk pkfg,A izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa dks vfHkHkkodksa ls laokn ,oa vUr%
![Page 35: ifj.kke] fudkZ ,oa lq>koifj.kke] fudkZ ,oa lq>koshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/17740/9/09_chapter5.pdf · 5-1 'kk/sk d sifj.kke 5-2 'kk/sk fu"d"k Z 5-3 'kSf{kd fufgrkFk](https://reader031.fdocument.pub/reader031/viewer/2022021819/5ad4f62a7f8b9a571e8ce97a/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
[ 292 ]
fØ;k LFkkfir djus ds volj fn;s tkus pkfg,A vr% bl izfØ;k ds }kjk fof'k"V
f'k{kd izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa dks okLrfod vuqHko fey ldsxk ftlls muesa Hkwfedkvksa dh
opuc)rk ls fuHkkus dh Hkkouk iSnk gks ldsxhA
vr% f'k{kd izf'k{kdksa f'k{kd izf'k{k.k dks O;kogkfjd cukdj izf'k{k.k iznku
djuk pkfg,A
5-5-4 fof'k"V f'k{kd izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa gsrq lq>ko
1- fof'k"V f'k{kd izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa dks dHkh Hkh viuh U;wurkvksa ds ckjs esa ugha
lkspuk pkfg,A dHkh Hkh fgpfdpkgV] Mj Hk; ls xzflr u gks] ges'kk Lo;a dks
cqf)eku] vknZ'koknh] lkglh] 'kfDr'kkyh] dk;Zdq'ky] n`<+ fu'p; ds lkFk dk;Z
djus okyk le>sa ,oa ,slk gksus dk iz;kl vo'; gh djuk pkfg,A ges'kk vius
vanj ÅtkZ dk lapkj j[ksaA eglwl djsa fd eSa lHkh dk;ksZa dks dj ldrk gw¡
D;ksafd f'k{k.k ls cM+k pqukSrhiw.kZ dksbZ dk;Z ugha gSA eSa ns'k ds fuekZ.k esa
lg;ksx ns jgk gw¡A ;g esjs fy, xoZ dh ckr gSA ge fdlh ls de ugha gSA
gekjk fdlh ls dksbZ eqdkoyk ugha gSA gekjs tSls xq.k nwljksa ds ikl ugha gS
blfy, ge fo'ks"k gSaA gkFkksa ls nqfu;k isafVx cukrh gSA iSjksa ls dksbZ ugha cuk
ldrkA iSjksa dsoy ge fodykax gh cuk ldrs gSaA
2- ;fn fof'k"V f'k{kd izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa dks f'k{kd ds :Ik esa O;kolkf;d lef) dk
volj feysa rks NksM+uk ugha pkfg,A mUgsa voljksa dks <w¡<rs jguk pkfg,A ,slk
djds Lo;a dks n{k cuk,aA vU; f'k{kd ls gVdj dqN fo'ks"k f'k{k.k dkS'ky
fodflr djsaA ,slk djds mUgsa vius fo|ky; esa vyx lEeku dk LFkku
feysxkA vkl&ikl dk leqnk; mUgsa ,d vPNs n{k ,oa izHkkoh f'k{kd ds :Ik
esa tkusxkA
3- ges'kk vius dk;ksZa dks Lo;a djsaA LokoyEch cusaA ijkcyEcu dk R;kx djsaA
fdlh ds eksgrkt u jgsA ,lk djus ls mUgsa ldkjkRed vkarfjd ÅtkZ
![Page 36: ifj.kke] fudkZ ,oa lq>koifj.kke] fudkZ ,oa lq>koshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/17740/9/09_chapter5.pdf · 5-1 'kk/sk d sifj.kke 5-2 'kk/sk fu"d"k Z 5-3 'kSf{kd fufgrkFk](https://reader031.fdocument.pub/reader031/viewer/2022021819/5ad4f62a7f8b9a571e8ce97a/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
[ 293 ]
feysxh tks mUgsa ges'kk dqN djus ds fy, izsfjr djsxhA blls mudss
O;fDrRo ij ,d funsZ'kukRed cy iM+sxkA
4- n`f"Vckf/kr fof'k"V f'k{kd izf'k{k.kkFkhZ ftu f'k{k.k n{krk dkS'kyksa dk iz;ksx
n{k <ax ls ugha dj ldrsA mlds ckjs esa foyki u djsaA udkjkRed u lkspsaA
ysfdu ftu f'k{k.k n{krk dkS'kyksa dk iz;ksx dj ldrs gSaA mu dkS'kyksa dk
iz;ksx bruh n{krk ,oa izHkko'khyrk ds lkFk djsa ftlls vU; f'k{k.k dkS'kyksa
ds iz;ksx u djus dh {kfriwrhZ gks ldsA rkfd mu f'k{k.k dkS'kyksa ds n{krkiw.kZ
iz;ksx ds fy, n`f"Vckf/krksa dks fo'ks"k rkSj ij tkuk tk;A
5- fof'k"V f'k{kd izf'k{k.kkFkhZ Lo;a dks ges'kk vfHkizsfjr j[ksaA vius vanj tTok
j[ksaA eglwl djsa gekjs ikl [kksus dks dqN Hkh ugha gSA ysfdu izkIr djus dks
cgqr dqN gSA tSls f'k{kd ds :Ik esa lekt esa lEekuA
6- dHkh Hkh nwljksa dh vfHkofRr lEcU/kh ckrksa ls HkkoukRed :Ik ls vkgr u gksaA
mUgsa ,d pqukSrh le>saA vfHko`fRr lEcU/kh desUV djus okyksa ls csgrj cudj
fn[kk;saA ;fn fof'k"V f'k{kd izf'k{k.kkFkhZ ,slk dj nsrs gSa rks desUV djus okyksa
dks Lo;a vius fd, ij i'pkrki gksxkA viuh fuxkgksa esa os Lo;a fxjsaxsA vr%
vfHko`fRr desUV~l dks udkjkRed ugha ldkjkRed :Ik ls Lohdkj djsaA lekt
esa Lo;a uthj izLrqr djsaA nwljksa ds fy, vfHkizsjd cusaA
5-5-5 fof'k"V f'k{kd izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa ds vfHkHkkodksa gsrq lq>ko%
7- fof'k"V f'k{kd izf'k{k.kkFkhZ Lukrd djus ds Ik'pkr~ f'k{kd izf'k{k.k dk;ZØe esa
izos'k ysrs gSaA os vis{kk—r ifjiDo gksrs gSaA blfy, fof'k"V f'k{kd
izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa ds vfHkHkkodksa dks mudk nSfud dk;Z djds mUgsa ekufld :Ik
ijkcyEch u cuk;saA mUgsa viuk dk;Z Lo;a djus ds fy, izsfjr djsa rkfd os
vius dk;ksZa esa LokcyEch cu ldsaA muds fopkj ldkjkRed gks ldsaA
HkkoukRed Lrj ij etcwr cu ldsaA
![Page 37: ifj.kke] fudkZ ,oa lq>koifj.kke] fudkZ ,oa lq>koshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/17740/9/09_chapter5.pdf · 5-1 'kk/sk d sifj.kke 5-2 'kk/sk fu"d"k Z 5-3 'kSf{kd fufgrkFk](https://reader031.fdocument.pub/reader031/viewer/2022021819/5ad4f62a7f8b9a571e8ce97a/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
[ 294 ]
8- vfHkHkkod fof'k"V f'k{kd izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa dks ,d f'k{kd ds :Ik esa vius
O;koklf;d dq'kyrkvksa esa of) djus ds fy, izsfjr djsaA mUgsa lsokdkyhu
izf'k{k.k ysus ds fy, vfHkizsfjr djsaA lsehukj] dk;Z'kkyk ,oa dkWUÝsal esa tkus
ds fy, izsfjr djsaA
5-5-6 Hkfo"; ds 'kks/k gsrq lq>ko
� Hkfo"; esa fof'k"V f'k{kd izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa ij ,d vuqorhZ v/;;u ¼QkWyksvi
LVMh½ dh tkuh pkfg, rkfd ;g Kkr gks lds fd izf'k{k.kkFkhZ f'k{kd izf'k{k.k
izkIr djus ds Ik'pkr D;k os f'k{k.k O;olk; gh djrs gSa ;k vU; fdlh
O;olk; dks ilUn djrs gSa\ fdrus fof'k"V f'k{kd izf'k{k.kkFkhZ f'k{k.k
O;o;lk; izkIr dj ikrs gSaa]\
� Hkfo"; esa fof'k"V f'k{kd izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa ds O;fDrRo ij 'kks/k fd;k tkuk
pkfg,A
� Hkfo"; esa tc fof'k"V f'k{kd izf'k{k.kkFkhZ vius okLrfod f'k{k.k esa lek;ksftr
gks tk;sa rc mudh f'k{k.k izHkko'khyrk dks tkuus gsrq 'kks/k fd;k tkuk
pkfg,A