IEC SYSTEM OF CONFORMITY ASSESSMENT SCHEMES FOR ELECTROTECHNICAL EQUIPMENT AND COMPONENTS Jean LANZO...

IEC SYSTEM OF CONFORMITY ASSESSMENT

SCHEMES FOR ELECTROTECHNICAL

EQUIPMENT AND COMPONENTS

Safety requirements of Audio, video and similar electronic apparatus

IEC 60065/IEC 62368-1

Jean LANZOCertification Officer

AFSEC26/27-08-2013NAIROBI

Sommaire

► History

► Scope

► Objectives and covered risks

► Safety general principles

► Terminology

► The circuits

► Grade of Insulation

► Quantification of insulation

► Heating

► Resistance to fire

► Fault conditions

► Television receivers

► Philosophy of CEI 62368-1




HISTORY



HISTORYIEC 60065:1952 (ed 1.0)

Safety requirements for electric mains operated radio receiving apparatus

IEC 60950:1986 (ed 1.0) Safety of information technology equipment including electrical business equipment

1965

1952

IEC 60065:1965 (ed 2.0)Safety requirements for mains operated electronic and related equipment for domestic and similar general use

1986

07-1998

IEC 60950:1991 (ed 2.0) + A1:1992 + A2:1993 + A3:1995 + A4:1996

GUIDE IEC 112:1998 (ed 1.0) by ACOSGuide on the safety of multimedia equipment

ACOS = Advisory Committee On Safety

IEC 60065:1998 (ed 6.0)Audio, video and similar electronic apparatus – Safety requirements

09-1998

1996

HISTORYIEC 60065:2001 (ed 7.0)Audio, video and similar electronic apparatus – Safety requirements TC92

IEC 60950-1:2001 (ed 3)Information technology equipment – Safety – Part 1: General requirements TC 74

2013

Evolution of apparatus functionalities High density of electronic components

==> Increase and mixing of functionalities

IEC 60065:2001 +A1:2005

TC108

IEC 60950-1:2005 TC108

CEI 62368-1 :2010 TC108

TC 108 = (TC92 + TC 74)

2005

2001

2010




SCOPE



Electronics apparatus for» reception, generation, recording

» Record and reproduction of audio, video and

associated signals

» Combination of the above apparatus

Household and similar general use

Places of public assembly» School, theatres,

» Workplace

Scope

Supplied by:» Mains

» External power supply module

» Battery

» Remote power feeding

At a rated voltage of» 250 V (single phase) or

» 433 V (other than single phase)

May be connected to telecommunication

network or Cable distribution network of

antenna signal

Scope

Sound and /or image receiver and amplifier (radio, television set, Citizen Band radio etc..); Supply apparatus intended to supply other apparatus in this standard scope;Audio and/or video educational apparatus (record player, tape reader, tape walkman and video player, etc..);Multimedia apparatus;Beamer; Video recorder and associated monitors (camera, camcorder, etc..) ;Electronic gaming and scoring machines;Juke boxes;

Some apparatus within the scope

Electronic light effect apparatus;cable head-end receivers;Antenna signal converters and amplifiers;Antenna positioners;Alarm systems apparatus;Record and optical disc players;Professional sound/video systems;Electronic flash apparatus for photographic purposes;Etc…

Some apparatus within the scope

Film, slide and overhead projectors» IEC 60335-2-56

gaming and scoring machines for commercial use

» IEC 60335-2-82

Apparatus out of the scope




OBJECTIVES AND COVERED RISKS



Standard requirements allow A protection against:

Hazardous current through human body (electrical choc)

Excessive temperature value Fire ignition and propagation Mechanical instability Injury from mechanical parts Hazardous radiations Implosion and explosion effects

Design of a reliable apparatus

Objectives

Current flow through human bodyObserved physiological effects depend on:

» Intensity of the current Applied voltage and frequency Body impedance (contact surface,

humidity)

» Duration of the passage

» Current path in the body

Risks of electrical choc

High intensity : directs effects» Burning» Ventricular fibrillation

Low intensity : involuntary reaction» Downfall » Injury » Etc.…


Direct contact in normal condition» Parts at hazardous voltage

Insulation failure; in fault condition

» Rupture of the electric envelope» Contact current


Short-circuit between high current energy source connectors

» Arcing» Emission of molten metal» Burning

Possible risks with low voltage circuits» Battery


Excessive heating» In normal use» In single fault situation

• Overload, • Insulation failure

Ignition, fire» Releasing of connection» Inflammation of liquid

Thermal and fire risks

Instability» On inclined plane » In full deployment situation

Sharp edges and corners

Moving parts

Projection of particles» Implosion of cathode ray tube (CRT)» Explosion of battery

Mechanical risks

Radiations

Lasers and LED

Sound frequencies

Radio frequencies

Radiations risks




SAFETY GENERAL PRINCIPLES



Safety integration

Remove or lower the risk at the design phase

Protect

for risks which cannot be removed at the design phase

Inform the user about the residual risksMarking/Training

Goal: cancel all risk during the foreseeable life time of the apparatus : transportation, installation, usage, shutdown and disposal

Design principle

Avoid risks in normal operation conditions but also:

In fault condition In foreseeable unexpected usage Under external environmental

influences (temperature, humidity, altitude, pollution, overvoltage etc…)

Design principle

Design principle

Choose material and components in such a way that they can:

Operate without being hazard source, during the apparatus life time

Be compatible with the other components Operate correctly in their ratings Avoid hazard in single fault condition

Implementation (against electrical choc)

Identify type of circuits in the apparatus (Primary, Secondary, Low voltage, Extra-low voltage, Safety Extra low voltage, current limited , Telecommunication network voltage, cable distribution of antenna signal).

Determine insulation between: - circuits taken by pairs,

- each circuit and accessible part

(basic, supplementary, double, reinforced)

Verify conformity to standard requirements (creepage distance, clearance,

solid insulation, dielectric strength )




TERMINOLGY



Mains» power source with voltage > 35 V (peak) a.c. or

d.c.

Rated voltage; rated current consumption; rated power consumption; rated frequency;

» Values in normal operating condition

» Expected to be marked on the apparatus

» As an alternative, rated current consumption and

rated power consumption may be given in the

instruction manual.

» “/” for user selectable ratings (120/240 V)

» “-” for rating range (120-240 V)

Tolerance = +10%, -10%

Electrical rating

Class I» Basic insulation + earth connection of conductive

accessible parts

Class II » Double insulation or reinforced insulation

Class III: Not defined in IEC 60065 Defined in IEC 60950-1 and CEI 62368-1

» Apparatus supplied by a SELV circuit or Energy

Source class 1 (ES1)

and

» No internal hazardous voltage or Energy Source

class 3 (ES3)

Electrical classification

Direct connection to the mains

Conductive connection to the mains

Permanently connected apparatus » Needs a tool

» Cannot be loosened by hand

Remote power feeding » supply of power to apparatus via a

cable network (e.g.: Telecommunication)

Apparatus≥ 0,7 mA

Mains 2000 Ω

Apparatus≥ 9 AMains fuse

Connection to the mains

Pluggable equipment Type A » connection to a mains supply via a non-industrial

plug and socket-outlet or a non-industrial appliance coupler, or both

Pluggable equipment Type B » connection to a mains supply via a industrial plug

and socket-outlet or an appliance coupler, or both, complying with IEC 60309

Protective earthing terminal» TERMINAL to which parts are connected and which

is required to be connected to earth for safety reasons

Connection to the mains

Enclosure » housing affording the type and degree of protection

suitable for the intended application

Enclosure

Safeguard against the spread of fire from inside tooutside of the product

Safeguard against mechanically-caused injury

Safeguard against electrically-caused injury

Minimize the spread of fire or flames from within

Reduce the risk of injury due to mechanical and otherphysical hazards

Limit access to parts that may be at hazardous voltage orHazardous energy level

Fire enclosure

Mechanical enclosure

Electrical enclosure

The enclosure may be only for one protection

The same enclosure can provide all the three protections.

Decorative enclosure » Is outside the mechanical enclosure of the

apparatus

» Has no safeguard function

Enclosure

Noise signal » random signal having normal probability

distribution of instantaneous values.

Pink noise » Energy per unit bandwidth inverse, proportional to

frequency

Rated load impedance» Output circuit load specified by the

manufacturer (4 Ω, 2x8 Ω, 32 Ω etc..)

Signals, sources and loads

Source transducer» Convert the energy of a non electrical signal to

electrical energy

Load transducer » convert the energy of an electrical signal into

another form of energy

Non-clipped output power» 1000 Hz sine-wave power dissipated at the onset

of clipping on either one, or both peaks.

Signals, sources and loads

Pollution degree 1 » No pollution or dry pollution, non-conductive,

Pollution degree 2 » Normal, non-conductive, possibility of temporary

conductivity due to condensation

Pollution degree 3 » Conductive pollution area, or non-conductive

pollution which could become conductive due

» to expected condensation

Pollution degree




TYPE OF CIRCUITS



Primary Secondary Hazardous live voltage Hazardous energy Low Voltage

Extra Low Voltage Safety Extra Low Voltage

Limited current Telecommunication network Cable distribution network

Type of circuits

Primary circuit: conductively connected to the mains; may content the following components:

» Cables

» Primary winding of transformer

» Filters components (mainly for EMC reasons)

» Motors

» Relay

» Fan

» Fuse

» Etc.…

Secondary circuit: not conductively connected to the mains

» Separated from primary circuit

» Supplied by isolation means: transformer,

converter etc…

Type of circuits

Hazardous live voltage» > 35 V peak or 60 V d.c.

» > 120 V rms for professional audio apparatus signal

» > 71 V rms. for non professional audio apparatus signal

Hazardous energy» Stored charge > 45 µC for charging voltage U:

60 V < U ≤ 15kV peak or d.c.

» For charging voltage U > 15 kV peak or d.c., then

discharged energy > 350 mJ

Extra Low Voltage (ELV)» ≤ 35 V peak or ≤ 60 V d.c. in normal condition

» Hazardous voltage in single fault condition

Type of circuits

Safety Extra Low Voltage (SELV)» ≤ 35 V peak or ≤ 60 V d.c. in normal condition

» ≤ 70 V peak or ≤ 120 V d.c. in single fault

condition

» Separated from hazardous voltage by 3 methods• M1: double insulation or reinforced insulation

• M2: basic insulation with screen connected to the earth

• M3: basic insulation with secondary circuit connected

to the earth

» Separated from TNV2 and TNV3 circuit

by basic insulation

Type of circuits

Current limited circuits: by construction, the current never become dangerous, regardless the voltage level.

» IEC 60065: current (using measuring network), between any part of the circuit and accessible part (Touch

Current)

» IEC 60950-1: current (measured through non inductive

2000 Ohms load or using measuring network) between: any two parts of the circuit, any part of the circuit and earth any part of the circuit and accessible part

Type of circuits

Current limited circuits: measuring network

Current limits and measured values in normal conditions

0,7 mA peak for sinusoidal or mixed signals U2 = 0,35 V peak a.c.

2 mA d.c. U1 = 1 V d.c.

70 mA peak for frequency >100kHz U1 = 35 V peak a.c.

! Under tropical climate, current limits

are multiplied by 2

Type of circuits

Current limited circuits measuring network

Current limits and measured values under single fault

2,8 mA peak for sinusoidal or mixed signals U2 = 1,4 V peak a.c.

8 mA d.c. U1 = 4 V d.c.

140 mA peak for frequency >100kHz U1 = 70 V peak a.c.

Type of circuits

Leakage current: equivalent to « Touch Current » in the protective earthing connection

Type of circuits

Telecommunication network» Metallic wire ended transmission means for

communication between two apparatus

» May be submitted to atmospheric overvoltage

Telecommunication Network Voltage circuit (TNV)» Located inside the apparatus

» Not conductively connected to the mains

» Has limited accessible surface

» Voltage level limited in normal and in single fault

conditions

» 4 types: TNV0, TNV1, TNV2 et TNV3

Type of circuits

TNV0 and TNV1 limits same SELVSELV < (TNV2 and or TNV3) < TNV limits

TNV limits

Type of circuits

Summary table for TNV circuits

Type of circuits

PABXdigital

TNV-0

PABXAnalogic interface

TNV-2

TNV-1TNV-3 TNV-3

Type of circuits




GRADE OF INSULATION



Insulation» Conceptual separation between two circuits or

between a circuit and an accessible part. » Basic, supplementary, double or reinforced (electrical

choc protection).» Functional

Special case of functional insulation » Not provides protection against electrical choc

» Can be used to lower ignition risk (between SELV

and protective Earth)

» Can be used for EMC reasons (Electro-Magnetic

Compatibility )

Grade of insulation

Insulation

FBSDR

E (earth)

Level of protection

011221

Grade of insulation

PRINCIPLE: always 2 levels of protection

=

Bas

ic

+ S

up

ple

men

tary

=

Bas

ic

+ E

arth

co

nn

ecti

on

=

Do

ub

le

=

Rei

nfo

rced

Su

itab

le

pro

tect

ion

ag

ain

st e

lect

rica

l ch

oc

Grade of insulation

Outlet Data output connector: RS232...

Mai

ns c

onne

ctio

n

Prim

ary

SELV

Hazardous voltage

TNV

SELV

Tele

com

mun

icat

ion

lines

Current limited

D

R

B

B

B

B ou S

S/R

F

Metallic enclosure connected to earth

Example

Grade of insulation

+ 5 V

12

0 V

a.c

.

1000 V d.c; 1 mA

+ 18 V

85 V

Exercise (To find circuit type and insulation grade)

Co

nn

ecti

on

to

th

e m

ain

s

Metallic enclosure

Grade of insulation




QUANTIFICATION OF THE INSULATION



Quantification of the insulation Creepage distance (CR)» Shortest distance between two conductive parts,

measured on the surface of the insulating material

Clearance (CL)» Shortest distance between two conductive parts,

measured in the air

See Annex E of IEC 60065:2011 for all possible situations

Distance through the isolation» Thickness of solid insulation

Insulation resistance » Measurement on any insulation type

Dielectric strength» On any insulation type

» On thin sheet materials

» May be required in addition to CR and CL.

» On any insulation as validation test after

environmental treatment (heating, cooling,

humidity, vibration, choc etc…)

Quantification of the insulation

Creepage distance

Tables 8, 9, 10 et 12

» Supply voltage» Pollution degree» Grade of insulation» Working voltage» Overvoltage category» Material group and

comparative tracking index

Clearance: Tables 11 et 12

» Supply voltage » Pollution degree» Grade of insulation» Overvoltage category» Working voltage

Factors influencing InsulationMeasurement

Distance through insulation: §8.8» Grade of insulation

Insulation resistance: Table 5» Grade of insulation

Dielectric strength: Table 5» Supply voltage » Working voltage» Grade of insulation


Working voltage: Maximum voltage value between 2 circuits separated by an insulation (expressed in rms, peak or d.c.)

» Value including non-periodic superimposed pulses with a half-value time longer than 50 ns

» Unearthed accessible conductive parts shall be assumed to be connected to an earth terminal

» Floating circuit assumed to be connected to an earth terminal at the point which results in the highest working voltage being obtained;

» Double insulation: short-circuit across on of the insulation when measuring the second one and vice versa.


Working voltage:

» Between two transformer windings:

TS = highest voltage between any two ends of the windings

» Between transformer winding and other parts of the apparatus:

TS = highest voltage between any end of the winding and the other part

Factors influencing insulationMeasurement

Overvoltage category: Define the level of overvoltage on the mains according to 4 identified areas

IV: Outdoor power lines and cables

III: Building installation

II: Equipments, apparatus

I: parts of apparatus connected to secondary circuitIV III II I


Table from IEC 60950-1


Material group: characterisation of resistance against spread of arching on insulation material surface

» CTI = Comparative Tracking Index » 4 groups

I 600 ≤ CTI II 400 ≤ CTI < 600 IIIa 175 ≤ CTI< 400 IIIb 100 ≤ CTI < 175

» If CTI not known, group IIIb is used.


Thin sheet material : no insulation thickness required if:

» Basic and supplementary insulation 2 layers of sheet material, each withstand the

dielectric strength test 3 layers of sheet material with any 2 by 2

combination withstand the dielectric strength test

» Reinforced insulation 2 layers of sheet material withstand the

dielectric strength test 3 layers of sheet material with any 2 by 2

combination withstand the dielectric strength test

Insulation : special cases

Thin sheet material :

Dielectric strength test instrument

Insulation : special cases

Printed board » CR and CL between 2 conductors, one may be

conductively connected to the mains : Figure 10

d

d

lacquer = ignored

» type B coated printed board (type 2) shall comply with the requirements of IEC 60664-3

insulation : special cases

Jointed insulation» Uncemented joints: normal CR et CL» Cemented joints : no CR et CL; but

3 samples submitted to 10 times the following thermal cycling test

• 68 h at (X ± 2)°C• 1 h at (25 ± 2)°C• 2 h at (0 ± 2)°C• 1 h at (25 ± 2)°C

1 sample submitted to dielectric strength with test level x 1,6 and after humidity treatment

2 samples submitted to dielectric strength with test level x 1,6 without humidity treatment

No insulation breakdown

X= (Max temperature max during heating test + 10K), with minimum 85°C


Enclosed and sealed parts (§13.7)

»Not directly connected to the mains»CR and CL in Table 12

3 samples submitted to 10 times thermal cycling test• 68 h at (X ± 2)°C• 1 h at (25 ± 2)°C• 2 h at (0 ± 2)°C• 1 h at (25 ± 2)°C

X= (Max temperature max during heating test + 10K), with minimum 85°C

Dielectric strength test No failure allowed.


Enclosed, filled and sealed parts (§13.8)

Insulating compound fills all internal void spaces

» No CR and CL; but» 3 samples submitted to 10 times thermal cycling

test as above.

» Dielectric strength test» After test, visual verification:

no cracks in the encapsulating, impregnating or other material,

coatings not loosened or shrunk no significant voids in the material after

sectioning the component


Insulation resistance» Measured with 500 V d.c.

Dielectric strength» Direct current voltage or alternative current

voltage at mains frequency» The measurement equipment shall be able to

source 200mA when its output is short-circuited» Internal overcurrent limited to 100 mA during test» Application of half of the maximum test voltage,

increase quickly the voltage level to the maximum value and maintain it for 1 minute.

Insulation resistance , Dielectric strength

Insulation resistance , Dielectric strength




HEATING



Test conditions» Maximum load configuration» Apparatus positioned in accordance with the

instructions for use» If position not specified, 5 cm behind the front

edge of an open-fronted wooden test box with 1 cm free space along the sides and top and 5 cm depth behind the apparatus

» Apparatus supplied at maximum ranges of rated supply voltages with tolerance values added

» Measurement after thermal stability (in general after 4 hours of operating)

» Test environment air shall be quiet and not ventilated

Heating

Measurement method

» By thermocouples (refer to IECEE document reference CTL-OP 108)

» By resistor variation Motor Transformer Inductance Not used for switching mode power supply

transformer

Heating

Permissible temperature rise: tableau 3

Maximum values in single fault conditionPermissible value can be exceeded in the following situations:

» Short-circuit of insulation which withstand dielectric strength test

» Short-circuit or disconnection of a component in conformity of requirements of the standard clause 14

Heating

Maximum values in single fault condition

Permissible value can be exceeded in the following situation:

» operation of replaceable or resettable protective

devices

t

Heating test Heating test Heating testt

1 min

Measurement of dielectric strength

Heating

2 min

°C

Permissible Temperature rise

Heating test

HeatingMaximum values in single fault condition

Permissible values can be exceeded:» on printed circuit board: by 100K for 5min » for class V-0 printed circuit board on one or more

small surfaces with total value no more than 2 mm2 in case of no electrical choc.

Conductors can be interrupted, peeled or loosened during the test providing that:

» The printed board is classified V-0» The interruption is not a potential fire source» CL and Cr are not reduced» Protective earthing connection

is maintained




RESISTANCE TO FIRE



Resistance to fireObjective: Prevent» Ignition (Potential ignition source : V > 50 V d.c. or peak and

P > 15 VA)

» Spread of fire

Solutions» Good design practice in order to prevent potential

ignition sources Thermal cut-out Electronic circuit for protection (IC current

limiter)» Choice of appropriate components

Flammability categories as per IEC 60695-11-10 Their position in the apparatus

» Implementation of fire enclosure

Flammability categories

» From HB, outer decorative part, to 5V metallic enclosure

» Wood and wood-based material of thickness > 6 mm === V-1

Resistance to fire

HB V-2 V-1 V-0 5V

No Flammability class required

Ventilation opening < 1 mm

Envelop > V-0

- components - Metallic parts < 4g

Capacitors volume < 1750 mm3

Printed board V-1

Small electrical components

Resistance to fire

Resistance to fire




FAULT CONDITIONS



Fault conditions

Implementation conditions

» Apparatus in normal working situation

» Only one single fault each time

» Multiple faults can result from the applied

single fault

» Possibility of non operation of the apparatus

after the fault test

Which fault to simulate?» Open and short-circuit» Overload of the output of linear or switch mode power

supply transformer» Continuous dissipation of apparatus designed for non-

continuous dissipation» Excessive dissipation of integrated circuit» Isolation breakdown between primary circuit and any

accessible parts: conductive accessible parts earthed metallic screen SELV Limited current circuit

Fault conditions

Which fault to simulate?» Unexpected impedance value loaded on power output

terminal» Short-circuit of protection components (thermostats,

temperature limiter) or of component bridging these protections if the apparatus is used without surveillance

» Opening of component in regulation circuit loop» Overload of motors (blocked rotor)» neutralisation des timers» simulation of cooling liquid leakage

Fault conditions

Evaluation during fault conditions» No excessive heating

» No hazardous voltage or energy on accessible parts

» No loosening of protective earth connection

» Moving parts shall not become dangerous

» In case of ignition, no spread of fire outside of the

enclosure (flame shall stop in less than 10 s)

Fault conditions




TELEVISION RECEIVER



Surge test (§10.1)

» Between : TERMINALS for the connection of antenna

AND MAINS supply TERMINALS

» Between MAINS supply TERMINALS AND any other TERMINAL of apparatus providing supply

to antenna apparatus» 50 discharges at a maximum rate of 12/min, from a

capacitor of 1 nF charged to 10 kV (tested apparatus is not supplied)

» Expected result: dielectric strength test OK

Particular tests

Surge test (§10.1)

Test circuit

Particular tests

Surge test (§10.1)

Example of switch S

Particular tests

Antenna coaxial sockets (§12.5)

» 3 tests in the following order: Endurance: 100 insertion and withdrawal Impact: 3 spring-operated hammer impact of 0,5 J Torque: 10 times 50 N force applied during 10 s

» Followed by a dielectric strength test» No damage in the sense of this standard:

No access to hazardous voltage No damage to any isolation

Particular tests

Antenna coaxial sockets

Particular tests

Test plug for endurance test and its dimensions

Mechanical strength of picture tubes(§18)

» Protective film required if maximum face dimension > 16 cm

» Intrinsically protected tubes: IEC 61965 tested» No Intrinsically protected tubes : implosion test

Scratch on the side or on the face of the tube Repeatedly cooling with liquid nitrogen (-273°C + 77

K = -196 °C) up to fracture

» Expected result: No particle exceeding 2 g shall have passed a 25

cm high barrier, placed 50 cm from the tube No particle, regardless its size, shall have

passed a similar barrier at 2 m.

Particular tests

Particular tests

Mechanical strength of glass (§19.5)

» Excluded: picture tubes; laminated glass with surface area > 0,1 m2 or major dimension > 450

mm» Test: 3 shocks of 0,5 J using impact hammer» If the glass breaks or cracks: fragmentation test §19.5.1

» Expected result: number of particles counted in a square of 50 mm >

45 or no loose of particles in the square (particles are

kept together)

Equipments list




PHILOSOPHY OF IEC 62368-1



Three block model for pain and injury

Energy source

Energy transfer

Body part

1- Pain, injury or property damage occurs during transfer of energy from an energy source to a body part or to property

2- Safety = interposition of safeguard in order to reduce the likelihood of the transfer of the energy and/or the hazard level

PRINCIPLE

Safety as per IEC 62368-1

Safety as per IEC 62368-1

Energy source Safeguard Body

Energy source Safeguard

Fuel material

Three blocks model for safety

Models for protection against fire

Energy source SafeguardFuel

material

Equipment safeguard» basic» supplementary» double» reinforced

Installation safeguard» supplementary

• Specified by the manufacturer• Implementation not controlled by the manufacturer

Personal safeguard » basic» supplementary» reinforced

IEC 62368-1: the safeguards

Instructional safeguards» basic» supplementary» reinforced

Precautionary safeguard» for class 2 Energy Source » provided by skilled person to instructed

person• training• experiences• supervision

Skilled safeguards » for class 2 and class 3 Energy Source» supplementary» related to skilled person

IEC 62368-1: the safeguards

Identify and classify the Energy Source for each type of hazard (SE1, SE2, SE3).

Require the appropriate Protection for each Energy Source (basic, supplementary, double , reinforced)

Verify conformity to standard requirement

IEC 62368-1: implementation




Thank you



IEC SYSTEM OF CONFORMITY ASSESSMENT SCHEMES FOR ELECTROTECHNICAL EQUIPMENT AND COMPONENTS Jean LANZO...

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Transcript of IEC SYSTEM OF CONFORMITY ASSESSMENT SCHEMES FOR ELECTROTECHNICAL EQUIPMENT AND COMPONENTS Jean LANZO...