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To je razliica datotekehttp://www.drummingnet.com/alekseev/Lecture9.docv obliki html.Google samodejno ustvari razliico dokumenta, ki ga najde v spletu, v obliki html.
http://209.85.129.132/search?
q=cache:_El9aAlf8m8J:www.drummingnet.com/alekseev/Lecture9.doc+greek+tatarian&cd=
90&hl=sl&ct=clnk&gl=si
VII (continued).
BRONZE AGE IN EURASIA
[Lecture 9 delivered 22 July 1991]
Overview by Geraldine Reinhardt
In studying the Bronze Age, the mass migrations which took place in
Eurasia are of utmost importance. In this the ninth lecture, ProfessorAlexeev presents a recent ethnic map of the three great language families
and examines the geographical areas of Central Asia, Siberia, and the
Caucasus in terms of their ethnic composition.
According to Alexeev, the three great language families include Indo-European, Finno-Ugric, and Turkic. Indo-European profiles with seven sub-
families: Slavic, Baltic, Germanic, Latin/Roman, Armenian, Greek, and Indo-Iranian and covers the largest portion of Eurasia from the Iberian
Peninsula across the northern Mediterranean to European Russia [Alexeev
does not include the Indo European families of Celtic (western Europe) and
Illyric (Albanian) because he only was referencing the former Soviet
Union]. Finno-Ugric covers a territory from Scandinavia to Siberia to a
far off place in Hungary. Alexeev includes the Nenet = Nenetic here as asubgroup of Finno-Ugric but in the following lecture mentions that he made
a gross error [Nenetic (Samodic) and Finno-Ugric are subfamilies of the
Uralic family; Finno-Ugric further divides into Finnic and Ugric
branches]. Turkic is a complicated language and is found in pockets in the
Caucasus, the Volga Valley, Central Asia including Xingjiang, southern and
central Siberia, and in Turkey.
To Alexeev's information I have added ethnographic data from HOLLIS (and
in a few instances from "Britannica"). To both the Alexeev and HOLLIS
language families and people, Arutiunov has made detailed commentary which
I in turn have incorporated into the text.
Ethnic Interpretations: Indo-European - Slavic
Alexeev comments that ethnic interpretations and the ethnic phase of the
Bronze Age are of great importance. In Eastern Europe in the sixteenth
century, Slavic populations are distributed from Eastern Europe to Siberia
and Slavic is the main population of Russia. Slavic populations are also
in Ukraine, Belarus (White Russia), Poland, Czechoslovakia, and the
northern Balkans (Yugoslavia).
The Russian language is spoken on the eastern plain, Ukrainian is
spoken in southwest European Russia, and White Russian is spoken in
Belarus. In Poland there is only one language, Polish, while in
http://www.drummingnet.com/alekseev/Lecture9.dochttp://www.drummingnet.com/alekseev/Lecture9.dochttp://www.drummingnet.com/alekseev/Lecture9.dochttp://www.drummingnet.com/alekseev/Lecture9.doc -
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Czechoslovakia there are two, Czech and Slovak. The Slavic language is a
sub-family of Indo-European.
Slavic (sub-family) - as per Alexeev
1. Russian
2. Ukrainian
3. White Russian or Belarusian
4. Polish
5. Czech
6. Slovak
HOLLIS divides Slavic languages into three divisions: southern,
eastern, and western. For the southern Slavic group HOLLIS includes
Bulgarian, Macedonian, Serbo-Croatian, and Slovenian. For the eastern
Slavic group: Belarusian, Russian, and Ukrainian. For the western Slavic
group: Czech, Kashubian, Lechitic, Polabian, Slovak, and Sorbian. For the
sub-heading Lechitic, HOLLIS lists Kashubian, Polabian, and Polish
languages, and the Slovincian dialect.
For the Polish language HOLLIS has 1,884 entries; for the extinct
Solvincian dialect HOLLIS has 2 entries. Thus, it seems appropriate that
the Polish language, along with the other major Slavic sub families, be
listed as major headings.
According to Arutiunov, ancient Bulgarian until the time of Jenghiz-Khan(13 century) was spoken in the Volga-Bulgarian area and partly in thenorthern Caucasus. It was a Turkic language. Bulgarian was also spoken bythe founding royal dynasty of modern Bulgaria and their clan, but was soonassimilated by the local Slavic population. Until the XIIIth century there
were two Bulgarias; one on the Volga and the other on the Danube. Thus, asper Arutiunov, the Bulgarian language was Turkic; the Turkic language wasthen assimilated by the Slavic populations and thus became Indo-European.
Additional information on Slavs: in an area extending along the Baltic
coast west of Rugen Island to the Vistula River are the sea coast provincesof Pomerania (as per Arutiunov, Obodrite-Polabian was the extinct language
of Pomerania). Czechs are native peoples of Bohemia, Moravia, and/or
Silesia (Silesia is an ancient region in central Europe partly in Prussia
and partly in Poland). Polabians are Slavic people dwelling in the basin
of the Elbe and on the Baltic coast of Germany; Slovaks are people living
in eastern Czechoslovakia, and, as per Arutiunov, the Sorbians are a Slavic
people occupying eastern Germany, near Dresden, who maintain a costume and
speak two dialects: Upper Lausitz and Lower Lausitz. Kashubian, Polabian,
and Slovincian are Polish languages.
Slavic Language - as per HOLLIS with comments in Bold Face byArutiunov.
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1. Southern Slavic
a. Bulgarian - there are 2 Bulgarias
b. Macedonian
c. Serbo-Croatian
d. Slovenian - language of Slovenia
2. Eastern Slavic
a. Belarusian
b. Russian
c. Ukrainian
3. Western Slavic
a. Czech
b. Kashubian - Polish
c. Lechitic - an artificial name; a Polish dialect
. Kashubian - dialect of Polish along with Mazurian
. Polabian - extinct
. Polish languages
. Slovincian dialect - minor Polish dialect
d. Polabian - extinct Polish language
e. Slovak
f. Sorbian - in eastern Germany
Slavs - as per HOLLIS with comments in Bold Face by Arutiunov
1. Southern Slavs
a. Bulgarians
b. Macedonians
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c. Yugoslavs (Serbs, Montenegrins, Croats, Bosnians,Slovenes)
2. Eastern Slavs
a. Belarusians
b. Drygavichy Slavic People - ancestors of Belarussian
c. Krivichi Slavic People - ancestors of northern Russian
d. Russians
e. Ukrainians
3. Western Slavs
a. Obodrites - practically the same as Polabian Slavs
b. Polabian Slavs
c. Veletians -probably the same as Venedi
d. Venedi
INDO-EUROPEAN LANGUAGE AND PEOPLE - SLAVIC: RESOLUTION
To resolve the Slavic subfamily of Indo European language, I join the
Alexeev listing and modifications by Arutiunov with the HOLLIS listings
which also include modifications by Arutiunov. HOLLIS treats all
languages, both extinct and contemporary as well as numerous dialects, as
of equal stature. Alexeev, on the other hand, separates archaic and
contemporary languages and does not include minor dialects. I think that
when one deals with diachronic and synchronic relationships, a separate
treatment of archaic and contemporary languages and the deletion of minor
dialects best enables the student to comprehend the complex picture.
Arutiunov also advises to separate the language from the people.
Thus in the following several chapters, I have attempted to resolve the
major world language families by combining information from Alexeev,
HOLLIS, and Arutiunov. I have listed languages and ethnic groups
separately and have removed extinct languages as well as minor dialects
from the two listings. However, I must state boldly that to establish a
definitive structure for language or ethnic groups is a futile task simply
because both groups are fluid and are in a constant state of flux.
Slavic Languages
1. Eastern Slavic
a. Belarusian
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b. Russian
c. Ukrainian
2. Western Slavic
a. Czech
b. Slovak
c. Polish
d. Sorbian (Wend)
3. Southern Slavic
a. Bulgarian
b. Macedonian
c. Serbo-Croatian 1
d. Slovenian
[Obodrites, Polabian Slavs, Veletians, and Venedi are
all extinct. So too are the Drygavichy Slavic People and
Krivichi Slavic People]
Slavic People (resolved as of spring, 1996)
1. Eastern Slavs
a. Belarusians
b. Russians
c. Ukrainians
2. Western Slavs
a. Czechs
b. Slovaks
c. Poles
d. Sorbians (Wends)2
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3. Southern Slavs
a. Bulgarians
b. Macedonians
c. Serbs, Montenegrins, Croats, and Bosnians d. Slovenes
4. And all the Slavic people who have dispersed throughoutEurope, Central Asia, Africa, Australia, Russia, North America, Central
America, South America etc.
[Yugoslavia is no longer a centralized country; the
Yugoslavians have assumed their former ethnic identity]
Ethnic Interpretations: Indo-European - Baltic
Alexeev states that in eastern Europe there are other sub-families in
addition to Slavic. In the area of the Baltic Sea and the Gulf of Finland
is the Baltic sub-family consisting of three languages: 1) Latvian; 2)
Lithuanian; and 3) East Prussian. East Prussian becomes extinct at the end
of the seventeenth century.
Baltic (sub-family) - as per Alexeev
1. Latvian
2. Lithuanian
3. East Prussian - extinct
Baltic Languages - as per HOLLIS with comments in Bold Face byArutiunov
1. Latvian
2. Lithuanian
3. Prussian - extinct
4. Balto Slavic linguistic unity - this is
ancestor to all Baltic languages on one
hand and to all Slavic on the other.
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Balts Indo European People - as per HOLLIS with comments inBold Face by Arutiunov
1. Jacwiez - Jatwiagi is a subdivision of Lithuanians
2. Latvians
3. Lithuanians
4. Prussians Baltic People 3
INDO-EUROPEAN LANGUAGE AND PEOPLE - BALTIC: RESOLUTION
The Baltic sub family in eastern Europe is easily resolved with Alexeev,
Arutiunov, and HOLLIS concurring.
Baltic Languages
1. Latvian
2. Lithuanian
[Prussian is extinct]
Balts Indo European People
1. Latvians
2. Lithuanians
3. And all the Baltic people who have dispersed throughout
Europe, Central Asia, Africa, Australia, Russia, North America, Central
America, South America etc.
[The Prussian people have assimilated since Prussia is nolonger a country]
Ethnic Interpretations: Indo-European - Germanic
According to Alexeev, the German language is a sub-family of Indo-
European. Until the late seventeenth century there were no German
populations in Russia. However, Alexeev did not detail the Germanic
language family.
Germanic Language (sub-family) - as per HOLLIS with Bold Faceby Arutiunov
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1. Afrikaans
2. Danish
3. Dutch
4. English
5. Old English - extinct
6. Frisian 4
7. German
8. Gothic - extinct
9. Low German
10. Norwegian
11. Scandinavian (ancestor to Danish, Swedish, Norwegian,and Icelandic)
12. Scots
13. Swedish
14. Icelandic
Germanic Peoples - as per HOLLIS with additions by Arutiunov in
Bold Face.
1. Alemanni Germanic People - extinct
2. Bajuwarii Germanic People - extinct
3. Bastarnae Germanic People - extinct
4. Batavi Germanic People - extinct
5. Chauci Germanic People - extinct
6. Cimbri Germanic People - extinct
7. Franks - extinct
8. Gepidae Germanic People - extinct
9. Goths - extinct
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10. Jutes - extinct
11. Lombards - extinct
12. Lygii Germanic People - extinct
13. Quadi Germanic People - extinct
14. Saxons - extinct
15. Suevi Germanic People - extinct
16. Ubii Germanic People - extinct
17. Vandals - extinct
This section on the Germanic sub family of the Indo European is most
interesting. Alexeev did not detail the Germanic language family. HOLLIS
lists the Germanic people, but they are all extinct. Arutiunov claims the
Germanic people as known by Tacitus or Julius Caesar i.e. Allemani,
Burgundi, Sicambri etc. have been extinct for some time having been
transformed into the French or modern Germans. But, as per Arutiunov,
there are Germanic peoples of today like the Germans, Dutch, Swedes,
Afrikaaners, etc. as well as those Jews who still speak Yiddish who must be
considered as Germanic since the criteria for being labelled Germanic is
only a linguistic alignment. The English and Americans are also Germanic
people since English is one of the Germanic languages. Thus, according to
Arutiunov, we must differentiate between modern Germanic people, Germanicpeople of the medieval era, and the Germanic people of the Roman authors
[note: the Germanic people of the medieval era and of ancient Rome will
both be treated as extinct].
INDO-EUROPEAN LANGUAGE AND PEOPLE - GERMANIC: RESOLUTION
Germanic Languages
1. Afrikaans
2. American
3. Danish
4. Dutch
5. English
6. Frisian
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7. German
8. Icelandic
9. Norwegian
10. Scots
11. Swedish
[Extinct German languages include: Old English, Gothic, Low
German]
Germanic People of today
1. Afrikaaners
2. Americans
3. Danes
4. Dutch
5. English
6. Frisians
7. Germans
8. Icelanders
9. Norwegian
10. Scots
11. Swedes
12. And all the German people who have dispersed throughoutEurope, Central Asia, Africa, Australia, Russia, North America,
Central America, South America etc.
[Ancient Germanic people now extinct include the Alemanni,Bajuwarii, Bastarnae, Batavi, Chauci, Cimbri, Franks, Gepidae, Goths,
Jutes, Lombards, Lygii, Quadi, Saxons, Suevi, Ubii, Vandals,
Burgundi, and Sicambri]
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Ethnic Interpretations: Indo-European - Latin/Roman
The northern and eastern coasts of the Mediterranean are encircled by
the romantic languages i.e. Romania. These include Spanish, Portuguese,
Galician, Catalan, French, Italian, Romanian (with dialect of Moldavian),
and local Rumanche dialects in Switzerland.
Latin/Roman (sub-family) - as per Alexeev with additions by
Arutiunov in Bold Face.
1. Spanish (plus Catalan, Galician, and Portuguese)
2. French (with Languedoc and Provencal)
3. Italian
4. Romanian (with Moldavian dialect)
5. local dialects in Switzerland (Reto-Romanian or Rumanche)
6. Moldavian (a dialect of Romanian)
Romance Languages (sub-family) - modified from
HOLLIS with additions in Bold Face byArutiunov.
1. Spanish Language (including Catalan and Ladino Languages)
2. French Language (including Languedoc and Provencal)
3. Italic Language (including Faliscan language, Latin
language [extinct], and Venetic language [likely extinct])
4. Romanian Language (including Moldavian dialect)
5. Dacian Language (extinct; it was Illyric, not Romance)
Latin/Roman people - modified from HOLLIS
1. Spanish
2. Portuguese
3. Italian
4. French
5. Swiss
6. Romanian
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7. Moldavian
INDO-EUROPEAN LANGUAGE AND PEOPLE - LATIN/ROMAN: RESOLUTION
Latin/Roman (Romance) Languages
1. Catalan
2. French (with Languedoc and Provencal)
3. Galician 5
4. Italian
5. Portuguese
6. Rumanche (or Reto-Romanian in Switzerland)
7. Romanian (and Moldovian dialect)
8. Spanish
[Extinct Romance Languages include Latin,
Faliscan, Oscan, ???Venetic]
Latin/Roman People
1. Catalan
2. French (with Languedoc and Provencal)
3. Galician
4. Italian
5. Portuguese
6. Rumanche
7. Romanian (and Moldovian dialect)
8. Spanish
9. And all the Latin/Roman people who have dispersed
throughout Europe, Central Asia, Africa, Australia, Russia, North
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America, Central America, South America etc.
Ethnic Interpretations: Indo-European - Armenian
Before World War I, Armenia had occupied a great area in easternTurkey. Then one million Armenians were killed by the Turks. Armenian is
a complicated language in origin and is thought of as a special language
with correlations to some extinct Near East language. Armenian vocabulary
differs from the vocabulary of other Indo-European languages. Linguistic
research in the last 30-40 years places Armenian 6 in the Indo-European
group but in a special case as an isolated language forming a specific sub-
group. HOLLIS also lists Armenian as an Indo-European language and the
Armenians as an Indo-European people. Of interest is the dispersal of
Armenian people: from the Arab countries to Uruguay including Argentina,
Central Asia, Australia, Azerbaidjan, Belgium, Brazil, Bulgaria ... Turkey,
Uruguay etc. a true diaspora. HOLLIS has a separate category for the
"Armenian Question" relating it to the Armenian massacres of 1894, 1896,
1909, 1915, and 1923 and highlights recent human rights violations inNagorno-Karabakh, Azerbaijan (see below, the Caucasus). HOLLIS relates the
Armenian language to the Khayasa language. Arutiunov confirms that Khayasa
was a small ancient kingdom located at the confluence of the Euphrates and
Murat Rivers.
Armenian (sub-family) - as per Alexeev
1. Armenian
Armenian Language - as per HOLLIS
1. Armenian
Armenian People - as per HOLLIS
[dispersed throughout the world]
INDO-EUROPEAN LANGUAGE AND PEOPLE - ARMENIAN: RESOLUTION
Armenian Isolated Language
1. Armenian
Armenian People
[modern Armenian people are dispersed throughout the world]
Ethnic Interpretations: Indo-European - Greek
According to Alexeev, some linguists see Greek7 in relationship to theRomance Language sub-family but this is not a realistic interpretation.
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HOLLIS lists four dialects for Greek: Aeolic Greek, Attic Greek, DoricGreek, and Ionic Greek. As per Arutiunov: "Greek is of course not Romance.
And the Mediterranean Race extends from Spain to Greece".
Greek (sub-family) - as per Alexeev
1. Greek
Greek Language family - as per HOLLIS
[dialects of Aeolic, Attic, Doric, and Ionic]
Greek People - as per HOLLIS
[HOLLIS lists Greek as belonging to the Mediterranean Racealong with Latin; this is not
correct]
INDO-EUROPEAN LANGUAGE AND PEOPLE - GREEK: RESOLUTION
Greek Language family
1. Greek
Greek People
[modern Greek people are dispersed throughout the world]
Ethnic Interpretations: Indo-European - Indo-Iranian (Iranian, Indo Aryan,
and Nuristani)
The Indo-Iranian sub family of Indo-European is divided into three main
branches: Iranian, Indo-Aryan, and Nuristani 8. As per Alexeev, the
Iranian branch of the Indo-Iranian subfamily of the Indo-European language
consists of Osset (Ossetic), Tadjik, Pamir, and Kurd (Kurdic). Ossetic is
spoken in southern Russia and in the Caucasus. Tadjik which is nearly
similar to Farsi in Iran is spoken in Tadjikistan. The Parmir language is
spoken in the Parmir Mountains area and Kurdish is spoken in northern Iraq,
Afghanistan, south Caucasus, Turkmenistan, eastern Turkey, and somewhat in
Iran and Syria.
Iranian (sub-family) - as per Alexeev
1. Osset
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2. Tadjik
3. Pamir
4. Kurd
HOLLIS lists 14 additional sub-families for the Iranian language:
Avestan, Baluchi, Dari, Ephthalite, Gilaki, Hazara, Old Persian, Persian,
Pushto (Pashto), Talysh, Tat, Wakhi, Yaghnobi, and Yueh Chih. [Arutiunov
states that Yueh Chi and Ephthalite are probably the same and might be
Tokharic but are not Iranian 9] HOLLIS, as listed above, includes Yueh Chiand Ephthalite as members of the Iranian language family. As per
Arutiunov, Dari, Modern Persian, and Tadjik are three slightly different
standards of one language, Farsi.
Iranian languages in more detail: Avestan is one of the two ancient
languages comprising Old Iranian and that in which the sacred books of the
Zoroastrian religion were written and as an ancient language is extinct;Baluchi is spoken by an Indo-Iranian people of the Irano-Afghan type in
Baluchistan; and Dari is the literary language still used in Afghanistan.
The Ephthalites were a member of the western branch of the Yueh Chih
Tokharians who ruled Western Turkistan and northwestern India in the fifth
and sixth centuries AD (also called the White Huns) and spoke a Tokharian
language; Gilaki was spoken by a forest people of northern Persia
inhabiting the southwestern shore of the Caspian Sea; Hazara is the
language spoken by the Hazaras, a Mongoloid people of Afghanistan; and Old
Persian is the other language composing Old Iranian and known from
cuneiform inscriptions from the sixth and fifth century BC but is now
extinct.
Persian is one of the ancient Iranian people who under Cyrus became thedominant people in Asia; today the people of Iran (Persia) speak Farsi.
Parthian is an ancient language spoken by inhabitants of Parthia, an
ancient country located southeast of the Caspian Sea. Pashto (Pushtu or
Pushto) is the Iranian language of the Pathan people (Pathans, a Hindi
word, refers to an Iranian people living in Afghanistan and in colonies
scattered throughout Pakistan and India) and the chief vernacular language
of eastern Afghanistan, northern Baluchistan, and the northwestern frontier
province of Pakistan. The Tajiks are dispersed among populations of
Afghanistan and Turkistan and speak Tajiki, a veriety of modern Persian.
Talysh are a people of the region around Lenkoran, Azerbaijan who speak a
dialect related to Talishi. The Tat are an agricultural people living in
scattered groups throughout Transcaucasia and possibly allied to the
Tajiks; they speak a Tat language. The Wakhi are an Indo-European peopleliving on the northern slope of the Hindu Kush who speak Wakhi and Wama.
The Yueh Chih (Tokharian) were people of advanced culture dwelling in
Central Asia during the ?first millennium AD until overrun by the Uighurs
[the Uighurs were a Turkic people from Mongolia who spoke a Turkic
language]. The Yueh Chih spoke a Tokharian language, a branch of the Indo
European language.
Iranian Language - modified from HOLLIS with additions by
Arutiunov in Bold Face.
1. Avestan (extinct)
2. Baluchi
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3. Dari (variety of modern Persian)
4. Ephthalite (might be Tokharic, not Iranian; they likelyare the same as the Yueh Chih and were replaced by the Uighurs)
5. Farsi (includes modern Persian, Dari, and Tajik)
6. Gilaki (???extinct) 7. Hazara
8. Kurdish
9. Old Persian (extinct)
10. Ossetic
11. Pamir
12. Parthian (extinct)
13. Persian (the standard of Iran is called Farsi)
14. Pashto (Pushtu or Pushto; spoken by the Pathan people)
15. Tajik (variety of Modern Persian)
16. Talishi
17. Tat
18. Wakhi (Wama and other Kafir languages of Nuristan)
19. Yaghnobi (relic of ancient Sogdian) 10
20. Yueh Chih (might be Tokharic, not Iranian; the Yueh
Chih were replaced by Uighurs)
HOLLIS lists the following Iranian People : Alani, Indo Iranians (Indo
Aryans & Iranians), Indo Scythians (Saka & Yueh Chih), Kurds, Ossetes,
Parthians, Pushtuns, Saka, Sarmatians, Scythians, Tajiks.
Iranian people in more detail: the Alani (see lecture 14) are an Iranian
people who migrated from Central Asia to the northern Caucasus. The
Ossetes who today still live in the central Caucasus are related to the
Alani (Alans). The Indo Iranians consist of the Indo Aryans whom HOLLIS
relates to the Parya Indic People and the Iranians. The Indo Scythians are
related to the Saka, a nomadic people of the steppelands north of the
Iranian plateau, and to the Yueh Chih (also known as Tocharian) a people in
Central Asia (Xingjang) during the ?first millennium AD until overrun by
Uighurs. [According to Arutiunov: "the Indo Scythians are Saka whomigrated to India; Saka are the eastern Scythians. Western Scythians were
succeeded by Sarmatians, later Alans, and finally Ossetes; they are all
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descendants of each other"] The Kurds are a pastoral and agricultural
people inhabiting a large mountainous plateau region in adjoining parts of
Turkey, Iran, Iraq, and Syria as well as in Armenia and Azerbaijan. [As
per Arutiunov: "In religion in Armenia, the Kurds are Zoroastrian; in
Azerbaijan they are Muslim. The Ossetes likely immigrated from the
Eurasian Steppes to the central Caucasus and are descendants of the Alani
(Alans)]
Parthia is an ancient country to the south east of the Caspian Sea.Parthians are inhabitants of the ancient country of Parthia and many
historical references describe the Parthians as warriors on horseback armed
with bow and arrow. Pushtun (Pushtu/Pashto) is the Iranian language of the
Pathan people, an Iranian people living in Afghanistan and in colonies
scattered throughout Pakistan and India; it is the chief vernacular of
eastern Afghanistan, northwest frontier province of Pakistan, and northern
Baluchistan. The Saka, as listed above, are nomadic people of the
steppelands north of the Iranian plateau. Sarmatia is an ancient region
north of the Black Sea; the language of the Sarmatians was likely Iranian;
the Sarmatians were succeeded by the Alans. The term Sarmatia has on
occassion been used to reference "Russia". Scythia is an ancient countrylying partly north and northeast of the Black Sea and partly east of the
Aral Sea. The origins and dispersal of the Scythians have occupied
historians from Herodotus to contemporary scholars (see lecture 14). The
Tajiks are Iranian people speaking an Iranian language who are dispersed
among the populations of Afghanistan and Turkistan including Tajikistan.
Iranian People - modified from HOLLIS with additions by Arutiunov
in Bold Face.
1. Alani - are descendants of Sarmatian (and were replaced bythe Ossetes; thus Alani are extinct)
2. Indo Iranians
a. Indo Aryans 11
(Parya Indic People 12) - a small group; they are theonly Indo-Aryan people in the former USSR
b. Iranians
3. Indo Scythians
a. Saka (eastern Scythians; extinct)
b. Yueh Chih (not Iranian; extinct)
4. Kurds
5. Ossetes (successors of Alans, deriving from Sarmates)
6. Parthians (extinct)
7. Pushtuns (language of the Pathans)
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8. Saka (eastern Scythians; extinct)
9. Sarmatians (partly successors to Scythians;extinct)
10. Scythians (extinct)
11. Tajiks
12. Pathans (who speak Pushtun)
Alexeev did not detail the Indo Aryan branch of the Indo Iranian
language. The Indo Aryan branch of the Indo Iranian subfamily of Indo
European language, as per HOLLIS, includes Dardic, Palic, Prakrit,
Sanskrit, and Vedic.
The Dardic people or Dards were a stocky, broad shouldered moderately
fair people living in the upper valley of the Indus and spoke Dardic. The
complex of languages spoken by the Dards included Shina, Khowar, Kafiri,
Kashmiri, and Kohistani. Palic is an Indic language found in the Buddhist
canon and used as the liturgical and scholarly language of Hinayana
Buddhism. Prakrit is a catch all category including any or all of the
ancient Indic languages or dialects other than Sanskrit. Sanskrit, meaning
cultivated or refined, is the ancient classical language of India and of
Hinduism. Vedic is the language that the Vedas, the most ancient and
sacred writing of the Hindus, is written.
According to Arutiunov, Sanskrit and Vedic are very closed; only
Sanskrit is the written standard, Vedic is not. Vedic is older than
Sanskrit. Palic is one of the Prakrits (in medieval India there wereseveral Prakrits). Kashmiri is one of the Dardic group.
Indo Aryan Languages - as per HOLLIS with additions by
Arutiunov in Bold Face.
1. Dardic [also listed under Nuiristani]
a. Kashmiri 13
b. Phalura 14
c. Torwali 15
d. Wotapuri Katarqalai
2 Palic (is one of the Prakrits)16
3. Prakrit
a. Apabhramsa
b. Avahattha
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c. Sauraseni
4. Sanskrit (the written standard)
a. Manipravalam language Malayalam 5. Vedic
Indo Aryan Languages - other sources including standard
dictionary and Parpola 17
1. Dardic (from dictionary)
a. Shina
b. Khowar
c. Kafiri
d. Kashmiri
e. Kohistani
1. Dardic (from Parpola) 18; however we do
not know if extinct languages and/or
dialects are included.
a. Kalasa
b. Khowar
c. Dameli
d. Gawar-bati
e. Sumasti
f. Pasai
g. Baskarik
h. Torwali
i. Maiya
j. Wotapuri
k. Tirahi
l. Sina (or Shina)
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m. Phalura
n. Dumaki
o. Kashmiri
Indo Aryan People 19 - as per HOLLIS with additions by
Arutiunov in Bold Face
1. Parya Indic people 20- wrong!
Indo Aryan People - as per standard dictionary
1. Dards
The Nuristani branch of the Indo Iranian subfamily of the Indo European
language family was not detailed by Alexeev. HOLLIS lists Nuristani as a
subgroup of Indo Iranian along with Indo Aryan and Iranian. As per
Arutiunov, Nuristan (land of light) was formerly Kafiristan and was renamed
after being forcefully converted to Islam around the 1890's. As per
HOLLIS, Nuristan encompasses Afghanistan and the Chitral district of
Pakistan (Kafiristan region of Pakistan) 21. HOLLIS equates Nuristani with
Dardic 22, with Bashgali 23, and with the Kafiri languages 24 (Bashgali,
Dardic, and Nuristani are languages of Afghanistan). A Kafir 25 is defined
as a member of a group of southern African Bantu speaking people; a south
African of negroid ancestory. The term, however, usually is used
disparingly. A "caffer" is defined as one who is not a Muslim, again used
disparingly. There also appears to be a relationship between the Bashgali
and Kafir languages 26 and the Kafir and Xhosa languages 27. HOLLIS relates
the Kafir language to the Bantu Afrikaans language 28; however, Arutiunov
says this is nonsense:
"Nuristani used to be called Kafirs, i.e. 'infidels'. Bantu were
called the same by Arabs, hence 'caffres'. Bashgali has nothing in common
with Bantu. There are descendants of Black African slaves in India but
they have not preserved their language". [and when I ran the listings for
Bantu in HOLLIS, neither Bashgali nor Kafir appeared]
As per Arutiunov, Bashgali, Wakhi, and Wama are all Nuristani
(Kafiristani) languages. However, HOLLIS relates the Wakhi to the Ghalchahlanguages (Wakhi and Sarikoli) 29, HOLLIS relates the Ghalchah languages to
the Pamir languages, and for the Pamir languages, HOLLIS includes: Munji
language and Yazghulami language and 7 dialects. For Wama, HOLLIS relates
the Akurio Indians of Surinam (South America) 30 and the Wamakua African
people (Makua African people) 31. Thus, that Wakhi and Wama are Nuristani
languages cannot be substantiated by HOLLIS.
Nuristani Languages - as per HOLLIS with additions by Arutiunov
in Bold Face
1. Dardic [also listed as Indo Aryan]
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2. Kafiri (Xhosa, Bantu, Zulu of Africa; the languages ofAfghanistan, of the Hindu Kush of Afghanistan, and of the Kafir
region of Pakistan)
3. Bashgali - Bashgali, Wakhi, and Wama are all among the
Nuristani (Kafiristani) languages.
Kafir or Nuristani Languages - as per Parpola
1. Kati
2. Tregami
3. Waigali
4. Prasun
5. Askun
HOLLIS has no listing for the Nuristani people. However, Nuristani is
spoken in Afghanistan along with Bashgali, Brahui, Dardic, Dari, Munji,
Turkmen, Uighur, Wotapuri Katarquali, and Yazghulami. HOLLIS does have a
listing for the Kafiristani people and includes: Kafirs African people
(Xhosa, Zulu), Kafirs Afghanistan people, Kafirs of the Hindu Kush, and the
Kafir region of Pakistan.
Nuristani People (Kafiristani) - as per HOLLIS
[includes people of Afghanistan, Pakistan,
and the Xhosa, Bantu, and Zulu of
Africa]
(Arutiunov claims this is wrong)
INDO-EUROPEAN LANGUAGE AND PEOPLE - INDO-IRANIAN: RESOLUTION
[To assume that languages and people can be fully resolved is a precept of
structuralism. Languages disappear when people become assimilated into
different cultures. Ethnic identity when void of religious identity
changes to embrace the new geography.
However, when religious identity becomes of paramount concern, then the
ethnic identity takes on a religious identity and fuses into one. As well,
many people speak more than one language and many embrace a new language
and forget the original]
Indo-Iranian Languages
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A. Iranian Languages (RESOLVED)
1. Baluchi
2. Farsi (includes modern Persian, Dari, Tajik)
3. Hazara
4. Kurdish
5. Ossetic
6. Pamir
7. Pashto (Pushtu or Pushto)
8. Talishi
9. Tat
[Extinct languages: Avestan, Gilaki, Old Persian,
Parthian, Yueh Chih (Ephthalite)]
B. Indo Aryan Languages (UNRESOLVED)
1. Dardic (including Kashmiri, Phalura, Torwali, Wotapuri
Katarqalai, Shina,
Khowar, Kafiri, Kohistani, Kalasa, Dameli, Gawar-bati,Sumasti, Pasai,
Baskarik, Maiya, Tirahi, Dumaki)
2. Palic ??? is a Prakrit
3. Prakrit
4. Sanskrit
5. Vedic
C. Nuristani [Kafiristani] Languages (UNRESOLVED)
1. Bashgali ???
2. Kafiri (Xhosa, Bantu, Zulu of Africa; the languages of
Afghanistan, of the Hindu Kush of Afghanistan, and of the Kafir
region of Pakistan)
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3. Wakhi ???
4. Wama ???
5. Kati ???
6. Tregami ???
7. Prasun ???
8. Askun ???
Indo Iranian People
A. Iranian People (UNRESOLVED)
1. Baluchi
2. Hazaras
3. Kurds
4. Ossetes 5. Pamirs
6. Pathans
7. Tajiks
8. Talysh
9. Tat
[Extinct Iranian populations: Alani,
Gilaki, Parthians, Saka,
Sarmatians, Scythians]
B. Indo Aryan People (UNRESOLVED)
1. Parya Indic
2. Other ???
C. Nuristani People (IN CONFUSION)
[includes people of Afghanistan, Pakistan, and the Xhosa,
Bantu, and Zulu of Africa]
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Indo European Languages and People in Eurasia
Since Alexeev only detailed Indo European language families in the
former Soviet Union, I have turned to the HOLLIS listings and "Britannica"
for the languages and people of Eurasia. Commentary by Arutiunov is in
Bold Face. HOLLIS lists the following Indo European Languages: Albanian,Anatolian, Armenian, Baltic, Celtic, Germanic, Greek, Illyrian, IndoIranian, Italic, Macedonian, Phrygian, Proto Indo European, Slavic,
Thracian, Tokharian, and Venetic.
The Albanian language is spoken by the Albanians and is a branch of the
Indo European that contains only Albanian. However, Arutiunov does not
agree claiming that Albanian is the last remnant of Illyric.
HOLLIS lists the following Anatolian languages: Caria, Hittite, Hurrian,
Luwian, Lycian, Lydian, Palaic, Phrygian, and Urartian. Arutiunov's
comments are in Bold Face. Further information: Caria, a word derivedfrom Latin and Greek, is an ancient division of Asia Minor and populated bythe Carian people. Several recent publications reference Carian
inscriptions in Sakkara, Egypt and Buhen, Sudan. Hittite is a word from
the Hebrew. The language of the Hittites is Indo European or Indo Hittite
and is known from cuneiform texts from Bogazkoy in central Asia Minor.
These texts are both pictographic and phonetic. Recent research has
related Hittite inscriptions with the Luwian language and with theYazilikaya site in Turkey. HOLLIS relates the Luwian and Palaic languages
to Hittite.
Continuing with the Anatolian languages ... Hurrians are an ancient nonSemitic people of northern Mesopotamia, Syria, and eastern Asia Minor circa
?1500 BC and possibly identical with the Horites (the Horites are an
ancient people of the biblical period prior to Abraham that inhabited the
Dead Sea region of the eastern Mediterranean). Recent research relates the
Hurrian and Akkadian languages (according to Arutiunov this is wrong. TheHurria and Akkadian are not related) and relates both to the ancient cityof Nuzi in Iraq. Luwian (Luian) is the Anatolian language of the Luwi who
live in Luya. This language is known from quotations in Hittite documents
and from ancient scripts from Crete and Cyprus. Recent research connects
the Luwian language to Hittite hieroglyphs, and relate Luwian inscriptions
from the Yazilikaya site in Turkey and to the Hittite religion .
Lycia, a word derived from the Greek, is an ancient district in southernAsia Minor. Lycian is an Anatolian language known from a small body of
inscriptions from southwestern Asia Minor dating to the ?fifth-fourth
centuries AD. Recent researches show Greek inscriptions in Lycia, Greekinscriptions in Turkey, and Lycian inscriptions in Turkey.
Lydia is an ancient country in western Asia minor and Lydian, a wordderived from the Greek, is an Anatolian language known from a small body of
inscriptions dating from the ?fourth century BC or earlier. Lydian
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inscriptions are related to the goddess Cybele and to idols and images of
Turkey .
Palaic is an Anatolian language known from quotations in Hittitedocuments. Hollis relates the Palaic language with both the Luwian and
Hittite languages . Phrygia is an ancient country in west central Asia
Minor and the language of the Phrygians is assumed to be Indo European.The Urartian language known from cuneiform inscriptions and is related to
Hurrian (According to Arutiunov, this is true but they both are related to
Dagestanic, not Anatolian).
Anatolian Languages as per HOLLIS with comments by Arutiunov in
Bold Face
1. Carian
2. Hittite
3. Hurrian (certainly non Indo European)
4. Luwian
5. Lycian
6. Lydian
7. Palaic
8. Phrygian (this language is little known and might beeither Armenian or Illyric; is not Anatolian)
9. Urartian (non Indo European; is related to Dagestanic, not
Anatolian)
The Armenian and Baltic languages are discussed above.
For Celtic languages HOLLIS includes:
Breton
Brythonic
Cornish
Gaelic
Gaulish
Goidelic
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Irish
Manx
Proto Celtic
Welsh
The Germanic and Greek languages are detailed above.
The Illyrian language is the language of Illyria, an ancient country on
the eastern shore of the Adriatic Sea and is poorly attested and not
certainly classified. According to HOLLIS, the Illyrian languages include
the Messapian and Venetic language. The Venetic language is spoken by the
Veneti Italic people also known as the Venetians who settled in the Aegean
Islands of Greece and Turkey, in Greece, Slovenia, and Italy. As per
Arutiunov, the only remnant of Illyrian is Albanian.
The Indo Iranian languages are detailed above.
The Italic languages and dialects according to HOLLIS are related to the
Faliscan, Latin, and Venetic languages and have a grammar comparable to
Armenian and Etruscan. However, Arutiunov claims that this informationregarding Venetic languages is wrong. Also, according to HOLLIS, theancient city of Italica is is Spain, likely Seville. However, as per
Arutiunov, this information regarding the ancient city of Italica is
doubtful 32.
Ancient Macedonia, a region in the central Balkan Peninsula, was occupiedby Macedonians whose language is generally assumed to be Indo European.
The modern Macedonian people speak a Slavic language. As per Arutiunov,
Old Macedonian was Illyric; New Macedonian is Slavic.
Phrygians speak one of the Anatolian languages (as per Arutiunov,Phrygian is extinct and the Phrygians spoke Armenian
rather than Anatolian).
The Proto Indo European language is a theoretical construct
which attempts to locate an origin for Indo European. Some
scholars trace its origin to the Nostratic Mega Language Family
33 and others see a relationship between the Indo European
vocabulary and Old Chinese. Arutiunov claims this is wrong. [NOTE: Thepublication on Indo European vocabulary in Old Chinese is detailed in the
endnote] 34. Perhaps the best definitive study on the reconstruction of a
Proto-language is by Tamaz Gamqrelize 35.
The Slavic language is detailed above.
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Thracian, the language of Thrace in the eastern Balkans, is
generally assumed to be Indo European. Thraco-Illyrian is
generally related to Thracian, Albanian, and Illyrian while
Thraco Phrygian is a catch all catagory for the Balkan and Asia
Minor languages which do not fit in other catagories. HOLLIS
relates the Thracian language to Dacian.
The Tokharian language is synonymous with Yueh Cheh. HOLLIS relates the
Yueh Chih to the Ephthalites or Hunas in India and the Kushans in
Afghanistan (Bactria). The Tokharian (Yueh Chih) have been regarded as the
"first" Indo-Europeans with their homeland in China.
The Venetic language is spoken by the Veneti Italic people also known as
the Venetians who settled in the Aegean Islands of Greece and Turkey, as
well as in Greece, Slovenia, and Italy. A dialect of the Venetic language
is spoken by a people in the Rio Grande Do Sol area of Brazil (Arutiunovclaims that this information regarding the Venetic language is a
confusion).
Indo European Languages in Eurasia - as per HOLLIS
with comments by Arutiunov in Bold Face.
1. Albanian
2. Anatolian
a. Carian
b. Hittite
c. Hurrian
(certainly notIndo
European)
d. Luwian
e. Lycian
f. Lydian
g. Palaic
h. Phrygian (not Anatolian)
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i. Urartian (not Indo European and not Anatolian; isrelated to Dagestanic)
3. Armenian
4. Baltic
5. Celtic
6. Germanic
7. Greek
8. Illyrian
9. Indo Iranian
10. Italic
11. Macedonian
12. Phrygian (extinct; and the Phrygians spoke Armenian notAnatolian)
13. Slavic
14. Thracian
15. Tokharian
16. Venetic
Alexeev does not separate the Indo European People from the Indo
European language; as well, he only lists Indo European in the former
Soviet Union. Thus I will defer to the HOLLIS listing for Indo European
People with commentary by Arutiunov in Bold Face. For Indo Europeans(peoples), HOLLIS lists: Albanian, Armenian, Balts, Celts, Germanic,
Hittites, Illyrians, Indo Iranians, Latin people, Luwian, Slavs, Thracians,
and Tokhari.
The Albanian people live on the western littoral of the Balkan Peninsula
in an area of an extremely complex mountain system enabling many groups to
exist, even today, in an isolated fashion. One group, the Ghegs, are known
as the "giant" north Albanian mountain people.
The Armenians are detailed above.
The Balts Indo European People (Baltic People) are detailed above.
The Celts are an early Indo European people of pre Roman Europe whoranged from the British Isles and Spain to Asia Minor (as per Arutiunov,
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the Celts migrated to Asia Minor but are not native to it) and in part wereabsorbed into the Roman Empire as Britons, Gauls, Boii, Galatians, or
Celtiberians. HOLLIS also relates Celts to the Boii, Britons, and Gauls
but in addition also to the Carvetii, Cenomani Celtic People, the Druids,
the Helvetii Celtic People, the Picts, and the Welsh.
Germanic people are detailed above.
The Hittites, a word from the Hebrew, were the aboriginal population of
the kingdom of Khatti in eastern Asia Minor. Physical characteristics
include a sloping forehead and large aquiline nose as preserved in the
Hittite and Egyptian reliefs. The Hittite Empire of the second millennium
BC rivaled that of the Babylonians and Egyptians. Current research on the
Hittites relate the Hittites to the ancient city of Zippalanda and to
recent excavations in Turkey. The Hittites are also related to the Aegean
civilization 36.
Illyrians lived in an ancient country on the eastern shore of the
Adriatic Sea; the term is derived from Greek and Latin. Illyria ispopulated by the Illyrians whom HOLLIS relates to the Venetic Italic people
of the Venetian Republic or Venice, Italy (this relationship according to
Arutiunov is not correct).
The Indo Iranians are the Iranians, the Indo Aryans, and the Nuristani
and are detailed above.
HOLLIS relates the Latin peoples to Africa, the Black Sea region, and to
America. It is here that the controversial elements of race arise. Mostly
from older publications, topics such as Mediterranean race, Teutonic race,
Anglo-Saxon superiority and international competition in terms of trade andwar are listed. In the international competition category, earlier
publications i.e. 1899 are concerned with the superiority of peoples;
recent publications deal with agriculture and technology on a global
basis.
Luwian or Luian or Luwi are an ancient people who lived on the southern
coast of Asia Minor in and around Luya. The Luwian populations also
existed in Lycia and Cilicia Aspera during the Hellenistic period and in
Crete at a similar time period. The Luwian religion is related to that of
the Hurrian (however, the Luwian and Hurri languages are not related,
according to Arutiunov) 37.
Thrace (Thracians), a Greek word, is a region of the eastern BalkanPeninsula (Thracians were probably part of Illyric, as per Arutiunov).Thraco-Illyrian is generally related to Thracian, Albanian, and Illyrian.
HOLLIS relates the Thracians to areas of Bulgaria, Romania, Slovakia, and
the Black Sea lowlands of the Ukraine as well as to Denmark, Egypt, eastern
Europe, and Moldova (as per Arutiunov, Moldova yes! The rest [Denmark,Egypt, eastern Europe] is dubious). Recent archaeology in the Sveshtariregion of Bulgaria reveals a Thracian tomb near the village of Sveshtari,
and a recent congress examined Thracians as related to the Mycenaean
civilization 38.
The Tokhari (Tochari) are also known as the Yueh Chih (see above) andare a member of a people of advanced culture dwelling in Central Asia
during the ?first millennium AD until overrun by Uighurs. HOLLIS relates
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the Yueh Chih to the Ephthalites and the Kushans. The Ephthalites are the
Hunas (Safeta Hunas/White Huns) in India and the Kushans are in Afghanistan(Bactria). The Tokharian (Yueh Chih) have been regarded as the "first"
Indo-Europeans with their homeland in China 39.
Indo European people in Eurasia - as per HOLLIS with comments
by Arutiunov in Bold Face.
1. Albanians - the only remnant of Illyric.
2. Armenians
3. Balts (Indo European People) -this is to distinguish fromthe Baltic Finns
4. Celts
5. Germanic Peoples
6. Greek
7. Hittites - extinct
8. Illyrians - the only remnant is Albanian; the rest isextinct
9. Indo Iranians
10. Latin Peoples
11. Luwians - extinct
12. Slavs
13. Thracians - extinct; were probably Illyric
14. Tokhari - extinct
THE INDO EUROPEAN LANGUAGES AND PEOPLE IN EURASIA - RESOLUTION
Indo European Language in Eurasia
1. Albanian
2. Armenian
3. Baltic
4. Celtic
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a. Breton
b. Brythonic
c. Cornish
d. Gaelic
e. Gaulish
f. Goidelic
g. Irish
h. Manx
i. Welsh
5. Germanic
6. Greek
7. Indo Iranian
8. Italic
9. Macedonian
10. Proto Indo European (a theoretical construct and easilycan be deleted)
11. Slavic
[Extinct Indo European Languages: Carian, Hittite, Hurrian,
Luwian, Lycia, Lydia, Palaic, Phrygian, Urartian, Illyrian,
Thracian, Tocharian, ???Venetic]
Indo European People in Eurasia
1. Albanian
2. Armenian
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3. Balts (Indo European People)
4. Celts
a. Breton
b. Brythonic
c. Cornish
d. Gaelic
e. Gaulish
f. Goidelic
g. Irish
h. Manx
i. Welsh
5. Germanic People (Germans)
6. Greek
7. Indo Iranian (Iranians, Indo Aryans, Nuristani)
8. Italic
9. Slavs
10. ??? HOLLIS does not list the Macedonian people but does
list the Macedonian language]
[Extinct Indo European People include
Hittite, Illyrian, Luwian,
Thracian, Tokhari]
Ethnic Interpretations: Finno Ugric
A second great family is that of Finno Ugric 40. Alexeev lists the
following sub groups of the Finno Ugric sub family: Ugric group = Mansi,
Khant (Khantic), and Hungarian; Finnic group = Lapp (Lappic), Nenet
(Nenetic) [to be changed from Finno Ugric to Samodic (obsolete Samoyedic)
in lecture 10], East Finnic, and extinct Estonian. Alexeev also divides
Finno-Ugric into the two sub families of Finnic and Ugric.
According to Alexeev, Finnic is a sub-family of Finno Ugric and is
widely distributed. In Finland on the coast of the Barentz Sea and in
eastern Norway and Sweden, Lapps live. The forerunners of the Laps played
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an important role in Russia. East of Finland in an area in northern
Siberia live the Nenet (Netic) people. In the Upper Volga Basin east of
Moscow are several different groups who speak the East Finnic language
[HOLLIS does not list an East Finnic language]. Estonian belongs to the
Finnic subfamily of Finno-Ugric. In the seventeenth century the Estonians
separated from the Finnic of Finland. Writing Estonian is very
difficult.
Alexeev lists the Ugric as a subfamily that is geographically
distributed in two areas in the Soviet Union and in one area in Hungary.Inthe Soviet Union in the Ob Valley of Western Siberia, Mansi is spoken.
Khanty (Khantic) is spoken north of the Mansi area in northern central
Siberia. Hungarian is spoken in Hungary which is quite far from both Mansi
and Khanty. [HOLLIS has no listing for Ugric and instead references
Hungarian]
HOLLIS lists two languages for the category Finno Ugric languages:
Finnic and Hungarian. For Finnic languages, HOLLIS lists the following
related headings: Baltic Finnic, Lapp, Mari, Mordvin, and Permic. For
Baltic Finnic Languages, a sub category of Finnic languages, HOLLIS lists =
Estonian, Finnish, Ingrian, Karelian, Livonian, and Veps. For Permic
languages, another sub category of Finnic languages, HOLLIS lists = Komi
language and Udmurt language. For the Hungarian language HOLLIS doesn't
list any related headings although dialects for Hungary are listed by
geographic regions include Moldavia, Oberwart Austria Bezirk, Ormansag, and
Transylvania (Romania), Szamos Valley, Szamoshat, Szeged, and Ukraine.
Arutiunov also divides the Finno Ugric subfamily into two groups: Finnicgroup and Ugric group. For the Finnic group, Arutiunov establishes four
divisions: Western (Baltic) consisting of Finnish, Estonian, Karelian,
Ingrian, and Vote; Eastern (Permian) consisting of Komi-Zyrian; Komi-
Permian, and Udmurt; the Southern (Volgaic) consisting of Mordvian (Erziaand Moksha dialects), and Mari (Meadow and Highland dialects); and Northern
consisting of Lapp (Saami). For Ugric, Arutiunov includes: Mansi, Khanti,
and Hungarian.
Since Alexeev did not separate language and people, I will list Finno
Ugrians people, as per HOLLIS, with comments by Arutiunov in Bold Face.Finno Ugrians: the Bulgars Turkic People or Bulgarians [Arutiunov statesthat Turkic is not Finno Ugric], Estonians, Finns, Hungarians, Karelians,Khanty, Komi, Livonians, Mansi, Mari, Mordvins, Permians, Sami European
People (Lapps), Udmurts, Veps, and Votes people.
The Bulgars Turkic People speak Bulgarian with different dialects spokenin Bulgaria in Boboshtice, Ikhtiman, Silistrenski Okrug, Sofia, and Tihomiras well as in Macedonia, Pontikia, Greece, Romania, Russia, and Thrace.
[According to Arutiunov, Turkic Bulgars were Turkic, not Finno Ugric; theywere assimilated by Slavs on the Danube; the dialects listed above are ofSlavic Bulgarians]. Modern Bulgarians speak a Slavic language.
The Estonians speak Estonian, the Finns speak Finnish (with perhaps the
greatest number of dialects), the Hungarians speak Hungarian, the Karelians
speak the Karelian language, the Khanty speak the Khanty language (with 4
dialects), and the Komi speak the Komi language.
The Livonians, from a small area in Latvia, speak the Livonian language,the Mansi of the Ob Valley in Siberia and the Tavda Valley in Russia speak
the Mansi language, the Mari speak the Mari language, and the Mordvins
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speak the Mordvin language with dialects of Erzya and Moksha. The Permians
speak the Permian (Permic) languages [consisting of 1) Udmurt, 2) Komi-Zyrian, and 3) Komi-Permian as per Arutiunov], and the Sami European Peoplespeak a Lapp language. The Udmurts speak the Udmurt language in the Vyatka
River region, the Veps speak the Veps language, and the Votes people speak
a Vote language.
That in some instances a different language exists in each valley isperhaps well illustrated by the Finnish language with dialects in Finland
including: Anjala, Hameen Laani, Helsinki, IItti, Jaala, Jyvaskyla,
Kainuu, Karkku, Kemi, Kiihtelysvaara, Kuusamo, Kymen Laani, Kymenlaakso,
Lahti, Lapin Laani, Mikkelin Laani, Nurmijarvi Uudenmaan Laani, Lolun
Laani, Pohjanmaa, Pohjois Karjala, Pori, Satakunta, Savo, Somero,
Suomussalmi, Tammela, Tampere, Tornio, Turku, Turun Ja Porin Laani, Tyrvaa,
Utsjoki, Uudenmaan Laani, Vaasan Laani, Vaskevesi, Viljakkala, and Virrat;
with dialects in Russia including Karelian Isthmus, Kurgolovo Peninsula,
Ladoga Lake Region, Leningradskaia Oblast, and Olonets; with dialects in
Sweden including Norrbotten and Vottangi; and with dialects in the Torne
River Valley of Sweden and Finland.
Finno Ugric Language Family - as per Alexeev with additions by
Arutiunov in Bold Face
A. Ugric Group
1. Mansi
2. Khant (Khantic)
3. Hungarian
2. Finnic Group
1. Lapp (Lappic) - Lapp/Saami
2. Nenet (Nenetic) *
3. Estonian
4. East Finnic - Finnish
5. Karelian
6. Ingrian
7. Vote
8. Komi-Zyrian
9. Komi-Permian
10. Udmurt
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11. Mordvian
12. Mari
* to be changed by Alexeev from Finno Ugric to
Samodic (obsolete Samoyedic) in Lecture 10
Finno Ugric Language - as per HOLLIS with additions by
Arutiunov in Bold Face.
A. Finnic (sub-family)
1. Baltic Finnic
a. Estonian
b. Finnish
c. Ingrian
d. Karelian
e. Livonian
f. Veps
2. Lapp
3. Mari
4. Mordvin
5. Permic
a. Komi
b. Udmurt
B. Hungarian (sub-family) - along with Khanty and Mansi form
the Ugricgroup of the Finno Ugric sub family
Finno Ugric Sub Family of Uralic Family - as per Arutiunov
A. Finnic group
1. Western (Baltic)
a. Finnish
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b. Estonian
c. Karelian
d. Ingrian
e. Vote
2. Eastern (Permian)
a. Komi-Zyrian
b. Komi-Permian
c. Udmurt
3. Southern (Volgaic)
a. Mordvian (Erzia and Moksha dialects)
b. Mari (Meadow and Highland dialects)
4. Northern
a. Lapp (Saami)
B. Ugric group
1. Hungarian
2. Mansi
3. Khanty
Languages spoken by the Finno Ugric People as per HOLLIS with
additions by Arutiunov in Bold Face
1. Bulgarian - Turkic Bulgars were Turkic,not Finno Ugric; they were assimilated
by Slavs on the Danube;
2. Estonian
3. Finnish
4. Hungarian
5. Karelian
6. Khanty
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7. Komi - a Permian language
8. Livonian
9. Mansi
10. Mari
11. Mordvin
12. Permian (Permic) - consists of Komi and Udmurt
13. Lapp
14. Udmurt - a Permian language
15. Veps (Vepsians)
16. Votiak (old name for Udmurts)
17. Vote (spoken by Votes in the Baltic area; nearly
extinct)
Finno Ugrians People - as per HOLLIS with additions by
Arutiunov in Bold Face.
1. Bulgars Turkic People (Bulgarians) - Turkic is not FinnoUgric
2. Estonians
3. Finns
4. Hungarians
5. Karelians
6. Khanty
7. Komi
8. Livonians
9. Mansi
10. Mari
11. Mordvins
12. Permians
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13. Sami (Saami) European People (Lapps)
14. Udmurts
15. Veps
16. Votes
FINNO UGRIC LANGUAGE AND PEOPLE - RESOLUTION
In comparing the HOLLIS listings for the Finno Ugric languages with the
listings by Alexeev (as modified by Arutiunov), the following comparisons
can be made. HOLLIS lists the Bulgars Turkic people as Finno Ugric and
lists Bulgarian in the following regions: Boboshtice, Ikhtiman,
Silistrenski, Okrug, Sofia, Tihomir as well as areas in Macedonia,
Pontikia, Greece, Romania, Russia, and Thrace. Arutiunov, however, statesthat the Turkic Bulgars were Turkic, not Finno Ugric, that they wereassimilated by the Slavs on the Danube, and that the dialects listed aboveare Slavic 41.
HOLLIS divides Finno Ugric: Finnic and Hungarian whereas the Russianshave created the heading "Ugric" which encompasses Hungarian, Khanty, and
Mansi. HOLLIS relates Khanty to Tungus 42 and relates Mansi 43 to Hungarian
and Magyars (Hungarians, Palocs, Szeklers). Two groups listed by HOLLIS
but not included by the Russians are Livonians 44 and Veps 45. Livonian is a
district in Latvia and the Veps are a Finnish people of Russia.
Finno Ugric Language
1. Bulgarian ???
2. Estonian
3. Finnish
4. Hungarian
5. Karelian
6. Khanty
7. Livonian
8. Mansi
9. Mari
10. Mordvin
11. Permian (Permic)
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a. Komi
b. Udmurt
12. Lapp
13. Veps (Vepsians)
14. Vote
[no extinct Finno Ugric languages]
Finno Ugrians People
1. Bulgars Turkic People (Bulgarians) ???
2. Estonians
3. Finns
4. Hungarians
5. Karelians
6. Khanty
7. Livonians
8. Mansi
9. Mari
10. Mordvins
11. Permians
a. Komi
b. Udmurt
12. Saami European People (Lapps)
13. Veps
14. Votes
[no extinct Finno Ugric people]
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Languages in the Caucasus
In the Caucasus the mountains are greater than five kilometers high.There are some individual language families but Professor Alexeev will only
speak of the great families. Armenian 46 will be excluded because of its
complexity. According to Alexeev, Kartvelian 47 is spoken in the western
Caucasus. Kartli is the name of an ancient kingdom in the first century
AD. Georgian is spoken in Georgia proper and Megrelian (Mingrelian) is
spoken in western Georgia. Svanian is spoken in the central mountain
region north of the Megrelian area. Georgian, Megrelian, and Svanian
belong to the Kartic = Kartvelian Family. HOLLIS adds the Laz language to
the Kartvelian group. Arutiunov comments that Laz and Megrelian are two
dialects of a single language arbitrarily called Zanic.
Information on language families in the Caucasus, as per Alexeev, isquite brief; information from HOLLIS on languages in the Caucasus is quite
disjointed; confusion surrounds the usage of the terms: Abhazian, Abazian,
Abazin, Abhazho-Abazian, Abaza, Abkhazians, Abkhaziia, and Abkhaz. Thus
for the authoratative voice on languages and people of the Caucasus, I will
defer to Arutiunov:
"The North Causasian family stretches from the Black Sea Coast along the
Caucasus Mountain Range (north slopes mostly) to the Caspian Sea. The
North Caucasian Family is divided into two sub families: Abkhazo-Adigian
and Nakh-Dagestanian. The Abkhazo-Adigian sub family consists of Adigian
(two literary standards: Adigian proper in the Republic of Adigea and
Kabardin-Circassian in theRepublics of Karachai-Circassia and Kabardin-
Balkaria), Abkhazian (spoken in Abkhazia), Abazin (closely resemblingAbkhazian; spoken in small pockets in Karachai-Circassia), and Ubykh (Peh),
nearly extinct, spoken in an area between Abkhazian and Adigian.
There are more than thirty Nakh-Dagestani languages. Hurritic and
Urartian also belonged to this group. Circassian (Cherkessi) is a Russian
term; Adyge (Adigi) is self-denomination".
Alexeev mentions that the Ubykhian people also belong to the Abkhazo-
Adigian but live in eastern Turkey; Arutiunov comments that the Ubykhians
emigrated from Abkhazia in the 1860's and by now have shifted to Turkish.
Arutiunov continues:
"There is a Middle Eastern or Near Eastern racial type claimed by M.
Abdushelishvili and recognized generally by Alexeev. This type includes
Jews of Palestine, Armenians, Lowland Caucasians, and its more massive
Caucasionic variation of Caucasian highlanders. Linguistically Kartic =
Southern Caucasian family".
According to HOLLIS: Circassians are related to the Adygei and aregeographically identified with the Adygeiskaia Avtonomnaia Oblast Russia.
HOLLIS further relates the Circassians to Europe, Israel, and Jordan. In a
keyword listing for a publication on the Adygi48
, Hollis lists KarachayTurkic people and Balkar Turkic people as well as Circassians and
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Caucasus. A listing on the Circassian languages retrieves the related
headings of "Adygei language" and "Kabardian language".
Alexeev continues: in drawing this ethnic map, we have the Adigian
people on the Black Sea coast. Inland, and directly east, in a small area
we have Balkarian (Balkar) 49 and a small pocket of Karachaian (Karachay) 50
both of which are to the north of the Svanians (both Balkarian and
Karachaian belong to the Turkic family). To the east of the Svanians are
the Ossets (from the Iranian sub-family); to the east of the Ossets is the
Nakhs family 51; and to the east of the Nakhs and bordering the Caspian Sea
are the Dagestanian people. The Dagestan language family contains some
languages which only are spoken in one village 52. Comprising the Nakhs
family are the Chechenian and Ingushian 53. [HOLLIS adds the Bats (Batsbi)
language to Chechen and Ingush languages related to the Nakhs language;
Arutiunov concurs with HOLLIS]
As per Alexeev, four families that don't correspond to any other arelocated in an area in Azerbaijan which is directly south of the Dagestanian
people. The Azerbaijan language belongs to the Turkic family (as doBalkarian and Karachaian).
Alexeev does not list a Caucasian language family because he claims thatthere is no such thing; that the evidence does not substantiate one.
HOLLIS has the following listing for Caucasian Languages 54: Abazin, Abkhaz,
Abkhazo Adyghian, Bats, Chechen, Daghestan, Georgian, Ingush, Kartvelian,
Nakh, Nakho Daghestan, Tapanta dialect, and Ubykh. Arutiunov comments:
"Americans also should abandon as utterly incorrect, politically and
scientifically, a usage of Caucasian as designating the 'white' or Europoid
race. Caucasians are either native inhabitants of the Caucasus area
(including Armenians, Azeris, Ossetians and other Turkic and Indo European
speakers) or, linguistically, the people who speak Caucasian languages.
However, if we adhere to a linguistic definition i.e. people who speakCaucasian languages, then the above must be excluded and the term would
cover only Georgians or Kartwelic, Abkhazo-Adyghean and Nakh-Daghestanic.
Racially or physically, the term Caucasionic should instead be used. This
term was introduced by the Georgian antrhropologist M. Abdushelishvili55".
LANGUAGE FAMILIES IN THE CAUCASUS - As per Alexeev with
additions in Bold Face by Arutiunov
KARTIC = KARTVELIAN FAMILY
1. Georgian
2. Megrelian
3. Svanian
ABKHAZO-ADIGIAN FAMILY
1. Abazian (and Abkhazian)
2. Ubykhian
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3. Adygian
NAKHS FAMILY
1. Chechenian
2. Ingushian
3. Batsbian
DAGESTAN FAMILY
(some of these languages only are spoken in one village; there
are 29 languages as per Arutiunov)
INDO-EUROPEAN FAMILY
1. Iranian sub-family
a. Ossets
TURKIC FAMILY
1. Kypchak sub-family
a. Balkarian
b. Karachaian
c. Kumik
d. Nogai
2. Oguz sub-family
a. Azerbaijani
CAUCASIAN LANGUAGES - as per HOLLIS with additions by Arutiunov
in Bold type
1. Abazin 3. Adyge
2. Abkhaz 4. Ubykh
/. Abkhazo Adyghian - is sub-family of all 4 above
/. Bats - Batsbi belongs to Nakh
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5. Chechen - along with Ingush belongs to Nakh
6. Daghestani:
a. Agul
b. Avaric
c. Dargwa (and Kaitag and Kubachi dialects)
d. Lak
e. Lezgian
f. Rutul
g. Tabasaran
h. Ginukh dialect - delete
i. Kubachi dialect - delete
h. Tsahur
i. Rutul
j. Andi
k. Bagwali
l. Godoberi
m. Karati
n. Akhwakh
o. Chamalal
p. Botlikh
q. Tindi
r. Archi
s. Bezhti (and Gunzeb dialect)
t. Tsez (Dido)
u. Khvarshi (and Ginukh dialect)
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v. Udi - in northern Azerbaijan
w. Khinalug - in northern Azerbaijan
x. Kryz, Djek, Gaputl, and Budug (Shahdag languages in
northern Azerbaijan)
7. Georgian - same as Kartvelian
8. Ingush - delete
9. Kartvelian - same as Georgian
a. Georgian
b. Laz
c. Mingrelian
d. Svan
10. Nakh - includes Batsbi, Chechen, Ingush
11. Nakho Daghestan - includes Nakh and Daghestani
12. Tapanta dialect - of Abaza
13. Ubykh - emigrated from Abkazia and now speak Turkish
Caucasian People as per HOLLIS (HOLLIS has no listing for
Caucasian People; rather the listing for Caucasians retrieves "Caucasian
Race" and includes: Indo Europeans, Mediterranean Race, Semites,
Teutonic Race, Whites, and Working Class Whites)
LANGUAGES AND PEOPLE IN THE CAUCASUS - RESOLUTION
For Caucasian Languages, Arutiunov's directions are, for the most part,
followed. Dialects are eliminated, as is true for all the language
families listed above. The Caucasian People, other than referring to those
people who live in the Caucasus, will be eliminated and recommendation will
be made to those in the Harvard Library System that the entries for
Caucasian Race need attention - HOLLIS's listing for Caucasian Race
includes a mixture of race, language, and class and for the most part is
pejorative.
Caucasian Languages
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1. Abkhazo Adyghian sub family
a. Abazin
b. Abkhaz
c. Adyge
d. Ubykh
2. Nakho Daghestan sub family
a. Nakh
1. Batsbi
2. Chechen
3. Ingush
b. Dagestani
1. Agul
2. Avaric
3. Lak
4. Lezgian
5. Rutul
6. Tabasaran
7. Tsahur
8. Andi
9. Bagwali
10. Godoberi
11. Karati
12. Akhwakh
13. Chamalal
14. Botlikh
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15. Tindi
16. Archi
17. Tsez (Dido)
18. Udi - in northern Azerbaijan
19. Khinalug - in northern
Azerbaijan
20. Shadag - in northern Azerbaijan including Kryz,
Djek, Gaputl, and Budug
3. Kartvelian (Georgian) sub family
a. Laz
b. Mingrelian
c. Svan
[No extinct languages in the Caucasus]
Caucasian People - a geographic term relating to those people
who live in the Caucasus:
1. Abazin
2. Abkhaz
3. Adyge
4. Ubykh
5. Batsbi
6. Chechen
7. Ingush
8. Agul
9. Avaric
10. Lak
11. Lezgian
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12. Rutul
13. Tabasaran
14. Tsahur
15. Andi
16. Bagwali
17. Godoberi
18. Karati
19. Akhwakh
20. Chamalal
21. Botlikh
22. Tindi
23. Archi
24. Tsez (Dido)
25. Udi
26. Khinalug
27. Shadag
28. Laz
29. Mingrelian
30. Svan
[no extinct people in the Caucasus]
Ethnic Interpretations: Turkic
According to Alexeev, the Turkic language family is one of the most
complicated of families. Turkic occupies a great area in Eurasia yet it
does not form a continuous area i.e. there are no common borders.
HOLLIS lists Turkic languages in Central Asia, China (Xingjiang Uighur
Autonomous region), Caucasus, Khurasan Province in Iran, Siberia, and VolgaValley. HOLLIS lists the following Turkic languages: Azerbaijani,
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Bashkir, Bulgaro Turkic, Chagatai, Chuvash, Gagauz, Kara Kalpak, Kazakh,
Khakass, Khalaj, Nogai, Oghuz, Turkic languages northwest, Turkic languages
southeast, and Turkic languages southwest. For the Turkic languages
northwest, HOLLIS lists: Bashkir, Cara Kalpak, Kazakh, Kuman, Kyrgyz,
Nogai, and Tatar. For the Turkic languages southeast, Hollis lists:
Chagatai, Khorezmian Turkic, Salar, Uighur, and Uzbek. For the Turkic
languages southwest, HOLLIS lists: Azerbaijani, Gagauz, Oghuz, Turkish,and Turkmen. Arutiunov comments that the northwest = Kypchak group;
southwest = Oghuz group; southeast = Karluk group; and northeast = Altain,
Khakass, Touvinian, Shor, and Yakut.
As per Alexeev, in the Caucasus is the Azerbaijan language familylocated in several areas. HOLLIS lists an Azerbaijani language with
dialects in Shaki, Azerbaijan; the Dmanisi region of the Georgia republic;
and Tabriz, Iran. Alexeev states that Balkarian and Karachaian are sub-
families of Azerbaijan.
HOLLIS lists Balkarian as Balkar Turkic people and Karachian as Karachay
Turkic people. HOLLIS lists the Lezgian languages as related to
Azerbaijani and relates the Balkar Turkic people and Karachay Turkic
peoople with the Kabardian language (related to Adygei) and to the
Circassian languages.
Arutiunov states that the above information from HOLLIS, beginning with
the fourth sentence is absolutely wrong! He continues:
"Karachai and Balkar are in the Kypchak group and Azerbaijani is in the
Oguz group. Karachai and Circassians live in the Carachai-Circassian
Republic; Balkars and Kabardins live in the Kabardin-Balkarian Republic.
This is the political and geographical distribution. However, Karachai and
Balkar are very close Turkic languages. Circassian and Kabardin are closedialects of Adigian language. Adigian and Turkic are NOT mutually
related".
HOLLIS relates the Circassian languages to the Adygei language and the
Kabardian language 56. Of importance is that for the Balkar Turkic people,
HOLLIS also includes a recent publication on civil rights infractions and
crimes against minorities 57.
As per Alexeev, Turkic is also located in the Upper Volga Valley whereEast Finnic is distributed. South of the East Finnic groups are two sub
families speaking Turkic: the Chuvashian [Chuvash] and the Bashkirian
[Bashkir]. The Tatarian [Tatar] language is also located in the VolgaValley. Tatar language dialects, according to HOLLIS, are located in China
(Manchou), Crimea, and the Russia Federation in ten different locales.
Alexeev continues: in Central Asia there are five groups who speakTurkic located in four geographical areas. Turkmenian [Turkmen] is spoken
in the western part of Central Asia (in Turkmenistan), Uzbeian [Uzbek] is
spoken in the desert area near the Aral Sea i.e. in Uzbekistan. Uzbek,
according to HOLLIS, is also spoken in Afghanistan, the Aral Sea region of
Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan, Khorezm, Namangan, Shakhrisyabz, Tajikistan, and
nine different locations in Uzbekistan], Kara-Kalpakian [Kara-Kalpak] is
the northern population of Uzbekistan, Kirgiz = Kirgizian [Kyrgyz] (are in
Kirghizistan), and Kazakh or Kazah [Kazakh] (in Kazahkstan) i.e. spoken
along the borders of China.
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Alexeev continues: Turkic is also spoken in eastern Siberia both in themountains and flats. Altai-Kizi is spoken in the Altai and to the east in
the Yenissei Valley is Khakassian [a republic in Siberia, as per
Arutiunov]. In eastern Siberia in the Lena Valley, Yakutian is spoken. In
the Tanno-Tuva region in the mountain area on the Yenisei River, Tuvinian
(in Tuva) is spoken. Tuvinian is classic Mongolian. [Arutiunov comments:
"this is wrong; Tuvinian is Turkic; Mongolian is Mongolic"] In westernSiberia, in the south areas, a west Siberian Tatarian language is spoken.
This language is also spoken in the Volga Valley (along with Chuvashian and
Bashkirian).
As per Alexeev: in Turkey, classic Turkish is spoken. [For the Turkish
language, HOLLIS lists dialects in Central Asia, Azerbaijan, Bulgaria
(Turgovishtki Okrug and Vidin), Cyprus, Gaziantep, Turkey, Iraq,
Kazakhstan, Vevsehir, Uzbekistan, and
twelve different geographic locations in Turkey, and Yugoslavia (Prizren
Serbia)]. Alexeev concludes: Classic Turkish is similar to Azerbaijan.
Turkmens also live in eastern Iran and Afghanistan. Some Turkic groupslive in western Mongolia.
TURKIC (FAMILY) - as per Alexeev with additions by Arutiunov in
Bold Face
(In Caucasus)
1. Oguz group
a. Azerbaijani (only Azerbaijani; others areTurkish, Gagauz, and Turkmen)
2. Kypchak or Kuman group
a. Balkarian (Balkar)
b. Karachaian (Karachai)
c. Kumik
d. Nogai
(In Volga Valley)
1. Kypchak group
a. Chuvashian (Chuvash) ???
b. Bashkirian (Bashkir)
c. Tatarian (Tatar)
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1. Volga Tatars
2. Siberian Tatars
3. Mishars (east of Moscow)
(In Central Asia)
1. Oguz group
a. Turkmenian (Turkmen)
2. Karluk group
a. Uzbekian (Uzbek)
3. Kypchak group
a. Kara-Kalpakian (Kara-Kalpak)
b. Kirgizian (Kyrgyz)
c. Kazakh
(In Siberia)
1. Siberian group
a.Altai-Kizi (Altaian)
b. Khakassian
c. Jakutian (Yakut)
d. Tatarian - delete; replace with Tuvinian
e. Shor
(In Turkey)
1. Oguz group
a. Classic Turkish
Turkic Languages - as per HOLLIS with additions by Arutiunov in
Bold Type
1. Azerbaijani - listed in Oguz
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2. Bashkir - listed in Kypchak
3. Bulgaro Turkic - the Bulgars Turkic people are extinct
4. Chagatai - listed in Karluk
5. Chuvash ???
6. Gagauz - listed in Oguz
7. Kara Kalpak - listed in Kypchak
8. Kazakh - listed in Kypchak
9. Khakass - listed in the Siberian group
10. Khalaj
11. Nogai - listed in Kypchak
12. Oghuz - a group, not a language
13. Turkic languages northwest (Kypchak)
a. Bashkir
b. Kara Kalpak
c. Kazakh
d. Kuman (Karachai, Balkar, Kumik)
e. Kyrgyz
f. Nogai
g. Tatar
14. Turkic languages southeast (Karluk)
a. Chagatai
b. Khorezmian Turkic language (dialect of Uzbek)
c. Salar - in China
d. Uighur - in China
e. Uzbek
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15. Turkic languages southwest (Oguz)
a. Azerbaijani
b. Gagauz
c. Oghuz
d. Turkish
e. Turkmen
16. Turkish - delete
17. Turkmen - delete
18. Turkic languages northeast (Siberian)
a. Altaian
b. Khakass
c. Tuvinian
d. Shor
e. Yakut
Turkic People - as per HOLLIS with additions by Arutiunov in
Bold Type
1. Afshar Turkic - close to Azerbaijani; in Iran
2. Altai Turkic - Altaian
3. Azerbaijanis
4. Balkar Turkic
5. Bashkir Turkic
6. Bulgars Turkic - extinct
7. Chuvash Turkic
8. Huns - extinct
9. Kara Kalpaks Turkic
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10. Karachay Turkic
11. Karapapaks Turkic - close to Turkmen; in Iran
12. Kazakhs
13. Kipchak Turkic
14. Kumyk Turkic (Kumik)
15. Kyrgyz
16. Nogai Turkic
17. Oghuz Turkic
18. Pecheneg Turkic - extinct
19. Qashqai - in Iran and Afghanistan (?)
20. Tatars 58
21. Teleut Turkic - Altaian
22. Turkmen
23. Turks
24. Tuvinians
25. Uighur Turkic
26. Uzbeks
27. Yakut Turkic
28. Yuruks Turkic - dialect of Turkish
TURKIC LANGUAGES AND PEOPLE - RESOLUTION
The Turkic language family, as per Alexeev, and the Turkic language as
per HOLLIS exhibited a direct relationship, and with Arutiunov adding the
finer points, the Turkic language appears to be reaching a point of
resolution. Likewise for the Turkic people. However, it again should be
emphasized that both language and people are fluid; languages become
extinct and people become assimilated into different geographic, religious,
and political groups.
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Turkic languages in Eurasia
A. Oguz group - southwest
1. Azerbaijani
2. Gagauz
3. Turkish
4. Turkmen
B. Kypchak (Kuman) group - northwest
1. Bashkir
2. Kara Kalpak
3. Kazakh
4. Kuman (Karachai, Balkar, Kumik)
5. Kyrgyz (Kirgiz)
6. Nogai
7. Tatar
C. Karluk group - southeast
1. Chagatai
2. Salar (in China)
3. Uighur (in China)
4. Uzbek
D. Siberian group - northeast
1. Altaian
2. Khakass
3. Yakut
4. Tuvinian
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5. Shor
Turkic people in Eurasia
1. Afshar Turkic (close to Azerbaijani) 2. Altai Turkic (inAltai region of Siberia)
3. Azerbaijanis (in Caucasus)
4. Balkar Turkic (in Caucasus)
5. Bashkir Turkic (in Volga Valley)
6. Chuvash Turkic (in Volga Valley)
7. Kara Kalpaks Turkic (in Central Asia)
8. Karachay Turkic (in Caucasus)
9. Karapapaks Turkic (close to Turkmen) 10. Kazakhs (inCentral Asia)
11. Kipchak Turkic (in Caucasus, Central Asia, and VolgaValley)
12. Kumyk (Kumik) Turkic (in Caucasus)
13. Kyrgyz (in Central Asia)
14. Nogai Turkic (in Caucasus)
15. Oghuz Turkic (In Caucasus, Central Asia, Turkey)
16. Tatars (in Volga Valley)
17. Turkmens (in Central Asia)
18. Turks (in Turkey)
19. Tuvinians (in Siberia)
20. Uighur Turkic (in China)
21. Uzbeks (in Central Asia)
22. Yakut Turkic (in Siberia)
[Extinct Turkic people: Bulgars Turkic, Huns,
Pecheneg Turkic]
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The origin of the Turkic people is most difficult. Professor Alexeevfeels that the origin of Turkic should be dated no earlier than the first
millennium BC. Colin Renfrew 59 dates the origins of the Turkic people at
8-7 millennium BC and relates their origins to the origins of agriculture.
According to Alexeev, there is no evidence at such an early period. This
has been checked out by two Russians: Ivanov and Gamkrelidze 60. According
to Alexeev, Renfrew's dating suggests a strong feeling of racism.
Carlton Coon authored several books on racism 61; his work has been
criticized by many people. Frederick Hulse 62 is another scholar who
describes racial types. The Revolution of 1917 stopped racism in the USSR.
Racism reappeared in 1949 when Stalin eliminated western influences.
According to Arutiunov, what Stalin attempted to do, as was done in Tsarist
time, was to channel the discontent of the masses against the Jews and some
other minorities. Stalin toyed with a Russian chauvinist feeling to elicit
more political support.