Paolo Bagnaia - I rivelatori di LHC (2)1 LHC : rivelatori (2)
ICREA - Results from the LHC Run II. Mario Martinez
Transcript of ICREA - Results from the LHC Run II. Mario Martinez
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Results from the LHC Run II
Mario Mar5nez
68th ICREA Colloquium, Barcelona, November 2015
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Outline • The SM in 30´´
• Few basic ideas on modern HEP
• CERN, LHC, ATLAS
• The success of Run I Physics
• First Run II Results from ATLAS
• Notes on Prospects
Disclaimer:
Many many results exist that I will not show…
LHC (running…)
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The Standard Model (SM)
H
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InteracCons mediated by bosons
10/11/15 5
1
10-‐40 10-‐5
10-‐2
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10/11/15 6
UnificaCon of forces Higgs mechanism makes the small range and weak interacCon (massive Ws and Z )
Same Cme allows for fermion masses
€
σ ∝1Q4
€
σ ∝1
(Q2 + MW2 )2
We are here
H
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A world without mass ?
€
a0 = 1αem me
(natural units)
€
GF ∝ 1MW
2
Without giving masses to fermions it would be impossible to form stables atoms
Light W ? Faster reacCons and a Cold Universe
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The Sun using Neutrinos
106 cm-‐2 s-‐1
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The Standard Model (SM)
H The Higgs mechanism allows to explain the origin of the mass of the particles in the SM and at the same time explains weakness of the weak interaction…
€
mγ = 0 mg = 0mW = 80GeVmZ = 91GeVmH =125 GeV
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Higgs Mechanism
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Fermion Masses Most of the free parameters in the SM model come from here
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Why such a mass hierarchy ?
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Mass F = M a
E = M c2 Mass as a form of energy
Protón
(uud)
Only 2% of the proton mass is due to quarks…most of it is QCD confinement energy
I. Newton
A. Einstein
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Accelerators ..as huge microscopes
€
10−19mThe proton-‐proton collisions probe distances down to
?
ParPcles behave as waves… E = hν h Planck const. λ= h /|p|
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Quantum Field Theory • AnCma^er
– ParPcle-‐ (anP) parPcle annihilaPon produces pure energy
– Energy can then transform into new kind of maYer
• Virtual ParCcles
– InteracPons are understood and the “exchange” of virtual parPcles
• Probability – For each reacPon different final
states are possible according to a given probability to be produced
E = m c2
e+ e-‐
€
E 2 − p2 ≠ m2
€
ΔEΔt ≥ h
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27 Km 1232 high-‐tech superconducCng dipole magnets
(at 1.8 K…the coldest (and coolest) place in the universe)
proton – proton 7-‐8 TeV in Run I (2010 – 2012) (13 TeV in Run II) (2015 -‐-‐ )
Approved in 1994
(at 99.999999% of the speed of light) bunches of 1011 protons collide every 25 ns 109 interacCons per second/experiment
also Pb-‐Pb collisions (1 month/year)
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LHC construcCon
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LHC ConstrucCon
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ATLAS LHC will run for 15 years.. A total of 6 1015 collisions
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ATLAS
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Hadron Calorimeter (1993 )
Big contribuCon to TileCal in ATLAS
R&D for design of prototype ConstrucCon of 1/3 TielCal (Barrel-‐C)
Understanding of test-‐beam data Design/construcPon/maintenance of calibraPon electronics (Cs137 & MB) Study of TileCal Performance TileCal DQ Monitoring ContribuPon to Run CoordinaPon
ADCs and RB models designed and built at IFAE
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IBL ConstrucCon Final stave assembly done at CERN:
IBL Stave assembly
CNM 3D sensors
Barcelona made a key contribuCon to the Pixel: the most complex detector of ATLAS (and using 3D)
Final IBL stave being mounted 26 March 2014
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The ATLAS Experiment selects ONLINE the most interesCng events out of the 109 interacCons/second
ATLAS output rate of 400 Hz (1.5 Mb/event)
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Physics Menu
The collision results are typically driven by uninteresCng events InteresCng events have small probabiliCes to occur Need for accumulaCng a huge number of collisions
N events = σ x Luminosity
€
1b =10−28m
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LHC Performance (2010-‐2012) Spectacular LHC performance (rapid increase of data samples)
..als… rapid increase of pile-‐up condiCons
LHC ended pp run at 7+8 TeV aler delivering more than 28 m-‐1
…back in 2015 with 13 TeV collisions
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MulCple InteracCons
Mean Number of Interactions per Crossing0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
/0.1
]-1
Rec
orde
d Lu
min
osity
[pb
020406080
100120140160180
Online LuminosityATLAS> = 20.7!, <-1Ldt = 20.8 fb = 8 TeV, s
> = 9.1!, <-1Ldt = 5.2 fb = 7 TeV, s
Up to 40 interacCons / crossing
(requires enormous efforts to understand the reconstrucCon of the physics objects…)
Z µµ events with 20 interacCons on top
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Summary QCD/EWK/Top Physics
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Resonances..
E = M c2
e+ e-‐
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You just learnt we can transform energy in new parCcles… but what about if they decay immediately ?
If the energy in the collision comes close to the mass of the (unknown) mediated parCcle a resonance (a peak of events) is observed…
And this is the way to discover new parCcles
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Want a Nobel?...find a resonance
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Building up the peaks..
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Higgs !! As in Moriond 2013 E
vent
s / 2
GeV
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
H
-1Ldt = 4.8 fb = 7 TeV s-1Ldt = 20.7 fb = 8 TeV s
ATLAS
Data 2011+2012=126.8 GeV (fit)
HSM Higgs boson mBkg (4th order polynomial)
[GeV]m100 110 120 130 140 150 160E
vent
s - F
itted
bkg
-200-100
0100200300400500
!"#$%&!!'(() (*) (+) (,) (-)./
".01&!2
$3456$7!89$:6;!/!(<-!#$%
)
()))
*)))
+)))
,)))
-))) =>6>.01!?361@4!?36!AB'CB:$:6
"(±"*±
!"D%E&F(!G!H!I$%J!K!G!(L<M!NO;!"D%E&F(!G!P!I$%J!K!G!-<(!NO;
AD.!QR$S3'3:>RT
A mass peak in the vicinity of 125 GeV
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Higgs !!
[GeV]4lm100 150 200 250
Even
ts/5
GeV
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
-1Ldt = 4.6 fb = 7 TeV s-1Ldt = 20.7 fb = 8 TeV s
4lZZ*HData 2011+ 2012SM Higgs Boson
=124.3 GeV (fit)H mBackground Z, ZZ*
tBackground Z+jets, tSyst.Unc.
ATLAS
[GeV]4lm80 100 120 140 160 180
Even
ts /
3 G
eV
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35Data
Z+X
,ZZ*Z
=126 GeVHm
CMS Preliminary -1 = 8 TeV, L = 19.6 fbs ; -1 = 7 TeV, L = 5.1 fbs
A mass peak in the vicinity of 125 GeV
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H ZZ* 4l
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8th Oct. 2013
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Higgs at the PDG
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Latest Higgs Results If it looks like a duck, swims like a duck, and quacks like a duck…
arXiv:1507.04548 (July 2015)
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The Standard Model (i.e., the need for new physics)
H
• Who ordered 3 generations? • Origin of different masses ? • Matter/Anti-Matter ?
• What about Gravity? • very very weak and only relevant at planetary/cosmological levels
QED/GRAVITY strength ~ 1036
• Hierarchy Problem … • Unification at Large Scale? • Dark Matter in the Cosmos? • ………
New Physics (!) O(TeV) scale phenomenology
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The rotaCon of the stars around the center of the galaxies is not consistent with the amount of mass observed (L/M raCo)SUN
Collisions of clusters of galaxies
Large distorCon of the imagines of distant galaxies due to gravitaCon lensing indicaCon of DM in galaxy clusters
GravitaConal Lensing
Considered the ulCmate demonstraCon of the presence of Dark Ma^er since this does not involve Newton’s Law
Evidence for Dark Ma^er
Spherical dark ma^er halo
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Planck (20 March 2013) arXiv:1303.5062v1
CMB radiaCon
380.000 years
13.82 billion years
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Super-‐symmetry (SUSY) In the SM the parPcles are classified as fermions of bosons according to the spin of the parPcle SUSY predicts that for
each parPcle in the SM there is a super-‐partner with different spin configuraPon
Examples :
electron (fermion) s-‐electron (boson) quark (fermion) s-‐quark (boson) gluon (boson) gluino (fermion)
So, SUSY DOUBLES the spectrum of parPcles
SUSY parCcles are heavy and (if exist) could be produced at colliders
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Strong
Weak
Electromagnetic
Unification of Forces & SUSY
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1. Squarks and Gluinos are heavy
2. mixing of third generation leads to light stop and sbottom
3. good candidate for Dark Matter
4. One higgs is very light ( < 135 GeV)
SUSY before LHC era (2010)
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Dark Ma^er search with Mono-‐jets
45
Pillar of LHC Physics Program for Run II
gluon
EPJC 75 (2015) 299
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Inclusive Searches MulCple-‐jets and large ETmiss
€
meff = ETmiss +HT
HT = pTjets∑
SIMPLIFIED SCENARIO
JHEP09(2014)176
2 jets
6 jets
2 jets
MSUGRA
Background from 1 lepton b-‐tag/veto & photon CRs with similar jet and kinemaCc selecCons as in SRs
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“Natural SUSY 2012”
Light higgsinos
Light stop (t1 < 1 TeV)
Light gluinos (< 1-2 TeV)
One light stop and sbo^on ….rest of sparCcles can be decoupled….
(same weak isospin mulPplet) 47
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Summary Searches for Stop (different mass hierarchies, simplified models)
Exclusion for m(~t1) < ~720 GeV for massless LSP Exclusion up to m(LSP) ~280 GeV
arXiv:1506.08616
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No hint for SUSY ?
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Non-‐SUSY Searches
Extra dimensions, q*, new bosons, vector-‐like quarks, lepto-‐quarks,..
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Large Extra Dimensions
52
g,q
g,q Jet,γ
G Extra spaCal dimensions explain the apparent weakness of Gravity (relevant scale ~TeV)
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No hint for BSM ?
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Great Success of the SM… But lots of remaining quesCons..
naturalness dark maKer maKer/anMmaKer asymmetry the flavor/family problems unificaMon of coupling constants …….
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Things to keep an eye on
Eur. Phys. J. C75 (2015) 318
arXiv:1504.04605
high-‐mass diboson resonances with boson-‐tagged jets
2 SS leptons + HT +b-‐jets + MET
Z + jets+ MET
Few sigma effects calling for more data….
arXiv:1506.00962
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56
?
The discovery of New Physics requires more energy and more data ………
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Run II has started……
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The physics gain 8 TeV 13 TeV
NO surprising.. this is just PDFs
But tells you nicely what we already know
• Huge improvement at the edge of phase space • Searches should be priority 1 in first 6-‐12 months
Consider this an opCmisCc view as it does not include realiCes as
Background composiCon Pileup Data ValidaCon MC simulaCon ……..
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The physics gain 8 TeV 13 TeV
NO surprising.. this is just PDFs
But tells you nicely what we already know
• Huge improvement at the edge of phase space • Searches should be priority 1 in first 6-‐12 months
Consider this an opCmisCc view as it does not include realiCes as
Background composiCon Pileup Data ValidaCon MC simulaCon ……..
Q* and QBH factors 56 – 370 Gluino producCon factor 46 Stop/Sbo^om producCon factor 8 ^H factor 3.9 H(ggF) factor 2.3
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Early 13 TeV Results ATLAS-‐CONF-‐2015-‐04
Going beyond Run I sensiCvity
80 pb-‐1
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SUSY/ExoCcs (Some PR plots @ 13TeV)
Inclusive SUSY
Monojet
Di-‐photons Z-‐prime
W-‐prime
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SUSY prospects (2015-‐6) ATL-‐PHYS-‐PUB-‐2015-‐005
Assuming 20% uncertainty on backg. As inspired by 8 TeV analyses
A hint for SUSY signal sCll possible if the SUSY parCcles are around the corner
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LHC Plan Producción 174M Higgs
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Final Notes
64
El LHC almost doubles the centre-‐of-‐mass energy in 2015 8 TeV 13 TeV
(about 4 m-‐1 in 2015…we need more)
Cross secCon for stop (0.9 TeV mass) pair producCon @ 13 TeV = 12 x @ 8 TeV
Ready for a new discovery ?
More energy and more data !
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Hierarchy Problem From EWK to Planck scale ?
H f
Already a serious problem at 5 TeV scale (cancellation among top, gauge and Higgs loops)
This kind of conspiracy has name in Physics…
New Symmetry ? (taken from C. Quigg, hep-ph/0704.2232)
EWK scale: 102 GeV
Gravity scale: 1019 GeV
..nothing in the middle ??? …
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SuperSymmetry vs Higgs
• Fermion/Boson symmetry
• Exact cancellaCon between fermion & boson loops for Higgs
..SUSY must be broken….. model-‐dependent phenomenology
Double Spectra of ParCcles
..will mix to form mass eigenstates..
Higgs sector with 2 doublets
G G ~
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QBH (producCon of Black Holes in models with extra spaCal dimensions)
JHEP08(2014)103 JHEP 07 (2015) 032
Lepton + Jets MulCJets
Spectacular Events.. Large MulCpliciCes of Jets and Leptons…. No surprises yet 68
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Dileptons g,q
g,q
f,V
f,V
G
Limits on RS (ED) Graviton mass vs coupling 95% CL exclusion in the mass range MG = 1.2 TeV – 2.7 TeV
Phys. Rev. D. 90, 052005 (2014)
Limits on SSM and E6 GUT inspired models MZ’ (SSM) < 2.86 TeV excluded MZ’ (E6) < 2.4 TeV – 2.6 TeV excluded
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Dijets Phys. Rev. D. 91, 052007 (2015)
p-‐value = 0.027
Mjj = 5 TeV
Excited quarks with mass < 4 TeV excluded at 95% CL
Bump hunCng…
Dijet mass spectrum fi^ed to the funcConal form
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HL-‐LHC prospects ATL-‐PHYS-‐PUB-‐2013-‐011 ATL-‐PHYS-‐PUB-‐2014-‐010
Will be in the posiCon to “kill natural SUSY”
SensiCvity up to 3 – 3.5 TeV
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HL-‐LHC prospects ATL-‐PHYS-‐PUB-‐2013-‐011 ATL-‐PHYS-‐PUB-‐2014-‐010
Will be in the posiCon to “kill natural SUSY”
SensiCvity up to 1 – 1.5 TeV
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HL-‐LHC prospects ATL-‐PHYS-‐PUB-‐2015-‐032
SUSY Weakly interacCng
SensiCvity up to 1.1 TeV
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Q* and QBHs ATL-‐PHYS-‐PUB-‐2015-‐004
6 TeV Q* 10 TeV QBH
Large increase in sensiCvity (it happens early on)
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HL-‐LHC prospects Higgs couplings (assuming SM ΓH) • 2-‐5% in most cases • 10% for rare processes (H μμ, ^H ^γγ)
• may see Higgs self couplings ? (1.3 sigma significance)
ATL-‐PHYS-‐PUB-‐2014-‐019 ATL-‐PHYS-‐PUB-‐2014-‐016
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