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1 Russell Shor and Robert Weldon, “Ruby and Sapphire Production and Distribution: A Quarter Century of Change,” Gems & Gemology 45, no. 4 (Winter 2009): 239.

2 Emma Irwin, MEITI Gemstone Sector Review (World Bank, 2016), 42.3 Irwin, MEITI Gemstone Sector Review, 7 and 45–47.

3


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4 ywÅjrm; 150 teuf 12 vkH;onf a':vm 5 aomif;ausmfonf/ Shor and Weldon, “Ruby and Sapphire Production and Distribution,” 239.

5 Richard Hughes, “World Sources: Burmese Ruby & Sapphire | Pt. 4,” Ruby & Sapphire, last modified 7 March 2013, http://www.ruby-sapphire.com/r-s-bk-burma4.htm.

6 rkd;ukwf a'ocHrsm;ESifh ar;jref;rIrsm;

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7 Irwin, MEITI Gemstone Sector Review, 78.8 2017 Zlvkdif? ywÅjrm;vkyfief;&SifESifh ar;jref;csuf

9 2017 Mo*kwf? rkd;ukwfrS vkyfief;&SifESifh ar;jref;csuf

10 Irwin, MEITI Gemstone Sector Review, 55 and 4811 Ibid12 2017 Zlvkdif? rkd;ukwfukefonfESifh ar;jref;csuf

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14 Hughes, “World Sources: Burmese Ruby & Sapphire | Pt. 4.”

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onf/23

2/ jrefrmEkdifiH\ ausmufrsufpDrHrI

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ae&onfh tcuftcJrsm;udk tukeftpif em;vnfEkdifrnf jzpfonf/ tvG,fwul ckd;xkwfEkdifjcif;?

tBudKuf ESifh uRrf;usifrIay:vkdufí jzpfwnfaomaMumifh aygufaps; rSef;q&ef cufcJjcif;wkdYaMumifh

15 Richard Hughes and Olivier Galibert, “Mong Hsu Ruby | Flux Healing Treatment,” Ruby & Sapphire, last modified 29 January 2014, http://www.ruby-sapphire.com/foreign-affairs.htm.

16 tylay;&ef vkdtyfjcif;aMumifh rkdif;½I;ywÅjrm;onf BudKufaps;rawmif;EkdifyJ aps;avsmYonf/

&Hzef&Hcg tylay; vkyfief;pOfwGif rkdif;½I;ywÅjrm; twGif;om;okdY zef? borax jznfhjcif;?

temz,fjcif;rsm;udkvnf; jyKvkyfonfjzpfaomaMumifh prf;oyfawGU&Sdygu tylay;

jyKjyifxm;onfh ausmuf\ aps;EIef;udk ododomom xdckdufaponf/ aps;uGuftwGif;rS

0,f,lolrsm;twGufvnf; tcsif;rsm;p&m jzpfonf/ Hughes and Galibert, “Mong Hsu Ruby | Flux Healing Treatment.” ukdMunfhyg/

17 &Srf;jynfrS a&TUajymif;oGm;aomfvnf; ausmufvkyfief;ESifh xdpyfaeqJjzpfonfh yGJpm;rsm;aMumifh

jzpfEkdifonf/ Lehman (Chit Hlaing), “The Central Position of the Shan/Tai as ‘Knowledge Brokers’ in the Inter-Ethnic Network of the China-Burma (Myanmar) Borderlands.” (School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, 2007), https://eprints.soas.ac.uk/5293/2/10chithlaing-shan_paper.pdf.

18 Hughesand Galibert, “Mong Hsu Ruby | Flux Healing Treatment.”19 Ruby Dragon Jade & Gems company website: http://www.rubydragongroup.com/

gemstones.html.20 2017 ZlvkdifwGif ywÅjrm;vkyfief;&SifESifh ar;jref;csuf

21 Irwin, MEITI Gemstone Sector Review, 52.22 2017 Mo*kwfwGif t&yfbufvlYtzGJUtpnf; pwdwf[kd'gESifh ar;jref;csuf

23 2017 Mo*kwfwGif ywÅjrm;vkyfief;&SifESifh ar;jref;csuf

7


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olY tokH;p&dwfokdY xnfh&rnfhtpm; MGE \ oD;oefY bPfpm&if;okdYom ay;ydkYodrf;qnf;xm;onf/

(oD;oefY pm&if;rsm;ESifhywfoufNyD; NRGI’s Gilded Gatekeepers for more on these “Other Accounts.” wGif Munfhyg/)

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ESD;&ef tcuftcJjzpfaeonf/ ausmufrsufxkwfvkyfjcif; odkYr[kwf wl;azmfjcif;ESifh qkdifNyD; 2016

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,cifOya'wGif ydwfyifxm;cJYonf/ 2016 jyifqifcsufwGif ydwfyifxm;rIudk z,f&Sm;vkdufaomf

vnf; ausmufrsuf t½kdif;wkH;rsm; w&m;0ifwifykdYjcif; vkyfief;pOfudk &Sif;vif;pGm azmfjyxm;jcif;

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wkdY\ ausmufpdrf;ESifh ausmufrsufrsm;udk aejynfawmfwGif jyKvkyfonfh ausmufrsufjyyGJwGif

24 Irwin, MEITI Gemstone Sector Review, 48.25 “Ministry of Natural Resources and Environmental Conservation: Duties.”26 Irwin, MEITI Gemstone Sector Review, 7.27 NRGI research, 2017.28 Irwin, MEITI Gemstone Sector Review, 2017, 55.

8


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jcif; r&Sdyg/32

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jrefrm EITI pwdwf[kd'grsm;u tBuHjyKonf/

29 Ibid., 40.30 Oyrmtm;jzifh 2017 Mo*kwf ausmufrsufjyyGJwGif ausmuftwGJaygif; 6887 wGJrSm 326

wGJomvsif ausmufrsuf&wemrsm; jzpfonf/ trsm;pkrSm wefzkd;jrifhrm;onfh ausmuffpdrf;

t½kdif;wkH;rsm; jzpfonf/ ,if; ausmufrsufjyyJG a&mif;&aiG ,l½kd 515 oef;wGif ausmufrsuf

a&mif;&aiGonf ,l½kd 3 .07 oef;om &Sdonf/ Chan Mya Htwe, “Jade Sales at 54th Gem Emporium down Due to Poorer Quality,” Myanmar Times, 14 August 2017, http://www.mmtimes.com/index.php/business/27245-jade-sales-at-54th-gem-emporium-down-due- to-poorer-quality.html.

31 Christie’s, “The Crimson Flame Ruby Setsa World Auction Recordat Christie’s Hong Kong,” press release from 1 December 2015, http://www.christies.com/about-us/press-archive/details?pressreleaseid=8190&lid=1&mob-is-app=false.

32 Irwin, MEITI Gemstone Sector Review, 98 and 40.

9


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33 Ko Ko Kyaw, “Mogok Residents Seek Amendments to Gemstones Law,” Myanmar Times, 17 August 2017, http://www.mmtimes.com/index.php/national-news/mandalay-upper-myanmar/27308-mogok-residents-seek-amendments-to-gemstones-law.html.

34 Michael L. Ross, “Oil, Drugs, and Diamonds: The Varying Roles of Natural Resources in Civil War,” in The Political Economy of Armed Conflict: Beyond Greed and Grievance, eds Karen Ballentine and Jake Sherman (Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2003), 55. For a fuller description of the mechanisms by which natural resource wealth affects conflict dynamics—whether onset, duration or intensity, see Michael L Ross, “How Do Natural Resources Influence Civil War? Evidence from Thirteen Cases,” International Organization 58, no. 1 (Winter 2004): 35–67.

10


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onf/36

OD;ykdifESifh jrefrmYpD;yGm;a&; aumfykda&;&Sif;onf tBuD;qkH; ppfwyfaemufcH ukrÜPD 2 ck jzpfonf/

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rsm;onf w&m;0if EkdifiHykdifvkyfief;rsm; r[kwfyJ ppfwyfykdiftaejzifh w&m;0ifozG,f (semi-

35 t&yfbufvlYtzGJUtpnf; pwdwf[kd'gESifh ar;jref;csuf 2017 Mo*kwf

36 “Long Wait On for Global Value Add Players to Enter Gem Market,” Myanmar Gems, accessed 16 November 2017, http://www.myanmargems.com/gemmarket.htm.

37 Myanmar First EITI Report (Myanmar Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative, 2016), 48–49.

11


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w&m;0if vkdifpifcsxm;cGifhtmPm &&SdozG,f aqmif&Gufaeonf[k azmfjyxm;onf/ odkYaomf

vnf; ¤if;wkdY apmifhMunfhxdef;ausmif;rI? aeYpOf vkyfief;rsm;wGif yg0ifrIudk twdtus rod&yg/45

ppfwyfaemufcH ukrÜPDrsm;onf ywÅjrm;wl;azmfcGifhvkdifpif trsm;tjym;udk xdef;csKyfxm;Muonf/

2014 pm&if;t& rkd;ukwfESifh rkdif;½I;a'o ywÅjrm;vkyfuGufae&m 20 &mckdifEIef;udk ppfwyfaemufcH

qufpyfrI&Sdonf[k od&onfh ukrÜPD 4 cku xdef;csKyfxm;onf/ OD;ykdifvkyfief;cGJ 3 ck ESifh

38 Adam Smith International, Institutional and Regulatory Assessment of the Extractive Industries in Myanmar (The World Bank, 2015), 83; Global Witness, Jade: Myanmar’s ‘Big State Secret’ (2015), 50–52.

39 WikiLeaks cable cited in Michael Peel, “Myanmar: The Military-Commercial Complex,” Financial Times, 2 February 2017, https://www.ft.com/content/c6fe7dce-d26a-11e6-b06b-680c49b4b4c0.

40 Clare Hammond, “Military-Owned MEHL Applies to Become Public Company,” Myanmar Times, 1 April 2016, http://www.mmtimes.com/index.php/business/ 19799-military-owned-mehl-applies-to-become-public-company.html.

41 “IRD Honours Top Tax Payers,” Eleven Myanmar, 11 April 2017, http://www.elevenmyanmar.com/business/8799; Aye Thidar Kyaw, “Annual List of

Top Taxpayers Shows Payments Rising,” Myanmar Times, 22 March 2016, http://www.mmtimes.com/business/19586-annual-list-of-top-taxpayers-shows-

payments-rising.html.42 Peel, “Myanmar: The Military-Commercial Complex.”43 Maung Aung Myoe, Building the Tatmadaw: Myanmar Armed Forces Since 1948

(Singapore: ISEAS Publishing, 2009), 182.44 rkd;ukwf vkyfief;&SifESifh ar;jref;csuf? 2017 Mo*kwf

45 Patrick Heller and Lorenzo Delesgues, Gilded Gatekeepers (Natural Resource Governance Institute, 2016), 20.

12


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EkdifiHa&; tajymif;tvJrsm;aMumifh MGE acgif;aqmifrIykdif; tajymif;tvJrsm; &SdcJYaomfvnf;

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vkdonfh qE´&SdaMumif; xif&Sm;aeaomfvnf; u@wpfckvkH;udk zdzdpD;pD; BuD;MuyfEkdif&eftwGuf

pGrf;aqmif&nfykdif;qkdif&m tm;enf;csuf rsm;pGm &Sdonf/ xkdYjyif ppfwyfudkom tpD&ifcH tusdK;jyK

onfh XmewGif; tavYtusifhuvnf; pGJuyfaeqJjzpfonf/

46 Myanmar Ruby Enterprise, Dana Theidi Star and Thit Par Sann.Excludes the small, in§dvidually held permits that Mogok began issuing recently to long-time residents. Myanmar First EITI Report (Myanmar Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative, 2016), Appen§dx.

47 Myanmar First EITI Report (Myanmar Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative, 2016), Appen§dx.

48 Irwin, MEITI Gemstone Sector Review, 22.49 tao;pdwf odvkdygu NRGI Briefing: Maw Htun Aung and Paul Shortell,

“Mineraland Gemstone Licensing in Myanmar” (Natural Resource Governance Institute, 2016), Patrick Heller and Lorenzo Delesgues, Gilded Gatekeepers (Natural Resource Governance Institute, 2016), 20. wGifMunfhyg/

13


(2) ywÅjrm;ESifh tjcm; vufeufukdiftkyfpkrsm; qufpyfrI - vkyfuGufESifh typftcwf &yfpJa&;

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jyóem&Sdonf/ EkdifiHa&; aqG;aEG;rIrsm; odkYr[kwf vlrIa&; ajzavsmh aqG;aEG;rIrsm;udk arS;rSdef

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okdY a&muf&Sdaponf/ wnfNidrfrIr&Sdonfh ykdaeNrJ usm;aeNrJ tajctaewpfckudk jzpfay:aponf/

2000 ckESpfaemufykdif; wkdufyGJrsm; jyif;xefvmjcif;onf 1990 ckESpfrsm;wGif oabmwlcJYonfh

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axmufjycJYonf/51

50 Oyrmtm;jzifh Kevin Woods, “Ceasefire Capitalism,” The Journal of Peasant Studies 38, no. 4 (2011): 747–770 udkMunfhyg/

51 Vanda Felbab-Brown, Myanmar Maneuvers (United Nations University Centre for Policy Research, April 2017), 2.

WSTT

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Seik Tra Star(Gems & Jewellry)Company Limited

Dana Theidi Star(Gems & Jewellry)Company Limited

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Thit Sar Pann(Gems & Jewellry)Company Limited

Pone Nyet(Gems & Jewellry)Company Limited

Cancri(Gems & Jewellry)Company Limited

Lyrae(Gems & Jewellry)Company Limited

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HNA

KS

ASHOK(Gems & Jewellry)Company Limited

Du Won Star(Gems & Jewellry)Company Limited

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WM

BK

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MyanmarRuby Enterprise

(Gems & Jewellry)Company Limited

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14


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SSPP/SSA-N \ t"duusonfh ppfXmecsKyfrsm;teuf wpfckjzpfonf/ ¤if;typftcwf&yfpJa&;

onf ysufjy,fcJYNyD; 2012 wGif pD;yGm;a&;vkyfuGufrsm;taMumif; yg0ifjcif;r&SdawmYonfh typf

tcwf &yfpJa&; pmcsKyftopfudk xyfrHn§dEdIif;cJYonf/57 ,if; typftcwf &yfpJa&;onfvnf;

tBudrfBudrf azmufzsufcHcJY&onf/58 2017 Mo*kwfwGif SSPP/SSA-N ESifh jrefrmppfwyfwkdY

rkdif;½I;teD;wGif wkdufyGJrsm; jzpfyGm;cJYjcif; tygt0if pmcsKyfazmufzsufrI rsm;pGm jzpfay:cJYonf/59

,if; ywÅjrm;vkyfuGufrsm;onf SSPP/SSA-N twGuf aiGa&;aMu;a&; taxmuftyHY jzpf

rjzpf okdYr[kwf ykdifqkdifrIrsm; vufvTwfvkduf&NyD; aemufykdif; taxmuftyHY jzpfrjzpfudk &efukef

rS ar;jref;csufrsm;jzifh twnfjyKí r&EkdifcJYyg/

52 Ko Htwe, “PaO Seek Party Registration,” The Irrawaddy, 5 April 2010, http://election.irrawaddy.com/news/240-pao-seek-party-registration.html.53 Global Witness, Jade: Myanmar’s ‘Big State Secret,’ 67.54 Buchanan, John. Militias in Myanmar (The Asia Foundation, 2016), 2055 Wai Moe, “Nay Win Tun: Burma’s Gem Stone Tycoon,” The Irrawaddy, 31 October

2007, http://www2.irrawaddy.com/article.php?art_id=9164.56 Myanmar Peace Monitor, Deciphering Myanmar’s Peace Process: A Reference

Guide (Burma News International, 2014), 57.57 “Agreement between the State Level Peace Making Team and the Shan State

Progressive Party/Shan State Army.”58 See, for example, ALTSEAN-BURMA, “Tatmadaw troops start assault on a

Shan State Army-North (SSA-N) camp at Red Ruby Mountain, Monghsu, Shan State,” 11 June 2014, as cited in “Ethnic Issues Chronology 2014,” accessed 23 August 2017, http://www.altsean.org/chronology/chronology2014/ ethnicIssueschronology2014.htm.

59 Sai Aw, “Renewed Fighting Erupts,” Shan Herald Agency for News, 23 August 2017, http://english.panglong.org/2017/08/23/renewed-fighting-erupts-between-burma-army-and-ssppssa-in-mong-hsu.

15


(3) ywÅjrm;ESifh tjcm;aom vufeufukdif tzGJUtpnf;rsm; qufpyfrI - ausmufwGif;rsm;? ukef

oG,fa&;vrf;aMumif;twGuf wkdufckdufMujcif;

trsm;jynfolrS od&SdEkdifonfh tcsuftvufrsm;t& ywÅjrm;ukefoG,frIESifh ay:wif qufpyfrI

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rkdif;½I;a'owGif SSPP/SSA-N ESifh ppfwyf wkdufyGJrsm;tjyif? RCSS/SSA-S ESifh ppfwyfonf

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vkH;qkdif&m ypfcwfwkdufckdufrI &yfpJa&; oabmwlnDcsufwGif vufrSwfxkd;xm;NyD;? ppfwyfESifh

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ausmufwGif;ae&mw0kduf tay;t,lrsm;\ rNrJrIudk azmfjyaeonfh tjzpftysufrsm; jzpfonf/

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xkwfjyefxm;csufudkawmY azmfxkwfEkdifjcif; r&SdcJYyg/60

rkd;ukwfrS &Srf;jynfokdY jzwfoef;oGm;&jcif; jzpfaomaMumifh a'ocH ukefonfrsm;u vufeufukdif

tzGJUrsm; wkdufckdufrI okdYr[kwf "g;jywkdufcH&rnfudk aMumuf&GHUMuonf/ rkd;ukwfrS jyifOD;vGif

vrf;topfonfvnf; ,if;ae&mrsm;wGif usa&mufaeonf/ vufeufukdifrsm;taMumif; rod

onfh um;orm;rsm; (rodojzifh tay;turf;r&SdaomaMumifh) twGuf txl;ojzifh tEÅ&m,frsm;

onf/ wyfrawmfESifh watmif; vGwfvyfa&;wyfrawmf Ta’ang National Liberation Army (TNLA) wkdYMum; wkdufckdufrIrsm;aMumifh jzpfonf[k tpD&ifcHpmwpfckwGif azmfjyxm;onf/61

ausmufrJ? vm;½SdK;? rlq,f (&Srf;jynfe,f) udkjzwfonfh rkd;ukwfrS w½kwfokdYoGm;onfh vrf;ESifhywf

oufNyD;vnf; pkd;&drfMuonf/ vufeufukdifwyfrsm; vIyf&Sm;rIaMumifh wkdufckdufcH&rnf? jzwfoef;

c awmif;cHrnfudk pkd;&drfMuonf/62

rkdif;½I;a'oxGuf ywÅjrm;rsm;onf a&TBwd*H a'o&Sd rl;,pfarSmifckdvrf;aMumif;twkdif; xGufoGm;

onf[kvnf; rSef;qajymqkdrIrsm; &Sdonf/ xkdYaMumifh 0 ESifh tjcm; jynfolYppf vIyf&Sm;rIrsm;ESifhvnf;

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taxmuftxm; jyEkdifrI r&Sdao;yg/

aoG;pGef;ywÅjrm;

txufwGif azmfjycJYonfhtwkdif; 2015 wGif xkwfjyefcJYonfh Global Witness \ tpD

&ifcHpmwGif ausmufpdrf;ESifh ucsifjynfe,fwGif ESpfaygif;&SnfMumpGm jzpfafeonfh y#dyu©

Mum; tcsdwftqufrsm;udk tav;ay; azmfjyoGm;onf/ ausmufpdrf;u@wGif yg0ifae

onfh tpktzGJUrsm;? vkyfief;aqmif&GufykHrsm;? wGef;tm;ay;onfh tcsufrsm;udk ywÅjrm;u@

wGifvnf; awGU&onf/

2014 ckESpf pm&if;rsm;t& rkdif;½I; okdYr[kwf rkd;ukwf &wemajrwGif vkyfief;aqmif&Guf&ef

vkdifpif&xm;onfh ukrÜPD 3 ykH 1 ykHeD;yg;onf ausmufpdrf;vkdifpifvnf; &&Sdxm;Muonf/64

EITI yxrqkH; tpD&ifcHpmwGif tedrfhqkH; owfrSwfcsuf jynfhrDí yg0ifcGifh&onfh ausmuf

rsufukrÜPD 4 ckonf ¤if;wkdY\ ausmufpdrf;rsm; t"duxm; a&mif;cs&ef ausmufrsufjyyGJ

60 Myanmar Peace Monitor, Deciphering Myanmar’s Peace Process, 185.61 Hla Hla Htay, “Myanmar’s Elusive Gift from God,” Agence France-Presse, 17

February 2017, https://correspondent.afp.com/myanmars-elusive-gift-god.62 2017 Zlvkdif? Mo*kwfwGif rkd;ukwf ausmufvkyfief;&SifESifh ar;jref;csuf

63 2017 Mo*kwfwGif t&yfbufvlYtzGJUtpnf; pwdwf[kd'gESifh ar;jref;csuf

64 Myanmar Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative, Myanmar First EITI Report (2016), Appen§dx.

16


wufMujcif; jzpfonf/

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wGif ausmufpdrf; a':vm 283 oef;zkd; a&mif;cscJY&onf/65

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wGif zGifhjycJYonfh tcsuftvufrsm;t& Asia World onf Wai Family Gems \

60 &mckdifEIef;udk ykdifqkdifonf/ Wai Family Gems ukrÜPD 'g½kdufwm 3 OD;? vdyfpm

onf Wai Aung Gabar Gems ESifh xyfwl jzpfaeonf/66

¼ uarÇmZ Kanbawza (KBZ) onf jrefrmEkdifiHwGif tBuD;qkH; bPf zGifhvSpfxm;onfh

pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;pk jzpfonf/ rkdif;½I;wGif ausmufwl;azmfrIrsm; jyKvkyfjcif;jzifh tpjyKcJYNyD;

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jcif;udk &yfqkdif;cJYonf[k aMunmcJYonf/67

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&Sdonf/ tao;pdwfudk ,cktpD&ifcHpmwGif aqG;aEG;xm;ygonf/

65 Global Witness, Jade: Myanmar’s ‘Big State Secret,’ 40.66 http://www.dica.gov.mm/en/company/wai-aung-gabar-gems-company-limitedand http://www.dica.gov.mm/en/company/wai-family-gems-company-limited67 Global Witness, Jade: Myanmar’s ‘Big State Secret,’ 58.

17


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68 Fabienne Bernhardt, Natural Resources and Peacemaking: The Link Between Myanmar’s Jade Wealth and the Civil Conflict in Its Northern Borderlands (Institut des Hautes Etudes Internationales et de Developpement, 2017), 67.

69 Transparency and Accountability Network for Kachin State (TANKS), Beyond Liability: Preliminary Report on Jade Mining, 31–33.

70 Bernhardt, Natural Resources and Peacemaking, 33, and TANKS, Beyond Liability (n.d.), 31–33.

18


4/ xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;&rnfh tcsufrsm;

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19


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t0,fwGif yg0ifaeolrsm;\ tusdK;tjrwfrsm;udk od&SdEkdif&ef yGifhvif;jrifomrI vkdtyfonf/

¼ EITI tpD&ifcHpmwGif ausmufrsufukrÜPDrsm; yg0ifrIudk jr§ifhwif&ef - jrefrmEkdifiH\ obm0

o,HZmwESifhywfoufonfh yGifhvif;jrifomrI? wm0efcHrI wkd;wufvmap&eftwGuf EITI onf ta&;ygonfh vrf;aMumif;wpfck jzpfonf/ okdYaomfvnf; vuf&Sd aqmif&GufykHrsm;onf

ausmufrsufu@twGuf xda&mufrI r&SdyJ jzpfaeonf/ ausmufrsufjyyGJwGif &&Sdvmonfh

tcsuftvufrsm;ay:wGif tajccHum tpD&ifcHpm jyKpkjcif;tjyif ygrpf? xkwfvkyfrIqkdif&m

tcsuftvufrsm;? 0ifaiGowfrSwfcsufrsm; avsmhcsjcif;wkdY aqmif&Gufjcif;jzifh EITI wGif

ausmufrsufukrÜPDrsm; yg0ifrIudk jr§ifhwifum ajz&Sif;Ekdifygonf/

¼ yGifhvif;jrifomrI tm;aumif;vmap&ef EkdifiHwumwGif usifhokH;aeonfh odu©m&Sd? wm0efod

0,f,lrIqkdif&m owfrSwfcsufrsm; usifhokH;yg - 0ifaiG? tusdK;cHpm;cGifh&Sd ykdifqkdifolESifh qkd

onfh tcsuftvufrsm;udk azmfxkwfEkdif&ef okawoersm; qufvuf aqmif&GufEkdifygu

jrefrmYywÅjrm;vkyfief;wGif 0ifa&mufvkdonfh EkdifiHwum ukrÜPDrsm;udk tmrcHcsuf tjynfh

t0 ay;Ekdifrnfjzpfonf/ jzpfEkdifacswpfckrSm xGuf&Sd&ma'o ajc&mcHonfh vkyfief;pOfwpfck

(traceability scheme) azmfxkwfjcif;jzpfonf/ xGuf&Sd&ma'o azmfjyjcif;jzifh a&mif;csonfh

ausmufrsuf aps;aumif;&&ef &nf&G,fum aqmif&Guf&ef jzpfonf/ ausmufrsufESifhqkdifNyD;

A[kdcsKyfukdifrI avsmhcsjcif; ESifh cif&mcifaMumif; a&mif;0,fonfh tcsdwftqufrsm;onf

Kimberley Process twkdif; aqmif&GufEkdifrIudk tcuftcJ awGUapEkdifonf/ 2016 ckESpf

wGif? Responsible Jewellery Council taejzifh ¤if;\ todtrSwfjyKvTm xkwfay;onfh

tpDtpOfwGif ausmufrsufrsm;udk xnfhoGif;&ef &nf&G,fxm;aMumif; aMunmcJYonf/71

jrefrmEkdifiHrS ausmuftcsdKU\ xGuf&Sd&ma'oudk twnfjyKay;Ekdifrnf jzpfonf/

Nidrf;csrf;a&; aqG;aEG;yGJrsm;aMumifh jzpfay:vmonfh pdD;yGm;a&; *,ufrsm;udk ajz&Sif;aeolrsm;udk

taxmuftyHY ay;&ef? txl;ojzifh y#dyu©rsm;udk aiGaMu;yHYykd;rIrsm; jzpfaponfh ausmufrsufu@

udk Muyfrwf aqmif&Guf&ef

vuf&Sd jrefrmYtajctaewGif tmPm&Sdolrsm;onf b@ma&;ESifh ruif;Muolrsm; jzpfum vuf

eufukdif tiftm;pkrsm;\ axmufcHrIrsm;jzifh &yfwnfaeMuonf/ a&G;aumufcH tpkd;&opfvuf

xufrSmyif q,fpkESpftwGif; tjyif;xefqkH; ppfyGJrsm; jzpfyGm;aeonf/ ppfjzpfyGm;aejcif;aMumifh

t&yfom;tpkd;& BuD;MuyfrI okdYr[kwf? wkdif;&if;om; &yf&Gmrsm;\ yg0ifrI azmfxkwfjcif;? u@

pDrHrIwGif a'ocHtpkd;&rsm; yg0ifapjcif; tp&Sdaom jyKjyifajymif;vJrIrsm; jyKvkyf&eftwGuf tm;

avsmhapcJYonf/ ywÅjrm;onf ppftokH;p&dwftwGuf t"duusonfh vkyfief;r[kwfaomfvnf;?

Nidrf;csrf;a&; n§dEdIif;rIwGif vkdtyfonfh vufeufudkif tpktzGJUrsm;udk EkdifiHa&;? pD;yGm;a&; tavsmh

71 RJC to Expand Scope to Include Colored Stones,” National Jeweler, 22 March 2016, http://www.nationaljeweler.com/diamonds-gems/social-issues/4047-rjc-to-expand-scope-to-include-colored-stones.

20


ay;rI rjyKvkyfyJ wif;cHap&ef tm;ay;onfh pD;yGm;a&;pepf\ tpdwftykdif;jzpfonf/72

atmufazmfjyyg udpörsm;twGuf &nf&G,faqmif&Gufygu vuf&Sd aqG;aEG;rIrsm;onf Nidrf;csrf;a&;

ESifh ausmufrsufvkyfief; tjrwftpGef;Mum; qufEG,frIudk vSyaprnfjzpfonf/

¼ Nidrf;csrf;a&;? ausmufrsufu@ pDrHrIudpö aqG;aEG;rIrsm;wGif epfem&onfh &yf&Gmrsm;ESifh

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onfhwkdifatmif aejynfawmf&Sd Nidrf;csrf;a&; aqG;aEG;rIwGif obm0 o,HZmw pDrHrIqkdif&m

enf;ynmykdif; jyKjyifajymif;vJrIrsm; yg0ifavY r&Sdyg/

¼ vkHNcKHa&;u@ jyKjyifajymif;vJrI aqG;aEG;rIwGif y#dyu© vufonf tpktzGJUrsm;udk axmufyHY

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csdwfqufrI okH;oyfcsufudk xnfhoGif;&ef? txl;ojzifh wkdif;&if;om;a'o o,HZmw xkwf

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twkduftcHrsm; ay:aygufvmEkdifonfudk pwdwf[kd'grsm;taejzifh owdxm;&ef vkdonf/

tcsdKUaom ppfwyfaemufcH ukrÜPDrsm;onf jyKjyifajymif;vJa&;qkdif&m vkyfief;rsm; pwifae

NyDudkvnf; owdjyK&ef vkdtyfonf/

tem*wf ausmufrsufpDrHrI aqG;aEG;rIrsm;? tpDtpOf csrSwfjcif;rsm;wGif yg0if&ef

jrefrmEkdifiH\ Nidrf;csrf;a&; n§dEdIif;rIwGif obm0 o,HZmw 0ifaiGcGJa0rI? vkyfykdifcGifh cGJa0rI yg0if

onfh pepfrsm; yg0ifEkdifzG,f&Sdonf/ jrefrmEkdifiH\ tjcm;aom obm0 o,HZmwrsm;uJhokdYyif

ywÅjrm;ESifh ausmufrsufrsm;udk tpkd;&ESifh tquftoG,fjywf a0;vHonfh a'o? ppfwyfudk &GH

&Smonfh wkdif;&if;om; a'orsm;rS xkwf,lavY&SdMuonf/ vuf&Sd xGufaeonfh? tem*wfwGif

wl;azmfxkwfvkyfrnfh obm0 o,HZmw pDrHrIwm0efrsm; cGJa0rI? tusdK;tjrwf cGJa0rItwGuf

tokH;jyKEkdifonfh ykHpHtrsdK;rsdK; &Sdonf/ rnfonfhykHpHwGifrqkd tjyeftvSef aqG;aEG;rI? apmifhMunfh

xdef;ausmif;rI vkdtyfonf/ ,if;ykHpHrsm; taumiftxnfazmf&mwGif t"duusonfh tqifhrsm;

rSm -

72 ,if;a'owGif vIyf&Sm;aeaom vufeufukdiftpktzGJU - ppfwyf? tpkd;&wdkYESifh oufqkdifjcif;

r&Sdonfh tpktzGJUrsm;yg tusdK;tjrwf wpfckwnf;aMumifh &yfwnfaeMujcif; r[kwfyg/

obm0 o,HZmwonf a'ovu®PmwGif t,ltqa&;&mt&? EkdifiHa&;t& eufeuf½dIif;½dIif;

qufEG,faeEkdifonf/ Oyrm ucsifjynfe,fESifh ausmufpdrf; tquftpyfonf xif&Sm;onfh

Oyrmjzpfonf/ ppfwyfuvnf; ¤if;onfomvQif olwvl igwrif; jzpfaeonfh EkdifiH

rNydKuGJ&avatmif xdef;odrf;Ekdifonfh wpfckwnf;aom tiftm;pkjzpfonf[k cH,lxm;NyD;?

pD;yGm;a&;t& aygif;pnf;rIonf rNydKuGJa&;twGuf tokH;wnfhonfh enf;vrf;wpfckjzpfonf[k

,lqxm;onf/ (See David Steinberg, “Burma/Myanmar: The Role of the Military in the Economy,” Burma Economic Watch 1 (2005), 53.)

73 Myanmar Alliance for Transparency and Accountability (MATA), “The 21st Century Panglong Process Must Set a New Approach for Natural Resource Management,” last modified 23 May 2017, https://www.facebook.com/permalink.php?story_fbid=1504539409616416&id=672103292860036.

21


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&&Sdxkdufol owfrSwfjcif;? xdef;odrf;jcif;qkdif&m rl0g'rsm; usifhokH;rI ay:aygufap&ef aqmif

&Gufjcif;udpörsm; yg0ifvsuf aqG;aEG;ygu oifhawmfrI t&SdqkH;jzpfonf/ tao;pdwfudk 2016

wGif NRGI u xkwfa0cJYonfh Sharing the Wealth: A Roadmap for Distributing Myanmar’s Natural Resource Revenues ESifh 2018 wGif xkwfa0cJYonfh Natural Resource Federalism: Considerations for Myanmar wGif azmfjyxm;ygonf/

¼ Nidrf;csrf;a&; pwdwf[kd'grsm;\ obm0 o,HZmw qkdif&m tpDtpOfrsm;wGif ywÅjrm;ESifh

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ta&;BuD;onfh vrf;aMumif;wpfckjzpfonf/

¼ Nidrf;csrf;a&;ESifh vkyfuGufvJvS,fjcif;xuf ykdonfh Nidrf;csrf;a&; aqG;aEG;yGJrsm; aqmif&Guf&ef

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pif&&eftwGuf twm;tqD;rsm; jzpfaponf/ ppfrSefonfh Nidrf;csrf;a&;wGif ywÅjrm;ta&mif;

t0,frS &onfh tusdK;tjrwfrsm;udk trsm;jynfol cHpm;Ekdif&ef vrf;pazmfay;jcif; jzpfonf/

vlwpfpk aumif;pm;a&;twGuf o,HZmw wl;azmfEkdif&ef ppfyGJrsm; &yfqkdif;jcif; r[kwfyg/

22


usrf;ukd;pm&if;

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Natural Resource Governance Institute (NRGI)

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