Human Evolution 1 CH 32 - Outline Evolution of Primates Mobile Limbs Binocular Vision Evolution of...
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Transcript of Human Evolution 1 CH 32 - Outline Evolution of Primates Mobile Limbs Binocular Vision Evolution of...
Human Human EvolutionEvolution 1
CH 32 - OutlineCH 32 - Outline
Evolution of PrimatesEvolution of Primates
Mobile LimbsMobile Limbs
Binocular VisionBinocular Vision
Evolution of Early HominidsEvolution of Early Hominids
Evolution of Later HominidsEvolution of Later Hominids
Evolution of Early Evolution of Early HomoHomo
Modern HumansModern Humans
Human VariationHuman Variation
Human Human EvolutionEvolution 2
Evolution of PrimatesEvolution of Primates
The evolution of primates is The evolution of primates is characterized by trends towards:characterized by trends towards:
Mobile limbsMobile limbs
Grasping handsGrasping hands
A flattened faceA flattened face
Binocular visionBinocular vision
A large, complex brain, andA large, complex brain, and
A reduced reproductive rateA reduced reproductive rate
3Primate Diversity
4Primate DiversityPrimate Diversity
ProsimiansProsimiansProsimians are a type of primate that include Prosimians are a type of primate that include
lemurs, lorises, bushbabies, and tarsiers, but not lemurs, lorises, bushbabies, and tarsiers, but not monkeys, apes, or humans (simians). monkeys, apes, or humans (simians).
They are considered to have characteristics that They are considered to have characteristics that are more "primitive" than those of monkeys and are more "primitive" than those of monkeys and apes.apes.
Prosimians are the only primates native to Prosimians are the only primates native to Madagascar, and are also found in Africa and Asia., and are also found in Africa and Asia.
New World MonkeysNew World monkeys differ slightly from Old
World monkeys in several aspects. The most distinction is the nose, which is the feature used most commonly to distinguish between the two groups. The scientific name for the New World monkeys, Platyrrhini, means "flat nosed".
New World monkeys are the only monkeys with prehensile tails—in comparison with the shorter, non-grasping tails of the anthropoids of the Old World.
Old World Monkeys
Old world monkeys are more closely related to apes than new world
monkeys
Old World MonkeysThe Old World monkeys are native to
Africa and Asia today, inhabiting a range of environments from tropical rain forest to savanna, shrubland and mountainous terrain, and are also known from Europe in the fossil record.
Old World monkeys are medium to large in size, and range from arboreal forms, such as the colobus monkeys, to fully terrestrial forms, such as the baboons.
Apes: African, Asia, and Human?
Human Human EvolutionEvolution 11
Mobile LimbsMobile Limbs
Hands and feetHands and feet
Most primates have flat nailsMost primates have flat nails
Sensitive pads on the undersides of Sensitive pads on the undersides of fingers and toesfingers and toes
Many also have both an opposable big Many also have both an opposable big toe and thumbtoe and thumb
Mobile limbs and clawless opposable Mobile limbs and clawless opposable digits allow primates to freely grasp digits allow primates to freely grasp and release tree limbsand release tree limbs
12Evolution of Primate Hand
Human Human EvolutionEvolution 13
Binocular VisionBinocular Vision
Stereoscopic visionStereoscopic vision
Depth perceptionDepth perception
Allows primates to make accurate Allows primates to make accurate judgments about distance and judgments about distance and position of adjoining tree limbsposition of adjoining tree limbs
14Binocular Vision
Human Human EvolutionEvolution 15
Primate CharacteristicsPrimate Characteristics
Opposable thumbOpposable thumb
Nails instead of clawsNails instead of claws
Single birthsSingle births
Binocular visionBinocular vision
Expanded, complex brainExpanded, complex brain
Emphasis on learned behaviorEmphasis on learned behavior
Human Human EvolutionEvolution 16
Evolution of PrimatesEvolution of Primates
Prosimians were the first type of Prosimians were the first type of primate to diverge from the human primate to diverge from the human lineline
Surviving anthropoids are classified Surviving anthropoids are classified into three superfamiliesinto three superfamilies
New World monkeysNew World monkeys
Old World monkeysOld World monkeys
HominoidsHominoids
17Evolution of primates
Evolution of Primates
Human Human EvolutionEvolution 19
Evolution of HominidsEvolution of Hominids
ProconsulProconsul is believed ancestral to is believed ancestral to hominidshominids
Phylogenetic tree indicates humans Phylogenetic tree indicates humans are most closely related to African are most closely related to African apesapes
Genetic changes used as a molecular Genetic changes used as a molecular clock to measure relatedness of clock to measure relatedness of different groupsdifferent groups
Last common ancestor appears to Last common ancestor appears to have lived about 7 myahave lived about 7 mya
20Monkey SkeletonCompared to Proconsul
Skeleton
Human Human EvolutionEvolution 21
HominidsHominids
Hominid fossils:Hominid fossils:
Must have an anatomy suitable for Must have an anatomy suitable for standing erect and walking on two standing erect and walking on two feetfeet
BipedalismBipedalism
Skeletal differences between humans Skeletal differences between humans and apes largely because:and apes largely because:
Humans are bipedal, whileHumans are bipedal, while
Apes are quadrupedalApes are quadrupedal
22Adaptations for Standing1. Location of spine in skull
2. Human spine is S-shaped;
ape spine is curved.
3. Human pelvis is bowl shaped; ape pelvis is long and more narrow.
4. Humans femur angle in towards the knees; ape femurs angle out.
5. Human knees can support moreweight than ape knees.
6. Human foot has an arch; ape foothas no arch.
Human Human EvolutionEvolution 23
AustralopithecinesAustralopithecines
Australopithecines:Australopithecines:
Evolved and diversified in Africa 4 myaEvolved and diversified in Africa 4 mya
Possibly a direct ancestor of humansPossibly a direct ancestor of humans
Southern AfricaSouthern Africa
Australopithecus africanusAustralopithecus africanus
Eastern AfricaEastern Africa
Australopithecus afarensisAustralopithecus afarensis
24Human Evolution
Australopithecus afarensisThe specimen was The specimen was discovered in 1974 at discovered in 1974 at Hadar in the Awash Valley Hadar in the Awash Valley of Ethiopia’s Afar of Ethiopia’s Afar Depression by Donald Depression by Donald Johansson of the Cleveland Johansson of the Cleveland Museum of Natural HistoryMuseum of Natural HistoryLucy is estimated to have Lucy is estimated to have lived 3.2 million years ago.lived 3.2 million years ago.[[
The discovery of this The discovery of this hominid was significant as hominid was significant as the skeleton shows the skeleton shows evidence of small skull evidence of small skull capacity akin to that of capacity akin to that of apes and of bipedal apes and of bipedal upright walk akin to that of upright walk akin to that of humanshumansProviding further evidence Providing further evidence supporting the view that supporting the view that bipedalism preceded bipedalism preceded increase in brain size in increase in brain size in human evolutionhuman evolution
25
Named “Lucy” after Named “Lucy” after the Beatles song the Beatles song “Lucy in the Sky “Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds”with Diamonds”Several hundred Several hundred pieces of bone pieces of bone representing about representing about 40% of the skeleton40% of the skeleton
Australopithecus Australopithecus afarensisafarensis
26
Human Human EvolutionEvolution 27
Evolution of Early Evolution of Early HomoHomo
Homo habilisHomo habilis
Dated between 2.3 and 1.4 myaDated between 2.3 and 1.4 mya
May be ancestral to modern humansMay be ancestral to modern humans
Skulls suggest portions of the brain Skulls suggest portions of the brain associated with speech were associated with speech were enlargedenlarged
Ability to speak may have led to Ability to speak may have led to hunting cooperatively and the advent hunting cooperatively and the advent of cultureof culture
Human Human EvolutionEvolution 28
Homo erectusHomo erectusHomo erectus Homo erectus and similar fossilsand similar fossils
Found in Africa, Asia, and EuropeFound in Africa, Asia, and Europe
Dated between 1.9 and 0.3 myaDated between 1.9 and 0.3 mya
Larger brain and flatter face than Larger brain and flatter face than Homo Homo habilishabilis
Much taller than previous hominidsMuch taller than previous hominids
Thought to have first appeared in Africa Thought to have first appeared in Africa and then migrated into Asia and Europeand then migrated into Asia and Europe
First hominid to use fireFirst hominid to use fire
29Homo ergaster
Human Human EvolutionEvolution 30
Evolution of Modern HumansEvolution of Modern Humans
Most researchers believe Most researchers believe Homo Homo sapienssapiens evolved from evolved from Homo erectusHomo erectus
Multiregional Continuity HypothesisMultiregional Continuity Hypothesis
Similar evolution occurred in many Similar evolution occurred in many different placesdifferent places
Out-of-Africa HypothesisOut-of-Africa Hypothesis
H. sapiensH. sapiens evolved from evolved from H. erectusH. erectus only only in Africa, and thereafter migrated to in Africa, and thereafter migrated to EuropeEurope
31Evolution of Modern Humans
Which of these makes more sense and why?
Human Human EvolutionEvolution 32
NeanderthalsNeanderthals
Neanderthal (Neanderthal (H. neanderthalensisH. neanderthalensis) ) skeletons were first discovered in skeletons were first discovered in Germany’s Neander ValleyGermany’s Neander Valley
Skeletons date back 200,000 yearsSkeletons date back 200,000 years
Massive brow ridges with protruding Massive brow ridges with protruding nose, jaws, and teethnose, jaws, and teeth
Heavily muscledHeavily muscled
Culturally advancedCulturally advanced
Manufactured variety of toolsManufactured variety of tools
33Neandertals
Human Human EvolutionEvolution 34
Cro-MagnonsCro-Magnons
Oldest fossils to be designated Oldest fossils to be designated H. H. sapienssapiens
Modern humans who entered Asia and Modern humans who entered Asia and Europe from Africa 100,000 years Europe from Africa 100,000 years agoago
Made advanced stone toolsMade advanced stone tools
Accomplished huntersAccomplished hunters
Hunted cooperativelyHunted cooperatively
First to have languageFirst to have language
35 Cro-Magnons
Human Human EvolutionEvolution 36
Human VariationHuman VariationHypothesized that human variations Hypothesized that human variations evolved as adaptations to local evolved as adaptations to local environmental conditionsenvironmental conditions
Bergmann’s Rule - Animals in colder regions Bergmann’s Rule - Animals in colder regions of their range have a bulkier body buildof their range have a bulkier body build
Allen’s Rule - Animals in colder regions of Allen’s Rule - Animals in colder regions of their range have shorter limbs, digits, and their range have shorter limbs, digits, and earsears
Comparative study of mitochondrial DNAComparative study of mitochondrial DNA
Suggests human populations have a Suggests human populations have a common ancestor no more than a million common ancestor no more than a million years agoyears ago
37 Ethnic Groups