HTTP:// RAIN_STIMULATION/ HTTP:// RAIN_STIMULATION/ Brain & Spinal Cord.
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Transcript of HTTP:// RAIN_STIMULATION/ HTTP:// RAIN_STIMULATION/ Brain & Spinal Cord.
Protection of CNS Bone Blood-Brain Barrier
least permeable capillaries in body (allows only water, glucose, and a.a. to pass thru)
Useless against fat-soluble molecules (alcohol, nicotine, anesthesia, etc)
CSF Ventricles - 4 chambers filled w/CSF CSF – surrounds exposed surfaces of
CNS, cushions and supports, transports nutrients, chemical messengers and waste products
Meninges – series of layers covering CNS Protects against shock, infection, friction Delivers O2 and nutrients to meninges, 3
Layers Dura Mater Outermost, Tough fibrous layer Fused to periosteum of skull
Subdural space – lymph fluid Arachnoid
Subarachnoid space - CSF Pia Mater Bonds to underlying neural tissue Extensive circulatory supply
Cerebral Brain Structures
Gyrus – elevated ridges
Sulcus – shallow groves
Fissure – deep groove that separates large regions of the brain (ex. Longitudinal fissure separates L/R hemispheres)
Cerebral Structure
Cerebral cortex - gray matter
Cerebral White matter – nerve fibers
Corpus Callosum – connects the cerebral hemispheres
Ganglia Bodies – islands of gray matter
Cerebral Cortex
Primary sensory, motor, and association cortex
Sensory – initial site for conscious
sensation Motor
conscious control of skeletal muscles (damage causes paralysis)
Association Integrates all sensory
inputs allowing conscious perception and planning of responses
Cognition – attention, language, social behavior and other higher processes
Frontal Lobe Functions
Reasoning, planning, parts of speech, movements, emotions, problem solving
4 functionally distinct areas Primary motor cortex
(most posterior) Arousal/motivation
(medial frontal) Social behavior (orbital
frontal) Language comprehension
(inferior lateral) Working memory
(dorsolateral)
Broca’s Area – ability to speak
Parietal Lobe Functions
Posterior to central sulcus
Integrates sensory information (sensory homunolculi)
Visual spatial processing
Calculating, writing, right/left orientation
Naming and word recognition
Drawing
Temporal Lobe
Auditory Perception
Receptive component of language
Declarative and visual memory
EmotionsOlfactory areaArea of Wernicke
– speech area
Diencephelon (Interbrain)
Thalamus Relay station and controls
sensory inputs to cerebral cortex
Acts w/brainstem to control state of arousal
Participates in coordination of movements
Hypothalamus (floor) Homeostasis regulation,
body temperature, appetite, thirst
Control of autonomic nervous system
Regulates secretion of hormones including control of pituitary gland
Epithalamus (roof) Houses pineal body CSF is formed here
Brain Stem
3 Parts: Midbrain
Reflex centers for vision and hearing
Pons “Bridge” – fiber tracts Nuclei involved in control of
breathing Medulla Oblongata
Merges w/spinal cord Fiber tract area Regulates hr, bp, breathing,
swallowing, and vomiting
RAS (Reticular Activating System) – gray matter thru brain stem controls consciousness and wake/sleep cyles
The Spinal Cord
Controls spinal reflexes Diameter decreases as it
descends Except at cervical
enlargement And lumbar enlargement
Central canal – filled w/ CSF
Gray matter – glial cells, cell bodies of neurons Horns extend out into horns
White matter – myelinated and unmyelinated axons
Ascending tracts – sensory info to brain
Descending tracts – motor commands to spinal cord
What is the general name that describes the pons, medulla and
midbrain?
A. DiencephalonB. CerebellumC. CerebrumD. Brain stem
Diencephalo
n
Cerebellum
Cerebrum
Brain st
em
25% 25%25%25%
A. DiencephalonB. CerebellumC. CerebrumD. Brain stemE. Frontal Lobe
Diencephalo
n
Cerebellum
Cerebrum
Brain st
em
25% 25%25%25%
In terms of volume, the largest part of the brain is
A. Frontal LobeB. Parietal LobeC. Temporal LobeD. Occipital LobeE. CerebellumF. Brain Stem
Diencephalo
n
Cerebellum
Cerebrum
Brain st
em
25% 25%25%25%
Which lobe is primarily responsible for somatosensation?
A. Frontal LobeB. Parietal LobeC. Temporal LobeD. Occipital LobeE. CerebellumF. Brain Stem
Diencephalo
n
Cerebellum
Cerebrum
Brain st
em
25% 25%25%25%
Which lobe contains the primary visual cortex?
A. Frontal LobeB. Parietal LobeC. Temporal LobeD. Occipital LobeE. CerebellumF. Brain Stem
Diencephalo
n
Cerebellum
Cerebrum
Brain st
em
25% 25%25%25%
Damage to which lobe can produce disruptions to social and emotional behavour?
A. Frontal LobeB. Parietal LobeC. Temporal LobeD. Occipital LobeE. CerebellumF. Brain Stem
Diencephalo
n
Cerebellum
Cerebrum
Brain st
em
25% 25%25%25%
The auditory cortex is found in the:
A. Cerebrospinal fluid; external pressure
B. Cerebrospinal fluid; infection
C. Ventricular fluid; external pressure
D. Blood; infection and external pressure
Diencephalo
n
Cerebellum
Cerebrum
Brain st
em
25% 25%25%25%
The fluid found in the brain's cavities is called ______; this principally protects the brain from ______.
A. MeningesB. BoneC. Gray matterD. White matterE. Blood-brain barrier
Diencephalo
n
Cerebellum
Cerebrum
Brain st
em
25% 25%25%25%
The _________________ serves as a protective filter that regulates the entrance of certain substances into the brain from the
bloodstream.
A. coordination of complex muscular movements
B. coordination of endocrine and nervous responses
C. control of digestion, circulation, and breathing movements
D. center of consciousness
Diencephalo
n
Cerebellum
Cerebrum
Brain st
em
25% 25%25%25%
What is the primary function of the cerebellum? .
A. CerebrumB. CerebellumC. Spinal cordD. Medulla Oblongata
Diencephalo
n
Cerebellum
Cerebrum
Brain st
em
25% 25%25%25%
You just finished running and your heart rate is fast as is your breathing. The part of the brain controlling basic body functions such as heart rate and blood
pressure is the _______.
A. connection between speech and hearing
B. motor coordinationC. control of many of
the endocrine glandsD. integration and relay
of information
Diencephalo
n
Cerebellum
Cerebrum
Brain st
em
25% 25%25%25%
The thalamus is responsible for which of the following functions?
A. intelligence and memory
B. reflex actions and communication between the brain and spinal nerves
C. controlling muscle activity and maintaining balance
D. speech, smell, taste, hearing and vision
Diencephalo
n
Cerebellum
Cerebrum
Brain st
em
25% 25%25%25%
The primary functions of the spinal cord involve __________.