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4/13/2012

HEALTH, SAFETYAND ENVIRONMENT



4/13/2012

TABLE OF CONTENT

• 1 HSE & Work safety induction

• 2 Introduction to general HSE• 3 Accident

• 4 Hazard and Hazard identification

• 5 Fire safety

• 6 Gen precaution on work activity (welding & cutting

operation)

• 7 First aid & Cardio-Pulmunary Resuscitation (CPR)

• 8 Waste management• 9 Contingency management



1. HEALTH, SAFETY, AND

ENVIRONMENT •Welding and Cutting are hazardous activities thatpose a unique combination of both safety and healthrisks to more than 500,000 workers in a wide variety

of industries. The risk from fatal injuries alone ismore than four deaths per thousand workers over aworking lifetime.

•Welding and Cutting is addressed in specific

standards for the general Industry. Welding is a safeoccupation, when sufficient measures are taken toprotect the welder from potential hazards. Whenthese measures are overlooked, welders canencounter such dangers as Electric shock,

Overexposure to fumes and gases, Arc radiation,4/13/2012



Relevance of Health,

Safety, and Environment Health: Physical condition.

1. Every individual wants to be fit and healthy toenable him work to earn a living.

2.The employer needs his employee to be ofgood health to be able to perform to standardrequired for the achievement of set goals.

3. The community needs health members whowill contribute physically and mentally.

4. The nation needs citizens who would paytaxes, as well as contribute physically andmentally.

5. Families need their breadwinner andcompanion

4/13/2012



Relevance of Health, Safety,and Environment

Safety: A state of being free from dangeror harm (injury or damage)

1. Every individual wants to be safe for aworthy life.

2. A business organization needs itsemployees to be safe for continuousoperation to meet targets andobjectives; as well as to conserve itsvital resources.

3. Families, communities and the nationall need their kins- folk to be safe tocontinue to provide needs service, andcontributions- physical, mental and

financial. 4/13/2012



Environment: The

air, water, and landin which people,

animals, and plant

live sustain the

quality of life of

the people andactivities located

within its confines.

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HEALTH RISK MANAGEMENT ATWORK

Health is defined as the state ofcomplete well being of a person. Itdoes not only mean the absence ofdiseases or illness but also a clearstate of optimum physical andmental well being.

Occupational health which is abranch of Human Medicine thatdeals with protection and promotionof the health of all persons at workincluding employees and employers.

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Occupational health aims at: •Promoting and maintaining the well

being of the workers and employers. •Preventing occupational (work-related)

diseases and injuries at the work place. •Protecting every individual at the work

place against hazards. •Planning and maintaining the work

place •Adapting the work to man and man to

work.

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HEALTH AND WORK

From our definition of occupational health it becomes obvious that its major roles are

basically two:

HEALTHPROTECTION

This deals with:

Health risk

management at work Information, instruction

and training of workers

First aid and medical

treatment Sickness absenteeism

monitoring and

Record keeping

HEALTHPROMOTION

This aspect deals with:

Assessment of health

risks associated withthe living environmentand lifestyle

Employee informationand assistanceprogrammes and

Record keeping.

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WHAT IS ENVIRONMENT?

Is a man’s immediate surroundingwhich he manipulates for hisexistence.

These include air, land, water, naturalresources, flora, fauna, humans andtheir interrelation. Wrongfulmanipulations introduce hazards,

which makes the environment unsafe.Interface in the pure components ofthe environment alters the ecologyand imbalance is created in theecosystem. 4/13/2012



ENVIRONMENTAL

MANAGEMENT This is the act of giving

direction and control to the use

of the environment.

ENVIRONMENTAL

PROTECTION It is the protection and

conservation of existing

resources. 4/13/2012



ENVIRONMENTAL 10 COMMANDMENTS

1. Tell the truth2. Be factual3. Visible action. Do it4. Flares out as soon as possible

5. Reported spills carry no blame6. No spills/ leaks7. Keep the place clean and tidy8. Minimize land use

9. Cherish the naturalenvironment

10. Treat each community as youwould your own.

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MAJOR ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES ANDCONCERN

Desertification

Solid waste

Industrial pollution

Gaseous emission

Flooding

Erosion

Habitat destruction.

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SOME E & P ACTIVITIES THAT INTERFACEWITH ENVIRONMENT

Dredging Site clearance Excavation Pipe laying Pigging operation Flow station

operation Gas flaring Drilling operation Procurement/Logisti

cs 4/13/2012



HARMFUL ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONSAND EXPOSURES

Noise

High temperature

Cold temperature

Excessive vibration andshock (Jack Hammer Drill)

Radiation (e.g. x-raywelders, nuclear reactors)

Gases, fumes and dust

Liquids e.g. sewage, acids,poisons

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CONSEQUENCES OF ENIRONMENTALABUSE

1. Air Pollution

Health problems

Ozone Layer

Depletion Green House

Effect

2. Water Pollution

Contamination ofsurface/undergroun

d water Flooding and

Erosion

Destruction ofaquatic life

Silting of waterbodies

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CONSEQUENCES OF ENIRONMENTALABUSE

Soil Pollution.

Deforestation.

Biodiversity depletion.

Relocation/Reduction/Extinction offirst animals.

Reduced crop yield (resulting in

low income).

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O O A



OZONE LAYER:- A layer of upper atmosphere where ozone

(O3) is formed in quantity protecting earth

from the sun’s ultraviolet rays

GREEN HOUSE EFFECT:- The progressive warming-up of the earth’s

surface due to the blanketing effect of man-

made carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT It is the application of technology in such a

way that it fosters human well-being

without degenerating or exhaustingenvironmental resources (damaging the

earth we live on).

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PRINCIPLES OF SUSTAINABLE

DEVELOPMENT

Due care Due diligence

Environmental ManagementPlan (EMP)

Integrating EMP into project lifecycle

Housekeeping (Goodhousekeeping

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2. ACCIDENT

ACCIDENT CAUSES

Research has established that accidents are causedby unsafe acts and unsafe conditions.

•Unsafe acts are defined as actions taken orperformed by someone without due regard forpersonal safety, that of colleagues or other personsin the vicinity. These are acts usually contrary to

rules and regulations, or accepted standard practicesand procedures; they are illegal acts.

•Unsafe conditions are such work place conditions or

equipment and materials conditions that can cause4/13/2012



CONSEQUENCE OF ACCIDENTS

Accidents impact adversely on theindustry, its people, plant, machinery,equipment and materials, and theenvironment within which the industry is

located. When an accident occurs in anindustry, directly affected are usually:-

The injured employee: physical pain,

mental agony, disability (temporary orpermanent), and loss of leisure, earning,and life.

The Company: economic loss,

production loss, time, reputation,4/13/2012



Usually affected indirectly are:-

Family of injuredemployee: loss ofbreadwinner

Community:contributions-financial, mental,

physical The Nation: taxes

paid by the company

and the employee4/13/2012



The reasons for which accidents areconsidered undesirable are usually

summarized as:- Humanitarian Economic Legal Morale

Reputation Since these consequences are undesirable it

is imperative that effort should be directed atpreventing accidents. This can be achievedthrough an understanding of the factorsresponsible for the occurrence of accidentsand eliminating them or making provisions foreffectively controlling them or mitigating theeffect of the occurrence

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ACCIDENT PREVENTION MEASURES

With the acceptance of the assertion thataccidents are caused, it is also accepted thatidentifying the causes and eliminating themor controlling them can prevent theoccurrence of accidents.

People, - workers, supervisors, management,manufacturers, installers,

Purchasers- have been identified as beingresponsible for unsafe acts

Does not know: ignorance, not trained, notinstructed, not informed Cannot: physically or mentally unable Does not want to: wrong attitude

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Measures to prevent accidents would

therefore seek to identify and correct the

unsafe of people and the unsafe condition

in the work environment, as well as

identify and correct the defects in the

people, for a permanent solution to theaccident problem.

Measures adopted are:-

•Engineering •Education •Enforcement

•Encouragement 4/13/2012



•Engineering takes the

unsafe conditions out of the

work environment;

•Education takes the

defects out of the peoplethrough training,induction, instruction,

rules, policies,procedures, seminars,legislation,

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•Enforcement ensures

that people comply withand apply all that have

been taught and

instructed to do througheffective supervision,

inspections, audits, and

reports;

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•Encouragement byrecognition, incentives,

awards, and promotion,boosts the morale ofemployees and makes

them react morepositively to therequirements of theemployment, which hasa salutary effect onproduction.

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BENEFITS DERIVABLE FROM SAFE

OPERATIONS

Safety pays great dividends to allstakeholders:

The company has the continued

service of a healthy, competent andefficient workforce, which ensuresachievement of targeted quality andquantity of production, conservation of

funds that would otherwise have beenspent on medical, compensation, andlost time bills, and greater profits.

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•The employee remains healthy and fit,

and is in a position to achieve his lifeambition. He is able to fully enjoy the

company of his family and associates,

his leisure and hobbies.•He remains in employment and is

employable in an appropriate job, with

full earning capability. He has full hopeof improved conditions and elevation if

he continues to give good service

unhindered by injury or ill health. 4/13/2012



WHY CONCERN FORACCIDENTS

Due to low moraleof the employees.

Damage ofreputation of thecompany.

Effect/impact to theeconomy.

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3. PERSONAL PROTECTIVE

EQUIPMENT • Personal protective equipment does not prevent

the accident or remove the hazard.• It only serves to prevent contact with hazard,

minimize the effect of the hazard on the worker,or reduce the severity of the injury from theaccident.

• It would be wrong for a worker to deliberately

expose himself to a hazard because he is wearingsome form of protective equipment.

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TYPES/KINDS OF PPE

A. HEAD PROTECTION

SAFETY HATS:

Protects the head against falling or

flying objects, menace by bumps,

liquids leaking from facilities.

They are made of metal, plastic,glass fiber impregnated with resin,

and some non-metallic materials.

There are different types, shapes styles and shapes for different work situations. 4/13/2012



B. EYE PROTECTION

There are different types and styles of eye protection equipment, mainly forthe protection of the eyes against flyingobjects and particles, splashes of corrosive liquids or molten metals,

dusts, and harmful radiation.They include: Cup goggles Melters’ goggles

Cover goggles Welders’ goggles

Splash-resistant

Protective spectacles goggles Spectacles with side shield

Miners’ goggles



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c. FOOTPROTECTION:

Consists of safety shoes/boots, job master and swamp shoes.

d. FACE SHIELD: They are used for the protection

of face and neck against lightimpact, flying particles,

hazardous chemicals, heat and

radiation



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e. HAND GLOVES:

• They are used for the

protection of fingers, palms,

and hands from burns, cuts,

and bruises, scratched.

f . EAR PROTECTION:

• Assorted types and styles,

designed for the protection of ear from high damaging sound.

They are earmuffs and

earplugs.NOTE: Normal hearing range is 85-90 dB, but not exceeding 120Db.

RESPIRATORY EQUIPMENT



RESPIRATORY EQUIPMENT:

For the protection against inhalation

of dangerous substances, e.g. dusts,

fumes and tiny air particles.

Air Supplying Respirator: e.g. Self-

contained Breathing Apparatus

(SCBA).

AIR Purifying Respirator e.g. GasMasks.

h. OVERALLS/APRONS: Protect the body from contact

with heat, corrosive and/or toxic

substances.

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i. BELTS/HARNESSES: Are used when working at an

elevated place. For securing,

suspending, retrieving a worker.

j. FIRE SUIT: For fire fighting.

k. SHIN GUARD: To protect cuts on

the legs etc.



4. HAZARD

Hazard is defined as any condition

that has the potential to cause harm,

ill health or injury, damage toproperty, plant, products or the

environment, production losses or

increased liabilities. Hazard shouldnot be confused with hazardous

activities (e.g. Drilling). 4/13/2012



Examples of hazards:

Hydrocarbon sunder pressure

Objects at height

Electricity

Toxic substances

Noise

Radiation

Working at heights

Flying particles

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Effect:

is defined as either the consequence

of not managing a hazard, e.g. lossof control, or the consequence of an

unintended release. An effect is

usually an adverse effect either onthe health or safety or employees or

the public 4/13/2012



HEMP

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• Is defined as a process for identifyingthe hazards in an HSE critical activity

and the effect, with a view to

eliminating them or controlling them

to reduce the effect to as low as

reasonably practicable.

• It is central to the effective

implementation of the HSE-MS, and istherefore referred to as the heart of an

HSE-MS.



STEPS IN THE HEMP PROCESS

The principles of identify.

Assess. Control.

Recover.are the basis of HEMP

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The principles are applied in the

following steps:

1. Identify hazards and potential effects:Systematically identify the hazards, thethreats and potential hazardous events andeffects which may affect, or arise from, a

company’s operation throughout the total lifecycle of the operation.

2. Evaluate (Assess) Risks: 3. Record hazards and effects

4. Compare with Objectives andPerformance Criteria:

5. Establish risk reduction measures

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The process of identifying



The process of identifying

hazards and effects and

determining the level of risks and controls are

enabled by:

Experience/ Judgment.

Checklists..

Codes and Standards.

Structured Review Techniques.

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APPLICATION OF APPROACHES:

For low risks, the approach is judgment andexperience, and the controls are genericprocedures/competence and supervision.

For medium risks, the approach is judgment andexperience or hazard analysis as appropriate. Thecontrol is to define for each hazard procedure,responsibilities, performance, and competence; i.e.link hazard to activity, e.g. in hazard control sheet.

For high risks, the approach is hazard analysis, e.g.

bow tie, or other structured review techniques.Control involves defining for each hazard as formedium risk, as well as providing controls for eachthreat, consequence and escalation factor.

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Health Hazard:-

Is therefore a hazard that cancause harm to health.

Types of Occupational Hazards:-

Physical Hazards: e.g. noise, vibration, heat, cold, light

radiation etc.

Chemical Hazards: e.g. dust, vapor, gases (3 main routes of

entry into the body- inhalation, ingestion, absorption).

Biological Hazards: e.g. bacteria, viruses, parasites, fungi

etc.

Ergonomical Hazards: e.g. poor equipment design,discomfort while using equipment that can lead to musculo-

skeletal problems.

Psychosocial Hazards: e.g. work overload, job insecurity,

stress, inferiority complex etc.



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Hierarchy of Control of Hazards

Elimination: i.e. removal of the hazard

Substitution: i.e. change if hazardous e.g. if method A is hazardous, change method B (or

equipment B).

Engineering: i.e. remedy e.g. if an office is hot,

cool it with an air conditioner or fan.

Procedural: i.e. provision of information through

training, workshop, and seminar to improve or

change method operation.

P.P.E,: i.e. the use of Personal Protective

Equipment.



5. FIRE SAFETY OBJECTIVES

1. The objective of basic fire fightingtraining is to teach the

fundamentals of fire fighting,using the various firefightingequipment found in our work environment, so that personnel on

the spot can effectively deal withan outbreak.

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OBJECTIVES

2. Time is our important factor in firefighting and the man on the spot with some

training is more valuable for firefighting

than the full time fire brigade at as distance.This is more so because a prompt action

may extinguish a fire before it develops into

an inferno.

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OBJECTIVES

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3. Despite the best efforts of preventing

fire, fires do occur from time to time.

Application of preventive/protective

measures to control fire damage istherefore part of or daily operational

routine. This is the reason why

personnel are trained on how to fight

fire at the initial stage to control thespread and possibly extinguish the fire.



DEFINITION OF FIRE

We will be examining some definitions here so asto understand fire behavior and to know the physicsand chemistry of fire.

1. Fire is a rapid combination of two or moresubstances with oxygen (02) resulting in the

production of heat and light. 2. Fire is a chemical reaction between combustible

materials and oxygen in which energy is evolvedin the form of heat and light.

3. Fire is a chemical reaction known as combustion.

It is the rapid oxidation of combustion materialsaccompanied by a release of energy in the form of heat and light.

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COMBUSTION

Combustion is aburning process.

It is a rapid chemicalreaction or series of reactions in whichheat is emitted aswell as light.

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PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY OF FIRE



PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY OF FIRE

From the above definitions, it is very clear that

the production of heat and light constitute what isknown as physics of fire or combustion while therapid combustion of combustible materials withoxygen is known as the chemistry of fire.

No wonder it is a popular saying in fire service

units that there are “No two fires that are samebecause each fire’s characteristics and methods of extinction depends largely on the chemistry of such fire.

1. The materials that are burning2. The behavior of such materials and reactions.

3. Hazards involved in fighting such fire

4. And how such fire should be extinguished, withthe appropriate extinguishing agent.

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BASIC ELEMENTS FOR A FIRE TO TAKE



BASIC ELEMENTS FOR A FIRE TO TAKE

PLACE

For many years, the three-sidedfigure of the fire triangle has been

used to explain or describe the

combustion and extinguishing theoryas shown below in fig. 01.

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From the diagram

shown, fuel, oxygen

and heat in their properproportions will create

a fire but if any of these

elements is removed,fire cannot exist. This

means a union of these

will create a fire but if

separated, there will be

no fire.



FUEL

The fuel segment of both firetriangle and fire tetrahedron isdefined as any material that

can burn. Fuel is classified into three

categories:-

(1) Organic Solids(2) Liquids and(3) Gases.

4/13/2012



FUEL

1 2 3

SOLIDS LIQUIDS GASES

Wood Petrol Natural Gas

Cloths Diesel Propane Plastics Oil Butane

Leather Paint Hydrogen

Saw dust Alcohol

Etc Etc

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OXYGEN

Oxygen forms 21% of the atmosphere. WhileNitrogen forms 78% and other gases 1%.

Oxygen is supporter of life and combustion.Though some “materials like sodium nitrate

and potassium chlorate, can burn in an oxygen – free atmosphere because they release theirown oxygen during combustion. This is whyoxygen is called “Oxidizing Agent”.

Approximately 16% of oxygen is needed tosupport combustion.

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HEAT

Heat and temperature are closely related andin some cases they are inseparable.

Heat is defined as energy in disorder, whichmoves from high temperature area to low

temperature area. Temperature is the measurement of its degreeand intensity.

Heat sources are the cause of fire outbreakssuch as Electricity, Welding and Cutting,

friction, Smoking, Misuse of matches, Openflame, Hot surface, Static electricity,Spontaneous ignition and lightening.

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HEAT TRANSFER OR WAYS



HEAT TRANSFER OR WAYS

FIRE SPREAD Heat can travel through a burning

building by one or more of the four

methods below:

1. CONDUCTIONS

2. RADIATION

3. CONVENTION

4. DIRECT FLAME CONTACT

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CLASSIFICATION OF FIRE

Fires are generally classified inaccordance with the British Standard of

NFPA of U.S.A’s standard.

There are four main classes of fire,which are alphabetically coded.

Classes A, B, C, and D.

The nature of materials involved in the

burning was also taken into

consideration.

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CLASS A FIRES

There are fires involving solidmaterials normally of organic

nature (compound of carbon), in

which combustion occurs with theformation of glowing members.

This class of fire is the most

common. It involves materials like

wood, cloths, papers, plastics,

leather, and sawdust, etc. 4/13/2012



CLASS B FIRE

These are fires, involvingliquids or liquefiable solids.

We have those that are solubleor insoluble in water e.g.

petrol, diesel, kerosene, oilpaint, alcohol, candle or wax.

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CLASS C FIRE

These are firesinvolving gases,as natural gas,

propane, butane,acetylene andhydrogen etc.Co2 & form

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i. CLASS D FIRES:

• These are fires involvingmetals, such as zinc,

magnesium, copper,

aluminum, sodium anduranium.

• These metals react

explosively when water isapplied on them.

ELECTRICAL FIRES



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ELECTRICAL FIRES

• Electrical fires do not constitute a class

because it is a source of heat.

• According to the present day ideas, class A,B and C can be started by electricity or can

involve in a live electrical installations and

equipment.

• The normal technique is to cut off electricity

and use the appropriate extinguisher. But if

the source of electricity cannot be isolated,

then extinguishing agents that do not conduct

electricity should be used. E.g. Vaporizing

liquids, Dry Chemical Powder (DCP) or

Carbon Dioxide (CO2).



CAUSEES OF FIRE

MAJOR CAUSES

The major causes of

fire are men, women

and children and thisis due to:

Ignorance

Carelessness

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COMMON CAUSES

Fires are commonly caused inthe following ways:

Smoking in prohibited areas

Flammable liquids

Defective electrical equipment

Spontaneous ignition

Arson.

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NATURAL CAUSES



NATURAL CAUSES

Works of nature has caused majordisasters claiming a whole city e.g.

Japan. Such works of nature

causes of fire are:

Thunder and lightening

Earthquake

4/13/2012



PREVENTIVE MEASURES.

Good house keeping

Education

Enforcement

Engineering

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METHODS OF EXTINGUISHING FIRE



METHODS OF EXTINGUISHING FIRE

FIRE EXTINCTION

Fire extinction is the principle of eliminatingone or more basic elements of fire from the

triangle of combustion.

Under the theory of fire triangle, are three

methods of fire extinction, which are:

1. STARVATION – The limitation of fuel

2. SMOTHERING – The limitation of oxygen 3. COOLING – The reduction of temperature

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PORTABLE FIRE EXTINGUISHERS A portable fire extinguisher is an appliance



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1 Water Extinguishers Red

2 Dry Chemical Powder Extinguisher Blue

3 Foam Type Extinguisher Green or Yellow

4 Carbon Dioxide Extinguisher Black

5 Halogenated Hydrocarbon Green

A portable fire extinguisher is an appliance

designed to be carried by hand, containing an

extinguishing medium, which can be expelled by

the action of internal pressure and directed on tofire. The maximum weight of a portable

extinguisher should not be more than 23kg. they

are intended for fighting small fires only. Present day portable fire extinguishers have the

inclusion of controllable discharge devices.

According to E.E.C. Recommendation



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According to E.E.C. Recommendation

and standard of colours of fire

extinguishers, all fire extinguishers are

to be painted Red and their formal

colours are indicated with a band.



FIRE SAFETY

“Fire Safety”

is a term used in fire engineering to denote all

measures taken to prevent death and tomitigate injuries, damages, or losses by fire.

It is an important aspect of major disaster

operations/management seeking to mitigate or

avoid the impact of fire results and improved

life safety, property, business continuity and

minimize the risk to the environment.

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. Different measures are

available to deal with fire atdifferent stages of development

and the level of protection

required will depend upon theobjectives that need to be met.

Coming within the purview of fire safety are the following

commonly misused technical

terms



FIRE SAFETY

- Fire Precaution

- Fire Prevention

- Fire Protection Systems.

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The safety of life is the most ultimate



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The safety of life is the most ultimate

aim of fire/safety department. It is an

acceptable fact that fire can damage ordestroy plants and buildings and these

can be replaced but life cannot. The law

relating to fire prevention, concerned

with life safety is that people should be

able to escape safety from the building

in which fire has started. In order to

achieve safety of life in case of fireoutbreak the following requirements

should be met.

1.There must be smoke or fire detection

d i d i b li bl



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device and it must be reliable

2.The fire alarm must be given

immediately and clearly understood.

3.Fore alarm warning must be distinctive

and clearly understood.

4.The people must know how to escape.

5.The escape route must lead to the open

air

6.The escape route must not be

obstructed.

7.The route must not be affected by fire.

The success of an evacuation also

depends on the way in which people



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depends on the way in which people

responds to a fire warning to written and

spoken instructions and possibly to the

presence of smoke and fire. Because

people tend to panic in the presence of

smoke or fire and when they simply

hear the shout of fire! People reactillogically or irrationally in their attempt

to escape. Multiple deaths will

sometimes occur because it is not

possible for all the occupants of a strikerbuilding to escape. Moreover, people

die in a situation like this because of the

following failures:

1.Absence of fire detection



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device

2.The fire or evacuation

alarm is delayed

3.The fire spread is too rapid

4.There are too many people

5.The exit route are blocked 6.The building is badly

designed

7.The staff has not beentrained on evacuation signal

and how to escape in case

of fire.

G C A G



EMERGENCY PLANNING

Planning for an emergency situation is part of the general contingency management.

Planning is the guideline that leads us to where

we want to be and we must know where we wantto be so that we will know when we get there.

Where do we get to in case of an emergency?

The main objective of an emergency plan is to containand control incidents at the incipient stage, to safeguardemployees and anyone nearby that might be affected andto minimize damage of property and the environment.

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FIRE OR EXPLOSION EMERGENCY



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• We are particularly concerned with

the fire emergency for the purposeof this brief lecture.

• In planning for an emergency there

are basic steps to be taken to

develop and manage :FIRE EMERGENCY PROCEDURES.

With plans, from time we will need to

appraise our situation, where we and

where we ought to be when there is

emergency.



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The following are initial things to be done

when planning for an emergency:

1. Recognize the need for emergency

procedures.

2. Carefully design an emergency procedure

in line with realities of our operations.

3. Test the suitability of the procedure

(DRILL) for the following reasons:

(a) Does it work?



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(b) Do the workers understand it?

(c) Can they apply it and how often do

they carry out the drill,

What are the likely problems areasassociated with it?

The employees must be trained on the use, it

must be continuous and regular drills to refreshthe acquired knowledge and for people to

become used to it. To make sure there is no

conflict particularly in the command structure.

The emergency-procedure must stipulate



The emergency procedure must stipulate

what is to be done in chronological order

.

1. On hearing the signal or alarm stopswhatever thing you are doing.

2. Walk briskly out (NOT TO RUN) to yourmustering point and don’t panic.

3. Do not go back for a forgotten item, nomatter what.

4. Fire warden should ensure that there is no

person left inside.

Head count should be carried at themuster point.

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INCASE OF EMERGENCY

Raise Alarm.

Call the fire Service.

Use portable fire extinguisher.

Walk briskly out of danger area to musterpoint.

Evacuate premises.

Do not enter premises until you

are told to do so by the incident.

Controller.

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EVACUATION SIGNALS



EVACUATION SIGNALS:

SOUNDERS: Sounders are methods used in giving

warning in case of fire even though no

voice is produced. There are five different

types of sounders.

1. Bells

2. Sirens

3. Electronic Devices

4. Reed Vibrators

5. Coloured lights.

4/13/2012

ORGANIZING EVACUATION



SCHEME

The main principle of evacuation is themeans of giving warning in case of fire. Escape route and doors through which the

occupants, must pass, must be free of obstruction.

The factors to be involved in an evacuationexercise are timing warning to occupants,exit route and obstructions to exit doors.

Regular training of evacuation exercise

should be carried out for at most quarterly tomaintain high standard awareness in case of fire outbreak.

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MEANS OF ESCAPE IN



CASE OF FIRE: It is necessary by legislation that

adequate means of escape should exit in a

building incase of an outbreak of fire,

incase there is an outbreak of fire, everyoccupants should reach a place of safety,

unaided and without being placed at

hazards while doing so.

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• Occupants of any building should



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• Occupants of any building should

escape from the fire at generally

accepted time of about 21 /2 minutes.

• Their successful arrival at the muster

point unaided in not more than 21

/2minutes shows a well organized

evacuation procedure.

ESCAPE ROUTE



ESCAPE ROUTE

The path leading to a place of safety that isnecessary to proceed from the starting point (to

a place of safety) is known as “ESCAPE

ROUTE”.

Escape routes usually starts in a room or an

open space and continue through corridors and

staircases to reach a place of safety.

Escape routes should be protected withenclosed fire resistant walls and doors and in

some cases protected lobbies at each storey

through which staircase are entered.

Theses protected area must lead to open air 4/13/2012

6 GENERAL PRECAUTIONS



6. GENERAL PRECAUTIONS

FOR HOT/COLD WORK. WELDING AND CUTTING

OPERATIONS; HOT WORK permit should be obtained before

commencement of work.

Containers should be thoroughly cleaned, made vapour

free and tested for flammable vapour by a certified gas

tester.

Spills of flammable substances around welding vicinityshould be thoroughly cleaned before commencement of

work.

Flammable substances and combustible materials

should be kept away from hot work areas. 4/13/2012

Welding cables should be inspected regularly

for defects Any defective cable shall be



4/13/2012

for defects. Any defective cable shall be

discarded and replaced.

Welding cable and hose should be coiled and

properly stored after use.

Welders must wear adequate Personal

Protective Equipment required for their

operation.

Nobody is allowed to pass through any area

which is barricaded while welding or

radiography operations are taking place.

Suitable fire extinguishers should be keptready for immediate use, at where cutting or

welding is being carried out.

Torches shall be lit with



4/13/2012

Torches shall be lit with

friction lighters or other safe

source but not with matches.

Acetylene and oxygen

cylinders should not be placedinside confined space and shall

not contained in a proper bottle

barrow.

BLASTING AND PAINTING



BLASTING AND PAINTING

Air compressors should be conspicuously marked withthe maximum working pressure (MWP), the safe

working pressure (SWP) and have record of tests and

dates.

During working operations, the safe working pressure

should not be exceeded.

Air compressors should be calibrated guage(s) to

indicate pressure.

Air compressors should have safety relief valve.

Air compressors should have drain valve and must bedrained on daily basis.

Blasting pot should be of sound construction.

Blasting hose should be inspected on daily basis before

commencement of work.

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Defective blasting hoses should not be



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used.

Blasting hose should not be kinked or

twisted.

Blasting hose should be securely

connected to the pot.

Blasting nozzles should be directedaway from personnel.

Blasting nozzle to have a dead man

switch

FOR PAINTING OPERATIONS:



All necessary protective equipment

for painting operations should be

worn by painters and others

associated with the operations.

Painters should not spray at people

The use of hydrocarbon solvent toclean paint stain from the skin shall

be disallowed. 4/13/2012

MECHANICAL EQUIPMENT



MECHANICAL EQUIPMENT

The only safe way of using mechanical

equipment is to have properly trained operators

working with well maintained equipment

carrying out the work for which it was designed.

Prior to the commencement of any work all

equipment will undergo a thorough inspection to

satisfy the established safety standards.

4/13/2012

COMPRESSED GAS CYLINDERS:



COMPRESSED GAS CYLINDERS:

Gas cylinders should be stored in safeand ventilated places protected fromthe direct rays of the sun, flame or

heat.

Oxygen and acetylene cylindersshould be stored separately.

Cylinders should be labeled to indicatethe type of gas it contains.

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Pressure reducing regulators



4/13/2012

should be used for gas cylinders

that they are designed for.

Cylinders bottles should be stored

upright and capped when not in

use.

The use of hammers and wrenches

for the opening of oxygen cylinder

valves should be prohibited.

Leakage cylinders should



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g y

not be used.

The use of gas by employees

to clean off dust from theirbodies should be strictly

prohibited

MANUAL HANDLING



MANUAL HANDLING:

Inspect the material to be carried forgrease/other slippery substances,

pinch points, sharp edges, etc.

Inspect the materials lay down area.

Ensure hands and footwear have noslippery surfaces.

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For firm and good grip wear

h d l



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hand gloves.

Set feet solidly on the ground well

apart, with one slightly ahead of

the other and pointing in thedirection of travel.

Keep the back as straight as

possible not arched.

MECHANICAL LIFTING



MECHANICAL LIFTING

Only qualified and designatedpersons shall operate the crane.

Suspended loads shall not be

hoisted over personnel.

Personnel not involved in the

mechanical handling shall stayclear from lifting vicinity.

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Signal man shall not give operator



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g g p

signal to lift, lower or set down

until he is sure personnel andother materials are out of danger.

The crane operator should avoid

sudden acceleration or

deceleration of the load duringhoisting.

The crane operator should



4/13/2012

p

not use crane for side pull.

The crane hook should

have effectively safetylatch.

A fire extinguisher shouldbe provided on the crane.

Mobile cranes must not travel



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with the load.

Directives from the crane

manufacturer shall be

adhered to.

Double legged sings should

be used for long loads.

PORTABLE HAND TOOLS:



PORTABLE HAND TOOLS:

Hand tools are provided to help workers

undertake jobs, which will be difficult to

carry out. It is important that hand tools be

used for the purposes they are designed.

Tools should be used for their intended

purposes.

Tools with cracked heads or brokenhandles shall not be used.

Personnel should be educated on how to

operate hand tools 4/13/2012

Pieces of pipes shall not be



4/13/2012

added to wrench handles to

increase leverage.

Competent personnel shouldcarry out Inspection and

maintenance of portableelectrical power tools.

Files must be fitted with good



4/13/2012

handles and must never be

used as chisel, center punchor lever.

Portable electrical hand tools

shall not be used under wetatmosphere

SCAFFOLDING ERECTION AND

INSPECTION



INSPECTION:

Scaffolds should only be

erected by competent

personnel and should be

properly inspected after

erection before use.

4/13/2012

Ladders, boxes or



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,

makeshift devices shallnot be used on top

scaffolds to increaseheight.

Scaffolds board should be

h k d f fi b i d



4/13/2012

checked for firm bearing and

sufficient overhang.

Rope should be used to raiseor lower tools and materials

Scaffold platforms should

b k l f



4/13/2012

be kept clear of unnecessary

materials, tools and scrapswhich may become a

tripping hazard or beknocked off endangering

people below.

Scaffolds should be inspected daily



4/13/2012

to make certain that all scaffold are

properly erected, safe, strongenough to carry load and have no

visible damage.

Running on top of scaffold is

prohibited.

Safety belts/ Harness should be used by anyone working on scaffold boards.

Scaffolds boards should not be painted for easy detection of broken part or splits.

RADIOGRAPPY (NDT):



A valid Work Permit and Certificatefor the use of radioactive substance

should control all NDT operations for

use of radioactive substances.Radioactive operations should be

classified persons only.

For practical purposes, the harmfulradiation produced by x-ray equipment

or emitted sources are the same.

4/13/2012

PROTECTION AGAINST RADIATION



Distance, time and shielding are the usual

methods of reducing radiation exposure.

The following points shall be observed during useof radiation.

1. X-ray works should only be conducted outsidenormal working hours whenever possible.

2. Radiographers should work in pairs, be equippedwith dosage badges, be over 18 years of age andfully acquainted with the scope of Operation

4/13/2012

HANDLING OF RADIOACTIVESOURCES



SOURCES

Continuous survey meters should be useto monitor levels.

Area where work is to be carried out must

be barricaded off and warning signs

placed. Radiation outside this barrier

should be checked frequently and should

not exceed 7.5u SV/hr. A prominent

warning light to be switched on duringexposure of the Radioactive source.

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Radioactive substances to be

k t i d i t d t i



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kept in designated containers.

Radiographers must be fully

conversant with Emergency

response Procedures for

handling “stuck” exposed

source.

Watchmen are placed to ensure



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Watchmen are placed to ensure

non-authorized persons do notcross the warning barriers.

Radiographers must always

make the source safe and

secured upon any emergency orabnormality.

ELECTRICAL SAFETY



ELECTRICAL SAFETY

Work on electrical circuit or electricalequipment be carried out, only by a

competent and authorized electrical

personnel.

Ensure proper isolation before

commencing work on an electrical

equipment, after work isolation iscompleted, test equipment to confirm it is

de-energized.

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Safety signs will be mounted on any



4/13/2012

electrical equipment in excess of 110

volts.

Explosions proof electrical equipment

e.g. lights should be used in areaclassified as highly flammable.

All blown or damaged fuses should bereplaced with fuses of appropriate

amperage.

Workers on electrical equipment should wear

PVC hand gloves and must stand on dry



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g y

ground.

Extension cords should not exceed 45m and

should be used for temporary work.

All portable electrical hand tools should be

well grounded/double insulated and carry

three pronged plug to fit into three.

Electrical wires and cords should

be away from oily wet and sharp



4/13/2012

be away from oily, wet and sharp

surfaces.

Do not after the electrical system

except authorized to do so.

Report any suspected danger on the

electrical system.

7. FIRST AID AND CPR



• First Aid is the skilled applicationof accepted principles of

treatment on the occurrence of

any injury or sudden illness.

• It is the approved method of

treating a casualty using facilitiesor materials available to you at

the time. 4/13/2012

AIMS & OBJECTIVES OF

FIRST AID



FIRST AID

To save or preserve life.

To prevent the condition

worsening. To prevent further injuries

and complication.

To promote recovery

4/13/2012

SCOPE OF FIRST AID:



DIAGNOSIS:-The First Aider should be able to identify andsay in simple terms what the problem of thevictim is e.g. breathing, broken bones,

unconsciousness etc.

TREATMENT:-Treatment here implies all measures taken to

preserve the life of the victim, to prevent thecondition from getting worse and to relievepain. It does not involve the use of drugs.

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EVACUATION:-



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The First Aider should institute

evacuation procedures as laid down byhis organization and if communication

contact is impossible, make

arrangement to transport victim to the

nearest hospital /clinic as quickly as

possible.

QUALITIES OF A FIRST



AIDER

In order to render skilled

assistance to a victim, the First

Aider should possess thefollowing qualities;-

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OBSERVANT;- He must be able tomake quick survey of the entire scene



4/13/2012

of the emergency and quickly

determine the next action to take.

He must consider the following;-

1. Is the scene safe (To him and the

victim).

2. What happened, or happening to

the victim.

3. Are there bystanders that can help?

4. These should be done in few

seconds.

• CAREFULNES;- The First Aider must becareful in handling the victim so as not to



4/13/2012

worsen his condition or cause his death.

• CONFIDENCE:- He must be sure of any

procedure he is carrying out so as not to be

confused by the by-standers.

• RESOURCEFUL:- He must be able to

improvise.

• TACTFUL:- He must be able to secure theconfidence of the victim and by-standers and

assume control of the situation The way we show



4/13/2012

assume control of the situation. The way we show

pour skill/dexterity.

• SYMPATHETIC:- Re-assuring the casualty, be

kind, tender to him. He must have the feeling that

will attract him to help the victim. However, during

the course of your treatment, show empathy in order

to render the best of treatment.

• PERSEVERANCE:- Have will continue to try inthe face of all difficulties. He should not be

discouraged with the little failure but will continue

to try and until success comes his way.

• EXPLICIT:- He should be ableto give precise, detailed and



4/13/2012

to give precise, detailed and

accurate information about the

casualty and treatment given, either

when calling for help or when

handling over to the medical crew.

• EXERCISE GOOD JUDGMENT

(PRIORITIES):- That is knowing

severity of different cases

PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE OFFIRST AID EMERGENCY

MANAGEMENT



MANAGEMENT

SURVEY THE SCENE:-1. In responding to the emergency situation,

make a quick survey of the entire scene.

Do not only look at the victim.

2. Look at the area around the victim. This

should take only a few seconds.

3. Decide what to do next. Consider the

following as you do your survey:-

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• Is the Scene Safe? - You must first decide if the

i i i f f



4/13/2012

situation is safe for you.

• What Happened? If the victim

is conscious, ask questions to

determine what happened and the

extent of the victims illness or

injury.

• If the victim is unconscious, ask

by-standers or look for clues. Thescene itself often gives the

answer.

How Many People Are Injured: Look beyond



4/13/2012

How Many People Are Injured:- Look beyond

the victim you see at first at fist glance. There

may be other victims.

Are there By-Standers Who Can Help? If

there are by-standers, use them to help you findout what happened. By-standers though may not

be trained in First Aid, but help you in other

important ways such as calling medical attention,

by offering emotional support to the victims.



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IDENTIFY :Identify yourself as a person trained in

First Aid. Tell the victim and the by-

standers who you are and that you are

trained in First Aid, this may help toreassure the victim.

It will also help you to take charge of the

situation.

DO A PRIMARY SURVEY OF THE

VICTIM.



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V C

The purpose of a primary survey is to check

the life threatening conditions.

To give urgent first aid care.

ABC OF FIRST AID



4/13/2012

ABC OF FIRST AID

A = Airway

B = Breathing

C = Circulation

For Airway – opening the airway to

allow unobstructed passage of fresh air

h l



4/13/2012

to the lungs.

For Breathing – Artificial ventilation

to get air into the lungs of a casualty

who has stopped breathing.

For Circulation - External chest

compression to apply pressure on the

chest to compress the hearth and so

pump blood through the arteries to thevital organ.

DO SECONDARY SURVEY:



4/13/2012

The purpose of this is to check the victimcarefully, from head to toe in an orderly

manner for injuries or other problems that

are not of an immediate threat to life butwhich could cause problems if not corrected,

for example, broken bone.

DECIDING TO TRANSPORT THE VICTIM

• After completing the emergency action principles,

you might consider transporting the victim to the



4/13/2012

you might consider transporting the victim to the

hospital yourself if the victim’s condition is not

severe. This is an important decision.

• Do not transport a victim with a life threatening

condition or one in whom there is any chance that a

life threatening condition may develop. However,there may be some situations when an ambulance is

not readily available. And you have to weigh the

risks and consider taking the victim to the hospital.

• You must pay close attention to the victim andwatch for any change in his/her condition.

RESUSCITATION

• If a casualty is not breathing and if the heart is



4/13/2012

a a a y a g a a

not beating, it is vital that you take over

respiration and circulation so that the flow of oxygen to the brain is maintained. Remember

you ABC’s. first, ensure an open airway.

• Breathe for the casualty by inflating the lungs

and oxygenating the blood.

• Circulate the blood by compressing the chest.

The quick and efficient use of Artificial

ventilation, if necessary with External chestcompression, should prevent further

deterioration of the casualty’s condition and

preserve life until more skilled help is

available

METHOD



Place one hand under the casualty’s neck and your other hand on the forehead and

take the head backward. this will extend the

head and neck and open the airway.

Transfer your hand from the neck and

push the chin upwards. The tilted jaw will

lift the tongue forward, clear of the airway.

4/13/2012

EXTERNAL CHEST

COMPRESSION (ECC)



( )

If mouth-to-mouth ventilation by itself isunsuccessful and the casualty’s heart stops

or has stopped beating, you must perform

External chest compression in conjunction

with mouth-to-mouth ventilation.

This is because without the heart to

circulate the blood, oxygenated blood

cannot reach the casualty’s brain.

4/13/2012

FIRSTAID ADMINISTRATION



4/13/2012

8. WASTE MANAGEMENT



Waste is anything that is no longer of use to the disposer.

It is also defined as any unavoidable

material that results from an activity orindustrial process, but has no

immediate economic value or demand

and must be disposed off.

4/13/2012

THREE (3) FORMS OF WASTE



GASEOUS WASTES:- e.g. gas flaring, particulate

dust, waste gases from stack, cement factories, stonecrushing excavation activities, lime dust, asbestosdust, acid fumes and cigarette fumes.

LIQUID WASTES:- Waste dissolved in water

emanating from industrial processes (know asindustrial effluent), domestic liquid, acids waste,waste oil from workshop.

SOLID WASTE:- e.g. broken bricks, refuse, sludge

and slag, broken glass and bottles, can, plastics,paper, battery casings, plantain skin, pure water bag,etc.

4/13/2012

WASTE CLASSIFICATION



There are three classes of waste: 1.Domestic waste

2.Industrial waste 3.Hazardous waste

4/13/2012

1. DOMESTIC WASTE:-

Kitchen waste garden waste office waste



4/13/2012

Kitchen waste, garden waste, office waste,

paper, food, wood, wastewater from toiletand bathrooms, laundry.

2. INDUSTRIAL WASTES:-

e.g. scrap metals, cardboard packaging,

plastics, organic acid, chemical waste, oil

waste, effluents or gaseous emissions

(smoke, fumes, particulate dust).

HAZARDOUS WASTE:- • These are wastes that are potential hazards

to human health and the environment.



4/13/2012

• They are usually corrosiveignitable/explosive, reactive, or toxic, and

therefore they must receive further treatment

before disposal.

• The law requires that they be monitoredfrom “Cradle to grave”. These include

dangerous waste, infectious wastes,

radioactive/nuclear waste, e.g. inflammable

liquids, chemicals, hospital waste, tank bottom, sludge, pesticides, etc.

PRINCIPLES OF WASTE

MANAGEMENT (5 STEPS)



Waste Inventorisation

Waste Characterisation

Waste Segregation

Waste Minimization

Waste Treatment

4/13/2012

INVENTORISATION

Cataloging of all waste types, quantities, and

sources



4/13/2012

sources

Gives a quick insight on the magnitude of the waste problem at hand

CHARACTERISATION

Selective separation of waste

Make for optimization of recovery of waste

streams

MINIMISATION

Involves the 4Rs

Reduce



4/13/2012

Reuse

Recycle

Recovery

TREATMENT This involves physical/biological treatment e.g.

septic tank disposal (manually or by truck).

Manual disposal requires treatment by adding

kerosene.

WASTE MANAGEMENT PRINCIPLES FLOW CHART



4/13/2012

INVENTORY

CHARACTERISE

SEGREGATE

MINIMISATION-4Rs

TREATMENT

Is there

Residue

Store

Does it require

Treatment

Disposal

Treatment

. GENERATION

HANDLINGDISPOSAL



4/13/2012

WASTE LIFE CYCLE

HANDLING

STORAGE

TRANSPORT

DISPOSAL

TREATMENT

WASTE SEGREGATION AT SOURCE •GENERAL WASTE: Black Bin, packaging material, rags •FOOD/GARDEN WASTE: Green container •GLASS WASTE: Blue container •PAPER WASTE: Black plastic bags

•IT CONSUMABLES: White container-Toner,cartridges •DANGEROUS WASTE: Red container e.g. medical

waste •PLASTIC WASTE: Brown container •METAL WASTE: Black metal container •BATTERIES: Grey container

CONTINGENCY MANAGEMENT



Contingency is defined as an

event or situation that might

happen in the future, especially one

that might cause problems. Such anevent could be a disaster event or

an emergency.

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Disaster is defined as a very bad accident that

causes great damage or loss of life An



4/13/2012

causes great damage or loss of life. An

event such as flood or storm thatproduces suffering or unfortunate

consequences.

An emergency situation is a sudden abnormal or unplanned situation,

which requires immediate attention and may

endanger human life, the environment, or

have an adverse effect on company/public

asset or reputation. It is a situation that must

be dealt with immediately.

A contingency management plan:

• Is a plan that you make in order to



4/13/2012

deal with a problem that might

happen.

• It involves anticipating emergencies

and planning to control them

through making provisions that may

have to be applied to contain the

event and mitigate the consequences

and enable early return to normal

operations.

Categories of disasters



Enemy Attack:Damage causing factors of which are blasts, thermal andnuclear radiations, biological and chemical agents? They areusually overt actions, but often with little or no warning.

Sabotage:

Fire, Explosion, Nuclear radiation, biological and chemicalagents. Saboteurs are enemies and use enemy tactics; but theiracts are covert and without warning.

Natural/Operational:Earthquake, storm, flood, fire, explosion.

These are inherent hazards that people are aware of.They may give signs of being about to happen, or give noi

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