63

Imem-hÿm hyXn-bm\w

Imem-hÿm hyXnbm-\hpwIm¿jnI taJ-ebpw

tUm. Fw. kp_-“Wy Aø¿s]m -k¿, aÆpw Im¿jnI ck-X-¥-hn- mKw

tIcf Im¿jnI k¿∆-I-em-ime, sh≈-mbWn

Imem-hÿ hyXn-bm-\hpw Im¿jnI taJ-e-bnse ]cn-WnX ^e-ßfpw Cu \q‰m-

≠n¬ am\-h-cm-inbpw Poh-Pm-e-ßfpw t\cn-Sp∂ ISpØ ]cn-ÿnXn sh√p-hn-fn-bm-

Wv. BtKm-f-X-e-Øn¬ \S-°p∂ Cu ]Xn- mkw ]cs° AwKo-I-cn-°-s∏´p hcn-I-

bm-Wv. hyh-kmbnI cmPy-߃ h¿≤n® tXmXn¬ ]pd-¥-≈-s∏-Sp∂ CO2, CH4 (ao-

tY≥), ss\Skv HuIvsskUv F∂n lcn-X-Krl hmX-I-ß-fn¬ CO2 BWv BtKmf

Xm]-\-Øn\v apJy Imc-Ww. BtKmf Xm]\w Irjn \nb¥n°p∂ kml-N-cy-ß-

fmbn A¥-co-£-Xm-]-\ne, ag, ag-°m-c-Whpw a™p-cp-I¬ ImcWambp≈ sh≈-

∏m-®n¬, sh≈-s°- v, asÆmen∏v F∂n-hsb hf-sc-b-[nIw _m[n-bv°p-∂p.

\nb-¥-Wm-Xo-X-amb Cu am‰-߃ ssPh-a-fi-e-Øns‚ \ne-\n¬]pw, Dev]m-

Z\ tijnbpw £a-Xbpw a\p-jy\pw hf¿Øp-ar-K-߃°pw a‰pw th≠ `£y-h-

kvXp-°-fpsS e`y-X-sbbpw ]XnIq-e-am°n-tb-°p-sa-∂mWv ap∂-dn-bn-∏v. Db¿∂ CO2

tXmXv hnf-I-fn¬ ]Xn-Iq-ehpw A\p-Iq-e-hp-amb am‰-ß-fp-≠m-°pw.

Imem-hÿm hyXn-bm\w Im¿jn-I-ta-J-e-bn¬ D≠m-°n-tb-°m-hp∂ am‰-߃-

Ah-bpsS Iq´n˛Ingn-°n-e-\m-[m-c-am-bmWv \ne-\n¬°p-∂-Xv. Im¿jnI taJ-e-bn¬

Imem-hÿm hyXn-bm\w aqe-ap-≠m-Ip∂ am‰-ß-fpsS imkvXob Xn -s∏-Sp-Øepw

hne-bn-cp-Øepw ap≥Iq´n Adn-bm\pw am‰-߃°v A\p-k-cn-®p≈ kwc-£W aps∂m-

cp-°-߃ Bhn-jv°-cn®v \S-∏n-em-°m\pw klm-b-I-am-Wv. Aßs\ Im¿jn-tIm¬]m-

Z\w h¿≤n-∏n-°m-\p-am-Ipw. AXyp-ev]m-Z\ tijn-bp≈ sa®-s∏-Sp-Ønb hnØn-\-߃,

P\n-X-I-am‰w hcp-Øp∂ ssPh-k-t¶-X-߃, sa®-s∏´ Pe-tk-N\ kuIcyw F∂n-

ßs\ F¥p Xs∂-bp-≠m-bmepw C∂pw Irjn Imem-hÿm am‰-ß-fp-am-bp≈ Hcp

NqXm- -ambn Xs∂bmWv \ne-\n¬°p-∂-Xv. AXp-t]mse Xs∂ aÆns‚ Dev]m-Z-\-

64

Imem-hÿm hyXn-bm\w

ti-jnbpw ]IrXym ImWp∂ kIe Poh-Pm-e-ßfpw (kq-£vam-Wp-Iƒ Dƒs∏-sS)

amdp∂p.

BtKmf Imem-hÿ LS-I-ß-fn-se-am-‰-ß-tf-°mƒ ]mtZ-inI am‰-ß-fmWv

Irjnsb kzm[o-\n-°p-∂-Xv. AXp-sIm≠v am‰-߃ Xn -s∏-Sp-tØ-≠Xpw hne-bn-cp-

tØ-≠Xpw ]tZ-in-I-ambn Xs∂-bm-h-Ww.

BtKm-f-X-e-Ønse Imem-hÿm hyXn-bm\w BtKmf `£y hym]m-c-sØbpw

`£y-kw-c-£-W-sØbpw kmc-ambn _m[n-°p-sa∂-Xp-sIm≠v X≈n-°-f-bm-\m-hn-√.

‘kb≥kv’ F∂ amkn-I-bn¬ ]kn-≤o-I-cn-°-s∏´ ]T-\-^-e-߃ Nq≠n-°m-

Wn-°p-∂Xv 2030 BIp-tºm-tg°v Z£n-Wm-^n-°-bnse ][m\ hnf-bmb tNmf-Øns‚

Dev]m-Z\w 30% I≠v Ipdbp-sa-∂m-Wv. IqSmsX C¥y-bpƒs∏´ Z£n-tW-jy-bn¬

]tZ-inI `£y D¬]-∂-ß-fmb Acn, sNdp-[m-\y-߃, tNmfw F∂n-h-bn¬ ‘10%I≠p Ipd-hp-≠m-Ip-sa-∂mWv’ kqN\

sF.-]n.-kn.-kn.-bpsS (IPCC Intergovernmental Pauel of Climate Change (1995)) 2007

se BtKmf Imem-hÿm hyXn-bm\ hne-bn-cp-ج 3˛mw dnt∏m¿´n¬ ZcnZ cmPy-

ß-fmWv IqSp-X¬ \jvSw G¬t°≠n hcnI F∂p kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p. DjvW-ta-Jem

˛ ka-io-tXm-jvW-ta-Je ]tZ-i-ß-fn¬ Pe-tk-N\ Pe-Zu¿e- yhpw ]pXnb IoS- -

tcmK BI-a-Whpw ImcWw hnfhv Ipd-bpw. AXn-Po-hn-bv°mhp∂ Xm]-\n-e-bpsS

ASp-sØØn \n¬°p∂ hnf-I-fn¬ sNdnb hyXn-bm-\w-t]mepw hnfhv IpØs\

Ipd-bm≥ hgn-bm-Ipw. 21˛ \q‰m-≠n¬ samØw `t£ym¬]m-Z\w 30% I≠p Ipd-bp-sa-

∂mWv IW-°m-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. Nne `q]-tZ-i-ß-fn¬ a’y-k-ºØnt\bpw hyh-km-

btØbpw ]Xn-Iq-e-ambn _m[n-°pw.

lcn-X-Krl hmX-I-ß-fm¬ hnf-I-fn¬ D≠m-Ip∂ am‰-߃ Hmtcm ]tZ-iØpw

sht∆-sd-bm-bn-cn-°pw. ]mIn-ÿm-\nse s]mXp Dev]m-Z\w 50% I≠p Ipd-bp-tºmƒ

bqtdm-∏nse tNmf-ap-ev]m-Z\w 25% I≠v h¿≤n-°m≥ km≤y-X-bp-≠v.

hnf-hnse A\p-Iqe am‰-߃ A[n-I-cn® ]`m-Ie\w sIm≠p≈ hnf h¿≤-

\hpw Imcy-£-a-amb Pe-tk-N\ D]-tbm-Khpw sIm≠m-Wv. hnf-bpsS hf¿®-°mew

Ipd-bp-∂-Xpw, Pe-Zu¿e-`yhpw timjn® sh¿W-sse-tk-j≥ ]Xn-`m-kw F∂nh

sIm-≠p-amWv hnfhp Ipd-bp-∂-Xv.

Zo¿L-Imem ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ Imem-hÿm hyXn-bm\w Im¿jnI taJ-esb

]e-co-Xn-bn¬ _m[n°pw:

Xq°Ønepw KpW-Øn-ep-ap≈ Dev]m-Z-\-£-aX Ipdhpw am‰hpw

Pe-tk-N\w, If-\m-in-\n, IoS-\m-in-\n, hfw F∂n-hbpsS hyXn-bm-\-Øm¬

hcp∂ Irjn-co-Xn-I-fnse am‰w

aÆnse A[n-I-cn® \o¿∆m¿®-bm-ep≈ ss\S-P≥ \jvSw, asÆm-en-∏v, ssPh-

sshhn≤y \jvSw F∂n-h-bm-ep≈ ]mcn-ÿn-XnI am‰-߃

65

Imem-hÿm hyXn-bm\w

Irjn- q-an-bpsS Xs∂ \jvShpw em -hpw, `qhn-\ntbmK am‰n-a-dn-°¬, B¿Z

Pe-e`yX Bhmk hyh-ÿ-bnse am‰w Irjn-ÿ-e-an-√m-bva°v Imc-W-am-

Ipw.

]e-X-c-Øn-ep≈ Poh-Pm-e-ß-fnse ]cn-Wm-a-]-c-ambn Xzcn-X-K-Xn-bn-ep≈

am‰-߃, a\p-jy-cmin, `£y AXym-h-iyØns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ ]Xn-

tcm-[-ti-jn-bp≈ IqSp-X¬ s\√n\ßfn-te-°p≈ ]c°w ]m®n¬.

IqSp-X¬ IqSp-X¬ bmYm¿∞y-߃ C\nbpw ]T-\-hn-t[-b-am°n a\- n-em-

t°≠nbn-cn-°p-∂p. ]e-am-‰-ß-sfbpw kw_-‘n-®p-≈ imkvXo-b- hnh-c-߃, Xn -

s∏-Sp-Ø-ep-Iƒ, hne-bn-cpØ-ep-Iƒ, am¿§ßƒ ]tZ-inI Xe-Øn¬ C∂v Xptemw

Ipd-hm-Wv. AXp-t]m-se-Xs∂ BtKm-f-X-e-Øn¬, kmt¶-Xn-I-hn-Zy-bpsS ^e-ambn

B-tKm-f- £y Dev]m-Z\tijn-bnse am‰-߃, bYm¿∞ BtKmf `£y Bh-iy-

ßfpw ÿnXn, ]cn-ÿn-Xn-°-\p-k-cn®v a\p-jy\pw a‰p Poh-Pm-e-߃°p-ap≈ \ne-

\n¬]ns‚ bYm¿∞ hne-bn-cp-ج F∂n-h-bn¬ ap≥hn-[n-bv°p≈ km[yX sXfn-

bn-°m-\m-bn-´n-√, ]q¿Æ-ambpw \mfn-Xp-h-sc.

Imem-h-ÿ-bnse ]h-N-\m-Xo-X-amb hym]I Zpc-¥-ß-fm-bn-cn°pw Im¿jn-I-

ta-Je t\cn-tS≠n hcp-I. Imem-h-ÿ-bnse kmh-[m-\-amb NphSp am‰-߃ AXn-

Po-hn-°m≥ Im¿jnItaJ-e-bnse hnhn[ ssPh kaq-l-Øn\v kabw e`n-°p-sa∂mWv

imkvX-⁄¿ ]Xo-£n-°p-∂-Xv. C∂sØ kml-N-cy-ß-fn¬Øs∂ tami-amb aÆpw

Imem-hÿm am‰-ßfpw t\cn- p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p∂ cmPy-ß-ƒ°p, i‡-amb Imem-hÿ

am‰-ß-fpw Zpc-¥-ßfpw AXn-Po-hn-°m-\m-hn-√.

1996 ˛ 2003 Imem-L- -ß-fn¬ BtKmf `t£ym-ev]m-Z\w 1800 aney≥ S¨ Bbn-

cp-∂p. 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003 F∂n-ß-s\-bp≈ h¿j-ß-fn-embn XpS¿®-bmbn Dev]m-

Z\w Ipd-bp-I-bm-Wv.

1970 \p tijw ]Øn¬ H≥]Xv h¿j-ß-fnepw XpS¿∂pw BtKm-f-Xm]w h¿≤n-

°p-I-bm-Wv.

BtKmf `t£ym-ev]m-Z\ Ipdhv Zmcn-Zy-\n¿Ωm¿P\ ]hr-Ø-\-ßsf XInSw

adn-°psa-∂p-sh-∂mWv `bw, ]tXy-In®v C¥y-sb-t∏m-ep≈ hnI-kn-°m≥ sshº¬

sIm≈p∂ cmPy-ß-fn¬.

Imem-hÿ hyXn-bm-\w-sIm-≠p-≠m-Ip∂ Im¿jn-I-ta-Je Zpc-¥-߃ AXn-Po-

hn-°m≥ Xøm-sd-Sp-∏p-Iƒ, aps∂m-cp-°-߃ Dƒs∏´ Im¿jnI \bw Xs∂ s]mfn-

s®-gp-X-Ww.

Imem-hÿ ]h-N-\hpw Im¿jnItaJ-e-bnep≠mhp∂ am‰-߃ ap≥Iq´n Imcy-

£-a-ambn C∂pw ]h-Nn-°m-\m-Ip-∂n-√. ]h-N-\-߃ ]mfp-∂p. tKmX-ºv, tNmfw,

s\√v, tkmbm-_o≥ F∂n-h-bn¬ ]e imkvX amXr-I-Ifpw Imem-hÿ am‰w ]h-

Nn-°m≥ ian-®n- p-s≠-¶nepw Ah-sb√mw ]e-t∏mgpw A°m-Z-ao-b-X-e-Øn¬ amXw

HXp-ßp-∂Xmbn-Im-Wp-∂p-≠v.

66

Imem-hÿm hyXn-bm\w

BtKmf Xm]\w hnf-bpsS hf¿® L -ß-sf-am‰n adn-°p-∂p. lkz-Ime hnf-I-

fn¬ DZm-l-c-W-Øn\v tNmf-Øn¬ Db¿∂ Xm]-\ne 1˛4 BgvN-I-tfmfw XpS¿∂m¬

hf¿®m Ime-b-fhv Npcp-ßn, Ffp∏w aq°msX Xs∂ aqs∏-Øp-∂p, hnf-bnse Xs∂

apf-bv°p-∂p.

A¥-co-£-Ønse Db¿∂ CO2 \ne hnf-I-fpsS hf¿®sb kmc-ambn _m[n-

°p-∂p. Ct∏mƒ A¥-co-£-Øns‚ CO2 Afhv GI-tZiw 380 ppmhpw O2 BsW-

¶n¬ 2,10,000 ppm hcpw. hnf-IfpsS CO2 hni∏v bYm¿∞-Øn¬ IqSp-X-em-Wv.

A[n-I-amb am‰w IqSp-X¬ C3 kky-amb tKmX-ºn-emWv C4 kky-amb tNmf-sØ-

°mƒ IqSp-X-embn A\p- -h-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. ImcWw C3 kky-߃°v CO2 Ipdhv AXn-

Po-hn-bv°m-\p≈ tijn Ipd-hm-Wv. Xm]-\nebpw A¥-co£ B¿Z-Xbpw \nb-¥nX

tXmXn-ep≈t∏mƒ CO2 tXmXv Cc- n-bm-bm¬ hnfhv 36 iX-am\w I≠p h¿≤n-°pw.

hnfhp¬]-∂-ß-fpsS KpW-\n-e-hm-c-tØbpw CXv _m[n-°pw. a‰p Nne-]-T-\-߃

kqNn-∏n-°p-∂Xv C3 kky-ß-fn¬ A[n-I-cn® ImbnI hf¿®-bp-≠m-Ip∂Xp ImcWw

[m\y- D¬]mZ\w Ipd-bp-sa-∂mWv.

A[n-I-cn® CO2 tXmXv C3 C\Øn-ep≈ If-Iƒ h¿≤n-°m-\n-S-bm-°pw.

Acn thIp-tºmƒ IqSp-X¬ DXn¿∂-h-bm-bn- amdpw. t]mjI ][m-\-amb Ccp-

ºn-s‚bpw \mI-Øns‚bpw Afhv Ipd-bpw. Xm]-\n-ebpw CO2 tXmXpw h¿≤n-°p-I-

bm-sW-¶n¬ t]m´o\pw Ipdbpw, ss\S-P≥ Afhpw Ipd-bpw.

ta®n¬]p-d-ß-fnse kky-ß-fnse t]m´o≥ Ipdhv sNΩ-cn-bm-Sp-I-fpsS ]m¬

D¬]m-Z-\-tijn Ipd-bv°p-∂-Xmbn ]T-\-߃ kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p. ]m¬ D¬]m-Z-\sØ

\nb-¥n-°p∂ Bam-ib kq£vam-Wp-°-fpsS hf¿®, ss\S-P≥ Ipd-hp-sIm≠v Ipd-

bp-∂XmWnXn\p Imc-Ww.

Imem-hÿm hyXn-bm\w IqSp-X¬ Irjn-ÿew e`y-am°pw

Db¿∂ ]tZ-i-ß-fnse a™v, BtKm-f-Xm-]-\-Øm¬ DcpIn IqSp-X¬ Irjn-

ÿew e`y-am-°pw. `qhn\n-tbm-K-Øse am‰w, hcƒ® t\cn-tS-≠n-h-cnI F∂nh a‰p

Nne ]Xn-Iq-e-am-‰-ß-fm-Wv.

kap-Z-\n-c∏v Dbcpw

2100 BIp-tºm-tg°pw kapZ \nc∏v 1 ao‰-tdmfw Db-cp-sa-∂mWv IW-°m-°-

s∏´ncn-°p-∂-Xv. CXv Xoc-]-tZ-iØpw Xmgv∂ ]tZ-iØpw D≈ Irjn-`qan \jvS-

Øn\p Imc-W-am-Ipw. ]tXy-In®v C¥y-bpƒs∏´ Z£n-W-]q¿t∆jy≥ cmPy-ß-fn¬.

asÆm-en∏v, then-tb‰w, Xoc-]-tZi sh≈s∏m°w `qK¿ -P-e-Øn¬ D∏p-sh≈w

Ib-dpI F∂o am‰-ß-fm¬ Xoc-]-tZ-isØ Irjn \mi-Øn\pw hgnsXfn°pw.

asÆm-en∏pw aÆns‚ ^e- q-bnjvTXm Ipdhpw

BtKm-f-Xm]\w ^e- q-bn-jvS-amb Irjn-]-tZ-i-ß-fpsS \mi-Øn\p hgn-sX-fn-

°pw. aÆns‚ hf-°qdv Xosc Ipd-bpw, F∂m¬ CO2 tXmXv h¿≤-\hv aÆnse

67

Imem-hÿm hyXn-bm\w

\n›nX C:N A\p-]mX ]Xn- mkw ImcWw IqSp-X¬ s\tS‰v t]mjIw aÆn-ep-

≠mIp-hm≥ klm-b-I-am-hpw. hnf-hv h¿≤n-°pw. Aßs\ ss\SP≥ hf-ß-fpsS D]-

tbmKw anX-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ km[n-°pw.

h¿≤n-® ag IqSp-X¬ asÆm-en-∏p-≠m-°pw. i‡-amb ag Cs√-¶n¬ Pe-tk-N-

\-Øn\v ag klm-b-I-am-Ipw.

BtKm-f-Xm-]\w h¿≤n-°p-tºmƒ ssPhmwiw aÆn¬ hf-scthKw Ipd-bpw.

CXn\m-ep≈ aÆnse t]mj-I-aq-ey-ß-fpsS h¿≤n® A]-£bw aÆns‚ hf-°q-

dns\ IqSp-X¬ ]Xn-k-‘n-bn-em-°pw. A¥-co-£-Ønse CO2 tXmXv h¿≤n-°p-tºmƒ

aÆnse ssPhmwiw h¿≤n-°m-\p-X-Ipw.

BtKm-f-Im-em-hÿm hyXn-bm\w IoS-ß-fn¬, tcmKm-Wp-°-fn¬, If-

I-fn¬ hcp-Øp∂ am‰-߃

_lp- q-cn-]£w If-Ifpw C3 kky-ß-fm-b-Xp-sIm≠v If-I-fpsS ieyw A[n-I-

cn®v hnf \in-°pw. Xm]-h¿≤\ Nne-t∏mƒ If-\m-in-\nIfpsS Imcy-£-aX A\p-Iq-

e-ambn h¿≤n-∏n-t®-°mw.

BtKm-f-Xm-]\w Nne ]tZ-i-ß-fnse ag IqSm≥ Imc-W-am-Ip-∂p, A¥-co£

B¿ZX h¿≤n-°pw, ag-°mew/\\-hp-Imew \ofpw. Db¿∂ Xm]-\n-ebpw Cu

ÿnXnbpw XpS¿∂m¬ hnf-Isf IqSp-X¬ Ipanƒtcm-K-߃ _m[n-°pw. AXp-t]mse

Xs∂ IoS-ß-fpsSbpw a‰pw FÆw Iam-Xo-X-ambv s]cp-Im≥ Imc-W-am-Ipw.

a™p-cp-Iepw a™p-ta-Je C√m-Xm-Iepw

th\¬Im-eØv a™p-cpIn In´p∂ sh≈w Bi-bn®p Pohn-°p∂ a™p-]-tZ-

i-ß-fn¬, BtKm-f-Xm-]\w XpS¿∂m¬ a™p-ta-Je Xs∂ DcpIn C√m-Xm-Im≥

Imc-W-am-Ipw. Pe-Zu¿e`yhpw Pe-tk-N\ sNehp IqSpw hnfhpw Ipd-bpw.

C¥y-bn¬ amXw a™p-cpIn KwK-bn¬ FØp∂ sh≈-sØ Bi-bn®v 500 Zi-

e-£Øn¬ IqSp-X¬ Bfp-Iƒ Pohn-°p-∂p-≠v.

\ΩpsS lnam-e-b≥ a™p-a-e-Iƒt]mepw 2035 BIp-tºm-tg°pw C√m-Xm-Ip-sa-

∂mWv kqN-\. Np‰p-ap≈ Bhm-k-hy-hÿ Xs∂ XInSw adn-bpw.

Hmtkm¨ timjWw

A¥co£-Ønse A[n-I-cn® CO2 D≠m-°p∂ Hmtkm¨ timjWw ImcWw

ssPh-k-º-Øns‚ \mi-Øn\v hgn sXfn-bn-°p∂, AƒSm sshbn-e‰v civan h¿≤-

\-hn\v Imc-W-am-Ipw. CXv Im¿jn-I-ta-J-esb kmc-ambn _m[n-°pw. CXv hnf-I-

fnse ]c-s°-bp≈ ayqt -j≥ Dƒ∏-sS-bp≈ ]cn-Wma am‰-߃°p Imc-W-am-Ipw.

hnf-I-fpsS ]cm-KW kz`m-h-Øn¬ Xs∂ am‰w hcmw. F∂m¬ \mfn-Xp-h-sc-bp≈

]T-\-߃ lcn-X-Kr-l-hm-X-I-߃ Hmtkm¨ timjWØn\p Imc-W-am-Ipsa∂p

]q¿Æ-ambn ÿnco-I-cn®n-´n-√.

68

Imem-hÿm hyXn-bm\w

BtKm-f-Xm-]\w

BtKm-f-Xm-]-\ne 1995- 2006 hsc-bp≈ Ign™ 11 h¿jw Dƒs∏sS Ign™ Hcp

\q‰m-≠n-\p-≈n¬ 0.7oC h¿≤n-®n-cn-°p-∂p.

Ign™ 11 h¿jsØ (1995- 2006) Xm]-\ne AXn¬ G‰hpw A[n-I-cn-®-Xp-am-Wv.

ioX-Im-esØ Xm]-\ne h¿≤n®Xn\m¬ a™p-cp-I¬ XpScp∂p. th\¬Im-esØ

Xm]-\ne h¿≤n-®p. Aßs\ Akm-[m-c-W-ambn Xm]-\n-ebpw kqcy-]-Imi e`y-

Xbpw h¿≤n-®p.

BtKm-f-Xm-]-\ne 10C I≠v h¿≤n-®m¬ F¥p kw -hn-°pw

DjvW-ta-J-e-bn¬ [m\y Dev]m-Z\ Ipdhpw, at’ym-ev]m-Z\hpw Ipd-bpw, ka-io-

tXm-jvWtaJe-bn¬ Irjnbpw hnf-bp-ev]m-Z-\hpw h¿≤n-bv°pw.

ioX-Imew Npcp-ßp-Ibpw Cu¿∏-ta-dn-b-Xp-am-Ipw.

hcƒ® A[n-I-cn® th\¬°mew \ofpw.

[m\y D¬]m-Z\w IpØs\ Ipd-bpw.

B¿Z-X-tb-dnb taJ-e-bnse A¥-co£ B¿ZX t\ctØXnt\-°mƒ

h¿≤n-°pw. DW°v ap≥]sØ°mƒ A[n-I-cn-°pw.

AXy-[nIw a™p-cp-I-en\p hgn-shbv°pw

Imem-hÿm am‰w Irjnsb Fßs\ _m[n°pw

1. aÆnse am‰-߃

aÆns‚ Dev]m-Z-\-ti-jn-tbbpw Im¿jnI `qhn-\n-tbm-K-sØbpw aÆnse Pe-e- yX

kmc-ambn _m[n-°pw.

DW-°-aÆv IqSp-X¬ DWßn A[n-I-cn® Pe-Zu¿e- y-ap-≠m°pw

\\-hp≈ aÆn¬ IqSp-X¬ sh≈-tadn sh≈-s°- v sh≈-s∏m-°-ap-≠mIpw

A[n-I-cn®v DW°pw B¿Z-Xbpw Imew amdn XpS-cpw.

\\hp IqSp-X¬ D≈ taJ-e-bn¬ Nne-t∏mƒ ag-Ip-d™v sh≈-s∏m-°hpw asÆm-

en∏pw Ipd-bpw.

2. hnf-I-fn¬

`qhn-\n-tbm-K-Øn¬ kmc-amb am‰w D≠mIpw/]pXnb hnf-bn-\-߃ AXym-h-iy-ambn

hcpw. ]e hnf-I-fpsSbpw Irjn ]cn-an-X-s∏-Spw.

s]mSp-∂s\ D≠m-Ip∂/Aÿm-\Øpw AIm-e-Ønepw D≠m-Ip∂ Imem-hÿ

am‰ßƒ:˛

th\¬°m-e-ß-fnse A[n-I-cn® ag

69

Imem-hÿm hyXn-bm\w

ag-°m-esØ Xosc Ipd™ ag

th\¬°m-esØ Xm]-\n-e-bnse Ipdhv, i‡-amb ag, sh≈-s∏m°w

ag-°m-e-sØ-bpw, ioX-Im-esØ Xm]-\n-e-bn-sebpw h¿≤\-hv.

Pe-tk-N\ Bhiyw IqSpw

sh≈-s∏m-°-\n-hm-cWw A\n-hmcyamIpw

Imem-h-ÿm- hy-Xn-bm\Øns‚ \nc-¥c tZmj- e߃ tXm -hn-f-Iƒ Dƒs∏´ Zo¿L-

Ime hnf-I-sf-bm-Wv IqSp-X¬ XpS¿∂pw _m[n°p-∂-Xv.

Dev]m-Z-\hpw KpW-\n-e-hm-chpw Ipd-bpw.

lkz-Ime ]®-°-dn-Isf Imem-hÿbnse Xm]-hy-Xn-bm\w kmc-ambn _m[n-

°pw, Dev]m-Z\w Ipd-bpw.

_o≥kv, D≈n, tNmfw F∂n-hbv°v A[n-I-cn® Xm]-\ne \√ hnfhp Xt∂-

bv°pw.

Pe-Zu¿e- y-Xbpw/AIm-esØ agbpw e h¿§-ß-fp-sSbpw ]®-°-dn-bpsS Dev]m-

Z-\hpw KpW-\n-e-hm-chpw Ipd-bv°pw.

3. ]pevta-Sp-Ifpw I∂p-Imen hf¿Øepw

Db¿∂ Xm]-\n-e, A[n-I-cn® ioX-Im-ew, ]I¬/cmXn Xm]w hyXn-bm\w Ipd-

hp≈ ]tZ-i-ß-fnse am‰w, ]p¬ta-Sp-I-ƒ XI-cm\pw I∂p-Imen hf¿Ø¬ coXn-

Ifn¬ Xs∂ kmc-ambn am‰w hcm\pw Imc-W-am-Ipw. Irjn km≤y-Xbpw kºØpw

Ipd-bpw.

]∂n, tImgn-h-f¿Ø¬ F∂n-h-bn¬ A[n-I-cn® Xm]-\n-e-bn-ep≈ BLmXw,

Dev]m-Z\w Xosc Ipd-bm≥ Imc-W-am-Ipw.

tcmKm-Wp-°-fpsS h¿≤n® hf¿®m tXmXp ImcWw I∂p-Im-en-I-fnse tcmK

hym]\w h-fsc thKw h¿≤n-°pw. \nb-¥-Wm-Xo-X-amImw. tcmKw ]I¿Øp∂

tcmKm-Wp-hm-ln-I-fmb IoS-߃ IqSp-X¬ i‡n-bm¿÷n-°pw.

Cu taJe-bnse Dev]-∂-ß-fpsS KpW-\n-e-hm-csØbpw kw -c-W-i-a-ß-sfbpw

kmc-ambn _m[n-°pw.

4. If-Iƒ, IoS-߃, tcmK-߃

If-Iƒ, \nb-¥-W-am¿§-ßsf AXn-Po-hn-°m-\p≈ Icp-Øm¿Pn®v \jvSw h¿≤n-

∏n-°pw.

Npcp-ßnb Bbp-kp≈ If-Iƒ, hnØp hgn-bn-√msX hym]n-°p∂ If-Iƒ F∂nh

hf-sc-thKw hf¿∂v h¿≤n® \miw hnX-bv°pw.

If-I-fnse AXnthK-X-bn-ep≈ ]cn-Wma am‰w DW°v A[n-I-cn®, hc≠ kml-

70

Imem-hÿm hyXn-bm\w

Ncyap≈ h¿j-ß-fn¬ cmk-\n-b-¥W am¿§-ßsf AXn-Po-hn-°p-∂Xv km[m-

cW ImgvN-bmbn amdpw.

]tZ-in-I-ambn ]pXnb ]pXnb IoS-߃, C\-߃ cq]-s∏-Spw.

hcp∂ 2050 hsc-bp≈ Imem-hÿm am‰w sIm≠v Im¿jn-I-ta-J-e-bn¬ D≠m-tb-

°m-hp∂ am‰-߃

CO2 \ne-hn-ep≈ 360 ppm ¬ \n∂v 450 - 600 ppm I≠v h¿≤n°pw. hkvXp-\n-jvS-

ambn ]d-™m¬ s]mXpsh hnf-I-fpsS Dev]m-Z\w h¿≤n® ]`m-I-e\ ]In-b-hgn

IqSpw, XZzmc Pe D]-tbmKw Ipd-bpw.

kapZ \nc∏v Dbcpw

kap-Z-\n-c∏v 10- 15 sk.-ao. hsc Nne- m-K-ß-fn¬ (Z-£nWm¿≤ tKmf-Øn¬) Dbcpw

DØ-ctKmf-Øn¬ Xmgpw. Cu am‰-߃°p≈ km≤yX hfsc IqSp-X-em-Wv.

X¬^e-ambn ˛ Nne `qta-J-e-Iƒ sh≈-Øn-\-Sn-bn-emIpw. As√-¶n¬ a-sÆm-en∏pw

sh≈-s∏m-°hpw aqew \jvS-s∏-Spw.

Ic-]-tZ-itØbv°p≈ D∏p-Pe then-tb‰w `qK¿` PeØn¬ D∏p-sh-≈-tadn

Irjn- qan \jvS-am-°pw.

Xm]-\ne h¿≤-\hv

Xm]-\n-e-IqSpw: 1-20C h¿≤\ D≠m-Ipw. ioX-Imew th\¬ Ime-sØ-°mƒ NqtS-

dpw. DjvW-°m-‰ns‚ km≤yX h¿≤n-°pw. th\¬°m-eØv A[n-I-cn® ag-bp≠mIpw.

Irjn-°mew thK-Øn-em-Ipw As√-¶n¬ Npcpßpw, ap≥Iq´n Xs∂ ]cy-h-km-\n-

°pw. BtKm-f-X-e-Øn¬ DØcm¿≤ tKmf-Ønse Db¿∂ ]tZ-i-ß-fn-te°v

Irjn km≤y-Xbpw `qhn\n-tbm-Khpw IqSpw. Db¿∂ Xm]-\ne/Pe Zu¿e`yw/

_mjv]o-I-c-Ww sIm≠v Nne-]-tZ-i-ß-fn¬ hnfhp Ipd-bpw.

ag

ag-b-fhv 10 iX-am-\-tØmfw Gdnbpw Ipd-™p-an-cn°pw. Cu am‰-߃-°p≈

km≤yX ]q¿Æ-ambn kzoI-cn-°-s∏- n-√. hcƒ®, aÆnse ]Wn Zpcn-X-am-°pw,

sh≈-s∏m°hpw Irjn-\m-ihpw, Pe-tk-N\ Pe-Zu¿e`yhpw Irjn-\m-ihpw D≠m-

Ipw.

sImSp-¶m‰v

Im‰ns‚ thKX h¿≤n-°pw. DØ-cm¿≤ tKmf-Øn¬ IqSp-X¬ A[n-I-cn®, AIm-

e-Ønse ag D≠m-hmw. X¬ -e-ambn asÆm-en-∏v, \o¿hm¿®-°p-d-hv, sh≈-s° v

F∂n-h-bm¬ hnf-\m-i-ap-≠m-Imw.

Xm]-\n-e, ag, Im‰v, _mjv]o-I-c-Ww, kqcy-]-Imiw F∂n-h-bn¬ ]h-N-\m-Xo-X-amb

am‰-߃ D≠m-Imw. Im¿jnI ]IrXn Zpc-¥-km≤yX IqSp-XemIpw. I\¬°m-‰v,

71

Imem-hÿm hyXn-bm\w

AXn-ssi-Xyw, a™p-d-b¬, hcƒ®, sh≈-s∏m-°w F∂nh hnf-tb-bpw Im¿jnI

]h¿Ø-\-ß-sfbpw kmc-ambn _m[n-°pw.

2007 se sF.-]n.-kn.-kn. 4˛mw dnt∏m¿ v A\p-k-cn®v BtKmf Xm]-\ne 1.80C-4.00CI≠v 2100 BIp-tºm-tg°pw h¿≤n-°pw (l-cn-X-Kr-l-hm-XIw ]pd-¥-≈p-∂-X-\p-k-cn-

®v). kapZ \nc∏v 0.18- 0.59 ao‰¿ I≠v Db-cpw.

C¥y-bnsebpw tIc-f-Øn-tebpw Imem-hÿm hyXn-bm\w

BtKm-f-Xm-]-\ne Ign™ Hcp \q‰m-≠n¬ 0.74oC I≠v h¿≤n-®p, C¥y-bn-tebpw

tIc-f-Øn-tebpw ÿnXn CXn¬ \n∂v hyXy-ÿ-a-√. (NnXw 1)

1. Cu tXmXv Ign™ 13 h¿j-

ßfnepw IqSp -X¬ BWv.

(1990, 1995, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000,

2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006,

2007)

2. NptS-dnb Zn\-߃, cmXn-Iƒ,

I\¬Im‰v F∂nh IqSp-X¬

Bh¿Øn-°p-∂p.

3. A[n-I-cn®, AIm-e-Øn-se ag-Zn-\-߃ h¿≤n-®p. C-¥y-bn¬ Ign™ 50 h¿j-ß-

fn¬ an° `q]-tZ-i-ß-fnepw CXv Xs∂-bmWv ÿnXn. (NnXw 2)

NnXw 1

anX-amb ag (5 - 100 an.ao)

A[n-I-cn® i‡-amb ag

(> 10 sk.ao)

hfsc i‡-amb ag (> 10 sk.ao)

NnXw 2

Ah-ew_w: sF.-]n.-kn.-kn. 2007

Ah-ew_w: sF.-sF.-‰n.-Fw., tKmkzm-anbpw Iq´cpw 2006;

143 Afhp ÿe-ß-fpsS BhrXn

72

Imem-hÿm hyXn-bm\w

4. BtKmf icm-icn kap-Z-\n-c∏v 1.8 mm ]Xn-h¿jw I≠v h¿≤n-°p-∂p. 1961 ˛

2003 hsc-bp≈ IW°pIƒ CXv ÿnco-I-cn-°p-∂p.

`mhnbnse Imem-hÿ NptS-dn-b-Xm-bn-cn-°pw. 2100 ¬ Xm]-\ne 1.8 to 4oC As√-

¶n¬ AXn-¬ IqSp-Xepw BImw. (NnXw 3) C¥y-bn¬ CXv kn‘p- -KwKm \Z-X-S-ß-

fm-hpw.

21 --- mw \q‰m-≠n¬ Xm]w/hcƒ® DØc£mw£ taJ-e-bnse `q]-tZ-i-ß-fn¬ IqSp-

X¬, agbpw Nne taJ-e-I-fn¬ \\hpw a‰p taJ-e-I-fn¬ hcƒ®bpw IqSpw.

(NnXw 4)Winters (Dec-Feb) Monsoon (Jun-Aug)

NnXw 3 Ah-ew_w: sF.-]n.-kn.-kn. 2007

Ah-ew_w: sF.-]n.-kn.-kn. 2007NnXw 4

73

Imem-hÿm hyXn-bm\w

A¥-co£ CO2 se am‰w

Cu IW°pIq -ep-Iƒ ]ng-°ptam C√tbm F∂p Dd-∏n-√.

DjvW-ta-Je ]tZ-i-ß-fnse Npgen sImSp-¶m‰v i‡n ]m]n°pw, ag h¿≤n°pw.

a™p-cpIpw/ a™p-]m-fn-Iƒ Npcp-ßpw.

A[n-I-cn® hcƒ®/I\¬Im‰v, ag F∂nh IqSp-X¬ Bh¿Øn-°pw.

kap-Z-\n-c∏v 0.18 - 0.59 ao‰¿ I≠v Dbcpw.

IqSp-X¬ lcn-X-Kr-l-hm-X-I-߃ ]pd-¥-≈-∂-Xv. Ata-cn-s°-sb-t∏m-ep≈ hyh-km-

bnI cmPy-ß-fmWv. (NnXw 6)

Xm]-\ne oC ag %

Ime-b-fhv BZy c≠mw BZy c≠mw

hnf-Imew hnf-Imew hnf-Imew hnf-Imew

2010-2039 1.17 0.54 -3 5

2040-2069 3.16 1.71 0 13

2070-2099 5.44 3.13 -16 26

]´nI 1. C¥y Dƒs∏sS Z£n-tW-¥y≥ cmPy-ß-fnse Ime-hÿm hyXn-bm\wAh-ew_w: sF.-]n.-kn.-kn. 2007

CO2 \ne 2020-˛¬ 393 ]n.-]n.-Fw.; 2050-˛¬ 543 ]n.-]n.-Fw.; 2080˛¬ 789 ]n.-]n.-Fw.

(NnXw 5)

NnXw 5Ah-ew_w: sF.-]n.-kn.-kn. 2007

74

Imem-hÿm hyXn-bm\w

CO2 ]pd-¥-≈p-∂Xv C¥y-bnse hnhn[ taJ-e-I-fn¬ \n∂v (NnXw 7)

Europe

Africa

Japan, Australia and New zealand

South AsiaEast Asia

USA and Canada

Latin AmericaMiddle East

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

Region

ton

s o

f C

O2

eq/c

apit

a

Industrial processes

8%

Wastes2%

Land use changes

1%

Agriculture28%

Energy61%

Du÷-ta-Je 61%; Irjn 28%; hrh-kmbw 8%; amen\yw 2%;Zh-\n-tbmKw am‰w 1%

NnXw 6 Ah-ew_w: sF.-]n.-kn.-kn. 2007

NnXw 7 Ah-ew_w: C¥ybpsS BZy tZiob

Imem-hÿm IΩo-j≥ 2004

75

Imem-hÿm hyXn-bm\w

C¥y-≥ Im¿jn-I -ta-Jebn¬ \n∂pw CO2 (NnXw 8)

Rice cultivation23%

Manure management

5%

Emission from soils12%

Enteric fermentation

59%

Crop residues1%

Enteric Fermentation hgn 59%; s\¬Irjn 23%; aÆn¬\n∂v 12%; hf-ß-fn¬ 5 %

]m›mXy GP≥kn-Iƒ dnt∏m¿´v sNbvXn-s\-°mƒ C¥y-bnse s\¬Ir-jn-bn¬

\n∂p≈ aotY≥ ]pd-¥-≈¬ Ipd-hm-Wv. (NnXw 9)

0

10

20

30

40

1990 1995 1998 2004 2004 2006

Year

Met

han

e em

issi

on

, Tg

/yea

r

0

10

20

30

40

1990 1995 1998 2004 2004 2006

Year

Met

han

e em

issi

on

, Tg

/yea

r

Ah-ew_w: C¥ybpsS BZy tZiob

Imem-hÿm IΩo-j≥ 2004NnXw 8

NnXw 9

76

Imem-hÿm hyXn-bm\w

GP≥kn-Iƒ tXmXv

EPA (1990) 38 Tg/yr

IPCC (1995) 20 Tg/yr

IARI (2004) 3 Tg/yr

IARI (2006) 2 Tg/yr

C¥y-bnepw tIc-f-Ønepw hcm-hp∂ am‰-߃ (NnXw 10)

1. [m\y-D-ev]m-Z-\-£-aX Ipdbpw (Xm-]-h¿≤\/Pe-Zu¿e`yw Imc-Ww)

2. BtKm-f-I-W°v 2100- ¬ Im¿jn-tIm¬]m-Z\w 10 - 40% I≠v Ipd-bp-sa-∂mWv.

3. c≠m-hn-fbmWv IqSp-X¬ _m[n-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. Xm]-\n-ebnse 1oC h¿≤\ tKmXºv

D¬]m-Z\w 4-5 S¨ Ipd-bv°pw. ka-b-_-‘n-X-amb Irjn-bn-d-°n-bm¬ Ipdhv 1-2% Bbn Ipdbv°mw.

hcƒ®bpw sh≈-s∏m-°hpw IqSpw. Dev]m-Z\w Ipd-bpw. kq£-am-Wp-Iƒ, IoS-߃,

tcmKm-Wp-°ƒ F∂n-hbv°v ]cn-Wma am‰-߃ D≠m-Ipw.

BtKmf Xe-Øn¬ `£y-hym-]mcw Ak-¥p-en-X-am-Ipw. Imem-hÿm hyXn-bm\w

sIm≠p≈ A\p-Iq-e-km-l-Nmcyw bqtdm∏v, hS°v Ata-cn° t]mep≈ cmPy-߃°v,

]Xn-Iqew C¥ybpƒs∏-sS-bp≈ Z£n-W-]q¿t∆-jy≥ cmPy-ß-fn¬ IqSp-X-em-bn.

NnXw 10Ah-ew_w: sF.-]n.-kn.-kn. 2007

77

Imem-hÿm hyXn-bm\w

hnf-bp-ev]m-Z\w DjvWta-Jem ]tZ-i-ß-fnepw ka-in-tXmjvW taJ-e-bnepw Ipdbpw

F∂m¬ Db¿∂ `q]-tZ-i-ß-fn¬ h¿≤n-°p-hm≥ km≤y-X-bp-≠v.

C¥y-bn¬ / tIc-f-Øn¬ Db¿∂ Xm]-\ne hnf-I-fpsS, hf-Øns‚ Bhiyw A[n-

I-cn°pw (t\-csØ \ne-\n-∂n-cp∂ Dev]m-Z\w t\Sm≥ t]mepw hf-߃ IqSp-X¬

th≠n hcpw)

kap-Z/ \Zn-P-e- Db¿∂ Xm-]-\ne a’y-]-P-\-\sØbpw Ah-bpsS k©m-csØbpw

Dev]m-Z-\-sØbpw -]Xn-Iqeambn _m[n-°pw.

2030 BIp-tºmƒ ]hn-g-]p-‰p-Iƒ A]-Xy-£-am-Im≥ XpS-ßpw.

I∂p-Imen hf¿Ø¬ taJ-ebn¬ Pew, sXmgp-Øv, Du¿÷w F∂n-h-bpsS Bhiyw

h¿≤n-°pw. ]m¬ Dev]m-Z\w Ipd-bpw.

AXn-ssi-Xy-Øm¬ D≠m-Ip∂, D≈n Irjn \miw Ipdbpw Dcp-f-In-gßv, ]b-dv, ISpIv

F∂n-hbv°v A\p-Iq-e-amIpw. a’y hf¿Ø-en¬ ]pXnb sh≈-s°´p ]tZ-i-߃

e`n-bv°m≥ km≤y-X-bp-≠v.

Imem-hÿm hyXn-bm-\sØ Fßs\ AXn-Po-hn-°mw ?

1. Imem-hÿ A\p-tbmPy Im¿jnI Kth-jWw i‡-am-°-Ww.

]pXnb C\-߃, Irjn/`qhn-\n-tbm-K -co-Xn-Iƒ/hn`h kwc-£W kmt¶-XnI

hnZy-Iƒ, IoS PmKX am¿K-߃ Is≠-ØWw.

2. \b-ß-fnse am‰w

hn -h-kw-c-£W / Dev]m-Z\ t]m’m-l\w (hnf/sh≈w/ Du¿÷w) \¬I-

Ww.

hn -h-D]-tbmKw/Imcy-£-aX sa®-s∏-Sp-ØWw

hn -h-ß-fpsS bYm¿∞ hne ]cn-ÿnXn \ne-\n-ev]n-\m-[m-c-ambn IW-°m°n

kwc-£n-°-Ww.

am‰-ßsf AXn-Po-hn-°m≥ kmº-Øn-I-k-lm-bw \¬IWw.

]cn-]m-e-\-Øn\v th≠ kwhn-[m-\-߃°v IqSp-X¬ kmº-ØnI \o°n-bn-

cn∏v Icp-X-Ww.

Irjn°p IqSp-X¬ C≥jp-d≥kv kwc-£-Ww \n¿_-‘-am-°Ww.

F√m- ]tZ-i-ß-fnepw, ka-b-_-‘nX Imem-hÿ ap∂-dn-bn-∏p-Iƒ°v Imcy-

£-a-amb kwhn-[m\w/ ]h¿Ø\w thWw. XpS¿ tamWn- -dnwKv / hne-bn-cp-

ج \n¿_-‘-ambpw D≠m-h-Ww.

Im¿jnI A\p-_-‘-ta-J-e-bn¬ P\-߃°v IqSpX¬ kwc-£nX Poh-t\m-

]m[n am¿K-߃ Is≠Øn \¬I-Ww.

78

Imem-hÿm hyXn-bm\w

Fßs\ lcnX Krl hmX-I-ß-fpsS ]pd-¥-≈¬ Ipdbv°mw?

1. s\¬]m-S-ß-fnse Pe-Øn-s‚bpw hf-Øns‚bpw Imcy-£-a-amb ]cn-]m-e-\w hgn

ss\S-P≥ hmX-I-\jvSw Ipd-bv°m\p≈ am¿K-߃ hgn, Bh-iy-Øn\v amXw

hf-]-tbmKw hgn.

2. aÆnse ssPhmwiw Iq´pI ˛ ssPh hf ]tbmKw hgn

3. CS-bn-f°v Bh-iy-Øn\v aXn, Ipd-bv°pI.

4. hnf Ah-in-jvS-ß-ƒ Imcy-£-a-ambn D]-tbm-Kn-°-Ww, ]p\xNw-I-aWw sNø-Ww.

5. Imcy-£-a-amb Du¿÷ hn\n-tbmKw Im¿jnI taJ-e-bn¬ ˛ ]pXnb b¥-kw-hn-

[m-\-߃/ a‰p Du¿÷ kwc£W am¿K-߃ F∂nh hgn

BI-bm¬

Imem-hÿm hyXn-bm\w Hcp bmYm¿∞y-amWv F∂v a\- n-em-°-Ww.

C¥y-bn-tebpw tIc-f-Øn-sebpw Irjn-ta-Je A[n-I-cn®v ]h-N-\m-Xo-X-amb

Imem-hÿ / hcƒ® / Pe-tk-N\ Zu¿e`yw F∂nh ImcWw \jvS-߃

t\cn-tS-≠n-h-cpsat∂m¿°Ww.

\b-߃ / aps∂m-cp-°-߃ / AXn-Po-h-\kw-hn-[m-\-߃/ am¿K-߃ hgn

\mi-\-jvS-߃ Hcp ]cn[n hsc Ipd-bv°m-\m-hpw. AXn\v bp≤-ImemSnÿm-

\-Øn-ep≈ Kth-j-Whpw, \b-]-cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ \S-∏m-°epw thWw. CXn\p th≠n

hcp∂ sNehv ]h-Nn-°m-\m-hn-√. F¥m-bmepw IqSp-X-em-bn-cn-°pw. H∂pw

sNømsX Ccn-°p∂ A\-ßm-∏m-d-\bw IqSp-X¬ \mi-\-jvS-ß-fn-te°pw Zpc-

¥-ß-fn-te-bv°v hgn-sX-fn-°pw.

AXn\v cmjvSobt`Z-at\y C—-i-‡n-tbmsS Ip‰-a‰ Xøm-sd-Sp-∏p-Iƒ cq]n-I-cn®v \S-

∏m-°pI Xs∂ thWw.

C¥y-bn¬ Xs∂ \S∂ (2004, 2007) Imem-hÿm hyXn-bm\ ktΩ-f-\-߃ hne-

bn-cp-Øp-∂Xv Cßs\-bmWv:˛

1. Kth-jWw, \b-cq-]o-I-c-Ww, kmº-Øn-I-k-lmbw F∂n-h-bn¬ kl-I-cWw IqSp-

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2. ÿm]\kwhn-[m-\-߃ sa®-s∏-Sp-ØWw bp≤-Im-em-Sn-ÿm\Øn¬

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4. Imem-h-ÿ-map-∂-dnbn∏v kwhn-[m-\-߃ hym]n-∏n°-Ww. Imcy-£-a-am-°-Ww.

5. Imem-h-ÿ-hy-Xn-bm\sØ°p-dn-®p≈ km£-cXm ]Nm-cWw F√m-X-e-ß-fnepw

hym]n-∏n-°-Ww.